Department of

LIFE-SCIENCES

Syllabus for
Bachelor of Science (Biotechnology,
Chemistry, Botany)
Academic Year (2011)

1 Semester - 2011 - Batch

Hours
Paper
Paper Per Credits Marks
Code
Week
BTY131 CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS 4 3 100
CHE131 BASIC CHEMISTRY 4 3 100
2 Semester - 2011 - Batch
Hours
Paper
Paper Per Credits Marks
Code
Week
BTY231 MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS 4 3 100
CHEMISTRY - II, INORGANIC &
CHE231 4 3 100
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
3 Semester - 2010 - Batch
Hours
Paper
Paper Per Credits Marks
Code
Week
BTY331 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4 3 100
4 Semester - 2010 - Batch
Hours
Paper
Paper Per Credits Marks
Code
Week
BTY431 GENETIC ENGINEERING 4 3 100

Assesment Pattern
Theory: 25% +10% +10% +5% + 50%
CIA1 (MSE) +CIA2+CIA3+Attendance + ESE
Practicals: 20+20+10 + 50 %

MSE +Performance+Record + ESE

Examination And Assesments

Course Marks

25% +10% +10% +5% + 50%

Theory
CIA1 (MSE) +CIA2+CIA3+Attendance + ESE

20+20+10 + 50 %
Practical
MSE +Performance+Record + ESE

CIA : Continuous internal Assessment

MSE : Mid Semester Examination

ESE : End Semester Examination

Department Overview:
The Department of Biotechnology was started in 2007 to cater to the
increasing demand of the Biotechnology industry in India. The department
has a well-equipped laboratory for the undergraduate students. The teaching
faculties are well qualified for academics and are involved in research
projects and publications. Mandatory external summer projects and end
semester internal projects help the students get a research bend of mind.
There is a well equipped tissue culture laboratory for the students to do their
projects. Periodic visits to prominent research institutes expose the students
to the latest innovations in biotechnology. Annual seminars, workshops and
guest lectures gives ample opportunities for students to interact with the
best minds in the field, which in turn help them go for higher studies in
reputed institutes in India and abroad.
Mission Statement:
The department of Biotechnology is a platform for the overall development
of the students to gain knowledge and to develop technical skills to bloom
in academics and research to serve the mankind without disturbing the
equilibrium of the environment

Introduction to Program:
The Bachelor of Science programme with Biotechnology, Chemistry, and
Zoology/Botany as the combinations at Christ University aim at developing
young talent for the biotechnology industry and build in them other
strengths such that they are able to venture into allied fields too. The
interactive method of teaching at Christ University is to bring about
attitudinal changes to future professionals of the industry. The
infrastructural capabilities of the department can support class strength of
80 students. Equal importance is given both to practical and theoretical
methods of learning. Apart from the syllabus, the University emphasizes on
Value Addition Programs like Current Affairs, Holistic Education,
Certificate Courses, soft skill development and entrepreneurship
programmes.

Program Objective:
The aim of this programme is to provide ?a cut above the rest? man-power
to the ever growing demands of the growing Biotechnology industry in the
country and abroad. Subjects like Cytology, Microbiology and Genetic
Engineering make the students equipped to work in laboratories, hospitals
and clinical research. Plant tissue culture and Bioprocess Engineering gives
them employable skills in tissue culture units and in Biotech industries
engaged in manufacture of drugs and vaccines.

BTY131 - CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS (2011 Batch)

Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60 No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description

A thorough knowledge about the cell components, their functions and

biochemical pathways is a prerequisite to the study of molecular biology. In
this paper the students are made to learn the structures and purposes of basic
components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Students get an idea about
how these cellular components perceive the environmental signal and
respond to them in the language of signal transduction. They also learn the
mechanism of mitotic and meiotic cell division and the relevance of
accurate transfer of genetic material during cell division. The chapters on
genetics make them appreciate the flow of inherited characters from one
generation to the other.
Learning Outcome
 The students can apply their knowledge of cell biology and genetics
to selected examples of changes or losses in cell function as exemplified in
many diseases. This is very much applicable these days when there is a
plethora of information on cellular mechanisms and their role in causing
disease conditions like Cancer.

