Acceleration of a geared system experiment

Introduction :
First of all acceleration is the percentage of deference of the velocity as the function of time and also
it is represent a vector . Acceleration of a geared system is required to acquisition an expression of
the torque on a shaft and the outcome is to get an angular acceleration of this shaft .

Objective :
By attributing inertias and friction torques to driving shaft of the system and placing Newtos second
law which can be shown that :

T1-TR(1) = IEQ(1)α1 and /

α 1 = 1/2mgd- TR(1) 1/4 md2+ IEQ(1
-3-
Where,
α1 = angular acceleration of shaft 1 ,
T1 = applied torque to shaft 1 ,
TR(1) = resistance torque ,

T R(1) = TF(1) + TF(2)n21/ η 21+ TF(3)n21n32/ η η 21 32+ TF(4)n21n32n43/ η 21

η η 32 43

IEQ(1) = equivalent moment of inertia,

I EQ(1) = I1 + I2(n21)2/ η 21 + I3(n21)2(n32)2/ η η21 32 + I4 (n21)2(n32)2 (n43)2 / η 21

η η 32 43

TF(n) = friction torque associated with shaft n,

In = the inertia associated with shaft n ,
n(ji) = velocity ratuio of shaft j with respect to shaft i , n(ji) = ω (j)/ ω(i) = t(i)/

t(j)

η (ji) = transmission efficiency between shaft j and i

d = torque drum diameter (shaft)

Data :
Torque drum diameter (shaft 1) - d = 76.2mm(3 inch )
Torque drum diameter (shaft 2) - d = 50.8 mm(2 inch )

t1 = 90 teeth

t2 = 30 and 96 teeth
t3 = 24 and 100 teeth
 t4 = 20 teeth

The following data has been ditermined experimentally:

I1 = 22.6 * 10-3 kgm2 I2 = 23.8 * 10-3 kgm2 I3 = 26.1 * 10-3 kgm2 I4 = 14.0 * 10-3 kgm2
TF1 = 2.19 * 10 -3Nm TF2= 3.63 * 10 -3Nm TF3= 3.12 * 10 -3Nm TF4=3.11 * 10 -3Nm

η 12 = 90.4% η 23 = 94.1% η 34= 97.9%

Apparatus :
Tquepment greared system rig , ’’ orbit’’ counter time plus inductive probe , selection of mass (6
kg ,8 kg,10 kg 12 kg ), and wire .

Procedure :
At the beginning all the gear were netted to get a four shaft train .Afterthat the research had
esculated to observe 60 hole circle on the interia disc attached to shaft 4. In this experiment 4
different mass used which were 6,8,10 and 12 . Acceleration mass had used through a wire to the
torque durm on shaft 1. The outcome was, that mass had produced accelerating torque T 1 . Then
ratchet handle had operated to boast to mass and hold ay rotation in this system. The ratchet
handle took aside to clear the mass and grant it to accelerate openly under the action of gravity .
From the counter timer all of the displayed measurement had marked and figure out until mass
touch in the floor . The important thing was sequentially after 20 seconds the measurement had
taken . There were 60 holes and each frecuency calculation had permormed the average angular
velocity of shaft 4 in turning per minutes flash at two second intermission . A video recorder was
recommended to take the measurement for next movement . Finally for other accelerating masses
step 1 to 5 had replayed .

Results :

Angular speed (RPM)

Time (s) 6 kg 8 kg 10 kg 12 kg

0 0 0 0 0
2 20 98 51 122
4 129 163 169 211
6 168 218 239 284
8 207 271 307 376
10 246 323 373 456
12 283 374 439 534
 14 321 423 502 610
16 357 473 565 685
18 392 522 626 759
20 426 568 686 831
22 460 615 746 902
24 493 660 804 952
26 525 704 860 931
28 557 748 852 910
30 588 750 832 891
32 619 732 813 872
34 649 714 794 853
36 643 697 777 834
38 628 681 760 816
40 611 664 742 799
42 596 648 726 782
44 581 633 709 764
46 566 618 693
48 552 603
50 538 590
52 524
54 510

Graph :
Chart Title
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Time (s) 6 kg 8 kg 10 kg 12 kg

Calculation :
We know that ,

T R(1) = TF(1) + TF(2)n21/ η 21+ TF(3)n21n32/ η η

21 32+ TF(4)n21n32n43/ η 21

η η 32 43

TR(1) = 2.19*10^-3 + 3.63*10^-3*90/3 / 0.904 + 3.12*10^-3*90/3*96/24 /

0.904*0.941 + /
3.11 * 10^-3*90/30*96/24*100/5 0.904*0.041*0.979

= 282*10^-3
=0.282

AND

IEQ(1) = I1 + I2(n21)2/ η 21 + I3(n21)2(n32)2/ η 21 η 32 + I4 (n21)2(n32)2 (n43)2 / η

21 η η 32 43

IEQ(1) = 22.6*10^-3 + 23.8*10^-3*(90/30)^2 0.904 / + 26.1*10^-

/
3*(90/30)^2*(96/24)^2 0.904*0.941 + 14.0*10^-3*(90/30)^2

*(96/24)^2*(100/20)^2/0.904*0.941*0.979

= 65196.45*10*-3
= 65.196

/
By using α1 = 1/2mgd- TR(1) 1/4 md2+ IEQ(1 formula

Angular acceleratiom for 6 kg

α1 = (0.50*6*9.8*0.0762-0.282) / (0.25*6*0.0762*0.0762+65.196)
= 0.03004 rad
 Angular acceleratiom for 8 kg
α1 = (0.50*8*9.8*0.0762-0.282) / (0.25*8*0.0762*0.0762+65.196)
= 0.0414 rad
Angular acceleratiom for 10 kg
α1 = (0.50*10*9.8*0.0762-0.282) / (0.25*10*0.0762*0.0762+65.196)
= 0.0529 rad

