ตัวอย่าง LAB report

Sample Abstract

(เป้าหมายการทดลอง) This report presents the separation of a 10%mol ethanol-

water mixture with a 28-stage distillation column.

(ทฤษฎีและวิธก ี ารทดลอง) Both finite and infinite reflux runs were performed, each
at a high supply steam pressure (80 kPa) to the reboiler and at a low pressure (70
kPa). Murphree and point efficiencies were calculated for the active stages sampled
after steady-state operation had been achieved. The values obtained fluctuated
greatly because of inaccuracy associated with determining the ethanol composition.
Because of these fluctuations, we did not observe an increase in efficiency as steam
pressure increased. We also did not observe an increase in efficiency for infinite
runs in comparison with the finite runs. Global efficiencies, calculated for each run,
ranged from 56% to 88%. Also for each run, mass and energy balances were
performed.

(ข้อค้นพบสาค ัญ) The significant heat losses obtained were mostly likely because of
the absence of insulation and the presence of air drafts near the column. Energy
balances over the condenser and reboiler showed actual heat gains from the
environment which is unlikely and probably due to error associated with stream
enthalpy estimations.

(สว่ นสาค ัญในการอภิปราย) For all runs, heat transfer coefficients were calculated
for the condenser and reboiler units. Values for the reboiler ranged from 271 to 561
Btu/ft2/hr/deg-F and were higher than the literature range of 160 to 350
Btu/ft2/hr/deg-F. Condenser values ranged from 20 to 83 Btu/ft2/hr/deg-F.

(ข้อสรุป)Economic analysis performed on the column indicated an increase in net

profit of more than $1.2 million per year using a supply steam pressure of 80 kPa
rather than 70 kPa.

Sample Introduction
(ความสาค ัญของการประลองและพืน ้ ความรูส
้ าค ัญ) This report discusses an
experiment to study the relationship of temperature and pressure of an ideal gas
(air) that was heated in a closed container. Because the ideal gas was in a closed
container, its volume remained constant.

(เป้าประสงค์/ว ัตถุประสงค์) The objective of the experiment is to test whether the

ideal equation of state holds.

(สมการและต ัวแปรสาค ัญ) In the equation,

pV = mRT

where p is the pressure the gas, V is the volume, m is the mass, R is a constant, and
T is temperature.

(การนาเสนอ) This report presents the procedures for the experiment, the
experiment's results, and an analysis of those results.
ตัวอย่าง LAB report

Sample Procedures
In this experiment, air (an ideal gas) was heated in a pressure vessel with a
volume of 1 liter. Attached to this pressure vessel was a pressure transducer
and thermocouple to measure the pressure and the temperature,
respectively, of the air inside the vessel. Both of these transducers produced
voltage signals (in Volts) that were calibrated to the pressure (kPa) and
temperature (K) of the air (the atmospheric pressure for where the
experiment occurred is assumed to be 13.6 psia). In addition, the theoretical
temperature (K) of air was calculated as a function of the measured
pressured values (kPa).

Sample Results and Discussion

This section analyses the results of the experiment. The experiment went as
expected with no unusual events that would have introduced error.

(ผลการทดลอง) The voltages as measured for the pressure and temperature

transducers appear in Table A-1 of the Appendix. Also included in the Appendix are
the equations used for calibrating those voltages with the actual pressures and
temperatures. These equations led to the values of pressure and temperature that
are shown the third and fourth columns of Table A-1. From these values, a graph
between temperature (K) and pressure (kPa) was created (Figure A-1). As can be
seen from the graph, the relationship of temperature versus pressure is roughly
linear.

(อธิบายเปรียบเทียบระหว่างการปฏิบต ั ก
ิ บ
ั ทฤษฎี) As part of this experiment, the
theoretical values of temperature were calculated for each measured pressure value.
In this calculation, which used the ideal gas equation, the volume and mass were
assumed to be constant. These theoretical values of temperature are shown in the
final column of Table A-1. From this final column arose Figure A-2, a graph of ideal
temperature (K) versus pressure (kPa). As shown in this graph, the relationship
between temperature and pressure is exactly linear. A comparison between the
graph showing measured data (Figure A-1) and the graph showing theoretical data
(Figure A-2) reveals differences. In general, the measured values of temperature are
lower than the ideal values, and the measured values are not exactly linear. Several
errors could explain the differences: precision errors in the pressure transducer and
the thermocouple; bias errors in the calibration curve for the pressure transducer
and the thermocouple; and imprecision in the atmospheric pressure assumed for the
locale. The bias errors might arise from the large temperature range considered.
Given that the temperature and pressure ranges are large, the calibration equations
between the voltage signals and the actual temperatures and pressures might not be
precise for that entire range. The last type of error mentioned, the error in the
atmospheric error for the locale where the experiment occurred is a bias error that
could be quite significant, depending on the difference in conditions between the
time of the experiment and the time that the reference measurement was made.
ตัวอย่าง LAB report

Sample Conclusion
Overall, the experiment succeeded in (ผลสาคัญทีไ่ ด ้) showing that temperature and
pressure for an ideal gas at constant volume and mass follow the relation of the ideal
gas equation. (อธิบายปรากฏการณ์สาคัญ) Differences existed in the experimental
graph of temperature versus and pressure and the theoretical curve of temperature
versus pressure. (ระบุเรือ
่ งความคลาดเคลือ
่ น) These differences, however, can be
accounted for by experimental error.