MATH 102: Calculus II

Instructors: Dr. Hatem, Dr. Waleed, Dr. A. Heikal,

and Dr. Azza
References
Textbook: Thomas Calculus (13th ed.)
Other References:
▪ Calculus 8th edition by Stewart
▪ Calculus 10th edition by Larson and Edwards
 Grading Policy
Midterm Exams: (best 2 out of 3) 45%
• Assignments: (best 4 out of 5) 10%
• Quizzes: (best 2 out of 3) 5%
• Final Exam: 40%

Important Notes
75% attendance is mandatory to pass the course
At least 35% of the final exam is mandatory to pass the course
 Syllabus
Ch. 10: Infinite Sequences and Series
Ch. 11: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
Ch. 12: Vectors and Geometry of Space
Ch. 14: Partial Derivatives
Ch. 15: Multiple Integrals
Ch. 16: Integration in Vector Fields
 Chapter 10
Infinite Sequences and Series
Lecture Objectives
1. Represent a sequence graphically
2. Identify the sequence properties (convergent-bounded-
monotonic)
3. Determine if a sequence is convergent or divergent
4. Find the limit of a recursive sequence
5. Identify what is meant by a convergent series
6. Study the convergence of geometric series
7. Study the convergence of telescoping series
8. Study the convergence of combined series
Prerequisite
Evaluate the limits (at ∞)
Ch. 10: Infinite Sequences and Series
Some Important Applications
❑ Taylor series
𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + …
3! 5!
❑ Evaluation of Non−elementary Integrals
1

න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
❑ Solution of DE
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
 Sec. 10.1: Infinite Sequences
A sequence is a list of numbers written in a given order,
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , … Rule

1
Ex. Write down the sequence 𝑎𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛

1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 1, , , , … , , …
2 3 4 𝑛
 How to graph a sequence?
𝟏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏

1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 1, , , , … , , …
2 3 4 𝑛

(2) as ordered pairs on the xy plane

(1) as points on the number line
Convergence and Divergence of a Sequence
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :
1
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
𝑛2

b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 divergent

c) 𝑎𝑛 = −1 𝑛 divergent
𝑛
−1
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :
𝑛+2 1
a) 𝑎𝑛 = b) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛 2𝑛
The Sandwich Theorem of a Sequence:
 −1 𝑛
(b) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛

−1 −1 𝑛 1
≤ ≤
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛

𝑛
Function of a Sequence:

Ex. Study the convergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛+1
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1
𝑛

1
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 converges to 1
𝑛
Monotonic Sequence:

Ex. Which sequence is monotonic,

1
a) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
1
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 =
𝑛
c) 𝑎𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜋
Non-monotonic Sequence
Bounded Sequence:
 𝑛
Ex. Is the sequence 𝑎𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 = bounded
𝑛+1
and monotonic?

1 2 3 4
𝑎𝑛 = , , , , …
2 3 4 5
is bounded from below by ½
and bounded from above by 1
and monotonic
It is convergent
Exercises
Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛2
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
𝑛3 +1

1
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 divergent
𝑛

1 n
c) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
2

𝑛−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
d) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1
𝑛
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛2
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1/2
2𝑛2 +5

−1 𝑛
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 converges to 𝜋/4
𝑛+1
Recursive Sequences:

Ex. Write the first few terms of the following

sequence and inspect if they are convergent or
divergent
a) 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑛 > 1
1, 2, 6, 24, 120, … div. Factorial

b) 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 , 𝑛 > 2

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, … div. Fibonacci Sequence

Fibonacci Sequence in Nature :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt2OlMAJj6o
Ex. If it’s known that the following sequences
converge, find their limits
72
a) 𝑎1 = 2, 𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝐿=8
1+𝑎𝑛

b) 𝑎1 = 3, 𝑎𝑛+1 = 12 − 𝑎𝑛 𝐿=9
 (Revision)

𝑓(𝑥) 0 ∞
lim = 𝑜𝑟
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0 ∞
𝑓′ (𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)