Unit-1 Teaching Hours:1

CYTOLOGY

Cell as a basic unit of life, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

Unit-2 Teaching Hours:14
Cellular Organelles
Endplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosomes,
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Nucleus (Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore
complex, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, Vacuole, Cytoskeletal Structures
(Microtubules, Micro ilaments and Intermediate Filaments) Extracellular Matrix.

Endplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast,

Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Nucleus (Nuclear envelope with
nuclear pore complex, nucleolus, nucleoplasm,Vacole, Cytosol, and
Cytoskeletal structure(Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate
Filaments), Extracellular Matrix.

Unit-3 Teaching Hours:9

Transport across Cell Membrane and
Receptors
Structure of Plasma membrane, Passive & Active transport, permeases, sodium
potassium pump, Ca2+ ATPase pumps, lysosomal and vacuolar membrane ATP
dependent proton pumps; uniport, symport, antiport, modi ications of
membrane(Microvilli ,Gap junction, Plasmodesmata, Tight junctions,
Desmosomes) transport in prokaryotic cells; Endocytosis and exocytosis;
Receptor-mediated endocytosis; Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine models of
action. Cytosolic, Nuclear and Membrane bound receptors examples of
receptors.
Unit-4 Teaching Hours:7
Ion Channels and Signal Transduction

Types of Ion-channels; Ligand-gated and Voltage-gated ion channels; Ion

channel defects; Actin, myosin, excitation - contraction coupling, relaxation;
Cytosolic, nuclear and membrane bound receptors, examples of receptors.
Second messengers - cAMP, Inositol phosphates, DAG, cGMP, G proteins, Ca;
Protein kinases, serine – threonine kinases, TNF receptor families

Unit-5 Teaching Hours:4

Mendelism and Cytoplasmic Inheritance

Mendel’s work, laws of heredity, Test cross, Incomplete dominance and

simple problems, Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, petite characters in
yeast and kappa particles in Paramecium.
Unit-5 Teaching Hours:4
Cell Division and Cell Cycle
Types of cell division(Mitosis & Meosis),details of cell cycle, Cancer,
Programmed cell death.

Unit-6 Teaching Hours:4

Chromosomes

Chromosome - Discovery, morphology and structural Organization -

centromere, secondary construction, telomere, chromonema, euchromatin and
heterochromatin, chemical composition.Nucleosome model of chromosome,
Special types of chromosomes; Salivary gland and Lampbrush
chromosome)Karyotype in Man.
Unit-7 Teaching Hours:2
Mendelism

Mendel’s work, laws of heredity, Test cross, Incomplete dominance and simple
problems
Unit-8 Teaching Hours:5
Interaction of Genes
Supplementary factors - Comb pattern in fowls, Complementary genes -
Flower colour in sweet peas, Multiple factors – Skin colour in human
beings, Epistasis: Plumage colour in poultry, Multipleallelism: Blood
groups in human beings.

Unit-9 Teaching Hours:2

Sex determination in plants and animals
Concepts of allosomes and autosomes, XX-XY, XX-XO,ZW-ZZ, ZO-ZZ types
Unit-10 Teaching Hours:4
Linkage and crossing over
Coupling and repulsion hypothesis, Linkage in maize and Drosophila,
Mechanism of crossing over and its importance, Chromosome mapping –
Linkage map in maize.

Unit-11 Teaching Hours:6

Chromosomal Variations and Mutations
General account of structural and numerical aberrations. Inherited disorders -
allosomal (Klinefelter syndrome and Turner’s syndrome), Autosomal (Down
syndrome and Cri-Du-Chat syndrome) Chromosomal evolution of wheat. Types
of Mutations Spontaneous and Induced Mutagens: Physical and Chemical
Unit-12 Teaching Hours:2
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, petite characters in yeast and kappa
particles in Paramecium
Text Books And Reference Books:
1. Verma P. S. and Agarwal V. K., Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular
Biology, Evolution and Ecology: New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Pvt.
Ltd, 2010.
2. Gardner E. J., Simmons M. J. and Snustad D. P., Principles of
Genetics: 8thEdn, USA: Wiley and sons Inc, 2006.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Alberts Bruce, Alexander. J and Julian. L, Molecular Biology of the Cell:

5thEdn. New York: Garland Science, 2008. Print.

