WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
BUILDING UTILITIES 1
LECTURE 2
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
DIRECT PRESSURE INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
 No elevated storage is provided; the  It is when the water is drawn from a
required distribution pressures are drilled ground water source
maintained only by pumping facilities. distribution by indirect pressure
 Water is drawn directly from a surface  A turbine pump is mounted on top of
water source to a receiving well by the standpipe down the well below the
force of gravity, passing through the water table
filtration plant
 The water inside the reservoir is
pumped by a centrifugal, or piston
pump into the water main with sufficient
pressure to serve the specific needs
WATER DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
 The system must provide adequate supply of water, with
adequate pressure up to the extremities of the system.
 The safety and quality of water must be guarded against
contamination and should not be impaired by defects in the
system.
o It should be provided with sufficient valves and blow-offs to allow
repair work without undue interruption of service to some areas,
and to allow flushing of the system.

 There should be no unprotected open reservoir, or cross

connection with inferior water systems to enter the
distribution system.
 The water system should be tight against leakage.
o The main and branches connection should not be submerged in
surface water, or subjected to any source of contamination.

 The water system design should have effective circulation of

water with minimum number of dead end mains.
 As much as possible, water main should be laid above the
elevation of concrete sanitary sewers, or crossover points,
and at least 3 meters horizontally from such sanitary sewer
when they are parallel.
o Should this be impossible for some reasons, the sewer main must
be encased in concrete.
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS INSIDE THE BUILDING
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
METHODS INSIDE THE BUILDING
DIRECT OR NON-STORAGE
 All the plumbing fittings are supplied with cold water direct from the
mains.
 A cold water cistern is normally used to feed the hot water supply
system.

ADVANTAGES
 Less pipe work, smaller or no cistern make it cheaper to install.
 Drinking water is available at all draw of points.
 Smaller cistern can be sited below the ceiling.
 In systems without a cistern there is less risk of water pollution.
INDIRECT or STORAGE
 All plumbing fittings except the kitchen sink is supplied with cold
water via a storage cistern, which can also be used to supply the hot
water supply system.

ADVANTAGES
 Cistern provides a reserve of water if supply is interrupted.
 Reduced water pressure on taps reduces wear and noise.
 Less risk of pollution to drinking water by back siphonage.
 Lower demand on the water main.
 TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDINGS

DIRECT FEED INDIRECT FEED

(Non-storage) (Storage)

Up-feed by Normal Up-feed by Air Pressure Up-feed by Air Pressure Up-feed by Air Pressure
Water Pressure Down-feed by Gravity
UP-FEED METHOD BY NORMAL
WATER PRESSURE
 Water is distributed through normal
water pressure from public water
main
o Normal water pressure refers to the
pressure range measured over a
period of 24 hours.
o Normal pressure for a residential
house ranges from 30 to 40 psi.
lower than this value may result to
insufficient flow of water.
 for use in low rise buildings
UP-FEED METHOD BY AIR-
PRESSURED SYSTEMS
 Water is distributed through
air pressure coming from
suction tank for use in all tall
buildings that cannot be
reached by normal water
pressure.
o Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into the
system.
OVERHEAD OR DOWN-FEED
TYPE
 The water is pumped to a large
tank on top of the building and
distributed to the different
fixtures by means of gravity.
 Storage tanks are installed when
normal supply of water from
public main is unreliable
 Also used when normal pressure
is not enough to force the water
to the highest fixture
WATER PIPE SYSTEM
Water is conveyed from the main source to the household or
buildings by series of pipes:
 WATER MAIN
o Refers to the public water connection that are laid underground along the
streets where the house service is connected
 HOUSE SERVICE PIPES
o Refers to the pipe connection from the water main or any source of water
supply to the building served
 RISER PIPES
o Refers to the vertical supply pipe that extends upward from one floor to the next
 BRANCHES
o Horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures
SIZING OF COLD WATER PIPES
 Pipe is categorized based on the wall thickness (difference between
the outside diameter and the inside diameter), which is termed as
schedule, but most pipes are ordered based on the nominal pipe
size, or NPS. The NPS size represents the approximate inside
diameter (not outside) of the pipe.
 The size of water service pipes is based on the maximum and
minimum probable water demand, but in no case shall it be less than
20mm diameter.
 A 20mm service pipe can
o supply two (2) branches of 12mm diameter pipes
o deliver water to the house up to 38 l/m sufficient to serve up to ten (10) fixtures
DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
1. Unaccounted water (Leakage and Wastage
of water)
a) Physical
b) Non-physical
2. Degradation of water quality
3. Friction
4. Inconsistent and inadequate water
pressures within the system
FRICTION IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 Friction refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water
with the pipe fittings and the interior surface of the pipe.
 Friction can be minimized if:
o Water pipes are installed straight and direct as much as possible
o Use of turns, offsets, traps, stops, fittings and other devices
connected to the distribution lines are avoided
o Pipes with plain and smooth interior surfaces are installed
o Fittings and joints are connected properly
PRESSURE IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 Pressure Loss (or Gain) are variations in pressure between the water main
and the outlet end of the water service.
o Critical pressure is the maximum and minimum pressure at which proper
function of the water supply system is maintained.

