English Research

13 Types Of Texts
Definiton, Examples and Analysis

Compiled By :

Muftihul Hijrah
XII Mipa 2

SMA NEGERI 1 POLEWALI

TAHUN 2019
 SURFACE

Praise be to God Almighty for the blessing of his grace, and that we were given the
opportunity to be able to complite a working paper entitled “13 Types Of Texts Definiton,
Examples and Analysis” is properly and correcty and on time.

This paper is structure so that readers can know how many types of text in english in
daily life. This paper was complited with help from various parties. Both parties come from
outside as well as from parties concerned itself and because the aid and help of God. Almightly,
these papers can be finally resolved.

The compilers also thanked to Mr. Nur Wachied S.Pd as the teacher in english subject
who have many professors help compilers in order to complete this paper.

Hopefully, this paper can give a broader to the reader. Altough this paper has advantages
and disadvantages. Thank you.

Polewali, November 2019

Author

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 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................i
TABLE LIST OF CONTENT ...............................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I (INDTRODUCTION) ......................................................................................1
A. Background ..............................................................................................................1
.......................................................................................................................................................
B. Formulate of the problem .........................................................................................1
C. Aims of paper ..........................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II (THEORITICAL STUDY) ............................................................................2
A.Description.................................................................................................................2
a. Descriptive Text ................................................................................................2
b. Report Text .......................................................................................................5
c. Procedural Text .................................................................................................7
d. Explanation Text .............................................................................................10
e. Review Text ....................................................................................................12
B. Narrations ...............................................................................................................14
a. Narrative Text .................................................................................................14
b. Recount Text ...................................................................................................17
c. News Item Text ...............................................................................................19
d. Spoof Text .......................................................................................................20
e. Anecdote Text .................................................................................................24
C. Argumentation ........................................................................................................26
a. Analytical Exposition Text .............................................................................26
b. Hortatory Exposition Text ..............................................................................28
c. Discussion Text ...............................................................................................30
CHAPTER III (CONCLUSION) .........................................................................................32
A. Conclusions ...........................................................................................................32
B. Suggestions ...........................................................................................................32
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................33

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 CHAPTER I

(Introduction)

A. Background

If we are study  in high schools, these are 13 types of text in English. They are text
genres or text types and given in definition, purpose, generic structure, language feature
and some samples of each text.

The text classification may differ from one theory to another. Based on generic
structure and language feature dominantly used, English texts are divided into 13 types.
They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition,
hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. See
the illustrative picture below

B. Formulate of the Problem

1. what are the definitions and types of 13 types of English text?
2. What are the general structure of the text in 13 types of English text?
3. What the examples found in every 13 types of English text?
4. what are the language features contained in 13 types of English texts?

C. Aims of Paper
1. For knowing about the definitions and types of 13 types of English text
2. For knowing about the general structure of the text in 13 types of English text
3. For knowing about the examples found in every 13 types of English text
4. For knowing about the language features contained in 13 types of English texts

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 CHAPTER II

(Theoritical Study)

These variations are known as genres, types of text, or kinds of text but not text forms.
Now we will see the summary of all kids of text.

13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION
Descriptive Narrative Analytical Exposition
Report Recount Hortatory Exposition
Procedural News Item Discussion
Explanation Spoof
Review Anecdote

A. Description
a. Descriptive Text
(Dominant) Language
Purpose Generic Structure
Features
to describe a 1. Identification: It 1. Using Simple Present Tense
particular person, identifies a certain 2. Using action verb
place or thing in object to be described. 3. Using adverb
detail. 2. Descriptions: It 4. Using special technical terms
describes the object in 5. Using attributive and
parts size, identifying process.
characteristics, or 6. Using adjective and
qualities. classifiers in nominal group.

 Descriptive text is a text which describes a person, thing, place and certain
condition in particular. According to www.sil.org, the example of descriptive text
can be the appearance of a person, detail of location or requirement for
employment. Commonly a descriptive text uses the first and third person pronoun
as point of view.
 Descriptive text portrays the image which the writers catch and is transferred to
the readers. Descriptive give detail explanation on how the specific thing, person,
or place looks like.

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 The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try more to
show less than tell. However descriptive text tends to specify the described object
while report text will describe the object in general. The goal of the descriptive
text is transferring the experience of the writers. The experience can be what they
see, read, or feel. Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the image of certain
person, place, animal, or thing.
 Commonly a descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone.
A descriptive text is structured with general identification and followed by detail
description. In Identification paragraph, descriptive text will explore to answer the
question of who, what when and where. The detail description will include a
description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it does, and what it
make it special.

Example:
My Garden

I love gardening. I have a small garden in my backyard. In the garden,

there are some flowers. There are daffodils, Cambodian flowers, orchids, red
roses and white lilies. My oldest daughter, Annisa, is crazy about red roses. She
always helps me watering the flowers in the afternoon. I love all the flowers in
my garden.

Question :
Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 3.
Kediri is a name of a town. It is situated in a valley between the Kelud and
Willis mountains and inhabited by about 1.3 million people. In the centre of
the town there is a large hill which is called the Dathok Mountain. Because of
the topography of the region, Kediri is called a chilly town by the locals.
There is a big river called Brantas cutting off the centre of the town.

Beside the temples, Kediri is also famous for its products like cigarettes and a
special kind of tofu or bean curd. This highly nutritious food is delicacy of

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 Kediri and has a distinctive taste. The cigarettes factory dominates the town
economy and employs the majority of the women labor force. Kediri and the
cigarettes factory are inseparable and it is considered the biggest cigarette
factory in Indonesia. Most of the local people work in this factory. Those who
do not work here are farmers or traders.  