2. Karp Gerald, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments:

6thEdn. USA: Wiley and Sons, 2009.Print.
 3. Cooper G.M. and RobertH. E., The Cell: A Molecular Approach:
5thEdn. Sinauer AssociatesInc, 2009.

Evaluation Pattern
CHE131 - BASIC CHEMISTRY (2011 Batch)
No of Lecture
Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description

In this introductory course the students acquire knowledge of the basic

concepts of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry
and environmental chemistry. Environmental chemistry topic can
incorporate different ideas in the young minds of the students, the
importance of preserving environment in its natural form. It also
provides an insight into the harmful impacts of human intervention on
nature. Overall it emphasizes on environmental concern and a healthy
lifestyle.

Learning Outcome

Learning outcome: The fundamental concepts from all branches of

Chemistry are learnt. This learning enables the students to gain conceptual
knowledge in the relevant topics.

Unit-1 Teaching Hours:4

Periodicity of properties in elements

Definition and periodicity of the following properties - atomic radii, ionic

radii, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativity
(determination not needed), lanthanide contraction, inert - pair effect with
examples.

Unit-2 Teaching Hours:4

S Block Elements
Comparative study, diagonal relationships, salient features of hydrides,
solvation and complexation tendencies including their function in
biosystems.

Unit-3 Teaching Hours:5

P Block elements

Comparative study (group-wise) of group 13 & 14 elements with respect to

periodic properties. Allotropes of carbon-Graphite and diamond. Borazines,
classification and structural principles of silicates. Structure and uses of
hydrazine, hydroxylamine, Allotropes of phosphorous.

Unit-4 Teaching Hours:4

Types of Solvents

Protic and aprotic solvents, aqueous and non aqueous solvents, liquid
ammonia as an example of non-aqueous solvent.

Unit-5 Teaching Hours:3

Classification and nomenclature of organic
compounds

Introduction, classification, IUPAC nomenclature of mono and bifunctional

organic compounds.

Unit-6 Teaching Hours:7

Structural theory in Organic Chemistry
Hybridizations, bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy; Localized and
delocalized chemical bond, polarity of bonds, resonance, hyperconjugation, inductive
and induced field effects, hydrogen bonding.Heterolytic and homolytic cleavage,
nucleophiles, electrophiles and types of organic reactions -substitution, addition and
elimination reactions; Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, free radicals
and carbenes. energy profile diagrams-transition states.
Unit-7 Teaching Hours:10
Acyclic Hydrocarbons

Alkanes
Methods of preparation with special reference to Wurtz, Kolbe and Corey
House reactions. Mechanism of free radical halogenations of alkanes.
Reactivity and selectivity of chlorination and bromination. Newman
projection and Saw horse formulae, Fischer and Flying wedge formulae.
Conformations, conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane.

Alkenes

Methods of preparation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and

dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, regio-selectivity in alcohol
dehydration; the Saytzeff rule, Hoffmann elimination, Markownikoff’s rule,
peroxide effect, hydroboration-oxidation oxymercuration reduction,
epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, Birch reduction. hydroxylation and
oxidation with KMnO4, polymerization of alkenes, substitution at the allylic
and vinylic positions of alkenes; industrial applications of ethylene and
propene.

Dienes: Conjugated and isolated dienes, resonance stabilization, 1,2-versus

1,4-addition, Diels-Alder reaction.

Alkynes:Preparation, Reduction, electrophilic addition, oxidation with KMnO4,

hydroboration- oxidation and hydrogenation reactions -acidity and metal acetylides.
Unit-8 Teaching Hours:3
Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes)

Nomenclature, methods of preparation and chemical reactions. Bayer’s

strain theory and its limitations. Ring strain in cyclopropane and
cyclobutanes. Theory of stainless rings systems- Sachse-Mohr theory.
Conformations of cyclohexanes, axial and equatorial bonds.

Unit-9 Teaching Hours:5

Phase rule
Statement and explanation of the terms with examples, one component
systems – water and sulphur systems. Two component systems – KI-water
and Pb-Ag systems. Eutectic and freezing mixtures and their applications.
Efflorescence and deliquescence. Phase diagram of Fe-C system.