 Causes of pressure loss:

o Simultaneous draw or use of water
o Height or distance to which water must flow
o Fluctuation of pressure in the water main
o Presence of mineral elements in water that adhere to the interior surface of
the pipe, thus, reducing its diameter
o Inadequate size of the pipe
 Excessive pressure causes pipe hammering or bursting at pipe joints.
PIPES AND PIPE FITTINGS
TYPES OF PIPES
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE (OR GI PIPE)
 GALVANIZED IRON (GI) STEEL PIPE IS COVERED WITH PROTECTIVE
COATING OF ZINC THAT INCREASES ITS LIFE COMPARED TO BLACK
PIPE.
 IT IS MADE IN STANDARD 6M LENGTHS WITH EACH END THREADED.
THE PIPE IS CUT AND THREADED TO FIT THE JOB.
 SUITABLE FOR ALL PIPING INSIDE A BUILDING, BUT PLASTIC AND
COPPER PIPE ARE PREFERRED FOR UNDERGROUND INSTALLATION.
 HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER GREATLY REDUCES THE LIFE OF GI
STEEL PIPE.
COPPER PIPE
 COPPER PIPE IS AVAILABLE IN TYPES "K", "L", AND "M".
o TYPE "K" IS HEAVY DUTY - PUMP SUCTION LINES AND UNDERGROUND
PIPING.
o TYPE "L" IS STANDARD WEIGHT - INSIDE BUILDINGS, AND
o TYPE "M" IS LIGHT-WEIGHT FOR USE ONLY BEHIND WALLS INSIDE BUILDINGS.
 BOTH TYPES "K" AND "L" ARE AVAILABLE IN HARD- OR SOFT-TEMPERED
FORM.
o HARD-TEMPERED PIPE IS RIGID AND COMES IN 3M TO 6M LENGTHS. IT IS
USED FOR EXPOSED PIPING INSIDE BUILDINGS, WHERE IT CAN BE FIT CLOSELY
TO WALLS OR CEILINGS. IT NEEDS VERY LITTLE MECHANICAL SUPPORT TO
KEEP IT IN POSITION, COMPARED TO FLEXIBLE TUBING.
o SOFT-TEMPERED TUBING IS EXCELLENT FOR UNDERGROUND USE AND FOR
INSIDE EXISTING WALLS IN OLD BUILDINGS.
PLASTIC PIPING
 PLASTIC PIPE IS AVAILABLE IN FLEXIBLE, SEMI-RIGID, AND RIGID FORMS.
FLEXIBLE PIPE IS COMMON FOR UNDERGROUND WATER PIPING
BECAUSE OF INSTALLATION EASE AND ECONOMY. IT IS ½” OR MORE
IN DIAMETER AND IN COILS OF 100 FEET OR MORE.
 SOLVENT WELDED, OR GLUED, PVC SEMI-RIGID PIPE IS NOW
COMMON. THE JOINTS OF POLYETHYLENE PIPE USE NYLON OR
BRASS FITTINGS AND STAINLESS STEEL CLAMPS AND CLAMP SCREWS.
 USE ONLY PLASTIC PIPES THAT HAVE THE NATIONAL SANITATION
FOUNDATION SEAL, NSF. IT ASSURES THAT THE PIPE IS SAFE FOR USE
WITH DRINKING WATER.
PLASTIC PIPES
THERE ARE FIVE CLASSES OF PLASTIC PIPE AND
FITTINGS THAT MEET COMMERCIAL STANDARDS
ESTABLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
TESTING MATERIALS (ASTM) FOR POTABLE
HOUSEHOLD WATER.
POLYETHYLENE (PE) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

