1.

Assume that wireless communication standards can be classified as belonging to one of

Classify each of the wireless standards described in Tables 1.1 - 1.3 using these four groups.
Justify your answers. Note that some standards may fit into more than one group.

2. Discuss the similarities and differences between a conventional cellular radio system and
a space-based (satellite) cellular radio system. ~at are the advantages and disadvantages
of each system? ~ich system could support a larger number of users for a given frequency
allocation? Why? How would this impact the cost of service for each subscriber?
3. Why do paging systems need to provide low data rates? How does a low datarate lead to
b€tter coverage?
4. Explain with neat flow chart how a telephone call is made.
5. Prove that for a hexagonal ge{)metry, the co-ehannel reuse ratio is given by Q = J3N ,
where N = i2 + ij + j2 (Hint: use the cosine law and the hexagonal cell geometry).
6. Show that the frequency reuse factor for a cellular system is given by k/S, where k is the
average number of channels per cell and S is the total number of channels available to the
cellular service provider.
7. A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a
signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find the opti· mal valhe of N for
(a) omni-directional antennas, (bi !20° sectoring, and (C) 60° sectoring. Should sectoring
be used? If so, which case ( 60° or 120°) should be used? (Assume a path loss exponent
of n = 4 and consider trunking effi· ciency).
8. Explain how you can improve coverage and capacity.
9. Classify mobile radio transmission system.
10. Discuss about simple, half duplex and full duplex systems.
11. What do you mean by handoff?
12. Define paging.
13. Define Mobile.
14. Define subscriber.
15. Define forward and reverse channel.
16. Which duplexing technique is used in analog mobile radio systems and digital mobile
radio systems and why?
17. Why is FM, rather than AM, used in most mobile radio systems today? List as many
reasons as you can think of, and justify your responses. Consider issues such as fidelity,
power consumption, and noise.
18. Why we have to reuse the frequency?
19. Define frequency reuse.
20. Why the shape of the cell is hexagon explain?
21. Define footprint.
22. Define cluster and on what factors does the cluster size depends on.
23. Define frequency reuse ratio.
24. Define channel reuse.
25. Classify channel assignment strategies.
26. mention the advantage and disadvantage of fixed channel assignment strategy.
27. mention the advantages of dynamic channel assignment strategies. 
28. What do you mean by handoff and when it is going to take place?
29. define mobile assisted handoff.
30. define Dwell time.

31. Discuss hard handoff and soft handoff.

32. define co channel interference and adjacent channel interference.

33. Derive the expression for  signal to co channel interference ratio. 

34. mention the techniques to improve the capacity in cellular radio system.

35. What do you mean by cell splitting and explain.

36. explain the technique on method to reduce the signal to co channel interference ratio or
how can we  prove that signal to co channel interference ratio can be reduced to Only two
cells in interference with center  cell instead of 6 cells.
37. Classify channel assignment strategies and explain.

38. Define frequency reuse ratio and explain with neat  sketch how can we reuse the
frequency.

39. Discuss on what factors does the frequency reuse factor depends on.

40. Explain the procedure of handoff with a neat sketch and discuss on what factors does
handoff procedure depends on.

41. Explain the need for handoff when the mobile is moving away from the base station and
entering into the new area served by another base station.

42. Discuss about handoff prioritization.

43. classify large scale fading and small scale fading

44. Define  friss  free space equation

45. Define ffective isotropic  radiated power.

46. define effective radiated power.

47. derive the expression for free space propagation path loss in dBm.

48. define fraunhofer region.

49. mention the three basic propagation  mechanisms.

50. state  Huygen's principle.

51. Define brewster Angle.

52. Define plane of incidence.

53. The advantages of  two ray ground reflection model.

54. derive the expression path difference in two Ray ground reflection model.

55. derive the expression for  path loss  in two Ray ground reflection model.

56. derive the expression for excess path length Using  fresenel geometry  in  diffraction.

57. mention the factors influencing small scale fading and explain.

58. define Doppler Shift.

60. define mean excess delay  RMS delay spread  and excess delay spread.

61. define coherence bandwidth and coherence time.

62. define Doppler spread.

63. Classify small scale fading based on multipath time delay spread  and explain.

64. classify small scale fading based on Doppler spread and explain 

65. Define flat fading and frequency selective fading.

66. define fast fading and slow fading.

67. Explain the need for equalizer.

68. Mention the techniques which can be used independently or in tandem to improve
received signal quality. 

69. Equalizers are used for frequency selective fading rather than flat fading why?

70. define Diversity.

71. what do you mean by equalization ?

72. Explain about training and tracking in  equalizer.

73. explain with neat diagram the basic communication  system with adaptive equalizer.

74. explain about generic adaptive equalizer.

75. classify equalizers.

76. Compare linear and nonlinear equalizers.

77. compare transversal and lattice structures in linear equalizers.

78. explain linear transversal equaliser and lattice structure linear equaliser with neat
diagram.

79. explain the need to go for nonlinear equaliser and draw the structure of   DFE  equaliser.

80. explain about MLSE equaliser 

82. define frequency diversity and time diversity.

83. define microscopic diversity and macroscopic diversity.

84. mention the advantages of diversity.

85. classify space diversity reception methods.

86. If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power, express the transmit power in units of (a) dBm, and
(b) dBW. If 50 watts is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the
received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100m from the antenna. What is P r( 10 km) ?
Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.

87. Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 1 m and operating
frequency of900 MHz.

88. Calculate the Brewster angle for a wave impinging on ground having a permittivity of ϵr=4.
89. A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a vertical λ/ 4 monopole antenna
with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular radio signals. The E-field at 1 km from the transmitter is
measured to be 10-3 V/m. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900 MHz. (a) Find the
length and the gain of the receiving antenna. (b) Find the received power at the mobiie using
the 2-ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m and
the receiving antenna is 1.5 rn above ground.

90. Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle
moving 60 mph, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving (a) directly
towards the transmitter, {b) directly away from the transmitter, {c) in a direction which is
perpendicular to the direction of arrival of the transmitted signal.

91.

92. Determine the proper spatial sampling interval required to make small-scale propagation
measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly correlated in time. How many
samples will be required over 10 m travel distance f c, = 1900 MHz and v = 50 m/s. How long
would it take to make these measurements, assuming they could be made in real time from a
moving vehicle? What is the Doppler spread B D for the channel?
93. For the power delay profiles in Figure P4.2, estimate the 90% correlation and 50% correlation
coherence bandwidths.

94.

95.
96. (a)Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the 2-ray ground reflection model in the analysis
of path loss. (b) In the following cases, tell whether the 2-ray model could be applied, and
explain why or why not: ht =35 m.hr =3 m,d =250m ht =30m, hr = 1.5 m, d = 450 m (c) What
insight does the 2-ray model provide aoout large-scale path loss that was disregarded when
cellular systems used very large cells?

97. If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system
which uses two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels,
compute the number of channels available per cell if a system uses(a) 4-cell reuse, (b) 7-cell
reuse (c) 12-cell reuse. If 1 MHz of the allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels,
determine an equitable distribution of control channels and voice channels in each cell for each
of the three systems.
98. If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel performance
of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) n = 4, (b) n = 3? Assume that there are 6 co-
channels cells in the first tier , and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use
suitable approximations.

99. Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by Q = √ 3 N , where
N = i2 + ij +j2. (Hint: use the cosine law and the hexagonal cell geometry).

100. Show that the frequency reuse factor for a cellular system is given by k/S, where k is the
average number of channels per cell and S is the total number of channels available to the
cellular service provider.