Unit-10 Teaching Hours:5

Elementary Thermodynamics - First law

Thermodynamic equilibrium, reversible and irreversible processes. State

and path dependent functions; exact and inexact differentials. Concept of
internal energy, heat and work. First law of thermodynamics, significance of
internal energy and enthalpy. Work done in an isothermal and adiabatic
expansion and compression of an ideal gas.

Heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure and at constant volume. relation between
the two. Kirchoff’s equation.
Unit-11 Teaching Hours:6
Colligative properties
Raoult’s law, lowering of vapour pressure. Determination of the molecular
weight of a non volatile solute using (1) Relative lowering of vapour
pressure (2) Elevation in boiling point, (3) Depression in freezing point (4)
Osmotic pressure ; Osmotic pressure of dilute solution and its measurement
by Berkeley – Hartley’s method. Osmotic laws and analogy with gas laws.
Relationship between DTb, DTf and relative lowering of vapour pressure,
Abnormal molecular weight, vant Hoff factor, evaluation of degree of
dissociation and association, Rast method. Activity and activity coefficient.
Reverse osmosis and its applications.
Unit-12 Teaching Hours:4
Gases

Maxwell Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities, mean free paths,

collision frequency, derivation of expression for most probable velocity,
definitions and expressions for rms velocity and average velocity (no
derivations), relationship between the three types of velocities.
 Andrew’s experiment on CO2, critical constants and their determination, and
relationship with van der Waals constant. Joule-Thomson effect, inversion
temperature and their applications to the liquefaction of air and hydrogen. Law of
corresponding states.
Text Books And Reference Books:

[1]. B.R Puri., L.R Sharma and K. C Kalia. 31st edition Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry. Delhi: Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Sons, 2011.

[2]. J. D Lee. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. London:

Chapman & Hall, 2008.

[3]. Finar I. L. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry Vol I&II. 6th ed. LBS &
Longman group Ltd. Reprinted in 1996.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

[1]. Bahl B. S. and Bahl A. Advanced Organic Chemistry.6th ed. S. Chand

& Co, 2006.

[2]. Daniels F and Alberty F.A. Physical Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley, 1992.

[3]. Glasstone Samuel. Textbook of Physical Chemistry. 2nd ed. Mcmillan,

1998.

[4]. Chang Raymond .Chemistry. 6 th ed.1998.

Evaluation Pattern
BTY231 - MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS (2011
Batch)

No of Lecture
Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description
The paper surveys bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as their growth
characteristics and morphology. This course guides the students to learn
appropriate microbiology laboratory techniques that will be useful in
subsequent courses. This course ful ills the basic knowledge in microbiology for
those students who wish to pursue career in allied health ields and other
technical programs. The students are made aware of GLP (good laboratory
practices) which is very important in laboratories. Biostatistics portions will
introduce the students to clinical research and imparts knowledge on applied
statistics.

Learning Outcome
Most of the techniques in biotechnology uses bacteria, viruses and fungi. This
course will make the students adept in the structure and functions of these
microbes which in turn will give them con idence to work using these
organisms. The students will become competent for jobs in dairy,
pharmaceutical, industrial and clinical research.

UNIT-1 Teaching Hours:4

Introductory Microbiology
De inition and History - Contributions of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis
Pasteur, Robert Importance and scope of Microbiology as a modern Science
.Branches of microbiology. Microbial Taxonomy: Methods of Isolating pure
culture, Classi ication and nomenclature of Microorganisms.
Unit-2 Teaching Hours:7
Microbial Techniques

Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron: Stains and staining techniques -
Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, lagellar and endospore staning. Methods of
Sterilization; Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms.

Unit-3 Teaching Hours:5

Structure of Bacteria
Shape, lagella ,endospore and capsule, structure based on staining reaction
(Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria), extreme environment.
Unit-4 Teaching Hours:4
General Account of Viruses
Viruses – Structure and classi ication, Plant Viruses – CaMV, Animal viruses –
Hepatitis B Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, Bacteriophages.
Unit-5 Teaching Hours:6
Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Salient features, classi ication and reproduction of fungi, mycoplasma and algae.