 THIS FLEXIBLE OR SEMI-RIGID PIPE'S  THIS RIGID PIPE IS AVAILABLE WITH

STRENGTH DECREASES AS THE PRESSURE RATINGS OF 50 TO 315 PSI.
TEMPERATURE RISES, THEREFORE IT IS  PVC SHOULD BE USED FOR COLD-
FOR COLD-WATER LINES ONLY. WATER ONLY.
 IT HAS PRESSURE RATINGS BETWEEN  IT IS USED FOR SOME HOUSEHOLD
80 AND 160 PSI. COLD WATER PIPES AND DRAINS AND
 LINES SHOULD ALSO BE LAID IN IN SOME PERMANENT IRRIGATION
STRAIGHT LINES TO AVOID UNDUE INSTALLATIONS.
STRESS.  PIPE FOR PRESSURE WATER SYSTEMS
 PE PIPE IS AVAILABLE IN DIAMETERS OF SHOULD BE RATED AT LEAST 80 PSI.
UP TO 6 INCHES OR LARGER; AND IT  PVC COMES IN 3M TO 6M LENGTHS
IS JOINED BY THREADS AND CLAMPS. AND COMMON DIAMETERS; AND IT IS
JOINED WITH A COUPLING SOLVENT.
 IT IS GENERALLY MORE RESISTANT TO
CRUSHING OR PUNCTURING THAN PE
PIPE, AND IT WILL STAND SLIGHTLY
HIGHER TEMPERATURES.
CHLORINATED POLYVINYL POLYBUTYLENE (PB)
CHLORIDE (CPVC)
 THIS MATERIAL IS SIMILAR TO PVC, BUT  THIS PIPE IS SUITABLE FOR BOTH HOT
IT IS BETTER FOR HANDLING OR COLD WATER LINES.
CORROSIVE WATER AT TEMPERATURES  ALTHOUGH THIS TYPE OF PIPE WAS
40 TO 60°F ABOVE THE LIMITS FOR DEVELOPED TO HANDLE HOT WATER,
OTHER VINYL PLASTICS. THE MANUFACTURER'S STRESS AND
 IT IS SUITABLE FOR HOT OR COLD TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS SHOULD
WATER LINES. BE CHECKED BEFORE INSTALLING.
o ALTHOUGH THIS TYPE OF PIPE WAS LOCAL PLUMBING CODES SHOULD BE
DEVELOPED TO HANDLE HOT WATER, CONSULTED ALSO.
THE MANUFACTURER'S STRESS AND  IN BOTH OF THE CLASSES - PB AND
TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS SHOULD
CPVC- MANUFACTURERS SOMETIMES
BE CHECKED BEFORE INSTALLING.
MAKE A NUMBER OF PIPES WITH
LOCAL PLUMBING CODES SHOULD BE
CONSULTED ALSO. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS.
o CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN
ENSURING THE WATER SYSTEM NEEDS
ARE MET BY THE PIPE SELECTED.
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADENE UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL
STYRENE (ABS) CHLORIDE (uPVC)
 THIS SEMI-RIGID PIPE HAS PRESSURE  THIS PIPE DOES NOT CONTAIN
RATINGS BETWEEN 80 AND 160 PSI, PLASTICIZERS BPA (BIPHENOL A) AND
AND IS SUITABLE FOR SEWER PIPE. PHTHALATES, THUS, MAKING THE PIPE
RIGID.
 uPVC IS USED MORE WIDELY FOR
WATER PIPES THAN PVC. THE
EXTRA MATERIALS GIVE
 uPVC HAS SUPERIOR RESISTANCE
TO CHEMICAL EROSION, AND ITS
SMOOTH INNER WALLS ALLOW
WATER TO FLOW MORE
SMOOTHLY WITH LESS
TURBULENCE.
 uPVC IS ALSO RESISTANT TO A
WIDER RANGE OF TEMPERATURES
THAN PVC.
PIPE FITTINGS APPLICATIONS
 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS GO HAND-IN HAND.
o NO PIPES CAN BE CONNECTED WITHOUT THE USE OF PROPER FITTINGS
AND FLANGES.
o PIPE FITTINGS ALLOW PIPES TO BE INSTALLED AND CONNECTED OR JOINED
WHERE NECESSARY AND TERMINATED IN THE RIGHT PLACE.
 PIPE FITTINGS INCLUDE A WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS IN VARIOUS
SHAPES, SIZES AND MATERIALS.
o SOME FITTINGS HAVE CERTAIN SPECIAL FEATURES SO THAT THEY CAN BE
FABRICATED ON DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES LIKE HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATIC
DEPENDING ON THE END USAGE.
o FITTINGS INCLUDE A RANGE OF PRODUCTS DEPENDING ON VARIOUS
