Relion® 650 series

Busbar protection REB650

Application Manual
 Document ID: 1MRK 505 276-UEN
Issued: June 2012
Revision: -
Product version: 1.2

© Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved

Copyright
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written
permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third
party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.

The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license
and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

Trademarks
ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. All other brand or
product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders.

Warranty
Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.

ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Västerås
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
http://www.abb.com/substationautomation
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept
or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed
properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this
manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and
acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements
are complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/
or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but
not limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the
person or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby
requested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.

This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be
completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested
to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in
no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from
the use of this manual or the application of the equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European
Communities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning
electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive
2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in
accordance with the product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255-26 for the EMC
directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low
voltage directive. The product is designed in accordance with the international
standards of the IEC 60255 series.
 Table of contents

Table of contents

Section 1 Introduction.....................................................................11
This manual......................................................................................11
Intended audience............................................................................11
Product documentation.....................................................................12
Product documentation set..........................................................12
Document revision history...........................................................13
Related documents......................................................................13
Symbols and conventions.................................................................14
Symbols.......................................................................................14
Document conventions................................................................15

Section 2 Application......................................................................17
REB650 application..........................................................................17
Available functions............................................................................18
Main protection functions.............................................................18
Back-up protection functions.......................................................19
Control and monitoring functions.................................................19
Communication............................................................................22
Basic IED functions.....................................................................23
REB650 application examples..........................................................24
Adaptation to different applications.............................................24
Protection of a two section busbar with additional bus
coupler protection functions.........................................................25
Protection of a single section busbar ..........................................26
Functionality table........................................................................26

Section 3 REB650 setting examples..............................................29

Busbar protection application...........................................................29
Calculating general settings for analogue TRM inputs 6I
4U................................................................................................31
Calculating general settings for analogue AIM inputs 6I 4U........32
Preprocessing blocks (SMAI)......................................................33
Calculating settings for global base values for setting
function GBSVAL.........................................................................33
Calculating settings for busbar high impedance differential
protection HZPDIF ......................................................................33
Calculating settings for breaker failure protection 3-phase
activation and output CCRBRF ..................................................35
Calculating settings for pole discordance protection
CCRPLD .....................................................................................37

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Section 4 Analog inputs..................................................................39

Introduction.......................................................................................39
Setting guidelines.............................................................................39
Setting of the phase reference channel.......................................39
Setting of current channels..........................................................40
Example 1..............................................................................40
Example 2..............................................................................41
Examples on how to connect, configure and set CT
inputs for most commonly used CT connections....................42
Example on how to connect a star connected three-
phase CT set to the IED.........................................................43
Setting of voltage channels.........................................................45
Example.................................................................................45
Examples how to connect, configure and set VT inputs
for most commonly used VT connections..............................46
Examples on how to connect a three phase-to-earth
connected VT to the IED........................................................47
Example how to connect the open delta VT to the IED
for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power
systems..................................................................................48

Section 5 Local human-machine interface.....................................51

Local HMI.........................................................................................51
Display.........................................................................................51
LEDs............................................................................................53
Keypad........................................................................................53
Local HMI functionality................................................................54
Protection and alarm indication..............................................54
Parameter management ........................................................56
Front communication..............................................................56

Section 6 Differential protection.....................................................59

1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF .......................59
Identification................................................................................59
Application...................................................................................59
The basics of the high impedance principle...........................60
Setting guidelines........................................................................66
Configuration..........................................................................66
Settings of protection function................................................66
Busbar protection...................................................................66
Alarm level operation..............................................................69
Double busbar applications....................................................70

Section 7 Current protection...........................................................71

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Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output

OC4PTOC .......................................................................................71
Identification................................................................................71
Application...................................................................................71
Setting guidelines........................................................................72
Settings for steps 1 to 4 .........................................................73
2nd harmonic restrain.............................................................75
Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero, negative
sequence direction EF4PTOC .........................................................81
Identification................................................................................81
Application...................................................................................81
Setting guidelines........................................................................83
Settings for steps 1 and 4 ......................................................83
Common settings for all steps................................................85
2nd harmonic restrain.............................................................86
Thermal overload protection, two time constants TRPTTR .............87
Identification................................................................................87
Application...................................................................................87
Setting guideline..........................................................................88
Breaker failure protection 3-phase activation and output
CCRBRF ..........................................................................................90
Identification................................................................................90
Application...................................................................................90
Setting guidelines........................................................................91
Pole discordance protection CCRPLD ............................................93
Identification................................................................................93
Application...................................................................................93
Setting guidelines........................................................................94
Negative sequence based overcurrent function DNSPTOC ............95
Identification................................................................................95
Application...................................................................................95
Setting guidelines........................................................................95

Section 8 Voltage protection..........................................................97

Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV ..................................97
Identification................................................................................97
Application...................................................................................97
Setting guidelines........................................................................98
Equipment protection, such as for motors and
generators..............................................................................98
Disconnected equipment detection........................................98
Power supply quality .............................................................98
Voltage instability mitigation...................................................98
Backup protection for power system faults.............................98

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Settings for Two step undervoltage protection.......................99

Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV ..................................100
Identification..............................................................................100
Application.................................................................................100
Setting guidelines......................................................................101
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV .................103
Identification..............................................................................103
Application.................................................................................103
Setting guidelines......................................................................104
Power supply quality............................................................104
High impedance earthed systems........................................104
Direct earthed system..........................................................105
Settings for Two step residual overvoltage protection..........106

Section 9 Secondary system supervision.....................................109

Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF...............................................109
Identification..............................................................................109
Application.................................................................................109
Setting guidelines......................................................................110
General.................................................................................110
Setting of common parameters............................................110
Negative sequence based....................................................111
Zero sequence based...........................................................112
Delta U and delta I ...............................................................112
Dead line detection...............................................................113
Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring TCSSCBR.............................113
Identification..............................................................................113
Application.................................................................................113

Section 10 Control..........................................................................119
Apparatus control ..........................................................................119
Identification..............................................................................119
Application.................................................................................119
Interaction between modules.....................................................122
Setting guidelines......................................................................124
Bay control (QCBAY)...........................................................124
Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI
presentation SLGGIO.....................................................................124
Identification..............................................................................124
Application.................................................................................124
Setting guidelines......................................................................125
Selector mini switch VSGGIO.........................................................125
Identification..............................................................................125
Application.................................................................................125

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Setting guidelines......................................................................126
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions DPGGIO.............126
Identification..............................................................................126
Application.................................................................................126
Setting guidelines......................................................................127
Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO.........................127
Identification..............................................................................127
Application.................................................................................127
Setting guidelines......................................................................127
Automation bits AUTOBITS............................................................128
Identification..............................................................................128
Application.................................................................................128
Setting guidelines......................................................................128

Section 11 Logic.............................................................................129
Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC .......................129
Identification..............................................................................129
Application.................................................................................129
Three-phase tripping ...........................................................129
Lock-out................................................................................130
Blocking of the function block...............................................130
Setting guidelines......................................................................130
Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO............................................................131
Identification..............................................................................131
Application.................................................................................131
Setting guidelines......................................................................131
Configurable logic blocks................................................................132
Identification..............................................................................132
Application.................................................................................133
Configuration........................................................................133
Fixed signals FXDSIGN..................................................................134
Identification..............................................................................134
Application.................................................................................134
Boolean 16 to integer conversion B16I...........................................135
Identification..............................................................................135
Application.................................................................................135
Setting guidelines......................................................................136
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node
representation B16IFCVI................................................................136
Identification..............................................................................136
Application.................................................................................136
Setting guidelines......................................................................136
Integer to boolean 16 conversion IB16A........................................136
Identification..............................................................................136

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Application.................................................................................137
Setting guidelines......................................................................137
Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node
representation IB16FCVB...............................................................137
Identification..............................................................................137
Application.................................................................................137
Settings......................................................................................137

Section 12 Monitoring.....................................................................139
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions SPGGIO.............139
Identification..............................................................................139
Application.................................................................................139
Setting guidelines......................................................................139
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions 16 inputs
SP16GGIO.....................................................................................139
Identification..............................................................................139
Application.................................................................................139
Setting guidelines......................................................................140
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions MVGGIO.............140
Identification..............................................................................140
Application.................................................................................140
Setting guidelines......................................................................140
Measurements................................................................................141
Identification..............................................................................141
Application.................................................................................141
Setting guidelines......................................................................143
Setting examples.......................................................................145
Measurement function application for a 400 kV OHL...........146
Event counter CNTGGIO................................................................148
Identification..............................................................................148
Application.................................................................................148
Setting guidelines......................................................................148
Disturbance report .........................................................................149
Identification..............................................................................149
Application.................................................................................149
Setting guidelines......................................................................150
Binary input signals..............................................................153
Analog input signals.............................................................153
Sub-function parameters......................................................154
Consideration.......................................................................154
Measured value expander block MVEXP.......................................155
Identification..............................................................................155
Application.................................................................................155
Setting guidelines......................................................................156

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Station battery supervision SPVNZBAT.........................................156

Identification..............................................................................156
Application.................................................................................156
Insulation gas monitoring function SSIMG.....................................157
Identification..............................................................................157
Application.................................................................................157
Insulation liquid monitoring function SSIML....................................157
Identification..............................................................................157
Application.................................................................................157
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR..................................157
Identification..............................................................................157
Application.................................................................................158

Section 13 Metering.......................................................................161
Pulse counter PCGGIO..................................................................161
Identification..............................................................................161
Application.................................................................................161
Setting guidelines......................................................................161
Energy calculation and demand handling EPTMMTR....................162
Identification..............................................................................162
Application.................................................................................162
Setting guidelines......................................................................163

Section 14 Station communication.................................................165

IEC61850-8-1 communication protocol .........................................165
Identification..............................................................................165
Application.................................................................................165
Horizontal communication via GOOSE................................167
Setting guidelines......................................................................169
DNP3 protocol................................................................................169
IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol.....................................170

Section 15 Basic IED functions......................................................171

Self supervision with internal event list ..........................................171
Identification..............................................................................171
Application.................................................................................171
Time synchronization......................................................................172
Identification..............................................................................172
Application.................................................................................172
Setting guidelines......................................................................173
Parameter setting group handling..................................................175
Identification..............................................................................175
Application.................................................................................175
Setting guidelines......................................................................176

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Test mode functionality TESTMODE..............................................176

Identification..............................................................................176
Application.................................................................................176
Setting guidelines......................................................................176
Change lock CHNGLCK.................................................................177
Identification..............................................................................177
Application.................................................................................177
Setting guidelines......................................................................178
IED identifiers TERMINALID..........................................................178
Identification..............................................................................178
Application.................................................................................178
Customer specific settings...................................................178
Product information PRODINF.......................................................178
Identification..............................................................................178
Application.................................................................................179
Factory defined settings.......................................................179
Primary system values PRIMVAL...................................................180
Identification..............................................................................180
Application.................................................................................180
Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI.............................................180
Identification..............................................................................180
Application.................................................................................180
Setting guidelines......................................................................181
Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM..............................................183
Identification..............................................................................183
Application.................................................................................183
Setting guidelines......................................................................184
Global base values GBASVAL.......................................................184
Identification..............................................................................184
Application.................................................................................184
Setting guidelines......................................................................184
Authority check ATHCHCK.............................................................185
Identification..............................................................................185
Application.................................................................................185
Authorization handling in the IED.........................................185
Authority status ATHSTAT.............................................................186
Identification..............................................................................186
Application.................................................................................186
Denial of service.............................................................................187
Identification..............................................................................187
Application.................................................................................187
Setting guidelines......................................................................187

Section 16 Requirements...............................................................189
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Current transformer requirements..................................................189

Current transformer classification..............................................189
Conditions..................................................................................190
Fault current..............................................................................191
Secondary wire resistance and additional load.........................191
General current transformer requirements................................191
Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements......................192
1 Ph high impedance differential protection.........................192
Breaker failure protection.....................................................193
Non-directional instantaneous and definitive time, phase
and residual overcurrent protection......................................193
Non-directional inverse time delayed phase and residual
overcurrent protection..........................................................194
Directional phase and residual overcurrent protection.........195
Current transformer requirements for CTs according to
other standards..........................................................................196
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1,
class P, PR...........................................................................196
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class
PX, IEC 60044-6, class TPS
(and old British Standard, class X).......................................196
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE.....................196
Voltage transformer requirements..................................................197
SNTP server requirements.............................................................198
SNTP server requirements........................................................198

Section 17 Glossary.......................................................................199

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10
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 1
Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

1.1 This manual

The application manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines

sorted per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose
a typical protection function can be used. The manual can also be used when
calculating settings.