Unit-6 Teaching Hours:10

Physiology and Biochemistry of microbes
Nutrition (Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs), Parasitism, Saprophytism,
Mutualism and Symbiosis, Commensalisms, endozoic microbes) - Respiration:
EMP, HMP and ED Pathways, Bacterial photosynthesis: Photosynthetic
apparatus in prokaryotes, Photophosphorylation. Nitrogen metabolism
(nitrogen ixation)
Unit-7 Teaching Hours:4
Pathogenic Microorganisma
Epidemics, endemics and pandemics, Bacterial diseases of man – Tetanus,
Tuberculosis, Pneumonia and Cholera, Viral diseases: HIV, Parasites: Entamoeba
and Malaria.

Unit-8 Teaching Hours:3

Importance and Application
Tabulation and classi ication of data, Frequency distribution and Graphical
distribution of data
Unit-9 Teaching Hours:4
Measures of central tendencies
Mean, Median, Mode and their properties.
Unit-10 Teaching Hours:4
Measures of Dispersion
Mean deviation, Variance, Standard deviation and coef icient of Variation

Unit-11 Teaching Hours:3

Hypothesis testing
Student T and Chi-square test
Unit-12 Teaching Hours:3
Probability and Distribution
Concepts and problems on probability
Unit-13 Teaching Hours:3
Theoretical distributions
Binomial, Poisson, Normal Distribution and their applications

Text Books And Reference Books:

REFERENCES

1. Pelczar. M. J, Chan. E. C. Sand Kreig. N. L. Microbiology New Delhi:

Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 1993. 3. Sharma .K. Manual of
microbiology tools and techniques. 2 Edn, Ane books India: 2007.
2. Purohit S .S. A Text Book of Microbiology. Agrobios. India, 2006.
3. Dubey and Maheswari, Microbiology, New Delhi: S. Chand &
Company Ltd., 2004.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Madigan. M..T, Martinko J. M and Parker. J. BROCKS BIOLOGY,

12th edn., Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
2. Tortora, Funke, Case. An Introduction to Microbiology, 10th edn.,
USA: Pearson Education, 2008.
3. Prescott Lansing, Harley John and Klein Donald. Microbiology. 6th
edn., Australia:. Mcgraw Hill 2004.
 4. Daniel. W. M. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health
Sciences, 9th Edn, USA: Wiley and Sons, 2008

Evaluation Pattern
CHE231 - CHEMISTRY - II, INORGANIC &
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (2011 Batch)
Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60 No of Lecture Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description
In this course they acquire a deeper knowledge about inorganic chemistry and
learn the fundamentals of nuclear chemistry and solid state chemistry as this is
required for a better perspective of the subject. This course also instills values of
ethical and judicious use of nuclear energy. Environmental chemistry topic can
incorporate different ideas in the young minds of the students, the importance of preserving
environment in its natural form. It also provides an insight into the harmful impacts of human
intervention on nature. Overall it emphasizes on environmental concern and a healthy lifestyle.
Learning Outcome
Students understand and apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories pertaining
to the systematic arrangement of elements of the nature. Gain an insight into nuclear
chemistry.
Unit-1 Teaching Hours:7
Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum
Mechanics

Blackbody radiation, Planck’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, de

Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum
mechanics. Schrodinger wave equation and particle in a box, energy levels, wave
functions and probability densities. Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom. Radial
and angular functions, hydrogen like wave functions, quantum numbers and their
importance.

Unit-2 Teaching Hours:15

Chemical Bonding

(i) Ionic Bond – Types of ionic solids, radius ratio effect and coordination number,
limitations of radius ratio, lattice defects, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle,
solvation energy and solubility of ionic solids, polarizing power and polarizability,
Fajan's rules.

(ii) Covalent Bond : Valence bond theory and its limitations, directional
characteristics of covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple
inorganic molecules and ions such as NH3, H3O+, SF4, ClF3 ICl2¯,ICl4-, and H2O by
valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, linear combination of atomic
orbitals (LCAO), bonding, nonbonding and antibonding molecular orbitals.
Applications of MO theory to explain the stability of homo and hetero dinuclear
diatomic molecules, multi-centre bonding in electron-deficient molecules - diborane.