APPLICATIONS IN WHICH THEY ARE APPLIED.
CATEGORIES OF FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS CAN BE GROUPED IN ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
 FITTINGS THAT EXTEND OR TERMINATE PIPE RUNS
COUPLINGS
ADAPTERS
CAPS AND PLUGS
 FITTINGS THAT CHANGE A PIPE'S DIRECTION
ELBOWS (ELLS)
 FITTINGS THAT CONNECT TWO OR MORE PIPES
REDUCERS
BUSHINGS
FLEX COUPLINGS
FITTING REDUCERS
ADAPTERS
PIPE FITTINGS BY MATERIALS
 Aluminum
 Brass
 Cast iron
 Copper
 Malleable
 Plastic
 Steel
PIPE FITTINGS BY TYPES
PIPE ADAPTERS
 THEY ARE USED TO CONNECT DISSIMILAR PIPES.
 ADAPTERS MAY HAVE EITHER MALE OR FEMALE
IRON PIPE SIZE (IPS) THREADS ON ONE END AND
THE OPPOSITE GENDER ON THE OTHER END,
WHICH NEEDS TO BE WELDED OR SOLDERED
ONTO A SMALLER PIPE.
 THEY ARE TYPICALLY USED TO CONNECT
DIFFERENT PIPES TO FIXTURES.
COMPRESSION FITTINGS
 USUALLY USED TO CONNECT TWO PIPES OR A
PIPE TO A FIXTURE OR VALVE.
 A COMPRESSION FITTING TIGHTENS DOWN A
SLEEVE OR FERRULE OVER A JOINT TO PREVENT
LEAKAGE.
 COMPRESSION FITTINGS ARE IDEAL FOR
HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING APPLICATIONS.
 COMPRESSION FITTINGS ARE USUALLY MADE OF
MATERIALS LIKE:
o BRASS
o PLASTIC
o COPPER
o CAST IRON
PIPE CAPS
 ACT AS PROTECTIVE DEVICE AND ARE
DESIGNED TO PROTECT PIPE ENDS OF VARIOUS
SHAPES.
 THEY ARE USED IN THE PLUMBING APPARATUS
OF DOMESTIC, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WATER SUPPLY LINES, MACHINERY AND
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT ETC.
 THEY ARE ALSO FITTED ON WATER PUMP LINES
WITH THE SOLE PURPOSE OF REMOVING AIR
BLOCKS.
PIPE COUPLINGS
 COUPLINGS ARE FITTINGS THAT HELP EXTEND
A RUN BY JOINING TWO LENGTHS OF PIPE.
 THEY ARE KNOWN AS REDUCER COUPLING IF
THEY ARE USED TO CONNECT PIPES OF
DIFFERENT SIZES.
 COUPLINGS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS REPAIR
COUPLINGS. THESE COUPLINGS ARE
WITHOUT STOPS OR RIDGES AND THEY CAN
BE FIXED ANYWHERE ALONG THE PIPE
LENGTH FOR PREVENTING LEAK OF ANY
KIND.
 COUPLINGS ARE OF 2 TYPES
o FLEXIBLE
o RIGID
PIPE ELBOW FITTINGS
 ARE FITTING ACCESSORIES INSTALLED
BETWEEN TWO LENGTHS OF PIPE OR TUBE
ALLOWING A CHANGE OF DIRECTION,
USUALLY IN THE 90° OR 45° DIRECTION.
 TYPES OF PIPE ELBOWS ARE:
o 90° ELBOW
o 45° ELBOW
o REDUCING
o SIDE OUTLET
o MALE & FEMALE ELBOW
o STREET ELBOW
PIPE NIPPLE FITTINGS
 PIPE NIPPLES ARE USED TO ALLOW
PLUMBING TO BE CONNECTED TO A
WATER HEATER OR OTHER PLUMBING
FIXTURES.
 ARE USED TO FIT STRAIGHT END HOSE OR
PIPE. A COMBINATION OF PIPE NIPPLES
ARE RECOMMENDED FOR LOW-PRESSURE
DISCHARGE AND SUCTION SERVICE FOR
VARIOUS COMPATIBLE.
PIPE PLUG FITTINGS
 THESE PIPE PLUGS ARE DESIGNED TO INSERT
INTO THE END OF TUBING TO DEAD-END
THE FLOW.
 THESE PIPE PLUGS COME IN ONE PIECE
BODY DESIGN; EASY TO REPLACE PLUG
ASSEMBLY; VERY EASY TO MAINTAIN AND
CLEAN.
 TYPES OF PIPE PLUGS ARE:
o HEX
o HOLLOW
o SQUARE
PIPE REDUCER FITTINGS
 ARE TUBE FITTINGS THAT JOINS TWO PIPES OF
DIFFERENT DIAMETER.
 PIPE REDUCERS ARE SOMETIMES CHROME OR
NICKEL COATED TO PREVENT CORROSION AND
INCREASE THE LIFE OF THE PRODUCT.
 TYPES OF PIPE REDUCERS ARE:
o CONCENTRIC
o ECCENTRIC
PIPE UNION FITTINGS
 A TYPE OF FITTING EQUIPMENT DESIGNED IN
SUCH A WAY TO UNITE TWO PIPES WHICH