1.2 Intended audience

This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible for
planning, pre-engineering and engineering.

The protection and control engineer must be experienced in electrical power

engineering and have knowledge of related technology, such as protection schemes
and communication principles.

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Section 1 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Introduction

1.3 Product documentation

1.3.1 Product documentation set

deinstalling & disposal

Planning & purchase

Decommissioning
Commissioning

Maintenance
Engineering

Operation
Installing
Engineering manual
Installation manual

Commissioning manual
Operation manual
Service manual

Application manual

Technical manual

Communication protocol
manual

en07000220.vsd

IEC07000220 V1 EN

Figure 1: The intended use of manuals in different lifecycles

The engineering manual contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDs using
the different tools in PCM600. The manual provides instructions on how to set up a
PCM600 project and insert IEDs to the project structure. The manual also
recommends a sequence for engineering of protection and control functions, LHMI
functions as well as communication engineering for IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850
and DNP3.

The installation manual contains instructions on how to install the IED. The
manual provides procedures for mechanical and electrical installation. The chapters
are organized in chronological order in which the IED should be installed.

The commissioning manual contains instructions on how to commission the IED.

The manual can also be used by system engineers and maintenance personnel for
assistance during the testing phase. The manual provides procedures for checking
of external circuitry and energizing the IED, parameter setting and configuration as

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 1
Introduction

well as verifying settings by secondary injection. The manual describes the process
of testing an IED in a substation which is not in service. The chapters are organized
in chronological order in which the IED should be commissioned.

The operation manual contains instructions on how to operate the IED once it has
been commissioned. The manual provides instructions for monitoring, controlling
and setting the IED. The manual also describes how to identify disturbances and
how to view calculated and measured power grid data to determine the cause of a
fault.

The service manual contains instructions on how to service and maintain the IED.
The manual also provides procedures for de-energizing, de-commissioning and
disposal of the IED.

The application manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines

sorted per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose
a typical protection function can be used. The manual can also be used when
calculating settings.

The technical manual contains application and functionality descriptions and lists
function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and
technical data sorted per function. The manual can be used as a technical reference
during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during
normal service.

The communication protocol manual describes a communication protocol

supported by the IED. The manual concentrates on vendor-specific implementations.

The point list manual describes the outlook and properties of the data points
specific to the IED. The manual should be used in conjunction with the
corresponding communication protocol manual.

1.3.2 Document revision history

Document revision/date History
-/June 2012 First release

1.3.3 Related documents

Documents related to REB650 Identity number
Application manual 1MRK 505 276-UEN
Technical manual 1MRK 505 277-UEN
Commissioning manual 1MRK 505 278-UEN
Product Guide, configured 1MRK 505 279-BEN
Type test certificate 1MRK 505 279-TEN
Application notes for Circuit Breaker Control 1MRG006806

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Section 1 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Introduction

650 series manuals Identity number

Communication protocol manual, DNP3 1MRK 511 257-UEN
Communication protocol manual, IEC 61850–8–1 1MRK 511 258-UEN
Communication protocol manual, IEC 60870-5-103 1MRK 511 259-UEN
Cyber Security deployment guidelines 1MRK 511 268-UEN
Point list manual, DNP3 1MRK 511 260-UEN
Engineering manual 1MRK 511 261-UEN
Operation manual 1MRK 500 095-UEN
Installation manual 1MRK 514 015-UEN

1.4 Symbols and conventions

1.4.1 Symbols

The electrical warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard

which could result in electrical shock.

The warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could

result in personal injury.

The caution icon indicates important information or warning related

to the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence
of a hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage
to equipment or property.

The information icon alerts the reader of important facts and

conditions.

The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your
project or how to use a certain function.

Although warning hazards are related to personal injury, it is necessary to

understand that under certain operational conditions, operation of damaged
equipment may result in degraded process performance leading to personal injury
or death. Therefore, comply fully with all warning and caution notices.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 1
Introduction

1.4.2 Document conventions

A particular convention may not be used in this manual.

• Abbreviations and acronyms in this manual are spelled out in the glossary. The
glossary also contains definitions of important terms.
• Push button navigation in the LHMI menu structure is presented by using the
push button icons.
To navigate between the options, use and .
• HMI menu paths are presented in bold.
Select Main menu/Settings.
• LHMI messages are shown in Courier font.
To save the changes in non-volatile memory, select Yes and press .
• Parameter names are shown in italics.
The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting.
• The ^ character in front of an input or output signal name in the function block
symbol given for a function, indicates that the user can set an own signal name
in PCM600.
• The * character after an input or output signal name in the function block
symbol given for a function, indicates that the signal must be connected to
another function block in the application configuration to achieve a valid
application configuration.

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16
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

Section 2 Application

2.1 REB650 application

The numerical busbar protection REB650 IED provides its users with a wide
variety of application opportunities. Designed primarily for the protection of single
busbars with or without sectionalizers in high impedance based applications, it also
offers high impedance differential protection for generators, autotransformers,
shunt reactors and capacitor banks. Its I/O capability allows you to protect up to
three 3-phase high impedance differential protection zones with a single IED.

A number of additional protection functions are available for the protection of the
bus coupler bay. The additional protection functions include different types of
phase and earth fault overcurrent protection and overvoltage/undervoltage protection.

One pre-configured package has been defined for the following application:

• Complete busbar protection for two busbar sections (zone 1 and 2), with the
possibility for check zone (A03)

For the high impedance differential protection, the differential current process is
made in the analogue current transformer circuits where the differential current is
connected to the IED via a high ohmic resistor. In REB650, a current input is used
for each phase and protection zone.

The package is configured and ready for direct use. Analogue inputs and binary input/
output circuits are pre-defined.

The pre-configured IED can be changed and adapted to suit specific applications
with the graphical configuration tool.

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Section 2 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Application

Bus 1 Bus 2
TRM module with 6I+4U
VT2

Y
Y
VT1 AIM module with 6I+4U

Y
27 3U< 59 3U>
UV2 PTUV OV2 PTOV
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
27 3U< 59 3U>
UV2 PTUV OV2 PTOV
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV

67 3I> 67Q I2> 50BF 3I> BF 52PD PD 67N IN>

OC4 PTOC DNS PTOC CC RBRF CC RPLD EF4 PTOC

87N IdN
HZ PDIF
Zone 1

87N IdN
HZ PDIF
Zone 2

Bus Coupler
87N IdN
Zone 3 (used in this example as check zone)
HZ PDIF
REB650-A03

Function Enabled Function Disabled

in Settings in Settings
ANSI IEC ANSI IEC
IEC61850 IEC61850
Feeder Bays Feeder Bays IEC10000341-1-en.vsd

IEC10000341 V1 EN

Figure 2: A typical busbar protection for two busbar sections with the
possibility of a check zone

2.2 Available functions

2.2.1 Main protection functions

IEC 61850/ ANSI Function description Busbar
Function block
name
REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph

Differential protection
HZPDIF 87 1Ph High impedance differential protection 1–9 9

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

2.2.2 Back-up protection functions

IEC 61850/ ANSI Function description Busbar
Function block
name

REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph
Current protection
OC4PTOC 51 Four step phase overcurrent protection, 3–phase output 0–1 1
EF4PTOC 51N/67N Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero/negative 0–1 1
sequence direction
TRPTTR 49 Thermal overload protection, two time constants 0–1 1
CCRBRF 50BF Breaker failure protection, 3–phase activation and output 0–1 1
CCRPLD 52PD Pole discordance protection 0–1 1
DNSPTOC 46 Negative sequence based overcurrent function 0–1 1
Voltage protection
UV2PTUV 27 Two step undervoltage protection 0–2 2
OV2PTOV 59 Two step overvoltage protection 0–2 2
ROV2PTOV 59N Two step residual overvoltage protection 0–2 2

2.2.3 Control and monitoring functions

IEC 61850/Function ANSI Function description Busbar
block name REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph

Control
QCBAY Bay control 1 1
LOCREM Handling of LR-switch positions 1 1
LOCREMCTRL LHMI control of Permitted Source To Operate (PSTO) 1 1
CBC3 Circuit breaker for 3CB 1 1
SLGGIO Logic Rotating Switch for function selection and LHMI 15 15
presentation
VSGGIO Selector mini switch extension 20 20
DPGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions double 16 16
point
SPC8GGIO Single point generic control 8 signals 5 5
AUTOBITS AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 3 3
I103CMD Function commands for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103IEDCMD IED commands for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
Table continues on next page

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Section 2 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Application

IEC 61850/Function ANSI Function description Busbar

block name

REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph
I103USRCMD Function commands user defined for IEC60870-5-103 4 4
I103GENCMD Function commands generic for IEC60870-5-103 50 50
I103POSCMD IED commands with position and select for 50 50
IEC60870-5-103
Secondary system supervision
SDDRFUF Fuse failure supervision 0–2 2
TCSSCBR Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring 3 3
Logic
SMPPTRC 94 Tripping logic, common 3–phase output 1–6 6
TMAGGIO Trip matrix logic 12 12
OR Configurable logic blocks, OR gate 283 283
INVERTER Configurable logic blocks, Inverter gate 140 140
PULSETIMER Configurable logic blocks, Pulse timer 40 40
GATE Configurable logic blocks, Controllable gate 40 40
XOR Configurable logic blocks, exclusive OR gate 40 40
LOOPDELAY Configurable logic blocks, loop delay 40 40
TIMERSET Configurable logic blocks, timer function block 40 40
AND Configurable logic blocks, AND gate 280 280
SRMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, set-reset memory flip-flop gate 40 40
RSMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, reset-set memory flip-flop gate 40 40
FXDSIGN Fixed signal function block 1 1
B16I Boolean 16 to Integer conversion 16 16
B16IFCVI Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node 16 16
representation
IB16A Integer to Boolean 16 conversion 16 16
IB16FCVB Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node 16 16
representation
Monitoring
CVMMXN Measurements 6 6
CMMXU Phase current measurement 10 10
VMMXU Phase-phase voltage measurement 6 6
CMSQI Current sequence component measurement 6 6
VMSQI Voltage sequence measurement 6 6
VNMMXU Phase-neutral voltage measurement 6 6
AISVBAS Function block for service values presentation of the 1 1
analog inputs
Table continues on next page