(iii) Metallic bond- Free electron and band theories.

iv) Weak Interactions-Hydrogen bonding- Inter molecular hydrogen bonding and

intra molecular hydrogen bonding, van der waal’s forces.

Unit-3 Teaching Hours:5

Physical properties and Molecular Structure-
Polarisation and orientation of dipoles in an electric field. Dipole moment. Induced
dipole moment . Clausius-Mossotti equation (only statement). Dipole moment and
structures of molecules (planar and non-planar). Magnetic properties: paramagnetic,
diamagnetic and ferromagnetic systems.
Unit-4 Teaching Hours:10
Nuclear chemistry

N/P ratio, curves, stability belts. Nuclear binding energy. Mass defect, simple
calculations involving mass defect and B.E per nucleon, half-life, radioactive
equilibrium, radioactive series, magic numbers - liquid drop model - shell model.
Artificial radioactivity - Induced radioactivity, Nuclear fission - nuclear energy -
nuclear reactors - breeder reactor - nuclear fusion - thermonuclear reactions - energy
source of the sun and stars.

Isotopes—use of radioactive isotopes in tracer technique, agriculture, medicine, food

preservative and carbon and tritium dating. (Problems to be worked out).
Unit-5 Teaching Hours:3
Noble Gases
Properties of noble gases, Xenon; properties, structure and bonding in Xenon
compounds.
Unit-6 Teaching Hours:20
Environmental Chemistry

Atmosphere: Composition and structure of atmosphere, particles, ions and radicals in the atmosphere,
stratospheric ozone depletion.
Air Pollution: Air Pollutants, e.g. carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxides of sulfur,
photochemical smog, acid rain and particulates. Air quality standards and sampling; monitoring of CO,
NOx, and SO2. Automobile pollution. Effect of pollutants.

Hydrosphere : Water resources, hydrologic cycle. Complexation in natural and waste water. Micro
organisms.

Water Chemistry: Principles and applications of aqueous chemistry and unique properties of water.
Water quality parameters and standards. Acid mine drainage, heavy metal pollution, eutrophication,
soap and detergents, pesticides, nitrates, fluorides- effect and abatement.

Lithosphere : Composition, inorganic & organic compounds in soil, Acid-base and ion exchange
reaction in soil, micro and macro nutrients, nitrogen pathways and NPK in soil, waste classification &
disposal. E-waste and its disposal.

Radiation hazards and disposal of nuclear wastes.

Green chemistry: Importance, principles and scope of green chemistry.

Text Books And Reference Books:

[1].B.R Puri., L.R Sharma and K. C Kalia. 31st edition Advanced

Inorganic Chemistry. Delhi:Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Sons, 2011.

[2].B.R Puri., L.R Sharma and Pathania. 46th edition Principles of Physical
Chemistry. Vishal Publishing Company, 2012.

[3]. Satyaprakash, Tuli, Basu and Madan. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

Vol-I.1986.

[4]. Ajay Kumar Bhagi and Chatwal G.R.Environmental Chemistry.

Himalaya Publishing house, 2003.

[5]. Desai K.R. Green Chemistry. Himalaya publishing house, 2005.

[6]. Anil Kumar de and Arnab Kumar de. Inorganic Chemistry and analysis.
2 nd ed. New age international publication: 2005.

[7]. Arnikar H.J. Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry. 2nd ed.John Wiley and
Sons, 1987.
Essential Reading / Recommended Reading
Evaluation Pattern
BTY331 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2010 Batch)
No of Lecture
Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description

This paper aims to provide students with an indepth understanding of the basic
concepts of molecular biology. The structural and functional aspects of basic
biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein and the mechanisms of DNA
replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation will be dealt with. The
course facilitates the students to have a strong understanding of the molecular
basis of life and the underlying genetic principles.

Learning Outcome

The main outcome of this paper is that the student will have the basic in depth
knowledge about the macromolecules that store, transmit and execute the
genetic information in a living system and the molecular mechanism of the
information low in the living system. This theoretical knowledge on molecular
biology will help the students to learn basics of the genetic engineering and
rDNA technology work which makes the basis of modern biotechnological
research and industry.