Angular acceleratiom for 10 kg

α1 = (0.50*12*9.8*0.0762-0.282) / (0.25*12*0.0762*0.0762+65.196)
= 0.0643 rad
Experimental calculation :
The transmission ratio of gear box = 90/30*96/24*100/20= 3*4*5=60
Shaft 04 angular speed RPM value converted to rad/s value with time included graph
Time (s) angular speed ( rad/s)

0 0
2 12.77
4 22.09
6 29.74
8 39.37
10 47.75
12 55.92
14 63.87
16 71.73
18 79.48
20 87.02
22 94.45
24 99.69
26 97.49
28 95.29
30 93.3
32 91.31
34 89.32
36 87.33
38 85.45
40 83.67
42 81.89
44 80
Graph
 Angular velocity rad/s value against time period
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Series1 Series2

Discussion and conclusions :

The angular acceleration had calculated by using the formula which has already given theoretically
on the shaft .It had already observed that angular acceleration is propotional to time period .When
time period increase then angular acceleration rise up .we can apply different method to produce
angular acceleration and angular velocity . It has already mention that there are some technical error
in this experiment .
 Belt friction experiment
Introduction :
First of all, in this experiment I would like to explain about belt friction and its application .Belt
friction is a phrase expressing the friction force between belt and surface for example a belt cloaked
around a bollard. All of the measurement has calculated by belt friction equation .

Objective:
 To display that for a constant angle of lap θthe tension ratio T1/T2 is constant.
 To demonstrate the relationship T1/T2 = eµθ where θ is constant and m is change.
 To resolve the coefficient of friction µ between the CI pulley and the belt added where
θ=change and m=constant .

Theory :
It could be delineated for a flat belt drive droping that : T 1/T2 = eµθ
Where ,
T 1= tight side tension
T 2= slack side tension
µ= coefficient of friction
θ= lap angle (radians )
If the independence of T1 versus T2 is operated for a stable angle of lap θ ,then the straight line
passing through the origin should be accessedsince e µθ is a constant : T1/T2 = eµθ = k or T1= k*T2
The slope k could be calculated and used to yield a value for the coefficient of friction µ:
T1/T2 = eµθ = k ; Ink = µθ ; µ= 1/θ Ink
If InT1/T2 is plotted versus θ ,the appearing curve should be a straight line passing across the
origin ,and the slope of this line similar to µ : InT1/T2= µθ

Apparatus :
 Dial test indicator
 Belt friction rig
 Selections of weights
 Weight carrier
 Procedure:
1.Cantilever calibration
The slack side tension T2 had gained using a calibrated cantiliever by calculating its deflection
with with a dial test indicator .The angle of lap protractor had turned to zero. After that the
belt was hanged and weighted carrier to the cantilever.The position of test indicator was
zero .Applied load m 0 to 24 kg in step of 3 kg calculated the cantilever deflection δ  .
Result :
m,kg 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
δ  14 29 44 58 72 86 101 extraplote
T2=mg , 29.4 58.6 88.2 117.6 147 176.4 205.8 235.2
N

Graph :
T2 against cantilever deflection δ  :
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2 . Constant angle of lap

Applied the angle of lap θ to 900 ,the belt had attached and zero the dial test indicator .Then the
pully motor had switched on .Afterthat applied tight side load (T 1= mg ) from 0 – 20 kg calculated the
cantilever deflection .According to the theory µ had measured .
Result :
M,kg 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
δ  6 12 18 25 27 35 40 46 51 66
T1=mg,N 19.62 39.24 58.86 78.48 98.1 117.72 137.34 156.96 176.58 196.2
T2 , N= 8.91 17.83 26.75 35.67 44.60 53.51 62.43 71.35 80.25 89.20
T1/K

Graph :
T1 against T2 :
 main-title
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

3.Variable angle of lap :

The belt had attached and the dial test indicator was zero .After that load of 20 kg had applied to the
belt .Then the pulley motor started .The cantilever deflection for angle of lap θ from 2400 to 100 had
measured .The tension T2 had calculated with the aid of the calibration curve for the each angle of
lap.Also calculated T1 = mg ,ratio T1/T2 and InT1/T2 for each angle of lap .According to the theory,
from the last curve µ had collected .
Result:

θ,deg 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10

δ  25 28 30 33 36 41 47 54 60 68 76 86 92
T2,N 55 61. 66 72. 79. 90. 103. 118. 132 149. 167. 189. 202.4
6 6 2 2 4 8 6 2 2
θ,rad 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.09 1.75 1.4 1.05 0.69 0.34 0.17
8 4 9 4 9 4
T1/T2 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.89 1.65 1.4 1.31 1.17 1.03 0.96
6 8 7 0 7 7 8
InT1/T 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.64 0.50 0.3 0.27 0.15 0.03 -
2 7 5 8 9 0 7 9 6 0.031
1

Graph :
T1/T2 against the lap of angle θ in radians :
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

InT1/T2 against the lap of angle θ in radians :

 1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Discussions and conclusions :

In this experiment it has already shown that for the given angle of lap the tension ratio T 1/T2constant
.All of the value for this experiment have already calculated by the given formula in the different
table . There are some experimental error and some calculation error in this lab report .