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

IEC 61850/Function ANSI Function description Busbar

block name

REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph
TM_P_P2 Function block for service values presentation of primary 1 1
analog inputs 600TRM
AM_P_P4 Function block for service values presentation of primary 1 1
analog inputs 600AIM
TM_S_P2 Function block for service values presentation of 1 1
secondary analog inputs 600TRM
AM_S_P4 Function block for service values presentation of 1 1
secondary analog inputs 600AIM
CNTGGIO Event counter 5 5
DRPRDRE Disturbance report 1 1
AxRADR Analog input signals 4 4
BxRBDR Binary input signals 6 6
SPGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions 64 64
SP16GGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions 16 inputs 16 16
MVGGIO IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions 16 16
MVEXP Measured value expander block 66 66
SPVNZBAT Station battery supervision 0–1 1
SSIMG 63 Insulation gas monitoring function 0–2 2
SSIML 71 Insulation liquid monitoring function 0–2 2
SSCBR Circuit breaker condition monitoring 0–1 1
I103MEAS Measurands for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103MEASUSR Measurands user defined signals for IEC60870-5-103 3 3
I103AR Function status auto-recloser for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103EF Function status earth-fault for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103FLTPROT Function status fault protection for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103IED IED status for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103SUPERV Supervison status for IEC60870-5-103 1 1
I103USRDEF Status for user defined signals for IEC60870-5-103 20 20
Metering
PCGGIO Pulse counter logic 16 16
ETPMMTR Function for energy calculation and demand handling 3 3

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Section 2 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Application

2.2.4 Communication
IEC 61850/Function block ANSI Function description Busbar
name

REB650 (A03)
REB650

HiZ/3Ph
Station communication
IEC61850-8-1 IEC 61850 communication protocol 1 1
DNPGEN DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
RS485DNP DNP3.0 for EIA-485 communication protocol 1 1
CH1TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
CH2TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
CH3TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
CH4TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
OPTICALDNP DNP3.0 for optical serial communication 1 1
MSTSERIAL DNP3.0 for serial communication protocol 1 1
MST1TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
MST2TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
MST3TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
MST4TCP DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
RS485GEN RS485 1 1
OPTICALPROT Operation selection for optical serial 1 1
RS485PROT Operation selection for RS485 1 1
DNPFREC DNP3.0 fault records for TCP/IP communication protocol 1 1
OPTICAL103 IEC60870-5-103 Optical serial communication 1 1
RS485103 IEC60870-5-103 serial communication for RS485 1 1
GOOSEINTLKRCV Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking 59 59
GOOSEBINRCV GOOSE binary receive 4 4
ETHFRNT Ethernet configuration of front port, LAN1 port and 1 1
ETHLAN1 gateway
GATEWAY
GOOSEDPRCV GOOSE function block to receive a double point value 32 32
GOOSEINTRCV GOOSE function block to receive an integer value 32 32
GOOSEMVRCV GOOSE function block to receive a measurand value 16 16
GOOSESPRCV GOOSE function block to receive a single point value 64 64

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

2.2.5 Basic IED functions

IEC 61850/Function Function description
block name
Basic functions included in all products
INTERRSIG Self supervision with internal event list 1
SELFSUPEVLST Self supervision with internal event list 1
TIMESYNCHGEN Time synchronization 1
SNTP Time synchronization 1
DTSBEGIN, DTSEND, Time synchronization, daylight saving 1
TIMEZONE
IRIG-B Time synchronization 1
SETGRPS Setting group handling 1
ACTVGRP Parameter setting groups 1
TESTMODE Test mode functionality 1
CHNGLCK Change lock function 1
TERMINALID IED identifiers 1
PRODINF Product information 1
SYSTEMTIME System time 1
RUNTIME IED Runtime comp 1
PRIMVAL Primary system values 1
SMAI_20_1 - Signal matrix for analog inputs 2
SMAI_20_12
3PHSUM Summation block 3 phase 12
GBASVAL Global base values for settings 6
ATHSTAT Authority status 1
ATHCHCK Authority check 1
SPACOMMMAP SPA communication mapping 1
FTPACCS FTP access with password 1
DOSFRNT Denial of service, frame rate control for front port 1
DOSLAN1 Denial of service, frame rate control for LAN1 1
DOSSCKT Denial of service, socket flow control 1
SAFEFILECOPY Safe file copy function 1
SPATD Date and time via SPA protocol 1
BCSCONF Basic communication system 1

23
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Section 2 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Application

2.3 REB650 application examples

2.3.1 Adaptation to different applications

REB650 is an IED with pre-defined configuration to be used for busbar protection.

It is possible to use the IED in a wide range of applications (sub-station
configurations). This is done by means of selecting a functionality from the
comprehensive function library in the IED.

A selection of applications is described below.

• Application 1: Protection of a two section busbar with additional Bus Coupler

protection functions
• Application 2: Protection of a single section busbar

Other variants are also possible but the applications described here can be adapted
to changed conditions.

In the applications a pre-configured variant of REB650 is used:

• REB650 (A03): High impedance differential protection IED with additional
protection functions

The configuration enables the use for different applications by enable/disable

protection functions to achieve a suitable functionality.

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Application Manual
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

2.3.2 Protection of a two section busbar with additional bus

coupler protection functions

REB650 (A03)
1 3 1
3
Bus 1 Bus 2

BC Back up protection
3

3
Bus 1 HZ Protection

3
Bus 2 HZ Protection

3
Overall check zone

Connected Objects Connected Objects

IEC10000132-1-en.vsd

IEC10000132 V1 EN

Figure 3: Two-section busbar in a High Voltage (HV) system

REB650 (A03) is used as the main protection for the busbar. Each busbar section
has its own protection zone. In addition, there is a check zone covering both busbar
sections.

Table 1: Data for the busbar protection application example

Parameter Value
System voltage 20 - 110 kV
Power transfer though the busbar 5 – 150 MVA
Short circuit power level 500 – 10000 MVA

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Application Manual
Section 2 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Application

2.3.3 Protection of a single section busbar

REB650 (A03)

1
3

Connected Objects IEC10000133-2-en.vsd

IEC10000133 V2 EN

Figure 4: Single-section busbar in a High Voltage (HV) system

2.3.4 Functionality table

The proposal for functionality choice for the different application cases are shown
in table 2.

The recommendations have the following meaning:

• On: It is recommended to have the function activated in the application.
• Off: It is recommended to have the function deactivated in the application.
• Application dependent: The decision to have the function activated or not is
dependent on the specific conditions in each case.

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Application Manual
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 2
Application

Application 1 and 2 in table 2 are according to application

examples given in previous sections.

Table 2: Selection of functions in different applications

Function Application 1 Application 2
High impedance differential protection HZPDIF, On On
instances 1 – 3 (Zone 1, L1, L2, L3)
High impedance differential protection HZPDIF, On Off
instances 4 – 6 (Zone 2, L1, L2, L3)
High impedance differential protection HZPDIF, On Off
instances 7 – 9 (Zone 3, L1, L2, L3) Check Zone
Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC On Off
Four step residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC On Off
Breaker failure protection CCRBRF On Off
Pole discordance protection CCRPLD On Off
Negative sequence based overcurrent protection On Off
DNSPTOC
Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV U< 1 On On
(busbar section 1)
Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV U< 2 On Off
(busbar section 2)
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV U> 1 On On
(busbar section 1)
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV U> 2 On Off
(busbar section 2)
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV On On
U0>, 1 (busbar section 1)
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV On Off
U0>, 2 (busbar section 2)

27
Application Manual
28
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 3
REB650 setting examples

Section 3 REB650 setting examples

3.1 Busbar protection application

The application example has a 145 kV switchyard with two busbar sections
protected by one REB650 A03 as shown in figure5.

REB650 (A03)
1 3 1
3
Bus 1 Bus 2

Connected Objects Connected Objects

IEC10000143-1-en.vsd

IEC10000143 V1 EN

Figure 5: Busbar protection application

The following data is assumed:

Table 3: Typical data for the busbar

Item Data
System voltage U 145 kV
Maximum transferred power over 151 MVA
the switchyard
Maximum three-phase short circuit 15 kA
current in the switchyard
Maximum three-phase short circuit 15 kA
current through a bay at external
fault
CT ratio at all bays 600/1 A
CT rated burden SN 25 VA
This value corresponds to the rated resistance of the burden
at the secondary side of the CT: Rb = 25 Ω.

Table continues on next page

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Section 3 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
REB650 setting examples

Item Data
CT rated symmetrical short-circuit 20
current factor Kssc

CT secondary winding resistance 5Ω

Rct at 750C The rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal can now be
calculated:
Eal = I NS × K ssc × ( Rct + Rb ) = 1 × 20 × ( 5 + 25 ) = 600 V

145 kV VT ratio
145 0.11 0.11
/ / kV
3 3 3

The high impedance differential protection needs dedicated CTs which have
identical turns ratio and similar magnetizing characteristics. Class TPS CTs,
according to IEC 60044-6, and class PX CTs, according to IEC 60044-1, are
usually selected for this application. The class TPS CTs are used in the following
example.

Table 4: CT secondary wiring data

Item Data
Secondary CT conductor cross 2.5 mm2
section area
Maximum length between bay and 150 m
protection This gives the maximum secondary conductor resistance:
l ( m)
(
Rsec = r W mm 2 / m × )
(
A mm2 )
rCU = 0,0172 (Ohm.mm2/m) at 20° C
rCU = 0,021 (Ohm.mm2/m) at 75° C
Rsec = 0,021 * 150 / 2,5 = 1,26 Ohm

Only settings that need adjustment due to the specific application

are described in setting examples. It is recommended to keep the
default values for all settings that are not described. Refer to
Technical manual for setting tables for each protection and control
function.

For the functions not explained in the setting examples section,

refer to the Setting guidelines section of the corresponding function.

Use parameter setting tool in PCM600 to set the IED according to

calculations for the particular application.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 3
REB650 setting examples

The following protection functions are used:

• High impedance differential protection (HZPDIF) with separate zones for
busbar section 1 and busbar section 2.
• High impedance busbar protection zone 3 is used as checkzone for zone 1 and
2.
• Four step phase overcurrent protection, 3-phase output / Instantaneous phase
overcurrent protection, phase segregated output (OC4PTOC/SPTPIOC) in the
bus coupler bay
• Residual overcurrent protection (EF4PTOC) in the bus coupler bay
• Breaker failure protection, 3-phase activation and output (CCRBRF) in the bus
coupler bay
• Pole discordance protection (CCRPLD) in the bus coupler bay
• Negative sequence overcurrent protection (DNSPTOC) in the bus coupler bay
• Undervoltage protections (UV2PTUV) connected to busbar section 1 and 2
• Overvoltage protections (OV2PTOV)connected to busbar section 1 and 2
• Residual voltage protections connected to busbar section 1 and 2

3.1.1 Calculating general settings for analogue TRM inputs 6I 4U

The transformer module (TRM) has the capability of 6 current inputs (tapped to 1
or 5 A) and 4 voltage inputs.

The high impedance differential protection (HZPDIF) zone 1 external differential

circuits are connected to inputs 1 – 3 (L1, L2 and L3).

The high impedance differential protection zone 3 external differential circuits are
connected to inputs 4 – 6 (L1, L2 and L3).

The 145 kV busbar section 2 phase VT is connected to inputs 7 - 9 (L1, L2 and L3).

The 145 kV busbar section 2 open delta connected VT is connected to input 10.

1. Set the current transformer inputs.

1.1. Set CTStarPoint1 to To Object. This setting has no effect on the
performance of the protection function.
1.2. Set CTSec1 to 1 A.
1.3. Set CTPrim1 to 1 A .
1.4. Set the same values for current inputs 2 and 3.
1.5. Set CTStarPoint4 to To Object . This setting has no effect on the
performance of the protection function.
1.6. Set CTSec4 to 1 A
1.7. Set CTPrim4 to 1 A
1.8. Set the same values for current inputs 5 and 6.
2. Set the voltage transformer inputs.
2.1. Set VTSec7 to 110 V.