1. What does the above text tell about ?

a. The history of Kediri
b. The famous products of Kediri
c. The description of Kediri
d. The people
2. Which one has a distinctive taste ?
a. The cigarette
b. The special food
c. The bean curd
d. The highly nutritious
3. “Those who do not work here…” (last sentence). The underlines word refers
to ……
a. The local people
b. The factory wokers
c. The farmers
d. The traders
Read the following text to answer questions number 4 to 5

Masjid Masjid Sultan Suriansyah is a historical mosque. Built 300 years ago,
this building is the oldest mosque in South Kalimantan. The mosque is
located in the North Kuin Village of Banjarmasin. It was built in the reign of
Sultan Suriansyah known as Pangeran Samudera. He was the first Banjarnese
King who converted into Islam. This mosque was found on the bank of the
Kuin River, near KampungKraton, which was destroyed by the Dutch
colonial.
The construction of Masjid Sultan Suriansyah was unique. The roof is
layered. It took the Banjar's past architecture before Islam came. Different
from any other old mosques in Banjar, the mihrab has its own roof, separated
from the main building.  

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 4. Masjid Sultn Suriansyah was constructed in the era of ….
a. Banjar people
b. Dutch colonial
c. Kalimantan King
d. Sultan Suriannyah
5. What is mainly discussed in the tekt ?
a. A king reign
b. A palace complex
c. An Islamic location
d. A historical mosque
b. Report Text

(Dominant) Language
Purpose Generic Structure
Features
1. to presents 1. General classification 1. Introducing group or
information about 2. Description general aspect
something, as it is 2. Using conditional
in general. logical connection
2. to identify an 3. Using Simple Present
object and describe Tense
the object or thing
in its classification,
class, group,
species.

 Report text tries to explain the detail of things as they are. Why is a text called a
report text, and not other types? Well, because the text covers the structure of
general classification and description. It often starts discussion with brief
definition or classification about the thing discussed.
 A report will be very similar text with descriptive text. However if we see to the
participant, we will be able to identify whether it is a report or descriptive text.
But if we look from participants text alone, it looks whether the report or
descriptive.

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 Example:
Thunder Lightning

Thunder Lightning is a sudden, shocked, and very fast electric force between
the cloud and ground, or between clouds. The speed of  thunder can be several
miles long. It is so hot, with average temperatures of 34,000 ° Celsius, that cause
surrounding air suddenly expanding with a loud explosion and sounds. This is
why sometimes we can hear thunder. The most dangerous type of cloud caused by
lightening is called cumulonimbus. (report text)
When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and creates crystal
ices and snowflakes. It began to fall, pushing the rain on the way down. This is
more humid, rainy air, and it is the friction between those who generate static
electricity. When the cloud is fully charged with electricity, it will burst as a flash
of lightning. So lightning suddenly appears before the rain and the sounds are very
loud.

Question:
Dolphins
For many years people believed that the cleverest animals after man were
the chimpanzees. Now, however, there is a proof that dolphins may be even
cleverer than these big apes.
Although a dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It is in
many ways, therefore, like a human being.
Dolphins have a simple language. They are able to talk to one another. It
may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But, this will not be
easy because dolphins cannot hear the kind of sounds man can make. If man
wants to talk to dolphins, therefore, he will have to make a third language which
both he and the dolphins can understand.
Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow ships.
There are many stories about dolphins guiding ships through difficult and
dangerous waters.

Question:
1. The text above is in the form of?
a. spoof d. procedure
b. report e. narration
c. recount

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 2. To tell the factual information, the writer mostly uses?
a. passive voice d. simple present tense
b. simple past tense e. present continuous tense
c. present perfect tense
3. What kind of animal is dolphin?
a. insect d. bird
b. fish e. shark
c. mammal
4. Why talking to dolphin is not easy?
a. dolphins cannot hear the kind of man’s sounds
b. dolphins cannot think as human
c. dolphins like playing with man
d. dolphins feel annoyed by man
e. dolphins want to be free
5. What is the characteristic of dolphin according to the text?
a. fierce d. shy
b. friendly e. not responsible
c. naughty

c. Procedural Text

Purpose (Dominant) Language

Generic Structure
Features
to help readers how to 1. Goal/Aim 1. Using Simple Present
do or make something 2. Materials/ Tense
completely Equipments/T ools 2. Using Imperatives
3. Steps/Methods sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

 Procedural text is one of genre in According to the generic structure, a procedure

text is organized through sequenced arrangement, they are goal, equipment, and
steps. All these elements, however, are not strictly applied to any instructional
text. Some procedure text omit the material or equipment necessarily. The text is
written intentionally to show the steps to completely do projects or things.
 Mostly, procedural text is composed through arranging paragraph into 3 elements.
They are stating goal which is commonly found in the title, stating the material

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 and equipment, and the last showing the steps which are needed to completely do
the things.
 A procedural text is written in imperative sentences so you have to be very
familiar with such imperative and prohibitive sentences.
 “How to cook” text is characterized by the detail of the ingredients needed at the
beginning and continued by cooking direction.
 “How to use” text is an instruction text to operate something. In “how to use” text,
the type of the equipment is usually described specifically because similar
equipment with different type may have different procedure to use it.
 “How to make” text is characterized by detail of the tools and materials required
at the beginning of the text and continued by step-by-step procedure to make the
thing. Sometime, the text is completed with note and tips.
 The other kinds of procedural text are “How to wear” and “How to clean”
Example:

How to Make a Glass of Coffee

Materials :

 Water
 Sugar
 Glass,
 Spoon
 Kettle

Steps :

 Boil the water First

 Second, take two spoons of coffee and two spoons of sugar. put into a glass
 Next, pour the hot water into a glass
 Then, stir it gently
 Finally, your coffee is ready to drink

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 Question :
How to Make Flannel Rose Ring

- Ingridients
 Red Flannel around 10×10 cm
 Scissors
 Glue

- The ways:
 Cut round the flannel about 5×3 cm and make spiral in it.
 Glue each side of spiral flannel.
 Twist it from central until the end (look like a rose).
 Cut the flannel in a rectangle (the size depend on your finger).
 Put the rose in a rectangle and glue it.
 Flannel rose ring is ready to wear.

