COVENANT UNIVERSITY

TUTORIAL KIT

PROGRAMME: DEMOGRAPHY
A N D S O C I A L S TAT I S T I C S

ALPHA SEMESTER

100 LEVEL
DISCLAIMER

The contents of this document are intended for practice and learning purposes at the
undergraduate level. The materials are from different sources including the internet and the
contributors do not in any way claim authorship or ownership of them. The materials are also
not to be used for any commercial purpose.
List of Contents

DSS 111: INTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHY 1

 COURSE CODE: DSS 111
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHY 1

INSTRUCTIONS: QUESTION 1 IN SECTION A IS COMPULSORY. THEN,

ANSWER ANY ONE QUESTION IN SECTION B AND, ANY ONE QUESTION IN
SECTION C.

SECTION A (COMPULSORY)

Question 1: (30 Marks)

The table below gives the population data of a small country called Ceylon in a particular
year.

Ages Population Size No. of

(Mid-Year) Deaths
1-4 700,762 20,683
5-9 811,363 5451
10-14 805,642 2589
15-19 680,614 3345
20-24 641,571 5104
25-34 1,027,405 9305
35-44 790,514 8775
45-54 515,695 8209
55-64 293,598 8075
65 and over 229,498 21,958

Calculate:

1. The Population size of Ceylon in that year (3 marks)

2. Total number of deaths in Ceylon in that year. (3 marks)
3. The Crude death rate in that year (3 marks)
4. The Under-five mortality rate (3 marks)
5. The elderly (or old age) mortality rate (3 marks)
6. The Dependency Ratio (5 marks)
7. Given that females constitute 55% of the population aged between 15 and 44 years,
estimate the Child-Woman Ratio in Ceylon in that particular year? (6 marks)
8. What proportion of the population is in the working ages? (4 marks)

ANSWER
 1.
The Population size of Ceylon in that year
The population size of Ceylon in that year was= 6,496,662 (Six million, four hundred and
ninety six thousand, six hundred and sixty two)
2.
Total number of deaths in Ceylon in that year

The total number of deaths in Ceylon that year was 93,494(Ninety three thousand, four hundred
and ninety four.

3.
The Crude death rate in that year

Crude death rate = Total Deaths x 1000

Mid-year pop

93,494 x 1000
6,494,662

= 14.40
The crude death rate for Ceylon in that year was 14 deaths per 1000 population.

4.
The Under-five mortality rate

<5 Mortality = Total deaths for age group 1-4 x 1000

Mid-year population for age group 1-4

20,683 x 1000
700,762
29.52
This means there is approximately 30 under-five deaths per 1000 persons in that age
category

5.
The elderly (or old age) mortality rate (i.e., death rate among 65 years and older)

Total deaths for age group 65+ x 1000

Total/Mid-year pop of age group 65+

21,958 x1000
229,498

95.68
The elderly or old age mortality rate for Ceylon that year was approximately 96 deaths per
1000 elderly persons

6.

The Dependency Ratio

Dependency ratio = P0-14+P65+ x 100
P15-64

= 700,762+811,363+805,642+229,298 x 100
680,614+641,571+1,027,405+790,514+515,695+293,598

2,547,065 x 100
3,949,397
64.49

Approximately 64.5

7.

Given that females constitute 55% of the population aged between 15 and 44 years,
estimate the Child-Woman Ratio in Ceylon in that particular year?

ANSWER
 Foremost, we need to calculate the population of people aged between 15 and 44 in
Ceylon that year and then find 55% of them reputed to be women.

 Total population of people aged between 15 and 44 is the addition of population in these
age groups: 15-19(680,614), 20-24(641,571), 25-34(1,027,405) and 35-44 (790,514) =
3,140,104

 If 55% of 3,140,104 persons in this age group are women, this means that the total
population of women in these age groups is approximately 1,727,057

CWR= P0-4 x 100

W14-44
=20,683 x 100
1,727,057
Child-woman ratio is approximately 1.2.
 This means that there is at least 1 child aged between 0 and 4 to every woman in
child-bearing age in Ceylon.

8.

What proportion of the population is in the working ages?

 ANSWER

The proportion of the population in working ages = population in working ages

mid-year population of Ceylon

= P15-64
P0-65+

3,949,397
6,496,662
= 0.61
The proportion of the population in working ages = 0.61. If converted to percentage, it means
61 per cent of the population is in working ages.