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REB650 setting examples

(The rated secondary voltage of the VT, given as phase-to-phase voltage)

2.2. Set VTPrim7 to 145 kV .
(The rated secondary voltage of the VT, given as phase-to-phase voltage)
2.3. Set the same values for voltage inputs 8 and 9.
3. Set VTSec10 to 110 V.
(The rated secondary voltage of the VT)
4. Set VTPrim10 to 145 kV.
The equivalent ratio is therefore:

145 143 0.11

= / kV
0.11 3 3

3.1.2 Calculating general settings for analogue AIM inputs 6I 4U

The analogue input module (AIM) has the capability of 6 current inputs (tapped to
1 or 5 A) and 4 voltage inputs.

The high impedance differential protection (HZPDIF) zone 2 external differential

circuits are connected to inputs 1 – 3 (L1, L2 and L3).

The bus coupler phase CTs (three-phase current transformer group) are connected
to inputs 4 – 6 (L1, L2 and L3).

The 145 kV busbar section 1 phase VT is connected to inputs 7 - 9 (L1, L2 and L3).

The 145 kV busbar section 1 open delta-connected VT is connected to input 10.

1. Set the current transformer inputs.

1.1. Set CTStarPoint1 to To Object. This setting has no effect on the
performance of the protection function.
1.2. Set CTSec1 to 1 A.
1.3. Set CTPrim1 to 1 A .
1.4. Set the same values for current inputs 2 and 3.
1.5. Set CTStarPoint4 to To Object.
The CT secondary is earthed towards the bus coupler.
1.6. Set CTSec4 to 1 A.
(The rated secondary current of the CT)
1.7. Set CTPrim4 to 600 A.
(The rated primary current of the CT)
2. Set the voltage transformer inputs.
2.1. Set VTSec7 to 110 V
(The rated secondary voltage of the VT, given as phase-to-phase voltage)
2.2. Set VTPrim7 to 145 kV .

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 3
REB650 setting examples

(The rated secondary voltage of the VT, given as phase-to-phase voltage)

2.3. Set the same values for voltage inputs 8 and 9.
3. Set VTSec10 to 110 V.
(The rated secondary voltage of the VT)
4. Set VTPrim10 to 145 kV .
This gives equivalent of ratio

145 143 0.11

= / kV
0.11 3 3

3.1.3 Preprocessing blocks (SMAI)

It is possible to use frequency adapted fourier filtering in the preprocessing blocks.
In this application, the frequency is close to nominal. Therefore, InternalDftRef is
used.

3.1.4 Calculating settings for global base values for setting

function GBSVAL
Each function uses primary base values for reference of settings. The base values
are defined in Global base values for settings function. It is possible to include six
Global base values for settings GBASVAL functions: Global base 1 – Global base
6. In this application only GBASVAL instance 1 is used to define the base for 145
kV inputs covering the bus coupler related protections and the busbar voltage based
protections. The high impedance differential protection does not require global base.

For busbar protection, set the parameters of the Global base values equal to the
system primary rated values:

1. Set IBase to 600 A.

2. Set UBase to 145 kV.
3. Set SBase to 151 MVA.

3.1.5 Calculating settings for busbar high impedance differential

protection HZPDIF
In this application, there is one busbar protection covering busbar section 1 (zone
1) and one busbar protection covering busbar section 2 (zone 2). A third zone (zone
3) is connected to cover the total switchyard (sections 1 and 2). This zone is used
as a check zone that will release a trip from either zone 1 or 2. The substation lay-
out is shown in figure 5. The settings are identical for both zones.

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Section 3 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
REB650 setting examples

Figure 6 shows the connections of the CTs of one phase of each feeder and the
buscoupler of busbar 1 to the high impedance differential protection.

RL4
External Fault
RL3 RL

RL2
+
RCT RCT RL1 R RCT
RCT
RCT UR
Saturated CT
I>
-

BUS2 BUS1

Busbar
IEC10000145-2-en.vsd

IEC10000145 V2 EN

Figure 6: Connection of the high impedance differential protection and

external fault

The differential circuit has high impedance given by the stabilizing resistance R.
This resistance is adjustable with a maximum value of 6.8 kΩ. In balanced
conditions, normal load or external faults, the voltage UR is very small. In case of
an internal fault, the unbalanced current tries to flow through the high impedance
differential circuit R resulting in a high voltage. This will bring the CTs into
saturation but before that, the overcurrent detection will operate and release a trip.

If there is an external fault and CT saturation, as shown in figure 6, there will be a

voltage over the differential detection. The operation level of the detection must be
set higher than this voltage. The highest wiring resistance shall be considered in the
calculation: RL = max(RL, RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4). The maximum of UR can now be
calculated: U R max = I SC × ( Rct + 2 × RL )

ISC is the maximum short circuit current that can flow through one of the bays in
case of an external fault.

With the given data, the following value can be calculated:

1
U R max = 15000 × × ( 5 + 2 ×1.26 ) = 188 V
600

To assure trip in case of an internal fault, it is recommended that the voltage Eal
(600 V as indicated above) is at least twice the set voltage level. In this case, the
operation value 200 V is recommended.

1. Set Operation to On to activate the function.

2. Adjust the series resistor to a value where the trip level and alarm level is
within the setting range, 20 mA – 1 A.
It is recommended to use a series resistor adjusted to 1500 Ω, where the
corresponding trip voltage 200 V gives 133 mA.
3. Set SeriesResistor to the physical value of the resistor, 1500 Ω.

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Application Manual
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 3
REB650 setting examples

The thermal capacity of the resistor is limited to 200 W. The trip value gives
2002
Ploss = = 27 W
1500
4. Set U>Trip to 200 V
The sensitivity (in primary current) at the operating voltage U>Trip is:
IP = n.( IR + I res + sum(I m ag ))
IECEQUATION2416 V1 EN (Equation 1)

where:

n CT ratio
IR 133 mA: current which is drawn by the IED circuit at the operating voltage;
Ires 20 mA: current which is drawn by the non-linear resistor at the operating voltage

Imag 35 mA: magnetizing current of the CT at the operating voltage; we suppose that the
phase angle is -600
IP 600/1 * ( 0,133 /_0° + 0,02 /_0° + 5* 0,035 /_-60°) = 144 A

i.e. a sensitivity of 24%.

5. Set U>Alarm
This setting is related to the detection of an open CT. If the secondary wiring
of the CT of one bay is open, then there is an unbalance condition. The
minimum unbalance current which the protection function can detect is 20
mA, if the rated secondary current of the CT is 1 A.
The voltage UR_unbwhich is related to IR_unb = 20 mA is:
UR_unb = R . IR_unb = 1500 . 0,02 = 30 V
So:
U>Alarm = UR_unb = 30 V
V>Alarm = VR_unb = 30 V
We suppose that the magnetizing current of the CT at UR_unb is 6 mA, with
an angle -60°; the current that is drawn by the non-linear resistor at UR_unb
is about 1 mA. So the sensitivity in primary current is:
IP = 600/1 * (0,02 /_0° + 0,001 /_0° + 5* 0,006 /_-60°) = 22 A
The sensitivity should allow the detection of the open CT on the smallest
object in normal load condition.
6. Set tAlarm to 15 s

3.1.6 Calculating settings for breaker failure protection 3-phase

activation and output CCRBRF
The breaker failure protection, 3-phase activation and output can use either contact
function in the circuit breaker or current measurement to detect the correct breaker
function. For line protections, the most suitable function is to use current
measurement breaker check.

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Section 3 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
REB650 setting examples

1. Set GlobalBaseSel to 1
The settings are made in primary values. These values are given in the base
settings in Global base 1.
2. Set Function mode to Current
3. Set BuTripMode to 1 out of 4
In the current measurement the three-phase current out on the line is used. It
is also possible to measure the residual current (analogue input 4). The logic
to detect failure of the circuit breaker can be chosen:
1 out of 3: at least one of the three-phase current shall be larger than the set
level to detect failure to break.
1 out of 4: at least one of the three-phase current and the residual current shall
be larger than the set level to detect failure to break.
2 out of 4: at least two of the three-phase current and the residual current shall
be larger than the set level to detect failure to break.
The residual current protection is one of the protection functions to initiate
the breaker failure protection. Thus, the setting 1 out of 4 is chosen.
4. Set IP> to 10 % of the base current.
The fault current through the buscoupler depends on the particular
configuration of the substation after the trip of the busbar protection and
opening of the circuit breakers of the relevant feeders. Hence, the setting of
the breaker failure protection is very sensitive.
5. Set IN> to 10 % of the base current.
The fault current through the buscoupler depends on the particular
configuration of the substation after the trip of the busbar protection and
opening of the circuit breakers of the relevant feeders. So the setting of the
breaker failure protection shall be very sensitive.
6. Set the re-trip time delay t1 to 0 (The re-trip output TRRET is not used).
7. Set t2 to 0.17 s
The delay time of the breaker failure protection (BuTrip) is chosen according
to figure 7.
• The maximum open time of the circuit breaker is considered to be 100 ms.
• The CCRPRF reset time is 10 ms max.
• The margin should be chosen to about 2 cycles. This gives about 150
ms minimum setting of backup trip delay t2.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 3
REB650 setting examples

Protection
operate time
Normal tcbopen

The fault Retrip delay t1 tcbopen after re-trip

occurs
tBFPreset
Margin

Minimum back-up trip delay t2

Critical fault clearance time for stability

Time
Trip and Pickup
CCRBRF
(50BF)

ANSI05000479_3_en.vsd
ANSI05000479 V3 EN

Figure 7: Time sequences for breaker failure protection setting

3.1.7 Calculating settings for pole discordance protection

CCRPLD
Pole discordance protection (CCRPLD) detects situations where the bus coupler
breaker has different switching states in the phases (one open and two closed or
two open and one closed). Pole discordance can be detected either from auxiliary
breaker contract status or by current measurement.

1. Set GlobalBaseSel to 1
The settings are made in primary values. These values are given in the base
settings in Global base 1.
2. Set Operation to On
3. Set tTrip to 3 s.
When asymmetry is detected, a trip signal is activated. The delay must be so
long that asymmetrical faults will not cause an unwanted trip.
4. Set ContSel to On if the primary auxiliary contact circuits are connected.
5. Set CurrSel to Continuous monitor.
The detection by means of current measurement can be constantly activated
or activated in connection of breaker actions only.
6. Set CurrRelLevel to 10 % of IBase .

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Section 3 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
REB650 setting examples

The current detected shall be active if all phase currents are higher than the
setting.
7. Set CurrUnsymLevel to 80%.
Pole discordance is detected if the magnitude of the lowest phase current is
lower than the fraction CurrUnsymLevel (%) of the highest phase current.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 4
Analog inputs

Section 4 Analog inputs

4.1 Introduction

Analog input channels are already configured inside the IED. However the IED has
to be set properly to get correct measurement results and correct protection
operations. For power measuring and all directional and differential functions the
directions of the input currents must be defined properly. Measuring and protection
algorithms in the IED use primary system quantities. Setting values are in primary
quantities as well and it is important to set the transformation ratio of the connected
current and voltage transformers properly.

The availability of CT and VT inputs, as well as setting parameters depends on the

ordered IED.

A reference PhaseAngleRef must be defined to facilitate service values reading.

This analog channels phase angle will always be fixed to zero degrees and all other
angle information will be shown in relation to this analog input. During testing and
commissioning of the IED the reference channel can be changed to facilitate testing
and service values reading.

4.2 Setting guidelines

4.2.1 Setting of the phase reference channel

All phase angles are calculated in relation to a defined reference. An appropriate
analog input channel is selected and used as phase reference. The parameter
PhaseAngleRef defines the analog channel that is used as phase angle reference.

The initially connected phase-to-earth voltage is usually chosen as PhaseAngleRef.