Question:
1. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the instruction?
A. We must glue the rose in rectangle to get the ring.
B. The biggest the finger means the more flannel that needed.
C. All people have the same size of rectangle to make the ring.
D. We make a rectangle after we make a rose form.
2. We need flannel . . . to make rose ring for twice.
A. Less than 10x10cm C. About 10x10cm
B. Only 10x10cm D. More than 10x10cm
3. What should we do after we cut round the flannel?
A. Glue each side of the flannel
B. Cut it in spiral form
C. Twist from the central until the end
D. Put the rose in a rectangle and glue it.
4. What is the Generic Structure of the second paragraph?
A. Goal C. Ingredients
B. Materials D. Steps 
5. “Twist it from central until the end “ (second paragraph)
The underlined word has similar meaning with. . .
A. pull C. Ream
B. Fling D. Coil

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d. Explanation Text
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features
To explain the processes 1. General statement 1. Using Simple Present
involved in the formation 2. Explanation Tense
or working of natural or 3. Closing 2. Using action verbs, and
socio cultural passive voice
phenomena. 3. Using adverbial phrase,
and noun phrase
4. Using technical terms
5. Using general and
abstract noun
6. Using conjunction of
time and cause-effect.

 What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed?

Explanation text is structured by the generic level of general statement and
followed with sequenced explanation.
 Explanation text in some way is similar to procedure text. Explanation passage
often make description about how something happens or why the thing occurs.
Meanwhile a procedure text brings the instruction on how to make something
happen completely. Explanation text often use technical terms related to the thing
which is being explained. Explanation text is commonly compose in the mode of
simple present tense.
 Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the
generic structure point, we will get the understanding which both the explanation
and procedure text have similar purposes. Both explain how to make or form
something. However the procedure text will explain how to form or make
something completely by instruction way. That is why most of procedure text is
composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text will show a
knowledge about how thing is formed.

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 In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It focuses on
the thing which is explained. In the other side, Procedure text is constructed in the
mode of instruction and commend. That is why Procedure is sometimes called
instruction text. It focuses on the second person to explain how to form the thing.
 The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question
word “how” and “why”. Such question words need detail explanation on it relates.
However, explanation text is written in narrative style and not instructional. If it is
written for the purpose of instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as
PROCEDURE.
 Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why something
exists and happens.
Example:
Honey

Everybody likes honey. Even, it can be a medicine for most deseases.

How is Honey Made?
Honeybees use nectar to make honey. Nectar is almost 80% water with
some complex sugars. In fact, if you have ever pulled a honeysuckle blossom out
of its stem, nectar is the clear liquid that drops from the end of the blossom.
In North America, bees get nectar from flowers like clovers, dandelions,
berry bushes and fruit tree blossoms. They use their long, tubelike tongues like
straws to suck the nectar out of the flowers and they store it in their “honey
stomachs”.
Bees actually have two stomachs, their honey stomach which they use
like a nectar backpack and their regular stomach. The honey stomach holds
almost 70 mg of nectar and when full, it weighs almost as much as the bee does.
Honeybees must visit between 100 and 1500 flowers in order to fill their
honeystomachs.
Question :
A Kite

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 A kite is an object which is made from a light material stretched over a frame.
Due to its light material a kite will lift off the ground and fly when it is tilted into
the wind.
A kite is uses wind to make it fly because it is heavier than air. When wind
travels over the surface of the kite, it is split into two streams of air. One stream
of the air goes over the kite while the second stream goes under the kite.
The upper stream above the kite. The lower stream hits the kite at a shallow
angle
and creates an area of high pressure.
The high pressure area has a pushing effect while the low pressure area has a
pulling effect. The combination of push and pull can creates enough force to lift
the kite into the air.
Kites have been known for thousand of years. They are used for military or
scientific purposes. Todays kites are much used for leisure and competition.

Question:
1. What media which use by kite to fly?
A. Air D. Ground
B. Water E. Wind
C. Light
2. How many stream of air if we want the kite flying?
A. Two D. Three
B. One E. There is no stream
C. Four
3. The first Word of “ it” at the first line of paraghraph two refers to
A. Wind D. Frame
B. Air E. Fly
C. Kite
4. What is the function of the upper stream?
A. hits the kite at a shallow angle D. creates an area of low pressure
B. creates an area of high pressure E. give space for kite to fly
C. creates an area of middle pressure
5. Bassed on the text, what is the function of kite at past?
A. Used for competition D. Used for sent money
B. Used for military E. Used for keep home for annoying evil
C. Used for sent message

e. Review Text
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features

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 to critique or evaluate an 1. Orientation 1. Focus on specific
art work or event for a 2. Evaluation participants
public audience 3. Interpretative Recount 2. Using adjectives
4. Evaluation 3. Using long and
5. Evaluative Summation complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

Example:
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running
business. Formerly, business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now
days, it has changed. It may be conducted by computer to computer. This way is then
what we call electronic commerce, or in short e-commerce.
Since internet has spread and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it.
They have ability to run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can
sell and buy good and service from others in any scale, small or big business.
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions
through internet is shopping cart software. It is designed specially to run online store
business. It helps merchants to manage their store through internet; from anywhere,
any time and any internet connection.
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web
optimization. It has been designed to have top page rank in any search engine tool.
Besides that, the facilities such; customer support, security tool, fraud protection,
web customization and handful operation will be included in a package of a good
shopping cart software.
Question
Vampire Novels
Undead, Unwed, and I also wish I could say unread! Okay so here I think I have
finally sunk to the bottom of the barrel to try to catch up and complete my challenge.
I do have a bit of a thing for vampire novels! And that said I bought three different
first in the series, to see if it would help me catch up and bring me back to target.
Seriously, this was one of the trashiest novels I have ever read! It was OK and
fun, but I feel like a complete fraud and fake adding this to the list of books I’ve read
this year! But I did nevertheless read it! So it’s going to be added.