SECTION B (ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION)

Question 2: (20 Marks)

A (i). Define or explain the term “Demography”? (4 marks)

A (ii). In Demography, what does the term “growth” mean? (3 marks)

A (iii). List the population “growth components” that you know of. (3 marks)

B (I). Talking about a population, differentiate between “absolute size” and “density”?
(4
marks)

B (ii). If one square kilometer of land can inhabit only 250,650 people, how many people
will an area of 10,000,000 square meters inhabit? (3
marks)

B (iii). In 2008, Nigeria population per square kilometer was 160. Given that Nigeria occupies
a total land area of 925,000 square kilometers, what was the total population of Nigeria in
2008?
(3
marks)

ANSWER

Ai

The word ‘demography’ is a combination of two Latin words, ‘demos’ meaning people and
‘graph’, meaning to study. Therefore, Demography is traditionally the study of population or
people. Demography has been defined in several other ways by different scholars as shown
below;

 Demography is the statistical study of human populations

 Demography is the scientific study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining to the
human population, including things like size, growth rate, density and distribution of a
specified group.
 The Multilingual Demographic Dictionary (IUSSP, 1982, p. 101) defines Demography
as the scientific study of human populations primarily with respect to their size, their
structure [i.e., composition] and their development [i.e., change].

Aii

In Demography, the term ‘growth’ simply implies change in population size. Note that this
does not necessarily mean population increase. Though the population of a place is expected
to grow or increase but this may not always be so especially if there is an occurrence of natural
disasters such as earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, etc. Population may also change in
times of civil conflicts or war which may lead to forced migration or exodus of myriads of
people from an area. So, growth in demography may mean population increase or decrease.

Aiii
Population growth components are those demographic events that occur in a population that
produce changes in the population size. In Demography, there are three major population
growth components, namely; Fertility (births), Mortality (deaths) and migration (human
mobility)

Bi

Talking about a population, absolute size simply means the total number of people in a given
population or an administrative area, while density is the relationship between population size
and the space in which the population is located which is usually measured in persons per
square mile or kilometer

Bii

 1 km2 of land can occupy 250,650 people

 How many people will 10,000,000 square metres of land inhabit?
 Note: 1 square kilometres = 1,000,000 square mile
 Converting 10,000,000 square mile to square kilometer will give 10 square kilometer
 So, if 1 km2 can occupy 250,650 people, 10 km2 will be able to occupy 250, 650 x 10

= 2,506,500 people
 Biii

If population density = Total Population

Land Area

 Total population then = population density x land area

 Total population of Nigeria in 2008 = population density of Nigeria x total land area
of Nigeria for 2008

 160 x 925,000 = 148,000,000

 The total population of Nigeria in 2008 was 148,000,000

Question 3: (20 Marks)

a) The study of population can be in its Static and Dynamic aspects. Differentiate
between the two aspects, giving three (3) examples of each.
(6 marks)
b) Differentiate between “Pure Demography” and “Population Studies”. (4 marks
c) Give THREE (3) reasons why you consider demography to be a relevant social
science discipline? (6
marks
d) Identify FOUR (4) different areas of employment (or places of employment) that a
demographer can work. (4 marks)
ANSWER

3a

The static aspects of population studies include those characteristics of population that remain
unchanged. Examples of such population aspects include population compositions such as age,
sex, race, etc. The dynamic aspect of population studies on the other hand are those population
characteristics that keep changing from time to time. They are never static. Examples include;
fertility, mortality, migration, etc.

3b

Pure demography is the study of components of variation and change in demographic variables
and the relationships between them. It is also called demographic analysis or formal
demography. Pure demography aims at explaining or predicting changes or variations in
population variables or characteristics such as fertility, mortality, migration, growth rates, size,
density and distribution, or age and sex composition of a population. Population studies on
the other hand is the study of the relationships between demographic variables and other
variables such as social and economic variables. For example, the study of relationship between
religion and age at marriage falls in the category of population studies

3c

1. Demography is a relevant social science discipline because it provides statistics for

government actions and inactions in any country of society.

2. Demography is a relevant social science discipline because almost all government policies
are population-based. This is made possible by demographers by furnishing the government
with relevant statistics on population of a country or society from time to time through census
or survey.
3. The discipline also provides relevant statistics to research institutes and other stakeholders
upon which relevant policies are formed.