A phase-to-phase voltage can also be used in theory, but a 30 degree phase shift
between the current and voltage is observed in this case.

If no suitable voltage is available, the initially connected current channel can be

used. Although the phase angle difference between the different phases will be
firm, the whole system will appear to rotate when observing the measurement
functions.

The phase reference does not work if the current channel is not
available. For example, when the circuit breaker is opened and no

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Section 4 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Analog inputs

current flows. Although the phase angle difference between the

different phases is firm, the whole system appears to be rotating
when the measurement functions are observed.

4.2.2 Setting of current channels

The direction of a current depends on the connection of the CT. Unless indicated
otherwise, the main CTs are supposed to be star connected. The IED can be
connected with its earthing point towards the object or away from the object. This
information must be set in the IED via the parameter CTStarPoint, which can be
changed between FromObject and ToObject. Internally in the IED algorithms and
IED functions, the convention of the directionality is defined as follows:

A positive value of current, power, and so on (forward) means that the quantity has
a direction towards the object. - A negative value of current, power, and so on
(reverse) means a direction away from the object. See figure 8.

Definition of direction Definition of direction

for directional functions for directional functions
Reverse Forward Forward Reverse
Protected Object
Line, transformer, etc
e.g. P, Q, I e.g. P, Q, I
Measured quantity is Measured quantity is
positive when flowing positive when flowing
towards the object towards the object

Set parameter Set parameter

CTStarPoint CTStarPoint
Correct Setting is Correct Setting is
"ToObject" "FromObject"

en05000456.vsd
IEC05000456 V1 EN

Figure 8: Internal convention of the directionality in the IED

With correct setting of the primary CT direction, CTStarPoint set to FromObject or

ToObject, a positive quantity always flows towards the protected object and a
direction defined as Forward is always looking towards the protected object. The
following examples show the principle.

4.2.2.1 Example 1

Two IEDs used for protection of two objects.

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Application Manual
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 4
Analog inputs

Line

Ip
Transformer Ip Ip
Line
Reverse Forward

Definition of direction
for directional functions
Is Is
Transformer
protection Line protection

IED
IED

Setting of current input: Setting of current input: Setting of current input:

Set parameter Set parameter Set parameter
CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as Line as
reference object. reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "ToObject" "ToObject"

IEC11000020-2-en.vsd
IEC11000020 V2 EN

Figure 9: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED

The figure 9 shows the most common case where the objects have their own CTs.
For the transformer protection, the protected object is the transformer. Therefore
both CTStarPoint directions should be set ToObject. For the line protection, the
protected object is the line. The line CT is earthed towards the busbar, therefore the
CTStarPoint should be set FromObject.

4.2.2.2 Example 2

Two IEDs used for protection of two objects and sharing a CT.

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Analog inputs

Reverse Forward

Definition of direction
for directional
functions

Transformer
Line protection
protection
IED
IED

Setting of current input: Setting of current input: Setting of current input:

Set parameter Set parameter Set parameter
CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with CTStarPoint with
Transformer as Transformer as Line as
reference object. reference object. reference object.
Correct setting is Correct setting is Correct setting is
"ToObject" "FromObject" "ToObject"

IEC11000021_1_en.vsd
IEC11000021 V2 EN

Figure 10: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED

This example is similar to example 1, but the power transformer is feeding just one
line; both line protection IED and transformer protection IED use the same CT.
The CT direction is set with different reference objects for the two IEDs though it
is the same current from the same CT that is feeding the two IEDs. With these
settings the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to
look towards the line.

4.2.2.3 Examples on how to connect, configure and set CT inputs for most
commonly used CT connections

Figure 11 defines the marking of current transformer terminals commonly used

around the world:

In the SMAI function block, you have to set if the SMAI block is
measuring current or voltage. This is done with the parameter:
AnalogInputType: Current/voltage. The ConnectionType: phase -
phase/phase-earth and GlobalBaseSel.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 4
Analog inputs

P1 P2

IPri
ISec (H1) (H2)

S1 (X1) S2 (X2)
x S2 (X2) x S1 (X1)

P2 P1
(H2) (H1)

a) b) c)

en06000641.vsd
IEC06000641 V1 EN

Figure 11: Commonly used markings of CT terminals

Where:
a) is symbol and terminal marking used in this document. Terminals marked with a dot indicates
the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same (that is, positive) polarity
b) and c) are equivalent symbols and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for CTs. Note that
for these two cases the CT polarity marking is correct!

It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices, the rated
secondary current of a CT has typically one of the following values:

• 1A
• 5A

However in some cases the following rated secondary currents are used as well:

• 2A
• 10A

The IED fully supports all of these rated secondary values.

4.2.2.4 Example on how to connect a star connected three-phase CT set to

the IED

Figure 12 gives an example about the wiring of a star connected three-phase CT set
to the IED. It gives also an overview of the actions which are needed to make this
measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the
IED as well.

For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams

valid for the delivered IED.

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Analog inputs

L1 L2 L3
IED
4
IL2

IL3
IL1

2
1 3
SMAI_20
IL1
CT 600/5
Star Connected IL2

IL3

Protected Object

IEC11000025-2-en.vsd
IEC11000025 V2 EN

Figure 12: Star connected three-phase CT set with star point towards the protected object

Where:
1) The drawing shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a star connected
three-phase CT set to the three CT inputs of the IED.
2) is the TRM or AIM where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all
these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered.

• CTprim=600A
• CTsec=5A
• CTStarPoint=ToObject

Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third parameter as
set in this example will have no influence on the measured currents (that is, currents are
already measured towards the protected object).
3) are three connections, which connects these three current inputs to three input channels
of the preprocessing function block 4). Depending on the type of functions, which need
this current information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in
parallel to the same three physical CT inputs.
4) is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs
and calculate:

• fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels

• harmonic content for all four input channels
• positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency
phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as reference for
sequence quantities)

These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control functions
within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block. For this
application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values.
If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only
for IEDs installed in the generating stations), then the setting parameters DFTReference
shall be set accordingly.

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Analog inputs

Another alternative is to have the star point of the three-phase CT set as shown in
figure 13:

L1 L2 L3 IED
4
IL2

IL3
IL1

2
SMAI_20
1 3

IL3

IL2
CT 800/1
IL1
Star Connected

IEC11000026-1-en.vsd

Protected Object

IEC11000026 V1 EN

Figure 13: Star connected three-phase CT set with its star point away from the protected object

In this case everything is done in a similar way as in the above described example,
except that for all used current inputs on the TRM the following setting parameters
shall be entered as shown in the example figure 13:

• CTprim=600A
• CTsec=5A
• CTStarPoint=FromObject

Inside the IED only the ratio of the first two parameters is used. The third
parameter as set in this example will negate the measured currents in order to
ensure that the currents are measured towards the protected object within the IED.

4.2.3 Setting of voltage channels

As the IED uses primary system quantities the main VT ratios must be known to
the IED. This is done by setting the two parameters VTsec and VTprim for each
voltage channel. The phase-to-phase value can be used even if each channel is
connected to a phase-to-earth voltage from the VT.

4.2.3.1 Example

Consider a VT with the following data:

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Section 4 1MRK 505 276-UEN -
Analog inputs

132kV 110V
3 3
EQUATION2016 V1 EN (Equation 2)

The following setting should be used: VTprim=132 (value in kV) VTsec=110

(value in V)

4.2.3.2 Examples how to connect, configure and set VT inputs for most
commonly used VT connections

Figure 14 defines the marking of voltage transformer terminals commonly used

around the world.

+ + A a A da A a
(H1) (X1) (H1) (X1) (H1) (X1)
UPri USec

N n N dn B b
(H2) (X2) (H2) (X2) (H2) (X2)
a) b) c) d)
en06000591.vsd
IEC06000591 V1 EN

Figure 14: Commonly used markings of VT terminals

Where:
a) is the symbol and terminal marking used in this document. Terminals marked with a dot
indicate the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same (positive) polarity
b) is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for phase-to-
earth connected VTs
c) is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for open delta
connected VTs
d) is the equivalent symbol and terminal marking used by IEC (ANSI) standard for phase-to-
phase connected VTs

It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices the rated
secondary voltage of a VT has typically one of the following values:

• 100 V
• 110 V
• 115 V
• 120 V
• 230 V

The IED fully supports all of these values and most of them will be shown in the
following examples.

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Analog inputs

4.2.3.3 Examples on how to connect a three phase-to-earth connected VT to

the IED

Figure 15 gives an example about the wiring of a a three phase-to-earth connected

VT to the IED. It gives aslo an overview of required actions which are needed to
make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions
within the IED.

For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams

valid for the delivered IED.

L1

L2 IED
4
L3 2
3
66kV
SMAI_20
3 1
110V
3

66kV
3
110V
3

66kV
3
110V
3 IEC11000031-2-en.vsd

IEC11000031 V2 EN

Figure 15: A Three phase-to-earth connected VT

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Analog inputs

Where:
1) shows how to connect three secondary phase-to-earth voltages to three VT inputs on
the IED
2) is the TRM or AIM where these three voltage inputs are located. For these three
voltage inputs, the following setting values shall be entered:
VTprim =66 kV
VTsec = 110 V
The ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to the ratio of one individual VT.

66
66 3
=
110 110
3
EQUATION1903 V1 EN (Equation 3)

3) are three connections made in Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), which connect these three
voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 4).
Depending on the type of functions which need this voltage information, more then one
preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three VT inputs.
4) is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs
and calculate:

• fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels

• harmonic content for all four input channels
• positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental
frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as
reference for sequence quantities)

These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control
functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block in the
configuration tool. For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to
the default values.

4.2.3.4 Example how to connect the open delta VT to the IED for low
impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems

Figure 16 gives an example how to connect the open delta VT to the IED for low
impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems. It shall be noted that this type
of VT connection presents secondary voltage proportional to 3U0 to the IED.

In case of a solid earth fault close to the VT location the primary value of 3Uo will
be equal to:

U Ph - Ph
3Uo = = U Ph - E
3
EQUATION1926 V1 EN (Equation 4)

The primary rated voltage of such VT is always equal to UPh-E Therefore, three
series connected VT secondary windings will give the secondary voltage equal
only to one individual VT secondary winding rating. Thus the secondary windings
of such open delta VTs quite often has a secondary rated voltage close to rated phase-
to-phase VT secondary voltage, that is, 115V or 115/√3V as in this particular

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Analog inputs

example. Figure 16 as well gives overview of required actions by the user in order
to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions
within the IED.

For correct connections, see the connection diagrams valid for the
delivered IED.

L1

L2 IED
L3
2

138kV
3
115V 4
3

SMAI_20

138kV 1
3
115V
3 +3Uo

3
138kV
IEC11000035-1-en.vsd
3
115V
3

IEC11000035 V1 EN

Figure 16: Open delta connected VT in low impedance or solidly earthed power system

49
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Analog inputs

Where:
1) shows how to connect the secondary side of open delta VT to one VT input in the IED.

+3Uo shall be connected to the IED.

2) is TRM or AIM where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this
voltage input the following setting values shall be entered:

138
VTprim = 3× = 138kV
3
EQUATION1928 V1 EN (Equation 5)

115
VT sec = 3× = 115V
3
EQUATION1929 V1 EN (Equation 6)

Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that
the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of one individual open
delta VT.