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 Maybe one day when I’ve forgotten how bad this book was and just how trashy,
I’ll read a few more in the series! But seriously guys I wouldn’t recommend it!
Question:
1.    The text mainly tells about….
(A)    a vampire novel (D)    a review on Undead and Unwed
(B)    a very bad novel (E)    a review on Undead and Unwed movie
(C)    an opinion on a novel
2.    The second paragraph mainly told….
(A)    the writer bought three novel
(B)    the writer fond of vampire novel
(C)    the writer thought the novel was very bad
(D)    the writer thought the novel was fun and OK
(E)    the writer didn’t recommend the readers read it
3.    The Undead an Unwed is….
(A)    an horror novel (D)    not a sequence novel
(B)    an romantic novel (E)    made into the movie
(C)    very interesting novel
4.    Which of the following statement does not represent the writer’s opinion?
(A)    The novel is very trashy.
(B)    It really good and interesting novel.
(C)    I will not add this novel to my book list.
(D)    Don’t read this novel or you will be upset.
(E)    I do really want to forget this bad novel soon
5. The following statement is not true…
(A)    the writer liked vampire novel very much
(B)    the writer bought three novel in series
(C)    the writer finished reading the novel
(D)    the writer could satisfy his target
(E)    the novel is not interesting

B. Narrations
a. Narrative Text
(Dominant) Language
Purpose Generic Structure
Features
to amuse/entertain the 1. Orientation 1. Using Past Tense
readers and to tell a 2. Complication 2. Using action verb
story 3. Resolution 3. Chronologically
4. Reorientation arranged

 According to Madison Smart Bell - the narrative design - or what we call form or
structure, is of first and final importance to any work of fiction. In that structure,
we will find elements of story; characterization, point of view, theme and plot.
Plot is the way of the story constructed.

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 The text includes fable, fairy tale, myth, legend, folktales, and horror stories
 Most of narrative texts are story. The story is plotted in generic structure such as
orientation, complication and resolution. The way the structure organized surely
determines the attractiveness of whole story and that we call it as narrative text.
 The term "story" is referring to the events inside the narrative. It means that a
story can be without a narrative sense. The fundamental element of narrative text
is the existence of complications inside the story. A story with the absence of a
problematic sense is what we call a recount text or in the job employment term,
usually we call it personal narrative.
 Text genre narrative very close relation to other forms of folk story, such as:
myth, legend, folk tales, fairy tales or fables. From all forms of the story, there is
one equation that is the exploration of the problems being faced by the offender in
developing a path or a story plot. Referring to the generic structure of a text,
"problem" which is being faced by participants of the story we know as conflict,
and to prepare the paragraph narrative, conflict occupies a major position even as
a differentiation with other similar types of text, such as the recount.
 If you read the definition of recount text and narrative text, you will find some
similarity between them. However the differences exist between them through the
second element. Since narrative text is about complication, narrative text is about
series of events.
 All narrative texts in whatever story forms should pass some complication. If
there is not any complication, the story should NOT be labeled as narrative but it
may be a recount text.
Example:
The Mouse And The Frog

Once, there was a mouse which made of close friendship with a frog.

One day, the frog said to the mouse; “Let’s bind ourselves together with a string so
that we may never get separated”. The mouse agreed. Both tied themselves together
leg to leg. It went quite well on land. When they came to a small pool, it was a tragic
for the mouse.

In the end, the frog kept swimming across the small pool dragging the mouse with
him. Soon, the mouse drowned and floated on the surface of the pool.

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 Question :

A Woman and the Wolves

A long time ago, very few people lived in the New Territories. There were only a
few villages. If the people wanted to go from one village to another, they often had to
pass through wild and unsafe forest.
One day, a farmer’s young wife went to the next village to visit her own mother
and brother. She brought along her baby son. When it was time for her to leave, her
brother said “ it is getting dark. Let my son, Ah Tim go with you though the forest.”
So Ah Tim led the way and the young woman followed behind, carrying her baby.
When they were in the forest, suddenly they saw a group of wolves. They began to
run to avoid the danger, but Ah Tim kicked against a stone and fell down. At once
the wolves caught him. The young woman cried to the wolves, “ please eat my own
son instead.” Then, she put her baby son on the ground in front of the wolves and
took her nephew away. Everyone understood that this was because the woman was
very good and kind. She had offered her own son’s life to save her nephew.
They ran back to the house and called for help. All men in the village fetched
thick sticks and went back with her into the forest. When they got there, they saw
something very strange. Instead of eating the woman’s baby the wolves were playing
with him.

Question:
1. What separated between one village to another a long time ago in the New Territories ?
a. Another village c. Forests
b. Mountains d. Hills
e. Towers and logs
2. Who was Ah Tim ?
a. The young woman’s brother c. The young woman’s brother and nephew
b. The young woman’s son d. The young woman’s brother’s son
e. One of the men who fetched a stick
3. Who walked in front when they were in the forest ?
a. Ah Tm c. The woman’s son
b. The woman d. Her brother’s nephew
e. The baby and his mother
4. How could the wolves catch Ah Tim ?
a. He was afraid d. The woman cried
b. He was stumbled by a stone e. The wolves were good runners

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 c. He ran slowly
5. The woman gave her son to the wolves because
a. She loved her nephew than her son. d. She was crazy
b. She thought about how her brother would be e. She kept a grudge on his brother
c. She wanted her son was eaten by the wolves

b. Recount Text
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features
1. to retell something 1. Orientation : provides 1. Using Past Tense
that happened in the the setting and 2. Using action verb
past and to tell a introduces participants 3. Using adjectives
series of past event 2. Events : tell what
2. to retell events for the happened, in what
purpose of informing sequence
or entertaining 3. Re-orientation :
readers optional-closure of
events

 Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the
past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past
Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative
and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly
narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text
is found in biography.
 The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they
are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural
conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text
combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside
recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
 A recount text can be an amazing experience or horrible one, biography, holiday
events, or historical events
 A recount text in English is about retelling a series of events. It is really
"retelling". It does not about "exposing" or "arguing".
Example:

17
 School Holiday
On my fantastic school holidays I had a lot of things to do. First, I went to my best
friend’s house for a sleep over because my whole family went out. I also went to the
cinema with my lover to see movie. It was a very funny movie. The next morning I
went to my grandparent’s house with my dad and my brother. My mother did not join
us because she had to to do with her job activities. On the second Monday I went to
the cinemas again to see Monsters University. It was really funny movie. My
favorite character was Mike Wazowski. I went to see that movie with my mom and
my brother. When it came to Wednesday, Taylor came for a play and we had a picnic
at the park but after a while Tay had to go home earlier. That was a great holiday.
Question :

My Holiday
Last holiday I went to Paris. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A
friendly waiter taught me a few words of French. Then he lent me a book. I read a
few lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day, I thought about postcards. My
holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On the last day I
made a big decision, I got up early and bought thirty seven cards. I spent the whole
day in my room, but I did not write a single card!

Question:
1. What is the tenses used in the text above?
(A)  Simple Present Tense (D) Simple Future Tense
(B)  Past Continues Tense (E)   Future Perfect Tense
(C)  Simple Past Tense
2. Whom did the writer meet in Paris?
(A)  A man that take him to French (D) A man that worked in museum
(B)  A man that gave him thirty seven cards (E)   A man that give him a job
(C)  A man that lent him a book
3. ‘I read a few lines, …’ What does the underlined phrase mean?
(A)  Words in a postcard (D) Garden’s rules
(B)  Texts on the book (E)   Menu
(C)  Museum guiding
4. What did he do in the last day in Paris?
(A)  Went to Paris (D) Bought thirteen cards

18
 (B)  Wrote a post card whole day (E)   Went to buy some cards
(C)  Got up late
5. Then he lent me. Whom does “he” refer to?
(A)  French tourist (D) A nice waiter
(B)  Annoying waiter (E)   An old man
(C)  A friendly tourist
c. News Item Text
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features
to inform readers 1. Newsworthy event(s) 1. Short, telegraphic
about events of the 2. Background event(s) information about story
day which are 3. Sources captured in headline
considered 2. Using action verbs
newsworthy or 3. Using saying verbs
important 4. Using adverbs: time,
place and manner.

Example:
Three people have been killed and eight others injured in a hand grenade blast at a
packed village nightclub.
The explosion in Idvor, north of Belgrade, occurred at 2:30 a.m. Sunday (0030 GMT
Sunday; 8:30 p.m. EDT Saturday) when a man activated the grenade at the entrance
to the club. About 150 customers were inside at the time.
Such incidents aren’t unusual in Serbia since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s
when many hand grenades and firearms were taken home from warfronts.
Serbia’s state TV says the man was angry because he and three of his friends were
refused entry by the club’s security. He and one of his friends were killed in the blast

Questin :

UN: Indonesia records 117th human case of bird flu

Geneva (AP): Indonesia has recorded another human case of the H5N1
strain of the bird flu, raising its world-leading total to 117 cases, according to the
World Health Organization.
The agency said Friday night that the Indonesian Health Ministry had
reported that a 16-year-old girl from West Java Province has been hospitalized

19
 since Jan. 4 with symptoms of the disease. It said the strain had been confirmed as
H5N1.
Of the total number of human cases in Indonesia, 94 have been fatal.
WHO says that globally 349 people have been infected with H5N1 since the 2003
outbreak of the disease. Of those, 216 have died.
After Indonesia the country with the next highest number of cases in
Vietnam with 101, followed by Egypt with 43, according to the U.N. health
agency

Question:
1. Which of the following statement is true according to the text?
a. Egypt ranked second as the highest number of bird flu cases
b. Indonesia’s 117th human case of bird flu was found in West Java
c. The article is taken from the UN report
d. Since 2003, it has been reported that all 117 Indonesians died of bird flu
e. According to WHO, there have been 349 people in Indonesia infected by
H5N1
2. In the WHO release, the country ranked second in number of bird flu case found
is ….
a. Indonesia d. USA
b. Vietnam e. Singapore
c. Egypt
3. The word “fatal” in the third paragraph has the closest meaning to ….
a. Harmless d. Deadly
b. Poisonous e. Extreme
c. Tedious
4. The following is TRUE statement about language features of news item text,
EXCEPT?
a. Using action verbs d. Using Past Tense
b. Using saying verbs e. Using adverbs place
c. Using adverbs: time and manner.
5. The following is NOT TRUE statement about language features of news item
text, EXCEPT?
a. Using Past Tense d. Using adjectives
b. Using action verb e. Using Simple Present Tense
c. Chronologically arranged