Unit-1 Teaching Hours:3

Introduction to Molecular biology
Molecular basis of life, Experimental Proof for DNA and RNA as genetic
material.
Unit-2 Teaching Hours:8
Nucleic Acids
Structure and functions of DNA, Watson and Crick model of DNA, forms for
DNA (A,B, C, D and Z DNA), physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties of
DNA, topoisomerases and DNA supercoiling, Structure and functions of RNA,
Types of RNA – mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA. Ribozymes – signi icance.
Unit-3 Teaching Hours:8
DNA Replication

Prokaryotic DNA replication – Semiconservative DNA replication experiments,

Structure and function of DNA Polymerases and other enzymes, initiation,
elongation and termination. Eukaryotic DNA replication – Enzymes and proteins
involved in replication, initiation, elongation and termination.Telomere
replication and its signi icance. Models of DNA replication: Theta model and
Rolling circle model. Inhibitors of DNA replication

Unit-4 Teaching Hours:4

DNA Damage and Repair
DNA damage: DNA lesions, oxidative damage, alkylation, UV damage.Repair
mechanisms - Mismatch repair, photoreactivation, excision repair, SOS repair.
Unit-5 Teaching Hours:4
Recombination in Prokaryotes

Transformation – Tatum and Lederberg’s experiment, Conjugation – F+ and F-

strains, Hfr strains. Transduction -Lytic and lysogenic life cycles of
bacteriophage, generalized and specialized transduction

Unit-6 Teaching Hours:3

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
gene
Monocistronic and polycistronic genes, C value paradox, genetic code -
properties and Wobble hypothesis
Unit-7 Teaching Hours:8
Transcription in Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
Mechanism - initiation, elongation and termination, promoters and RNA
polymerase, transcription factors, Post transcriptional modi ications of
eukaryotic mRNA- polyA tailing, splicing, capping
Unit-8 Teaching Hours:7
Translation
Mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, post translational
modi ications of proteins- glycosylation, protein folding.
Unit-9 Teaching Hours:8
Regulation of Gene expression
Regulation of Gene expression in Prokaryotes – Operon concept (lac and trp),
Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes – RNA interference, DNA and
Histone modi ication, galactose metabolism in yeast.

Unit-10 Teaching Hours:3

Extra nuclear DNA
Gene organization and expression in Mitochondria and chloroplast, functions,
signi icance, role in evolutionary studies.

Unit-11 Teaching Hours:4

Insertional elements
Transposable elements- classes, transposons in bacteria, Maize and Drosophila,
Retroposons, LINES and SINES, transposons and mutations
Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Freifelder D. and Malacinski G., Essentials of Molecular Biology, 3rd

edition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 1998.

2. Rastogi V. B., Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, New Delhi: Ane

Books India, 2008.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

1. Howe C, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, USA: Cambridge

University Press, 1995.

2. Lewin B., Genes VIII, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

3. Lodish H., Berk A., Matsudaira P., Kaiser C. A., Krieger M., Scott M.
P., Zipursky L., and Darnell J., Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition,
W.H. Freeman & Company, 2007.

4. Turner P., Mclennan A., White R. H., and Bates. A. D.,Instant Notes in
Molecular Biology, 3rd edition, Taylor & Francis Books India Pvt Ltd,
2005.

5. Karp G., Cell & Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons
Inc, 2002

6. Gardner E. J., Simmons M. J. and Snustad D. P., Principles of

Genetics, 8th edition,Delhi: Wiley India Ltd, 2006.

Paul A. Text book of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd edition, Kolkata: Books and
Allied Pvt Ltd, 2
Evaluation Pattern
BTY431 - GENETIC ENGINEERING (2010 Batch)
No of Lecture
Total Teaching Hours for Semester:60
Hours/Week:4
Max Marks:100 Credits:3
Course Objectives/Course Description

The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to recombinant DNA

technology. It helps the students to understand how the principles of
molecular biology have been used to develop techniques in recombinant
DNA technology. The objective of the course is to familiarize the student
with the basic concepts in genetic engineering - enzymes, cloning vehicles,
gene libraries, analysis and expression of the cloned gene in host cell and
understand ethical issues and biosafety regulations. It gives emphasis to
practical applications of genetic engineering tools in the field of health care.
Learning Outcome

Modern Biotechnology relies on rDNA technology. This paper will equip

the student with all the basic rDNA methods and protocols. They will be
aware of the biosafety and ethical aspects of the same. Moreover, the
students will be able to find a job in R&D laboratories/industries where
rDNA works are being done.