138
138 3
=
115 115
3
EQUATION1930 V1 EN (Equation 7)

3) shows the connection, which connect this voltage input to the input channel of the
preprocessing function block 4).
4) preprocessing block has a task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and
calculate:

• fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels

• harmonic content for all four input channels
• positive, negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental
frequency phasors for the first three input channels (channel one taken as
reference for sequence quantities)

These calculated values are then available for all built-in protection and control
functions within the IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block.
For this application most of the preprocessing settings can be left to the default values.
If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required
only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters
DFTReference shall be set accordingly.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 5
Local human-machine interface

Section 5 Local human-machine interface

5.1 Local HMI

IEC12000175 V1 EN

Figure 17: Local human-machine interface

The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements:

• Display (LCD)
• Buttons
• LED indicators
• Communication port

The LHMI is used for setting, monitoring and controlling.

5.1.1 Display
The LHMI includes a graphical monochrome display with a resolution of 320 x
240 pixels. The character size can vary. The amount of characters and rows fitting
the view depends on the character size and the view that is shown.

The display view is divided into four basic areas.

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Local human-machine interface

GUID-97DA85DD-DB01-449B-AD1F-EEC75A955D25 V3 EN

Figure 18: Display layout

1 Path
2 Content
3 Status
4 Scroll bar (appears when needed)

The function button panel shows on request what actions are possible with the
function buttons. Each function button has a LED indication that can be used as a
feedback signal for the function button control action. The LED is connected to the
required signal with PCM600.

IEC12000025 V1 EN

Figure 19: Function button panel

The alarm LED panel shows on request the alarm text labels for the alarm LEDs.

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Local human-machine interface

GUID-D20BB1F1-FDF7-49AD-9980-F91A38B2107D V1 EN

Figure 20: Alarm LED panel

The function button and alarm LED panels are not visible at the same time. Each
panel is shown by pressing one of the function buttons or the Multipage button.
Pressing the ESC button clears the panel from the display. Both the panels have
dynamic width that depends on the label string length that the panel contains.

5.1.2 LEDs
The LHMI includes three protection status LEDs above the display: Ready, Start
and Trip.

There are 15 programmable alarm LEDs on the front of the LHMI. Each LED can
indicate three states with the colors: green, yellow and red. The alarm texts related
to each three-color LED are divided into three pages.

There are 3 separate pages of LEDs available. The 15 physical three-color LEDs in
one LED group can indicate 45 different signals. Altogether, 135 signals can be
indicated since there are three LED groups. The LEDs can be configured with
PCM600 and the operation mode can be selected with the LHMI or PCM600.

5.1.3 Keypad
The LHMI keypad contains push-buttons which are used to navigate in different
views or menus. The push-buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset
indications, provide help and switch between local and remote control mode.

The keypad also contains programmable push-buttons that can be configured either
as menu shortcut or control buttons.

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Local human-machine interface

1 18

2 19

3 20

4 21

5 22

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
IEC11000247 V1 EN

Figure 21: LHMI keypad with object control, navigation and command push-
buttons and RJ-45 communication port

1...5 Function button

6 Close
7 Open
8 Escape
9 Left
10 Down
11 Up
12 Right
13 Key
14 Enter
15 Remote/Local
16 Uplink LED
17 Not in use
18 Multipage
19 Menu
20 Clear
21 Help
22 Communication port

5.1.4 Local HMI functionality

5.1.4.1 Protection and alarm indication

Protection indicators
The protection indicator LEDs are Ready, Start and Trip.

The start and trip LEDs are configured via the disturbance recorder.

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Local human-machine interface

Table 5: Ready LED (green)

LED state Description
Off Auxiliary supply voltage is disconnected.
On Normal operation.
Flashing Internal fault has occurred.

Table 6: Start LED (yellow)

LED state Description
Off Normal operation.
On A protection function has started and an indication message is displayed.

• The start indication is latching and must be reset via communication

or by pressing .

Flashing A flashing yellow LED has a higher priority than a steady yellow LED.
The IED is in test mode and protection functions are blocked.

• The indication disappears when the IED is no longer in test mode

and blocking is removed.

Table 7: Trip LED (red)

LED state Description
Off Normal operation.
On A protection function has tripped and an indication message is displayed.

• The trip indication is latching and must be reset via communication

or by pressing .

Alarm indicators
The 15 programmable three-color LEDs are used for alarm indication. An
individual alarm/status signal, connected to any of the LED function blocks, can be
assigned to one of the three LED colors when configuring the IED.

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Local human-machine interface

Table 8: Alarm indications

LED state Description
Off Normal operation. All activation signals are off.
On • Follow-S sequence: The activation signal is on.
• LatchedColl-S sequence: The activation signal is on, or it is off but the indication
has not been acknowledged.
• LatchedAck-F-S sequence: The indication has been acknowledged, but the
activation signal is still on.
• LatchedAck-S-F sequence: The activation signal is on, or it is off but the
indication has not been acknowledged.
• LatchedReset-S sequence: The activation signal is on, or it is off but the
indication has not been acknowledged.

Flashing • Follow-F sequence: The activation signal is on.

• LatchedAck-F-S sequence: The activation signal is on, or it is off but the
indication has not been acknowledged.
• LatchedAck-S-F sequence: The indication has been acknowledged, but the
activation signal is still on.

5.1.4.2 Parameter management

The LHMI is used to access the IED parameters. Three types of parameters can be
read and written.
• Numerical values
• String values
• Enumerated values

Numerical values are presented either in integer or in decimal format with

minimum and maximum values. Character strings can be edited character by
character. Enumerated values have a predefined set of selectable values.

5.1.4.3 Front communication

The RJ-45 port in the LHMI enables front communication.

• The green uplink LED on the left is lit when the cable is successfully
connected to the port.

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Local human-machine interface

GUID-D71BA06D-3769-4ACB-8A32-5D02EA473326 V1 EN

Figure 22: RJ-45 communication port and green indicator LED

1 RJ-45 connector
2 Green indicator LED

When a computer is connected to the IED front port with a crossed-over cable, the
IED's DHCP server for the front interface assigns an IP address to the computer if
DHCPServer = On. The default IP address for the front port is 10.1.150.3.

Do not connect the IED front port to a LAN. Connect only a single
local PC with PCM600 to the front port.

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58
1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 6
Differential protection

Section 6 Differential protection

6.1 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF

6.1.1 Identification
IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
Function description
identification identification device number

1Ph High impedance differential Id

HZPDIF 87
protection

SYMBOL-CC V2 EN

6.1.2 Application
Three instances of 1Ph High impedance differential protection function HZPDIF is
used as a busbar protection for one busbar zone.

The 1Ph High impedance differential protection function HZPDIF can be used as a
restricted earth fault protection.

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Differential protection

3·Id

IEC10000185_2_en.vsd
IEC10000185 V2 EN

Figure 23: Application of a 1Ph High impedance differential protection

HZPDIF function as busbar protection

6.1.2.1 The basics of the high impedance principle

The high impedance differential protection principle has been used for many years
and is well documented. The operating characteristic provides very good sensitivity
and high speed operation. One main benefit offered by the principle is an absolute
stability (that is, non-operation) for external faults even in the presence of heavy
CT saturation. The principle is based on the CT secondary current circulating
between involved current transformers and not through the IED due to its high
impedance, normally in the range of hundreds of ohms and sometimes above
Kiloohm. When an internal fault occurs the current cannot circulate and is forced
through the differential circuit causing operation.

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Differential protection

Id Metrosil

IEC05000164-2-en.vsd
IEC05000164 V3 EN

Figure 24: Example for the high impedance restricted earth fault protection
application

For a through fault one current transformer might saturate when the other CTs still
will feed current. For such a case a voltage will be developed across the stabilising
resistor. The calculations are made with the worst situations in mind and a
minimum operating voltage UR is calculated according to equation 8

UR > IF max × ( Rct + Rl )

EQUATION1531 V1 EN (Equation 8)

where:
IFmax is the maximum through fault current at the secondary side of the CT
Rct is the current transformer secondary resistance and
Rl is the maximum loop resistance of the circuit at any CT.

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Differential protection

The minimum operating voltage has to be calculated (all loops) and the function is
set higher than the highest achieved value (setting U>Trip). As the loop resistance
is the value to the connection point from each CT, it is advisable to do all the CT
core summations in the switchgear to have shortest possible loops. This will give
lower setting values and also a better balanced scheme. The connection in to the
control room can then be from the most central bay.

For an internal fault, circulation is not possible, due to the high impedance.
Depending on the size of current transformer, relatively high voltages will be
developed across the series resistor. Note that very high peak voltages can appear.
To prevent the risk of flashover in the circuit, a voltage limiter must be included.
The voltage limiter is a voltage dependent resistor (Metrosil).

The external unit with stabilizing resistor has a value of either 6800 ohms or 1800
ohms (depending on ordered alternative) with a shorting link to allow adjustment to
the required value. Select a suitable value of the resistor based on the UR voltage
calculated. A higher resistance value will give a higher sensitivity and a lower
value a lower sensitivity.

The function has a recommended operating current range 40 mA to 1.0A for 1 A

inputs and 200 mA to 5A for 5A inputs. This, together with the selected and set
value, is used to calculate the required value of current at the set U>Trip and
SeriesResitor values.

The CT inputs used for 1Ph High impedance differential protection

HZPDIF function, shall be set to have ratio 1:1. So the parameters
CTsecx and CTprimx of the relevant channel x of TRM and/or AIM
shall be set equal to 1 A by PST in PCM600; The parameter
CTStarPointx may be set to ToObject.

The tables 9, 10 below show, the operating currents for different settings of
operating voltages and selected resistances. Adjust as required based on tables 9,
10 or to values in between as required for the application.

Minimum ohms can be difficult to adjust due to the small value

compared to the total value.

Normally the voltage can be increased to higher values than the calculated
minimum U>Trip with a minor change of total operating values as long as this is
done by adjusting the resistor to a higher value. Check the sensitivity calculation
below for reference.

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Differential protection

Table 9: 1 A channels: input with minimum operating down to 20 mA

Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating
voltageU>Tri resistor R current level resistor R current level resistor R current level
p ohms 1A ohms 1A ohms 1A
20 V 1000 0.020 A -- -- -- --
40 V 2000 0.020 A 1000 0.040 A -- --
60 V 3000 0.020 A 1500 0.040 A 600 0.100 A
80 V 4000 0.020 A 2000 0.040 A 800 0.100 A
100 V 5000 0.020 A 2500 0.040 A 1000 0.100 A
150 V 6000 0.020 A 3750 0.040 A 1500 0.100 A
200 V 6800 0.029 A 5000 0.040 A 2000 0.100 A

Table 10: 5 A channels: input with minimum operating down to 100 mA

Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating Stabilizing Operating
voltageU>Tri resistor R1 current level resistor R1 current level resistor R1 current level
p ohms 5A ohms 5A ohms 5A
20 V 200 0.100 A 100 0.200 A -- --
40 V 400 0.100 A 200 0.200 A 100 0.400
60 V 600 0.100 A 300 0.200 A 150 0.400 A
80 V 800 0.100 A 400 0.200 A 200 0.400 A
100 V 1000 0.100 A 500 0.200 A 250 0.400 A
150 V 1500 0.100 A 750 0.200 A 375 0.400 A
200 V 2000 0.100 A 1000 0.200 A 500 0.400 A

The current transformer saturating voltage must be at least 2 · U>Trip to have

sufficient operating margin. This must be checked after calculation of U>Trip.

When the R value has been selected and the U>Trip value has been set, the
sensitivity of the scheme IP can be calculated. The sensitivity is decided by the
total current in the circuit according to equation 9.

IP = n × ( IR + Ires + å lmag )
EQUATION1747 V1 EN (Equation 9)

where:
n is the CT ratio
IP primary current at IED pickup,
IR IED pickup current
Ires is the current through the non-linear resistorand
ΣImag is the sum of the magnetizing currents from all CTs in the circuit (for example, 4 CTs for
restricted earth fault protection, 2 CTs for reactor differential protection, 3-5 CTs for
autotransformer differential protection , the number of feeders, including the buscoupler,
for busbar differential protection).