CAN BE DETACHED WITHOUT CAUSING ANY
DEFORMATION TO THE PIPES.
 THE PIPE UNIONS CAN DISJOINT TWO PIPES
VERY EASILY. THEY ARE WIDELY DEMANDED IN
THE PIPE FITTING MARKET.
PIPE TEE FITTINGS
 A TYPE OF PIPE FITTING WHICH IS T-SHAPED
HAVING TWO OUTLETS, AT 90° TO THE
CONNECTION TO THE MAIN LINE; A SHORT PIECE
OF PIPE WITH A LATERAL OUTLET.
 PIPE TEE IS USED TO CONNECT PIPELINES WITH A
PIPE AT A RIGHT ANGLE WITH THE LINE.
 PIPE TEES ARE WIDELY USED AS PIPE FITTINGS.
 TYPES OF PIPE TEES ARE:
o BULLHEAD
o FEMALE BRANCH
o MALE & FEMALE RUN
o MALE
o REDUCING TEE
PIPE WYE FITTINGS
 ARE USED TO ALLOW ONE PIPE TO JOIN
ANOTHER PIPE AT SOME DEGREE OR ANGLE.
 AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, THE PIPE WYES ARE Y-
SHAPED PIPE FITTING DEVICES.
 THE BRANCH LINE IS ANGLED TO REDUCE
FRICTION WHICH COULD HAMPER THE FLOW.
THE PIPE CONNECTION IS TYPICALLY AT A 45-
DEGREE ANGLE RATHER THAN A USUAL 90-
DEGREE ANGLE.
 TYPES OF PIPE WYES:
o STANDARD
o REDUCING
PIPE JOINT TYPES
PIPE JOINT
 REQUIRED TO CONNECT PIPE TO ITSELF, A FITTING
OR TO PIECE OF EQUIPMENT
 THE JOINT TYPE SELECTED FOR A PARTICULAR
APPLICATION DEPENDS ON:
o PIPE MATERIAL AND WALL THICKNESS
o PIPE CONTENTS
o SYSTEM PRESSURE
o SYSTEM TEMPERATURE
o DISASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS
o APPLICABLE PLUMBING CODES
CAULKED JOINT
 A TYPE OF JOINT USED FOR CAST-IRON
PIPE HAVING BELL-AND-SPIGOT ENDS.
 AFTER THE SPIGOT-END OF ONE PIPE IS
PLACED INSIDE THE BELL-END OF THE
OTHER, A ROPE OF OAKUM OR HEMP IS
PACKED INTO THE ANNULAR SPACE
AROUND THE SPIGOT END UNTIL THE
PACKING IS ABOUT 1 INCH (2.5 CM)
BELOW THE TOP.
 THEN MOLTEN LEAD IS POURED INTO THE
ANNULAR SPACE ON TOP OF THE ROPE.
 FINALLY, THE LEAD IS POUNDED FARTHER
INTO THE JOINT WITH A CAULKING IRON.
COMPRESSION GASKET
JOINT
 A TYPE OF JOINT USED ONLY FOR PIPE
HAVING HUB-AND-PLAIN ENDS.
 ARE FLEXIBLE PRESSURE JOINTS SUITABLE
FOR GRAVITY DRAINAGE AND
PRESSURIZED LIQUID SYSTEMS
COMPATIBLE WITH THE PIPE AND GASKET.
COMPRESSION COUPLING
JOINT
 RIGID NON-PRESSURE JOINTS USED
TO JOIN PLAIN END DRAINAGE PIPES
 SUITABLE FOR GRAVITY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
THREADED JOINT
 CAN BE USED FOR ANY PIPE WITH
WALLS THICK ENOUGH TO HAVE
THREADS CUT
 THIS RIGID PRESSURE JOINT IS
GENERALLY LIMITED TO 100MM
PIPE AS IT IS DIFFICULT TO TURN
LARGE PIPE
 THREADED ENDS COME TAPERED
(FOR PLUMBING AND UTILITY PIPES
PER ANSI B-2.1) AND STANDARD
(FOR PROCESS PIPE SYSTEMS).
SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT
 THIS RIGID PRESSURE JOINT CAN BE USED
ONLY WITH PLASTIC PIPE
 EACH PLASTIC REQUIRES A SPECIFIC
SOLVENT/CEMENT RATIO COMBINATION
RECOMMENDED BY THE MANUFACTURER.
 A JOINT CREATED WITH SOLVENT CEMENT
LOOKS LIKE A SOLDERED JOINT, BUT THE
CEMENT IS USED TO SOFTEN AND DISSOLVE
THE PLASTIC AFTER WHICH IT HARDENS INTO
A HOMOGENEOUS JOINT.
SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINT
 IS A RIGID PRESSURE-TYPE JOINT USED TO JOIN
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY PIPES AND FITTINGS
 IN CASE OF BRAZING, THE FILLER METAL (BRAZING
METAL) SHOULD HAVE THE MELTING POINT MORE
THAN 450OC, WHILE SOLDERING REQUIRES LESS
THAN THAT. BRAZING PRODUCES JOINTS
STRONGER THAN THE PIPE ITSELF.
