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 Index
Page
Topic no.
Certificate of authenticity 1
Acknowledgement 2
Objective of project 3
Introduction 3
Factors influencing rate of Evaporation 5
Application 7
Theory 7
Experiment no.1 10
Experiment no.2 11
Experiment no.3 12
Experiment no.4 13
Bibliography 14
 Certificate of Authenticity

This is to certify that “________” a student of class 12th ‘A’ has

successfully completed the research project on the topic “Rate of
Evaporation of Different Liquids” under the guidance of
Mrs.Bushra.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this
project have been declared at the end of this project.

Signature (subject teacher) Signature

(examiner)

1
Acknowledgement:
I feel proud to present my project in chemistry on the “Rate
of Evaporation of Different Liquids”.
This project would not have been feasible without the proper
rigorous guidance of chemistry teacher Mrs.Bushra who
guided me throughout this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various difficult lab
experiments, which have to obtain the observations and
conclude the reports on a meaningful note. These
experiments are very critical and in the case of failure may
result in disastrous consequences.
Thereby, I would like to thanks both _________ and lab
assistant _____________ for guiding me on a systematic
basis and ensuring that in completed all my experiments
with ease.
Rigorous hard work has put in this project to ensure that it
proves to be the best. I hope that it proves to be the best. I
hope that this project will prove to be a breeding ground for
the next generation of students and will guide them in every
possible way.
Rate of Evaporation of
Different Liquids
Objective of the Project:
In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of
liquid, surface of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with
the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous
phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in
the terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules
happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules
do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and
escapes into gaseous phase.

Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules
which undergo evaporation have high
Kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are
left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules which are left have
lower average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant the
remaining liquid will have same distribution of the molecular kinetic
energy and high molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid
into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation
will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives
evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other
sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which
involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed
evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air
and the liquid molecules turn into water vapour which rises up and forms
clouds.

Factors influencing rate of

Evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air: If the air already
has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air: If the air is already
saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth substance
evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance:If the substance is hotter, then evaporation

will be faster.

4. Flow rate of air: This is in part related to the concentration points above. If
fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at
rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the
air molecules. 6
5. Inter-molecular forces: The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together
in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate
them

6. Surface area and temperature: The rate of evaporation of liquids

varies directly with temperature. With the increase in the temperature,
fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the
surface also increases. Thus with the increase in temperature rate of
evaporation also increases. Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in

liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation
is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment: The rate of evaporation of liquids depends
upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour
state thereby preventing condensation.
9. Density: The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over
the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
10. Pressure: In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster
because there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from
launching themselves
Applications:
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.

Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more
quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids
with higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by
evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to
evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.

8
 If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules
accumulate as a vapour above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the
liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and
pressure of the vapour increases. When the process of escape and return reaches
equilibrium, the vapour is said to be "saturated," and no further change in either
vapor pressure or density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting
of vapour and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to
the vapour pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius-Cla peyron relation:

W here P1, P 2 are the vapour pressures at temperatures T1, T2 respectively, H

vap is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate
of evaporation in an op en system is related to the vapour pressure found in a
closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapour pressure reaches the ambient
pressure the liquid will boil. The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is
largely base d on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess.
Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they
have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization.
But vaporization is not only the process of a change of state from liquid to gas but
it is also a change of state from a solid to gas. This process is also known as
sublimation (vaporization).
 Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch,
acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette out
10 ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the Petri dish and
note the volume of remaining material in them.

Observation: Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining (V2) Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. ml. V=V1–V2
A
B
C

Results: Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.

Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.

Conclusion:

The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.

Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

 Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover 10 ml. of pipette
and stop watch.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and cover
them immediately.

3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.

4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.

Observation:

Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Vol. Evaporated

Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) (ml.) volume
A
B
C

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as

Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

 Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:

1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.

2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.

3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.

4. Note the reading.

Observation:

Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated

Time (Sec.)
Marked (in Celsius) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

Room Temperature ----- Heating

Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.
 Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure:

1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.

2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.

3. Note the reading.

Observation:

• Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes volume

Marked Conditions Time (Sec.) Evaporated (ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

With fan ------ Without Fan.

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of
air current.
Bibliography

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.allprojectreports.com