d. SPOOF
Purpose Generic Structure (Dominant) Language
Features

20
to tell an event 1.Orientation 1.Using Past Tense
with a humorous 2.Event(s) 2.Using action verb
twist and entertain 3.Twist 3.Using adverb
the readers 4.Chronologically arranged
 The spoof text is commonly written in a story. While we are talking
about a story, it will be close related to narrative and recount text.
What and How is narrative, what is recount and what is spoof text its
self are easily differed from one to other by seeing the generic
structure. Spoof, narrative and recount are similar in how they are
constructed in the first step. They recount the event and experience
which introduce the participant, time and place setting. However in the
end of the text, the way they are closed are different from one to other.
Narrative will be closed by a resolution which refers to the conflict.
Recount will be concluded with a re- orientation. While spoof will end
the story with some unpredictable way of plot. That unpredictable way
is called twist.
 Spoof text is one kind of text that should be studied secondary school
students in Indonesia. Learn English through tek type is known as the
"learning English through text-based approach" This means devices such
as the English language grammar and structure, vocabularies, tenses, etc.
were not studied separately but following types of text again discussed.
This is why we know there is a term "Language Feature" in any kind of
text in addition to "Generic Structure"
 A funny story is always interesting. It really amuses reader. This
amusement is actually the main function of spoof text. How spoof text
tries to amuse the reader is actually including in the way it is structured.
We all know that SPOOF text is built with generic structure of
ORIENTATION, EVENTS ant TWIST. Two phases in the first are
commonly found in the other text genres. Recount text, for example, has
the structures of orientation and events too to hold the reader’s interest.
However the end of the story is what makes spoof text differ from recount
text.

21
 Reading a spoof text can be very interesting as it has an unpredictable plot
of the story. There will be a tricky "arrangement". As we build
understanding of the plot to certain condition, a spoof text will be ended
with a special contradictory ending. By reading a spoof text, of course we
also learn past tense, direct and indirect speech, action verb, etc which all
are the language feature of spoof text.
 According to wikipedia, a twist ending is a plot twist occurring near or
at the conclusion of a story, unexpected conclusion to a work of
fiction that causes the audience to reevaluate the narrative or
characters.There are three common types of twisting ending.
o Types of Humorous Twist
Many stories have twist with a happy,amusing, or heartwarming
ending. It is funny and makes readers amused. Humorous twist
ending sometime is called Lighthearted twist.
o Types of Ironic Twist
Stories with a twist or surprise at the end do not necessarily have to
have a happy ending. Many have been written that have an ironic
twist. This ironic twist ending often reveal something about the darker
side of human nature. Examples of these types of stories include The
Necklace. In other word ironic twist is tragic.
o Types of Misconception Twist
A narrator who has incorrect information built around their own
perception of events that they pass along can build an
unpredictable ending. The ghost who doesn’t know he or she has
died, the robot who feels human emotions, the narrator who does
not know they are a mannequin in a store are some ways to create a
twist based on faulty or withheld information.
 The sense of funny produced by that spoof text actually comes from the
unpredictable ending of the story. Spoof text sometime is tragic. The
important thing inside a spoof story is twist. That is all spoof text with
a very short unpredictable ending story. If a story does not contain an

22
 unpredictable thing in the end of the story, it can be studies as spoof
text.
Example :
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white
skin and straight hair. They are really a well-matched couple. One year later,
Wong family got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly hair and
a black skin. The nurse congratulated and said, “What name will you give to
this son?” With a confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, “Sum Ting Wong!”
Question :
My Memoriable Holiday
Last holiday, my class made a trip to Anyer. We rented a bus to take us
there. On the way, I felt the urgent need to use the bus toilet.
I was sure that I had locked the door by turning the handle, but as soon as I
slipped off my pants. The bus hit a bump and then the door flew open. I
stumbled out into the aisle, exposing myself to all the bus passengers. Everyone
stared at me, I scrambled back into the toilet and didn’t come out for a long time,
I was so embarrassed. What a trip to remember!

Question:
1. What does the text tells us about?
A. My holiday trip. D. My experience in Anyer.
B. My trip to Anyer. E. My memorable holiday.
C. My holiday to Anyer.
2. What does the second paragraph tell us about?
A. The embarrassed accident in the bus. D. The mysterious travel
B. The unforgettable experience. E. The interesting trip.
C. The dangerous accident..
3. “I scrambled back into the toilet” (Paragraph 2) The underlined word means . . .
A. moved quickly D. competed hard
B. run faster. E. raced rapidly
C. climbed soon.
4. Where did the story happen?
A. In front of the bus door D. During a vacation in anyer
B. Last holiday in anyer E. Inside a toilet in anyer
C. In the bus on the way to anyer

23
 5. According to the story, which statement is true?
A. The writer went to anyer alone
B. The writer felt ashamed during the trip to anyer
C. The writer was shy to come out from the bus
D. The door of the bus flew open when i was slipping off my pants
E. The bus passengers stared at the writer because the writer didn’t come out for
a long time

e. ANECDOTE
Purpose Generic (Dominant) Language Features
Structure
to share/retell 1. Abstract 1.Using exclamation words; it’s awful! ; it’s
with others an 2. Orientation wonderful!, etc
account of an 3. Crisis 2.Using imperative; listen to this
unusual, 4. Incident / 3.Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
funny or Reaction 4.Using intensifiers
amusing 5.Coda 5.Using material process
incident in (additional 6.Using action verb; go, write, etc
fact or conclusion / 7.Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
imagination. moral value) 8.Using simple past tense
 Actually the point of anecdote is the CODA (hikma), what do the
participants learn from the series of event in the story.
 Anecdote text is similar to narrative and also spoof and recount. What
make different is the generic structure. Anecdote text is not only a
matter of funny story like we often hear. Anecdote text, in term of text
type is an inspirational story, a story which a bring a CODA which is
included in the end of the text
Example :
The Whole Word Stinks
Wise men and philosophers throughout the ages have disagreed on many things,
but many are in unanimous agreement on one point: “We become what we think
about.” Ralph Waldo Emerson said, “A man is what he thinks about all day long.”
The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius put it this way: “A man’s life is what his
thoughts make of it.” In the Bible we find: “As a man thinks in his heart, so is he.”

24
One Sunday afternoon, a cranky grandfather was visiting his family. As he lay
down to take a nap, his grandson decided to have a little fun by putting Limburger
cheese on Grandfather’s mustache. Soon, grandpa awoke with a snort and charged
out of the bedroom saying, “This room stinks.” Through the house he went,
finding every room smelling the same. Desperately he made his way outside only
to find that “The whole world stinks!”