Indeterminate Forms

0 ∞
, Apply L’Hopital
0 ∞

0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞ Use algebra

∞0 , 00 , 1∞ Take 𝑙𝑛()
 0 1

1 0

𝑒𝑥 0

𝑛
𝑙𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛 4 𝑛 2 𝑛

conv. to 0 conv. to 0 conv. to 1 conv. to 𝑒 −2

Using 1 Using 4 Using 2, 3 Using 5
 Sec. 10.2: Infinite Series
An infinite series is the sum of an infinite sequence
𝑠 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ = a n
Partial Sums
𝑠1 = 𝑎1
𝑠2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 form a new
𝑠3 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 sequence
⋮
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
If lim 𝑠𝑛 = 𝐿 is single finite value,
𝑛→∞
the series 𝑠 is convergent and converges to 𝐿
O.W. it is divergent
Ex. Find the first 10 partial sums of the series,
1 1 1
𝑠 =1+ + + +⋯
2 4 8
𝑠1 = 1 Geometric Series
1
𝑠2 = 1 + = 1.5
2
1 1
𝑠3 = 1 + + = 1.75
2 4
1 1 1
𝑠4 = 1 + + + = 1.875
2 4 8
1 1 1 1
𝑠10 = 1 + + + + ⋯ 9 = 1.998046875
2 4 8 2
The Geometric Series: (fixed ratio between terms) 1

𝑠 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + ⋯

1 − 𝑟𝑛 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑡
1−𝑟 1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
∞
𝑛−1
𝑎
𝑠 = ෍ 𝑎𝑟 = lim 𝑠𝑛 = for 𝑟 < 1
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑟
𝑛=1

Ex. Is the following series convergent? if so find its sum

10 20 40
S=5 − + − +⋯
3 9 27
2 5
Geometric series with 𝑟 = − ,𝑠 = 2 =3 convergent
3 1− −3
Ex. Put the following G.S. in the sigma form

∞ 𝑛−1
10 20 40 2
S = 5− + − +⋯= ෍5 −
3 9 27 3
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛−1
1
= ෍2
3
𝑛=1
∞
9
= ෍ 𝑛
100
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛−1
1
= ෍ −
2
𝑛=1
The Telescoping series: 2

Ex. Is the following series convergent? if so, find its sum

∞
1 1 1 1
𝑆= + + …=෍
1 2 2 3 3 4 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑛=1
1 1 1
Note that = − (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑛 = − + − + − + ⋯+ −
1 2 2 3 3 4 𝑛 𝑛+1
1
=1 −
𝑛+1
𝑠 = lim 𝑠𝑛 = 1 convergent
𝑛→∞
Sn = (𝑙𝑛 2 − 𝑙𝑛 1) +(𝑙𝑛 3 − 𝑙𝑛 2)+(𝑙𝑛 4 − 𝑙𝑛 3)
+….+(𝑙𝑛 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑛)
= −𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑛 + 1
 The converse is
not necessarily
true

If the series converges, then its nth term converges to 0.

2 𝑛 2
Ex. 𝑠 = σ∞
𝑛=1 − 3 =− G.S. with r = −
2
,𝑎 = −
2
5 3 3

𝑛
2
lim − = 0 |x|<1
𝑛→∞ 3
 The nth term test for Divergence: 3

i.e. the series diverges, if lim an ≠0.

Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞

෍ 2𝑛 Divergent (G.S.)
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛
෍ 𝑙𝑛 Divergent (Telescoping series)
𝑛+1
𝑛=1
Combined Series 4

Ex: Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞
5 2𝑛 + 1
෍ 𝑛 Conv. ෍ Conv.
2 3𝑛
𝑛=2 𝑛=1
∞

1 + 2 + ⋯ 100 + ෍ 1 Div.
𝑛=1
Combined Series

Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞
2𝑛 + 4𝑛
෍5 𝑛 Div. ෍ Div.
3𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞ 𝑛 𝑛
2 1
෍ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 Div. ෍ − Conv.
3 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛 ∞
1
෍ − − −1 𝑛
Div. ෍ 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 + 2 Div.
2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛 ∞
1
෍ 1+ Div. ෍ tan−1 𝑛 − tan−1 𝑛 + 1 Conv.
𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1