3d

a) Federal government parastatals such as National Population Commission (NPC),

Independent National Electoral Commission(INEC), National Drug Law and Enforcement
Agency(NDLEA), National Centre for Disease Control (CDC), etc.

b) International Agencies and/or NGOs such as United Nations Organisation (UNO),

International Planned Parenthood Federation(IPPF), World Health Organisation(WHO),
World Bank, UNICEF, ILO, ICRW, etc.

c) Federal and State Ministries such as Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of
Environment, etc.

d) Teaching or Lecturing- A demographer can work as a statistics teacher in a secondary school

setting or as a lecturer in any of the following departments that has population studies or social
statistics as one of their branches-Demography & Social Statistics, Sociology, Economics,
Geography, Mathematics and Statistics and Biological Sciences

SECTION C (ANSWER ONLY ONE QUESTION)

Question 4: (20 Marks)

a). Census is one of the major primary sources of demographic data. Name two other major
sources of demographic data that you know of? (2 marks)

b) Explain the difference between “Census” and the other two methods that you have identified
in (a) above. (4 marks)
c. Name THREE (3) groups of information (i.e., characteristics or contents) that there has
been an international consensus that a census must provide data on, and give TWO (2)
examples of variables in each of the three groups that you have identified.
(9 marks)

d. Define or describe the two types of census that you know of, highlighting the differences
between them. (5 marks)
 ANSWER
4a
Vital statistics and sample survey are the two other major sources of demographic data
besides census

4b
 Census is defined as the process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and
publishing or disseminating demographic, social and economic data about the entire
population of a well-defined territory at a specified time. The common characteristics
of census include universality, simultaneity, and Individual enumeration. This means
that all countries in the world normally conduct census from time to time. It is usually
carried every five or ten years. Census is normally conducted by the government of a
country because it is very expensive to conduct census and publish its results.
Simultaneity means that census is conducted at the same period in a place and
individual enumeration means that everybody is counted in a country. It takes serious
planning and time to conduct a successful census.
 Sample survey on the hand is not as stressful as census because unlike census where
the entire population is counted; sample survey takes a subset of the population for
questioning or to acquire the information needed. Information is obtained from a
representative sample of the population. It saves time and is less expensive than census.
It also allows for deeper questions to be asked because less people are interviewed.

 The last one is vital statistics. It is a continuous, permanent and compulsory recording
of the occurrence and the characteristics of vital events such as births, deaths, marriages
and divorces. It is also an important source of demographic data especially for social
data such as fertility, mortality, and marriage

4c

The THREE (3) groups of information (i.e., characteristics or contents) that there has been an
international consensus that a census must provide data on, and TWO (2) examples of variables
in each of the three groups identified are as follows;

1. Socio-demographic Information: Examples of characteristics or contents here include; age

and sex

2. Economic data or information: Examples of characteristics here include income and

occupation,

3. Social Data or information: Examples of characteristics here include housing type and
educational status

4d

De jure and de facto are the two known types of census. While de jure means legal or
customary attachment to an area; de facto on the other hand means physical residence. This
means that for de facto, people are registered where they usually reside or their origin; while
for de facto, people are registered where they are currently staying or residing at the time of
the census

Question 5: (20
Marks)

On January 1, 2012, the population of a community in Ota LGA was 85,000 people. During
that year, a total of 2,850 new people moved into that community, while 1,250 moved out to
live elsewhere. It was also recorded that during that year, a total of 3,250 babies were born and
1,550 people died. Calculate:
I. The population of the community on January 1, 2013 (3 marks)
II. The size of the population on July 1, 2012 (3 marks)
III. The Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate in that year. (6 marks)
IV. The Rate of Natural Increase in that year. (4 marks)
V. The number of years it will take for that population to double its size. (4 marks).

ANSWER

I.
The population of the community on January 1, 2013

Total population of the community = P1 +B – D + I - E

85,000+3,250-1500+2850-1250 = 88,300 people

II.
The size of the population on July 1, 2012

 The size of the population on July 1, 2012 is termed the “mid-year population”

 This can be derived by adding the population of the community at Ota on January 1,
2012 and January 1, 2013 and divide the result by 2.

 The population size of the community at Ota LGA on January 1, 2012 was 85,000 and
that of January 1, 2013 was 88,300

 July 1, 2013 (mid-year population) = 85,000 + 88,300

2
 The population of the community on July 1, 2012 was 86,650

III.
a) The Crude Birth Rate in that year.

Total Births x 1000

 Mid-year population

3,250 x 1000
86,650

37.5

This means there is approximately 38 births per 1000 population in that community that year.

b) The crude death rate in that year

Total Deaths x 1000

Mid-year population

1550 x 1000
86,650

= 17.9

This means there is approximately 18 deaths per 1000 population in that community in that
year
IV.
The Rate of Natural Increase in that year.

Rate of natural increase (RNI) is measured as the difference between the crude birth rate (CBR)
and crude death rate (CDR), usually expressed as a percentage.

RNI = (CBR-CDR) X 100

1000

RNI= (38-18) X 100

1000
RNI = 2%

The rate of natural increase in the community in the year is 2%

The number of years it will take for that population to double its size.

 Since the annual rate of increase has been known to be 2%.

 Therefore the population will double its size in 70/2 years which is 35 years.

 It will take the population about 35 years to double its present size.