 FILLER METAL FOR SOLDERING CONSISTS OF 50%
TIN AND 50% LEAD. NO LEAD IS PERMITTED FOR
POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS.
 SOLDERED JOINTS ARE USED FOR RELATIVELY
LOW-PRESSURE APPLICATIONS
FLARED JOINT
 THIS RIGID PRESSURE JOINT IS USED FOR
RELATIVELY LOW-PRESSURE APPLICATIONS ON
SMALL DIAMETER PIPES MADE OF SOFT
COPPER OR OTHER METALS.
 THEY ARE COMMONLY USED WITH CAPILLARY
PIPING IN LABORATORIES AND SMALL
DIAMETER UNDERGROUND WATER PIPING.
 PROPRIETARY TYPES OF FLARED FITTINGS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR HIGH-PRESSURE
APPLICATIONS.
WELDED JOINT
 RIGID PRESSURE JOINT FORMED AS BUTT-
FUSED JOINT OR SOCKET WELD.
 BUTT-FUSED JOINTS ARE CREATED BY
MELTING PREPARED END METAL PIPES OR
SQUARE END PLASTIC PIPES, THEN BUTTING
THEM TOGETHER AND FUSING THEM WITH
FILLER METAL, WHICH FORMS A
HOMOGENEOUS JOINT UPON HARDENING.
 FOR A SOCKET WELD, A PLAIN PIPE END IS
PLACED INSIDE A SOCKET AND THE END OF
THE SOCKET FITTING IS WELDED TO THE
EXTERIOR OF THE PIPE TO FORM A RIGID
JOINT.
FLANGED JOINT
 A RIGID PRESSURE JOINT CONSISTING OF
TWO COMPANION FLANGES, BOLTED
TOGETHER AND MADE LEAK-PROOF BY
MEANS OF A GASKET.
 FLANGES CAN BE INSTALLED ON THE PIPE
END BY WELDING, THREADING OR
BRAZING.
HEAT-FUSED JOINT
 A RIGID PRESSURE JOINT USED ONLY FOR
THERMOPLASTIC PIPES
 A SPECIAL SOCKET FITTING HAS
RESISTANCE HEATING WIRE EMBEDDED
NEAR THE OUTER EDGE FACING THE PIPE
TO BE JOINED, COMPLETE WITH PIGTAILS
EXTENDED OUTSIDE THE FITTING.
 AN EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCE
IS CONNECTED TO THE WIRE PIGTAILS TO
GENERATE THE HEAT TO MELT BOTH THE
INSIDE OF THE SOCKET AND THE OUTSIDE
OF THE PIPE IN THE AREA WHERE THE WIRE
IS EMBEDDED.
 WHEN THE MATERIAL IS COOL, A RIGID
JOINT HAS BEEN FORMED AND THE
PIGTAILS ARE CUT OFF.
SPLIT-COUPLING JOINT
 THIS JOINT REQUIRES TWO TYPES OF PIPE
END PREPARATION, ROLL GROOVING AND
CUT GROOVING.
 THE LATTER METHOD IS STRONGER, BUT
THE ROLL GROOVES MUST BE USED WHEN
THE PIPE IS TOO THIN FOR A GROOVE.
 THESE RIGID PRESSURE TYPE JOINTS ARE
WELL-SUITED FOR BOTH PRESSURE AND
NON-PRESSURE LINES.
WATER SERVICE FITTINGS
AND DEVICES
SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICES
 WATER SERVICE INSTALLATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO
BREAKDOWNS. SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICES
ALLOW FOR SYSTEM REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE.
 POTABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS REQUIRE NOT
ONLY PIPES, BUT ALSO MANY FITTINGS AND VALVES
WHICH ADD CONSIDERABLY TO THEIR
FUNCTIONALITY AS WELL AS COST.
VALVES
 VALVE IS AN EQUIPMENT DESIGNED TO STOP, REGULATE
CHECK OR DIRECT THE FLOW OF ANY FLUID (LIQUID, GAS,
CONDENSATE, STEM, SLURRY ETC.) IN ITS PATH.
 VALVES ARE CATEGORIZED DEPENDING ON THEIR
APPLICATIONS LIKE ISOLATION, THROTTLING AND NON-
RETURN.
 IT IS INSTALLED IN THE PIPING SYSTEM BASED ON ITS
REQUIREMENT.
 VARIOUS TYPE OF VALVES ARE AVAILABLE DEPENDING UPON
THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION.
 THE TWO PRINCIPAL TYPES OF VALVES USED TO STOP THE
FLOW OF WATER IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ARE GATE
VALVES AND GLOBE VALVES.
GATE VALVES