Unit-1 Teaching Hours:1

Introduction to Genetic Engineering

Brief history, advantages and disadvantages of Genetically Modified

Organisms.
Unit-2 Teaching Hours:7
Tools for genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes – function, classi ication, restriction modi ication system.
DNA ligases –types and function. DNA modifying enzymes- functions. Gene
cloning vectors – Plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, phagemids, YACs, and
BACs.
Unit-3 Teaching Hours:4
Creation of recombinant DNA
In vitro construction of recombinant DNA molecules – (pBR 332, pUC 18)
Isolation of insert and & vector DNA, creation of r-DNA.
Unit-4 Teaching Hours:3
Transformation of r-DNA

Transformation of recombinant DNA molecules into target host Organisms -

Calcium chloride mediated, Electroporation, Biolistic gun, lipofection and
microinjection.
Unit-5 Teaching Hours:2
Screening
Immunological screening and colony and plaque hybridization, dot blot
hybridization, chromosome walking
Unit-6 Teaching Hours:2
Gene Libraries

Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, selection of vectors.

Unit-7 Teaching Hours:3
Expression of cloned DNA
Protein production by foreign DNA in the host bacteria E. coli, cloning in
pET vectors, eukaryotic vectors- Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian
viral vectors.
Unit-8 Teaching Hours:4
Electrophoretic Techniques

Agarose gel electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) -

Native PAGE and SDS PAGE – gel casting and running, troubleshooting.
Unit-9 Teaching Hours:4
PCR and Site directed mutagenesis
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Basic principle, methodology, types of PCR-
Inverse PCR, Hot start PCR, RT PCR, Real time PCR, RAPD, RFLP and AFLP.
Mutagenesis – principle, types, applications
Unit-10 Teaching Hours:4
Nucleic acid Sequencing
Maxam Gilbert method, Sanger’s dideoxy method, automated DNA sequencing,
applications, DNA Fingerprinting - principle, applications in forensics, paternity
testing
Unit-11 Teaching Hours:5
Blotting Techniques

Southern and Northern blot, probe preparation – radioactive and

chemiluminiscent methods, hybridization technique, labeling (Random
primer labeling, Nick Translation), washing, autoradiography. Western Blot,
hybridization, Sandwich and dot ELISA.
Unit-12 Teaching Hours:4
Application of r-DNA
Production of recombinant proteins (Insulin), recombinant vaccines (Hepatitis
B), hormones (Human growth hormone), Diagnostic kits, Gene therapy – types,
applications, ethical issues
Unit-13 Teaching Hours:2
Biosafety issues and environmental significance

Environmental significance of genetically modified microbes, plants and

animals, release of GMOs, factors affecting biodiversity, invasiveness, and
gene flow, possible influences of transgenic crops on non-target organisms,
international treaties/agreements in biosafety, public perception and
outreach in biosafety.
Text Books And Reference Books:

1. Winnacker Ernst-Ludwig, From genes to clones: Introduction to gene

technology, Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.

2. Paul A. Text book of Cell and Molecular Biology. 2nd edition,

Kolkata, Books and Allied Pvt Ltd, 2007.

Essential Reading / Recommended Reading

 1. Glick B. R. & Pasternak J. J, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA, Washington D.C.: American
Society for Microbiology, 2003.

2. Brown T. A., Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction,

Wiley Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

3. Nicholl D. S. T., An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Cambridge

University Press, 1994.

4. Old R. W. and Primrose, S. B. 5thEdn. Principles of Gene

manipulation: An introduction to genetic engineering, 3rd edition,
Black well Scientific Publications, 1994.

5. Lewin B. Genes VIII, New York, Oxford University Press, 2003.

6. Christopher H., Gene cloning and Manipulating, Cambridge

University Press, 1995.

7. Watson J. D., Baker T. A, Bell S. P., Gann A. N., Levine M and Losick
R., Molecular biology of the gene, 5th edition, Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, 2003.

Evaluation Pattern