So it is when we fill our minds with negativism. Everything we experience and

everybody we encounter will carry the scent we hold in our mind.

Question :

Do you think that being helpful is always good ?

I was a nursing student in a hospital when this quite embarrassing
experience happened. Hospital regulations require that a wheelchair must be
used when patients are being discharged. Once I found a patient, an elderly
gentleman, who was already dressed and sitting on the bed, with a suitcase at
his feet.
He insisted he didn’t need my help to leave the hospital. I tried hard to
explain to him that this was a rule and that I was responsible for helping him.
At last he reluctantly let me wheel him to the elevator. I was surprised to learn
that he was not a patient and that he was only in the hospital to take his wife
home. She had been in hospital for a week. She was in the bathroom, changing
her hospital gown when I entered the room.
I was so embarrassed that I didn’t ask any further questions. I
apologized and wheeled  him back to the room. His wife was very puzzled
about what had happened to her husband.
From then on, I always made sure that I knew who the patient to be
offered wheelchair help was.

Question:
1. The word “ I “ in the first sentence refers to the…
a. reader d. publisher
b. listener e. editor
c. writer                           
2. The first paragraph of the text belongs to …
a. identification                     b. abstract
c. thesis                                 d. issue

25
 e. general statement
3. This text is in the form of …
a. description                        b. report
c. analytical exposition        d. anecdote                          
e. recount
4. The third paragraph of the text refers to …
a. event  b. crisis
c. argument           d. interpretive recount
e. stepped explanation
5. The last paragraph refers to ….
a. re-orientation                    b. coda
c. conclusion                        d. twist
e. recommendation
C. ARGUMENTATION
a. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose Generic Structure (Dominant) Language
Features
To reveal the readers that 1.Thesis 1.Using modals
something is the 2.Arguments 2.Using action verbs
important case 3.Reiteration/Conclusion 3.Using thinking verbs
4.Using adverbs
5.Using adjective
6.Using technical terms
7.Using general and abstract noun
8.Using connectives/transition
i. An expository text identifies and characterizes certain phenomenon
which happens around us. Expository text can be in the forms of
definition, summaries, and explication.
ii. Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some
supporting idea on why certain writer’s opinion is important. The
opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove by selecting
arguments.
iii. Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as
argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state
in the orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay.
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical
exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory
makes a recommendation for readers.
Example :

26
 Seat Belts
Nowadays, the police have been applying the new regulation concerning the
use of seat belts. In European countries, this regulation has been applied for a long
time. However, this new regulation has become controversial and is an interesting
topic to discuss. Here are some of the arguments.
The use of seat belts has been proven to reduce the risk of injury or death in
an accident. Seat belt has become a standard component in cars. The research
shows that most car accident will cause an injury to the head. Frequently, drivers or
the passengers driving without seat belts die because of this. By wearing the seat
belts, the injury will not happen since belts restrain our body on the car seat when
the
Accident happens.
Unfortunately, many cars, especially the old ones, don’t have seat belts.
This is because the traffic conditions in the past were unlike the recent traffic
conditions. The designer of old cars didn’t consider a seat belt as an important part.
Besides, the drivers wearing the seat belt will think that they are completely safe, so
they may drive carelessly. They are safe, indeed, but how about safety of others?
The seat belt is only one of the ways to reduce the risk of car accidents. It
doesn’t mean that we are completely safe. In short, our safety depends on ourselves.
Question :
1. Which one is true according to paragraph 3?
(A) old cars do not use seat belts
(B) the old cars have seat belts for their safety
(C) the drivers wearing seat belts may drive carefully
(D) the traffic conditions in the past were similar to the recent
(E) the old cars’ designer considered a seat belt as an important part
2. What is the function of seat belts?
(A) to reduce the traffic conditions
(B) to become a standard component in cars
(C) to reduce the risk of injury or death in an accident
(D) to prevent the drivers driving cars carefully
(E) to increase the risk of injury in car accidents
3. Who considered a seat belt as an unimportant part?
(A) police (D) passengers
(B) people (E) old cars designers
(C) drivers
4. “… that they are completely safe.” (Paragraph 3) What does the word ‘they’
refer to?

27
 (A) cars (D) designers
(B) seat belts (E) others
(C) drivers
5. The last paragraph refers to ….
(A) Re-orientation                    (D) Coda
(B) Conclusion                        (E) Twist
(C) Recommendation

b. Hortatory Exposition
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features
1. to persuade 1. Thesis 1. Using Simple Present Tense
the readers 2. Arguments 2. Using modals
that 3. Recommendation 3. Using action verbs
something 4. Using thinking verbs 5. Using
should or adverbs
should not be 6. Using adjective
the case or 7. Using technical terms 8.Using
be done general and abstract noun
2. to persuade 9. Using connectives/transition
the readers to
do, think,
and consider
as like the
writer does

 A text of exposition is written to expose a point which is very important to

consider. The purpose of hortatory text is to persuade the readers to do, think, and
consider as like the writer does.
 Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition? In
simple word, Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the
answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will
student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the
question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with
hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.

28
 Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both
from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic
structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last
finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while
hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation.
Example:
Fuel Price
Government should not raise fuel price to solve the problem of economic
issues. People were affected severely with the high fuel price like last year.
Obviously they cut their spending. As an example, they had to buy lower quality
of rice or palm oil. There were also fewer buyers of secondary commodities like
flour, or canned meat or fish.
Furthermore, the condition of low income family will become even worse
because their expenses will increase while their salaries will not. Many companies
will have to trim the number of employees because they are incapable of
managing, buying or selling price, standard wages and personal affairs.
Finally, government should not raise fuel price to overcome economic
problem but the solution should be sought by tapping into the nation’s own
potential and utilizing it to enhance productivity to its maximum.