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Differential protection

It should be remembered that the vectorial sum of the currents must be used (IEDs,
Metrosil and resistor currents are resistive). The current measurement is insensitive
to DC component in fault current to allow a use of only the AC components of the
fault current in the above calculations.

The voltage dependent resistor (Metrosil) characteristic is shown in figure 27.

A shunt can be added in parallel to the non-linear resistor in order to desensitize the
function.

Series resistor thermal capacity

The series resistor is dimensioned for 200 W. Preferable the U>Trip2/
SeriesResistor should always be lower than 200 W to allow continuous activation
on during testing. If this value is exceeded, testing should be done with transient faults.

The series resistor is dimensioned for 200 W. The condition: U>Trip2/

SeriesResistor shall be fulfilled. In this condition the continuous injection is
allowed during testing.

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Differential protection

Rl Rl

Rct UR Rct
R
Rres

I>

Protected Object

UR

a) Through load situation

UR

b) Through fault situation

UR

c) Internal faults IEC05000427-2-en.vsd

IEC05000427 V2 EN

Figure 25: The high impedance principle for one phase with two current
transformer inputs

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Differential protection

6.1.3 Setting guidelines

The setting calculations are individual for each application. Refer to the different
application descriptions below.

6.1.3.1 Configuration

The configuration is done in the Application Configuration tool. For example,

signals from external check criteria shall be connected to the inputs as required for
the application.

BLOCK input is used to block the function for example, from external check criteria.

BLKTR input is used to block the function tripping for example, from external
check criteria. The alarm level will be operative.

6.1.3.2 Settings of protection function

Operation: The operation of the high impedance differential function can be

switched On or Off.

U>Alarm: Set the alarm level. The sensitivity can roughly be calculated as a
divider from the calculated sensitivity of the differential level. A typical setting is
10% of U>Trip It can be used as scheme supervision stage.

tAlarm: Set the time for the alarm. A typical setting is 2-3 seconds.

U>Trip: Set the trip level according to the calculations in the examples for each
application example. The level is selected with margin to the calculated required
voltage to achieve stability. Values can be 20-200 V dependent on the application.

SeriesResistor: Set the value of the stabilizing series resistor. Calculate the value
according to the examples for each application. Adjust the resistor as close as
possible to the calculated example. Measure the value achieved and set this value
here.

The value shall always be high impedance. This means for

example, for 1A circuits say bigger than 400 ohms (400 VA) and
for 5 A circuits say bigger than 100 ohms (2500 VA). This ensures
that the current will circulate and not go through the differential
circuit at through faults.

6.1.3.3 Busbar protection

The 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function can be used to
protect the busbars with relatively few feeders.

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Differential protection

The protection is suitable for all voltage levels, and for several type of substation lay-
outs, like single busbar, single busbar with sectionalizer, double busbar, ring
substation with up to three zones.

3·Id

IEC05000774-3-en.vsd
IEC05000774 V3 EN

Figure 26: Application of the high impedance differential function on busbar

Setting example

It is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the CT

whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing
maximum CT capability, minimize the current, thereby reducing
the stability voltage limit. Another factor is that during internal
faults, the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by
the non-linear resistor but in the unused taps, owing to auto-
transformer action, voltages much higher than design limits might
be induced.

Either class TPS or PX CTs, according to IEC standards, are usually selected for
the high impedance differential protection. We suppose to use class PX CTs in the
following example.

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Basic data:
Current 2000/1 A (Note: Must be the same at all locations)
transformer ratio:
CT Class: 10VA PX
Secondary 5.5 ohms
resistance:
Rated knee point 300 V
Ek
Cable loop Note! Only one way as the system earthing is limiting the earth-fault
resistance: current. If high earth-fault current exists use two way cable.
<50 m 2.5mm2(one way)r_Cu = 0.021 (ohm . mm2)/m at 75°CRsec =
r_Cu . l/A = 0.021 . 50 / 2.5 = 0.42 ohm at 75°CRloop = Rsec = 0.42
ohm

One way as the system earthing is limiting the

earth-fault current. If the neutral solidly grounded,
then a high-earth- fault current exists, and a two
way cable is considered for the loop

Max fault current: The maximum through fault current given by the transformer
reactance for example, 28 kA.

Calculation:
28000
UR > .(5.5 + 0.42) = 82.9V
2000
EQUATION1213 V2 EN (Equation 10)
Select a setting of U>Trip=100 V.
The rated saturation Ek of the current transformer shall fulfill the following conditions: Ek > 0,8 * 2* UR =
132,64 VEk > 2 * U>Trip = 200 VThe requested conditions are fulfilled because Ek = 300 V.

Check from the table of selected resistances the required series stabilizing resistor
value to use. As this application it is not required to be so sensitive so select
SeriesResistor=1000 ohm, which gives an IED current of 100 mA.

To calculate the sensitivity at operating voltage, refer to equation 11 which gives

an acceptable value; in fact in this example the sensitivity is about 13% of the
nominal current of the CT:

2000
IP = .(0.1Ð00 + 0.005Ð00 + 4.0.015Ð - 600 ) = approx.270 A
1
EQUATION1215 V2 EN (Equation 11)

Where
IR= 100mA is the current drawn by the IED circuit
Imag = 15mA is the magnetizing current of the CT at the operating voltage U>Trip
Ires = 5 mA is the current drawn by the non-linear resistor at the operating voltage U>Trip

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Differential protection

The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve for the current
transformer cores which should be available. The value at U>Trip is taken. For the
voltage dependent resistor current the amplitude value of voltage 100 · √2 is used
and the top current used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing with √2.
Use the maximum value from the curve.

Setting of U>Alarm.

This setting is related to the detection of an open CT. If the secondary wiring of the
CT of one bay is open, then there is an unbalance condition. The minimum current
that the protection function can detect is 20 mA, if the nominal secondary current
of the CT is 1 A. The voltage UR_unb which is related to IR_unb = 20 mA is:

UR_unb = R . IR_unb = 1000 . 0.02 = 20 V

U>Alarm = UR_unb = 20 V

We suppose that: the magnetizing current of the CT at UR_unb is 3,7 mA, with an
angle of -60°; the current that is drawn by the non-linear resistor at UR_unb is
about 1.8 mA. So the sensitivity in primary current is: IP = 2000/1 * (0.02 /_0° +
0.0018 /_0° + 4* 0.0037 /_-60°) = 58 A The sensitivity should allow the detection
of the open CT on the smallest object in normal load condition.

6.1.3.4 Alarm level operation

The 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function has a separate
alarm level, which can be used to give alarm for problems with an involved current
transformer circuit. The setting level is normally selected to be around 10% of the
operating voltage U>Trip.

The setting of U> Alarm is related to the value of the stabilizing resistor and the
minimum current sensitivity. The setting example shows the calculation procedure
of the setting value of U> Alarm.

As seen in the setting examples above the sensitivity of HZPDIF function is

normally high, which means that the function will in many cases operate also for
short circuits or open current transformer secondary circuits. However the
stabilizing resistor can be selected to achieve sensitivity higher than normal load
current and/or separate criteria can be added to the operation, a check zone. This
can be either another IED, with the same HZPDIF function, or be a check about the
fault condition, which is performed by an earth overcurrent function or neutral
point voltage function.

For such cases where operation is not expected during normal service the alarm
output should be used to activate an external shorting of the differential circuit
avoiding continuous high voltage in the circuit. A time delay of a few seconds is
used before the shorting and alarm are activated. Auxiliary relays with contacts that
can withstand high voltage shall be used, like RXMVB types. Use auxiliary relays
with contacts that can withstand high voltages for example, RXMVB types.

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Differential protection

IEC05000749 V1 EN

Figure 27: Current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistors, in the range 10-200 V, the average
range of current is: 0.01–10 mA

6.1.3.5 Double busbar applications

In double busbar applications, the CTs shall be connected to the right protection
zone according to the position of the disconnectors.

Normally, open (early closing) auxillary contacts of the disconnectors shall be used
to energize auxillary relays which perform the CT switching; these auxillary relays
shall have contacts which withstand high voltage, like RXMVB type.

In this application, the use of check zone is recommended; the third zone available
in REB650 can be used as check zone.

Separate CT cores shall be used for check zone.

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Current protection

Section 7 Current protection

7.1 Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase

output OC4PTOC

7.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC 51/67
3I>
3-phase output
4
alt
4
TOC-REVA V1 EN

7.1.2 Application
The Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output OC4PTOC is used in
several applications in the power system. Some applications are:

• Short circuit protection of feeders in distribution and subtransmission systems.

Normally these feeders have radial structure.
• Back-up short circuit protection of transmission lines.
• Back-up short circuit protection of power transformers.
• Short circuit protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power
system such as; shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, motors and others.
• Back-up short circuit protection of power generators.

If VT inputs are not available or not connected, setting parameter

DirModex (x = step 1, 2, 3 or 4) shall be left to default value Non-
directionalor set to Off.

In many applications several steps with different current pick up levels and time
delays are needed. OC4PTOC can have up to four different, individual settable,
steps. The flexibility of each step of OC4PTOC is great. The following options are
possible:

Non-directional / Directional function: In most applications the non-directional

functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from

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the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault
clearance, the directional function can be necessary.

Choice of delay time characteristics: There are several types of delay time
characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse
time delay characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections
is normally enabled by co-ordination between the function time delays of the
different protections. To enable optimal co-ordination between all overcurrent
protections, they should have the same time delay characteristic. Therefore a wide
range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and ANSI.

The time characteristic for step 1 and 4 can be chosen as definite time delay or
inverse time characteristic. Step 2 and 3 are always definite time delayed and are
used in system where IDMT is not needed.

Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This
phenomenon is due to saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of
the period. There is a risk that inrush current will reach levels above the pick-up
current of the phase overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a large 2nd
harmonic content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of the protection.
Therefore, OC4PTOC have a possibility of 2nd harmonic restrain if the level of
this harmonic current reaches a value above a set percentage of the fundamental
current.

7.1.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for Four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output
OC4PTOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

The following settings can be done for OC4PTOC.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

MeasType: Selection of discrete Fourier filtered (DFT) or true RMS filtered (RMS)
signals. RMS is used when the harmonic contents are to be considered, for example
in applications with shunt capacitors.

Operation: The protection can be set to Off or On

2ndHarmStab: Operate level of 2nd harmonic current restrain set in % of the

fundamental current. The setting range is 5 - 100% in steps of 1%. Default setting
is 20%.

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Current protection

Uref

2
4

Idir

IEC09000636_1_vsd
IEC09000636 V1 EN

Figure 28: Directional function characteristic

1. RCA = Relay characteristic angle 55°

2. ROA = Relay operating angle 80°
3. Reverse
4. Forward

7.1.3.1 Settings for steps 1 to 4

n means step 1 and 4. x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4.

DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are Off/Non-

directional/Forward/Reverse.

Characteristn: Selection of time characteristic for step n. Definite time delay and
different types of inverse time characteristics are available according to table 11.
Step 2 and 3 are always definite time delayed.

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Table 11: Inverse time characteristics

Curve name
ANSI Extremely Inverse
ANSI Very Inverse
ANSI Normal Inverse
ANSI Moderately Inverse
ANSI/IEEE Definite time
ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse
ANSI Long Time Very Inverse
ANSI Long Time Inverse
IEC Normal Inverse
IEC Very Inverse
IEC Inverse
IEC Extremely Inverse
IEC Short Time Inverse
IEC Long Time Inverse
IEC Definite Time
ASEA RI
RXIDG (logarithmic)

The different characteristics are described in Technical manual.