 IT IS OPERATED BY RAISING AND  EITHER END OF THIS MAKE OF GATE

LOWERING A DOUBLE-FACED WEDGE- VALVE MAY BE USED AS THE INLET,
SHAPED GATE. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME MAKES
OF GATE VALVES THAT ARE SINGLE
 WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED, THE
SEATED OR HAVE ONLY ONE GATE
TWO FACES OF THE GATE ARE
FACE.
TIGHTLY PRESSED AGAINST THE SEATS,
THUS EFFECTING A DOUBLE SEAL.  SUCH VALVES SHOULD BE SCREWED
ON A PIPE WITH THE VALVE FACE TO
 THE CHIEF ADVANTAGES OF A GATE
THE PRESSURE.
VALVE ARE:
o ITS TIGHT SEAL
o FULL SIZE STRAIGHTWAY OPENING,
WHICH OFFERS NO GREATER
RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF WATER
THAN WOULD AN ORDINARY PIPE
COUPLING OR OTHER FITTING OF
EQUAL LENGTH.
GLOBE VALVES

 ONE OF THE VALVE TYPES MOST

COMMONLY USED FOR WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
 THIS TYPE OF VALVE HAS AN INLET
AND OUTLET END, AND A VALVE DISK
(A) THAT CLOSES AGAINST THE
PRESSURE.
 THE VALVE IS OPERATED BY
LOWERING OR RAISING THE DISK TO
SHUT OFF OR TO TURN ON WATER.
 THE OPENING IS NOT STRAIGHTWAY,
CONSEQUENTLY IT OFFERS
ADDITIONAL FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
TO THE FLOW OF WATER.
CHECK VALVES

 A CHECK VALVE IS AN AUTOMATIC VALVE THAT OPENS TO

THE PRESSURE OF WATER ON ONE SIDE BUT CLOSES TIGHTLY
WHEN PRESSURE IS APPLIED TO THE OPPOSITE END OF THE
VALVE.
 A CHECK VALVE SHOULD BE USED WHERE WATER SHOULD
ALWAYS FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION AND THERE IS A
POSSIBILITY OF A REVERSE FLOW.
 CHECK VALVES ARE MADE BOTH FOR VERTICAL AND FOR
HORIZONTAL PIPES.
 THERE ARE TWO COMMON TYPES OF CHECK VALVES; LIFT
CHECK VALVES, AND SWING CHECK VALVES.
LIFT CHECK VALVES

 IN A LIFT VALVE, THE CHECK SEATS BY

GRAVITY WHEN PRESSURE IN THE
SYSTEM ON BOTH SIDES OF THE
VALVE IS EQUAL.

 WHEN PRESSURE ON THE INLET END

OF THE VALVE EXCEEDS THAT IN THE
OUTLET, THE PRESSURE UNSEATS THE
CHECK FROM THE SEAT AND PERMITS
WATER TO FLOW THROUGH THE
VALVE.
 IF THERE IS AN EXCESS OF PRESSURE
ON THE OUTLET END OF THE VALVE,
THE PRESSURE WILL THE MORE
TIGHTLY SEAT THE CHECK AND
PREVENT ANY WATER FROM PASSING
BACK THROUGH IT.
SWING CHECK VALVE

 IT DERIVES ITS NAME FROM THE FACT

THAT THE METAL FLAP SWINGS ON
THE PIVOT AND OPENS TO ALLOW
FLOW OF WATER.

 THIS TYPE OF CHECK VALVE

COMPARES WITH THE LIFT CHECK
VALVE ABOUT AS A GATE VALVE
COMPARES WITH A GLOBE VALVE.
 THE SWING CHECK VALVE OFFERS
LESS RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF
WATER THROUGH IT AND HAS A
STRAIGHTWAY OPENING OF ALMOST
THE FULL SIZE OF THE VALVE.
ANGLE VALVES

 USED FOR CONTROLLING THE WATER

SUPPLY TO SEPARATE FIXTURES.

 THE OPENINGS TO AN ANGLE VALVE

ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH
OTHER SO THAT THE VALVE CAN
SERVE THE DUAL PURPOSE OF
CONTROLLING THE WATER AND
CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF THE
PIPE.
 ANGLE VALVES ARE MADE WITH
METAL SEATS AND WITH SEATS OF
SOFT MATERIALS, THE LATTER BEING
THE BETTER KIND FOR USE ON WATER
SUPPLIES.
PRESSURE REGULATORS

 APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING OR

DECREASING THE PRESSURE OF
WATER WITHIN A BUILDING AND THUS
RELIEVING THE SYSTEM OF EXCESSIVE
STRAIN.
o THE VOLUME OF WATER OR THE
PRESSURE OF THE WATER WHILE
RUNNING WILL NOT BE AFFECTED BY
THE PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
RELIEF VALVES

