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CLIMBING

1) Rate of climb (R/C) depends on thrust, drag, and weight. Higher thrust, lower drag, and lower weight improve climb performance. 2) R/C is calculated by finding the excess power (difference between power available and power required) at different velocities, then dividing by weight. 3) For jets, thrust is constant with velocity so power required increases linearly with velocity. Maximum R/C occurs when power required is minimum. 4) Maximum climb angle and the velocity for it can be calculated, but maximum climb angle does not correspond to maximum R/C.

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lokei
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131 views

CLIMBING

1) Rate of climb (R/C) depends on thrust, drag, and weight. Higher thrust, lower drag, and lower weight improve climb performance. 2) R/C is calculated by finding the excess power (difference between power available and power required) at different velocities, then dividing by weight. 3) For jets, thrust is constant with velocity so power required increases linearly with velocity. Maximum R/C occurs when power required is minimum. 4) Maximum climb angle and the velocity for it can be calculated, but maximum climb angle does not correspond to maximum R/C.

Uploaded by

lokei
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RATE OF CLIMB

The vertical component of the


velocity is, by definition, the rate of
climb of the airplane;

Excess of power

The higher the thrust, the lower the drag, and the lower the weight, the better the
climb performance.
because, for climbing flight, part of the weight of the airplane is
supported by the thrust, less lift is needed than for level flight and less
lift means less drag due to lift. For a given velocity the drag
in climbing flight is less than that for level flight.
At any V, the excess power is the
difference between the PA and PR.
Divide this excess power by the
weight, obtaining the value of RIC
at this velocity. Carry out this
process for a range of V, obtaining
the corresponding values of RIC.
The PA and PR curves sketched
are for a given altitude, hence the
variation of RIC versus velocity is
also for a given altitude.
In case of a turbojet the thrust required
is constant with the velocity therefore
the power required has a linear
behavior with V.
the hodograph diagram is a plot of the
aircraft's vertical velocity Vv versus its
horizontal velocity VH. The hodograph
diagram is slightly different the abscissa
is the horizontal component of velocity
VH not the total velocity V. Consider an
arbitrary point on the hodograph curve,
denoted by point 1. Draw a line from the
origin to point 1. Geometrically, the
length of the line is V, and the angle it
makes with the horizontal axis is the
corresponding climb angle at that
velocity. Point 2 denotes the maximum
RIC; the length of the line from the origin to point 2 is the airplane velocity at
maximum RIC and the angle it makes with the horizontal axis is the climb angle for
maximum R/C. A line drawn through the origin and tangent to the hodograph curve
locates point 3. The angle of this line relative to the horizontal defines the maximum
possible climb angle. The maximum rate of climb does not correspond to the
maximum climb angle. The maximum climb angle is important when you want to
clear an obstacle.
Analytical Approach

If we approximate cos (theta)=1


The corresponding climb angle is

increasing the thrust-to-weight ratio increases R/C. A decrease in CD0 or K, or in


both, increases R/C. The effect of increasing altitude usually is to decrease RIC. All
three terms in the equation are sensitive to altitude through rho. The effect of
altitude on T depends on the type of power plant used. However, for turbojets,
turbofans, and supercharged piston engines with propellers, thrust at a given V,
decreases with altitude. For an airplane with any reasonable climb capacity, the
dominant term is T/ W; hence when T/ W decreases with increasing altitude, R/C
also decreases.
Wing loading also affects R/C. At a given arbitrary V, this effect is a mixed bag. Note
from the drag terms that increasing W/S decreases the zero-lift drag and increases
the drag due to lift. Hence, in the low-velocity range where drag due to lift is
dominant, an increase in the design W/S results in a decrease in RIC at the same V.
However, in the high-velocity range where zero-lift drag is dominant, an increase in
W/S results in an increase in RIC at the same V.
Maximum Climb Angle

Assuming that cos (theta)=1


Maximum Climb Angle for a Jet
For a jet-propelled airplane where the thrust is essentially constant with velocity

The corresponding velocity can be found as

the rate of climb that


corresponds to the
maximum climb angle is

Theta max does not depend on wing loading, but from V_theta_max varies directly as (W/S)^2.
Hence, everything else being equal, the rate of climb is higher for higher wing loadings. Since
(LID)max does not depend on altitude, then Theta_max decreases with altitude because T
decreases with altitude. However Vtheta_max increases with altitude. These are competing
effects in determining (R/C)_theta_max. However, the altitude effect on T usually dominates,
and (R/C)theta_max, usually decreases with increasing altitude.
Maximum Climb Angle for a
propeller-driven airplane
Eta_pr is the propeller efficiency and P is the shaft power from the
reciprocating piston engine. The product etaP is the power
available Pa, which we assume to be constant with velocity.

To find the velocity for the maximum climb angle, we have to differentiate with
respect to V

Can be neglected
Maximum Rate of Climb for a jet
propelled
For a jet-propelled airplane where T is relatively constant with V conditions
associated with maximum rate of climb can be found by differentiating

And setting the derivative equal to zero.


An equation for the maximum rate of climb is obtained by substituting V(R/C)max

We obtain

Where
Maximum Rate of Climb for a
propeller-driven airplane

Since the available power is constant


with W, the maximum excess power,
RIC occurs at the flight velocity for
minimum power required therefore:

An equation for the maximum rate of climb is obtained by substituting V(R/C)max


As a result

the dominant influence on (RIC)max is the power to-weight ratio. More power
means a higher rate of climb. The effect of wing loading is secondary, but
interesting. (RIC)max decreases with an increase in W/S. This is in contrast to the
case of a jet-propelled airplane.
Propeller-driven airplanes are penalized in terms of (RIC)max if they have a
high wing loading. Finally, the effect of increasing altitude is to increase V(RIC)mx
and decrease (R/ C)max. (RIC)max decreases with increasing altitude.

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