Question:
1. The title of the text is ….
A. The price of the secondary commodities
B. The effect of increasing fuel price
C. Condition of low income family
D. The increasing of fuel price
E. The economic problem
2. “Many companies will have to trim the number of employees.” (Paragraph 2)
The underlined word means ….
A. fire D. reduce
B. cut E. border
C. add
3. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.The government should enhance productivity to solve the economic
problem.
B. The government should raise fuel price to solve the problem.
C. The government should consider condition of low family income.
D. The government should reduce the number of employees.
E. The government should decrease the standard of wages.
4. The first paragraph of the text belongs to …
A. Identification                     B. Abstract

29
 C. Thesis                                D. Issue
E. General statement
5. The last paragraph refers to ….
A. Re-orientation                    B. Coda
C. Conclusion                        D. Twist
E. Recommendation

c. Discussion Text
(Dominant)
Purpose Generic Structure
Language Features
to present information 1. Issue 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2.
and opinions about 2. Arguments for and Use of relating verb/to be
issues in more one against 3. Using thinking verb
side of an issue 3. Conclusion 4. Using general and abstract noun
(‘For/Pros’ and 5. Using conjunction/transition
‘Against/Cons’) 6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

 A problematic discourse is the simple key to see whether the text is an example of
discussion or the other genres. Discussion text will see and elaborate the issue from
the different point of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. One
side is agreeing the issue, the other is disagreeing that issue. The different point of
views, according to the generic structure, is the heart of the discussion text. That will
differentiate from the other text types.
 What and How is discussion text? Discussion is a text which presents a problematic
discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. This kind of
text is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
 One of the most obvious examples of a discussion text is reading a text which
includes the phrase of ”advantage and disadvantage” It means that the text is about
certain issue which 2 different sides. A discussion text always brings two different
opinions on the certain discursive matter. This different point of view make readers
have further consideration before having acting on the matter.

30
Example:
Pornography
The government has decided to submit the draft of the bill against pornography
and pornographic acts. The bill states that anyone engaging in pornography is
punishable by law. This includes public acts such as spouses kissing and people
sunbathing in bikini or swimwear. As a consequence, the bill causes controversy.
The government argues that the bill is made to protect women’s
right. Women have so far been the object of exploitation in mass media and this
only gives more benefits to the owner of the business.
Woman activists, on the other hand, argue that the bill will limit women’s
freedom. They believe the bill will dictate what women should wear and on how to
dress and behave. If they fail following the rule they will get penalties between
Rp50 million and Rp1 billion.
Nevertheless, I do support the bill against pornography and pornographic acts. I
believe that the bill can decrease the rampant pornography shown or written in mass
media that gives bad effects on young generations.

Question:
1. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To persuade people that the bill against pornography is necessary
B. To describe the bill against pornography and pornographic
C. To present two points on of view about the bill against pornography
D.To explain the process involved in the draft-making of the bill against
pornography
E. To inform the reader about the bill against pornography
2. Why did woman activists object to the bill?
A. Because it protects women from exploitation
B. Because the freedom of women will be limited
C. Because women will get more benefits
D. Because women cannot wear sexy clothes
E. Because the bill will give bad effect on young generation
3. What is the first paragraph called?
A. Issue D. Preview
B. Orientation E. Conclusion
C. Argument
4. “I believe that the bill can decrease the rampant pornography…” The synonym
of the underlined word is …..

31
 A. Dangerous D. Uncontrolled
B. Irritating E. Few
C. Circulating
5. The last paragraph refers to ….
A. Re-orientation                    D. Coda
B. Conclusion                        E. Twist
C. Recommendation
CHAPTER III

(Conclusion)

A. Conclusions

The 13 kinds of text are known in many high schools. This classification on types
of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements are:

 The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
 The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the
text, in what way is the text constructed by its writer.
 The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text,
what kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.

However, a text is not pure form. It is a mixture of genre. In many examples, report
text is sometime mixed with explanation text. Recount text is compromised to report or
descriptive type. Texts do not always conform perfectly to the typical classifications.
Understanding types of text should be aimed as understanding general guiding principles.
Studying types of text should be read as studying genres, and not for a factual direction in
writing a text.

B. Suggestion
The suggestion of this papera is, that in studying 13 types of texts in English we must
be able to distinguish between 1 type and other types by paying attention to Purpose,

32
general structure and language features in order to facilitate it all, then I hope this paper
can be useful for readers and can implement it in our life.

33
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abu-Abu, S. P. (2017, 7 13). 13 Kinds Of Genre Text. Retrieved 11 10, 2019, from 13 Kinds Of
Genre Text: http://blog-nyasiputihabu-abu.blogspot.com/2012/07/13-kinds-of-genre-
text_2189.html

Admin, E. (2015, 7 28). English Types Text. Retrieved 11 10, 2019, from 13 Types of Text for
Learning English in High Schools: http://englishadmin.com/2015/11/english-text-
types.html

AZbahasainggris. (2017, 7 14). Jenis Text dalam Bahasa inggris. Retrieved 11 9, 2019, from 13
Jenis Teks dalam Bahasa Inggris Beserta Contoh dan Struktur:
https://azbahasainggris.com/jenis-teks-dalam-bahasa-inggris

Knowledge, D. o. (2011, 8 12). Jenis Teks Dalam Bahasa Inggris. Retrieved 11 10, 2019, from
12 Types of Text: http://wewantknowledge.blogspot.com/2011/08/12-jenis-teks-dalam-
bahasa-inggris.html

learningself. (2016, 1 23). Understanding Type Of Text. Retrieved 11 2, 2019, from Types of
Text in English for High Schools: https://freeenglishcourse.info/understanding-types-of-
text/

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