 RELIEF VALVES ARE AUTOMATIC  SYSTEM PRESSURE SIMPLY ACTS

VALVES USED ON SYSTEM LINES AND UNDER THE VALVE DISK AT THE INLET
EQUIPMENT TO PREVENT OVER OF THE VALVE.
PRESSURIZATION. o WHEN SYSTEM PRESSURE EXCEEDS
o MOST RELIEF VALVES SIMPLY LIFT THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE VALVE
SPRING, THE VALVE DISK LIFTS OFF ITS
(OPEN) AT A PRESET PRESSURE
SEAT, ALLOWING SOME OF THE
AND RESET (SHUT) WHEN THE
SYSTEM FLUID TO ESCAPE THROUGH
PRESSURE DROPS ONLY SLIGHTLY
THE VALVE OUTLET UNTIL SYSTEM
BELOW THE LIFTING PRESSURE. PRESSURE IS REDUCED TO JUST
BELOW THE RELIEF SET POINT OF THE
VALVE.
o THE SPRING THEN RESEATS THE VALVE.
 AN OPERATING LEVER IS PROVIDED  OTHER TYPES OF RELIEF VALVES ARE
TO ALLOW MANUAL CYCLING OF THE THE HIGH-PRESSURE AIR SAFETY RELIEF
RELIEF VALVE OR TO GAG IT OPEN VALVE AND THE BLEED AIR SURGE
FOR CERTAIN TESTS. RELIEF VALVE.
o VIRTUALLY ALL RELIEF VALVES ARE o BOTH OF THESE TYPES OF VALVES
PROVIDED WITH SOME TYPE OF ARE DESIGNED TO OPEN COMPLETELY
DEVICE TO ALLOW MANUAL AT A SPECIFIED LIFT PRESSURE AND TO
CYCLING. REMAIN OPEN UNTIL A SPECIFIC RESET
PRESSURE IS REACHED—AT WHICH
TIME THEY SHUT.
o MANY DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF THESE
VALVES ARE USED, BUT THE SAME
RESULT IS ACHIEVED.
FULLER PATTERN FAUCETS

 A TYPE OF FAUCET FOR LOW

PRESSURE WORK.

 THIS TYPE OF COCK IS QUICK

CLOSING AND CLOSES WITH THE
PRESSURE, A RUBBER PACKING (A),
EFFECTING THE SEAL.
 ON ACCOUNT OF THE QUICKNESS
WITH WHICH THIS KIND OF COCK
CAN BE CLOSED, EACH SUPPLY PIPE TO
WHICH THEY ARE CONNECTED
SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH AN AIR
CHAMBER AND THEY SHOULD NOT
BE USED ON HIGH PRESSURE WORK.
GROUND KEY COCKS

 MAY BE EITHER STOP COCKS FOR

CONTROLLING WATER IN A PIPE,
OR FAUCETS FOR DRAWING WATER
AT A FIXTURE.
o THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS IN THEIR
EXTERIOR APPEARANCE, THE
PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION BEING THE SAME FOR
BOTH PATTERNS.

 THE PLUG (A), IS GROUND TO A

WATERTIGHT FIT IN THE COCK (B),
AND WATER IS TURNED ON AND OFF
BY GIVING A ONE-QUARTER TURN TO
THE LEVER (C).
COMPRESSION COCKS

 A COMPRESSION COCK IS USED

AT KITCHEN SINKS. IN
CONSTRUCTION IT IS QUITE SIMILAR
TO A GLOBE VALVE AND, LIKE ONE, IT
CLOSES AGAINST THE PRESSURE.
 THE CORE (A) OF A COMPRESSION
COCK IS FITTED WITH A SOFT DISK
PACKING (B) WHICH CAN BE EASILY
RENEWED WHEN THE COCK LEAKS.
 THEY ARE ALSO FITTED WITH A RUBBER
PACKING (C) OR IN SOME CASES
WITH A GROUND JOINT TO PREVENT
WATER SPOUTING OUT AROUND THE
COMPRESSION STEM.
NON-COMPRESSION COCKS

 A NON-COMPRESSION FAUCET
(COMMONLY CALLED WASHERLESS)
HAS A SINGLE LEVER OR KNOB THAT
OPENS AND CLOSES PORTS FOR
WATER FLOW AND SHUTOFF.
 NON-COMPRESSION FAUCETS COME
IN THREE BASIC TYPES: VALVE, BALL,
AND CARTRIDGE.
 THEY ARE CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE
HANDLE.
SELF-CLOSING FAUCETS

 WATER CAN BE DRAWN FROM A SELF-

CLOSING BIBB ONLY WHILE IT IS HELD
OPEN; THE MOMENT THE HAND IS
REMOVED, THE FAUCET IS IMMEDIATELY
CLOSED BY A SPRING PROVIDED FOR
THAT PURPOSE.

 WHEN THE STEM (A) IS TURNED TO

THE LEFT IT RAISES THE BLOCK (B),
THUS COMPRESSING THE SPRING (C).
AS SOON AS THE PRESSURE IS
REMOVED, RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL
POSITION, THUS CLOSING THE
FAUCET.
 An air chamber is an extension of
the water supply pipe near the pipe
fixture that provides the air cushion to
absorb hydraulic shock.
 Hydraulic shock, also called water
hammer, is a sound of concussion of
moving water against the sides of a
containing pipe or vessel. Water
hammer is the result of a rapid
deceleration of water flow in an
enclosed space, like a pipe.
 Hydraulic shock, also called water
hammer, is a sound of concussion of
moving water against the sides of a
containing pipe or vessel. Water
hammer is the result of a rapid
deceleration of water flow in an
enclosed space, like a pipe.