Ix>: Operate phase current level for step x given in % of IBase.

tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen.

kn: Time multiplier for inverse time delay for step n.

IMinn: Minimum operate current for step n in % of IBase. Set IMinn below Ix> for
every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinn is
set above Ix> for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current
drops below IMinn.

tnMin: Minimum operate time for all inverse time characteristics. At high currents
the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting
this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting.
Setting range: 0.000 - 60.000s in steps of 0.001s.

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Operate
time

IMinn

tnMin

Current

IEC09000164-1-en.vsd
IEC09000164 V1 EN

Figure 29: Minimum operate current and operation time for inverse time
characteristics

In order to fully comply with curves definition setting parameter tnMin shall be set
to the value, which is equal to the operating time of the selected inverse curve for
measured current of twenty times the set current pickup value. Note that the
operating time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier
kn.

HarmRestrainx: Enable block of step n from the harmonic restrain function (2nd
harmonic). This function should be used when there is a risk if power transformer
inrush currents might cause unwanted trip. Can be set Off/On.

7.1.3.2 2nd harmonic restrain

If a power transformer is energized there is a risk that the transformer core will
saturate during part of the period, resulting in an inrush transformer current. This
will give a declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is
deviating between the phases. There is a risk that the phase overcurrent function
will give an unwanted trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd
harmonic component. This component can be used to create a restrain signal to
prevent this unwanted function.

The settings for the 2nd harmonic restrain are described below.

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2ndHarmStab: The rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd
harmonic restrain signal, to block chosen steps. The setting is given in % of the
fundamental frequency residual current. The setting range is 5 - 100% in steps of
1%. The default setting is 20% and can be used if a deeper investigation shows that
no other value is needed..

HarmRestrainx: This parameter can be set Off/On, to disable or enable the 2nd
harmonic restrain.

The four step phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output can be used in different
ways, depending on the application where the protection is used. A general
description is given below.

The operating current setting inverse time protection or the lowest current step
constant inverse time protection must be given a current setting so that the highest
possible load current does not cause protection operation. Here consideration also
has to be taken to the protection reset current, so that a short peak of overcurrent
does not cause operation of the protection even when the overcurrent has ceased.
This phenomenon is described in figure 30.

Current I

Line phase current

Operate current

Reset current

The IED does not reset

Time t

IEC05000203-en-2.vsd
IEC05000203 V3 EN

Figure 30: Operate and reset current for an overcurrent protection

The lowest setting value can be written according to equation 12.

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Current protection

Im ax
Ipu ³ 1.2 ×
k
EQUATION1262 V2 EN (Equation 12)

where:
1.2 is a safety factor,
k is the resetting ratio of the protection
Imax is the maximum load current.

The maximum load current on the line has to be estimated. There is also a demand
that all faults, within the zone that the protection shall cover, must be detected by
the phase overcurrent protection. The minimum fault current Iscmin, to be detected
by the protection, must be calculated. Taking this value as a base, the highest pick
up current setting can be written according to equation 13.

Ipu £ 0.7 × Isc min

EQUATION1263 V2 EN (Equation 13)

where:
0.7 is a safety factor
Iscmin is the smallest fault current to be detected by the overcurrent protection.

As a summary the operating current shall be chosen within the interval stated in
equation 14.

Im ax
1.2 × £ Ipu £ 0.7 × Isc min
k
EQUATION1264 V2 EN (Equation 14)

The high current function of the overcurrent protection, which only has a short
delay of the operation, must be given a current setting so that the protection is
selective to other protection in the power system. It is desirable to have a rapid
tripping of faults within as large portion as possible of the part of the power system
to be protected by the protection (primary protected zone). A fault current
calculation gives the largest current of faults, Iscmax, at the most remote part of the
primary protected zone. Considerations have to be made to the risk of transient
overreach, due to a possible DC component of the short circuit current. The lowest
current setting of the most rapid stage, of the phase overcurrent protection, can be
written according to

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I high ³ 1.2 × kt × I sc max

EQUATION1265 V1 EN (Equation 15)

where:
1.2 is a safety factor,
kt is a factor that takes care of the transient overreach due to the DC component of the fault
current and can be considered to be less than 1.1
Iscmax is the largest fault current at a fault at the most remote point of the primary protection zone.

The operate times of the phase overcurrent protection has to be chosen so that the
fault time is so short that protected equipment will not be destroyed due to thermal
overload, at the same time as selectivity is assured. For overcurrent protection, in a
radial fed network, the time setting can be chosen in a graphical way. This is
mostly used in the case of inverse time overcurrent protection. Figure 31 shows
how the time-versus-current curves are plotted in a diagram. The time setting is
chosen to get the shortest fault time with maintained selectivity. Selectivity is
assured if the time difference between the curves is larger than a critical time
difference.

en05000204.wmf
IEC05000204 V1 EN

Figure 31: Fault time with maintained selectivity

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Current protection

To assure selectivity between different protections, in the radial network, there

have to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two
protections. The minimum time difference can be determined for different cases.
To determine the shortest possible time difference, the operation time of
protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting time must be known.
These time delays can vary significantly between different protective equipment.
The following time delays can be estimated:

Protection operation 15-60 ms

time:
Protection resetting time: 15-60 ms
Breaker opening time: 20-120 ms

Example for time coordination

Assume two substations A and B directly connected to each other via one line, as
shown in the figure 32. Consider a fault located at another line from the station B.
The fault current to the overcurrent protection of IED B1 has a magnitude so that
the protection will have instantaneous function. The overcurrent protection of IED
A1 must have a delayed function. The sequence of events during the fault can be
described using a time axis, see figure 32.

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A1 B1
Feeder

I> I>

Time axis

t=0 t=t1 t=t2 t=t3

The fault Protection Breaker at Protection
occurs B1 trips B1 opens A1 resets
en05000205.vsd
IEC05000205 V1 EN

Figure 32: Sequence of events during fault

where:
t=0 is when the fault occurs,
t=t1 is when the trip signal from the overcurrent protection at IED B1 is sent to the circuit breaker.
The operation time of this protection is t1,

t=t2 is when the circuit breaker at IED B1 opens. The circuit breaker opening time is t2 - t1 and

t=t3 is when the overcurrent protection at IED A1 resets. The protection resetting time is t3 - t2.

To ensure that the overcurrent protection at IED A1, is selective to the overcurrent
protection at IED B1, the minimum time difference must be larger than the time t3.
There are uncertainties in the values of protection operation time, breaker opening
time and protection resetting time. Therefore a safety margin has to be included.
With normal values the needed time difference can be calculated according to
equation 16.

Dt ³ 40 ms + 100 ms + 40 ms + 40 ms = 220 ms
EQUATION1266 V1 EN (Equation 16)

where it is considered that:

the operate time of overcurrent protection B1 is 40 ms
the breaker open time is 100 ms
the resetting time of protection A1 is 40 ms and
the additional margin is 40 ms

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7.2 Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero,

negative sequence direction EF4PTOC

7.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Four step residual overcurrent EF4PTOC 51N/67N
protection, zero or negative sequence
direction 2

IEC11000263 V1 EN

7.2.2 Application
The four step residual overcurrent protection, zero or negative sequence direction
EF4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are:

• Earth-fault protection of feeders in effectively earthed distribution systems.

Normally these feeders have radial structure.
• Back-up earth-fault protection of subtransmission and transmission lines.
• Sensitive earth-fault protection of transmission lines. EF4PTOC can have
better sensitivity to detect resistive phase-to-earth-faults compared to distance
protection.
• Back-up earth-fault protection of power transformers with earth source at
substation.
• Earth-fault protection of different kinds of equipment connected to the power
system such as shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors and others.
• Negative sequence direcitonal earth-fault protection of feeders with PTs
connected in Open Delta connection from which it is not possible to derive
Zero sequence voltage.
• Negative sequence directional earth-fault protection of double-circuit medium
or long transmission lines with significant mutual coupling.

In many applications several steps with different current operating levels and time
delays are needed. EF4PTOC can have up to four, individual settable steps. The
flexibility of each step of EF4PTOC is great. The following options are possible:

Non-directional/Directional function: In some applications the non-directional

functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from
the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault
clearance, the directional function can be necessary. This can be the case for earth-
fault protection in meshed and effectively earthed transmission systems. The
directional residual overcurrent protection is also well suited to operate in
teleprotection communication schemes, which enables fast clearance of earth faults

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on transmission lines. The directional function uses the polarizing quantity as

decided by setting. Voltage polarizing (3U0 or U2) is most commonly used, but
alternatively current polarizing (3I0 or I2) where currents in transformer neutrals
providing the neutral (zero sequence) source (ZN) is used to polarize (IPol · ZN)
the function. Dual polarizing where the sum of both voltage and current
components is allowed to polarize can also be selected.

Choice of time characteristics: There are several types of time characteristics

available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time
characteristics. The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is
normally enabled by co-ordination between the operate time of the different
protections. To enable optimal co-ordination all overcurrent protections, to be co-
ordinated against each other, should have the same time characteristic. Therefore a
wide range of standardized inverse time characteristics are available: IEC and
ANSI. The time characteristic for step 1 and 4 can be chosen as definite time delay
or inverse time characteristic. Step 2 and 3 are always definite time delayed and are
used in system where IDMT is not needed.

Table 12: Time characteristics

Curve name
ANSI Extremely Inverse
ANSI Very Inverse
ANSI Normal Inverse
ANSI Moderately Inverse
ANSI/IEEE Definite time
ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse
ANSI Long Time Very Inverse
ANSI Long Time Inverse
IEC Normal Inverse
IEC Very Inverse
IEC Inverse
IEC Extremely Inverse
IEC Short Time Inverse
IEC Long Time Inverse
IEC Definite Time
ASEA RI
RXIDG (logarithmic)

Power transformers can have a large inrush current, when being energized. This
inrush current can have residual current components. The phenomenon is due to
saturation of the transformer magnetic core during parts of the cycle. There is a risk
that inrush current will give a residual current that reaches level above the
operating current of the residual overcurrent protection. The inrush current has a
large second harmonic content. This can be used to avoid unwanted operation of

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the protection. Therefore, EF4PTOC has a possibility of second harmonic restrain

2ndHarmStab if the level of this harmonic current reaches a value above a set
percentage of the fundamental current.

7.2.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for the four step residual overcurrent protection, zero or negative
sequence direction EF4PTOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

The following settings can be done for the four step residual overcurrent protection.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Sets the protection to On or Off.

EnaDir: Enables the directional calculation in addition to the directional mode

selection in each step.

7.2.3.1 Settings for steps 1 and 4

n means step 1 and 4. x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4.

DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are Off/Non-

directional/Forward/Reverse.

Characteristx: Selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and
different types of inverse time characteristics are available.

Inverse time characteristic enables fast fault clearance of high current faults at the
same time as selectivity to other inverse time phase overcurrent protections can be
assured. This is mainly used in radial fed networks but can also be used in meshed
networks. In meshed networks the settings must be based on network fault
calculations.

To assure selectivity between different protections, in the radial network, there

have to be a minimum time difference Dt between the time delays of two
protections. The minimum time difference can be determined for different cases.
To determine the shortest possible time difference, the operation time of
protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting time must be known.
These time delays can vary significantly between different protective equipment.
The following time delays can be estimated:

Protection operate time: 15-60 ms

Protection resetting time: 15-60 ms
Breaker opening time: 20-120 ms

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The different characteristics are described in the Technical Manual (TM).

INx>: Operate residual current level for step x given in % of IBase.

kn: Time multiplier for the dependent (inverse) characteristic for step n.

IMinn: Minimum operate current for step n in % of IBase. Set IMinn below INx>
for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinn
is set above INx for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when
current drops below IMinn.

tnMin: Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristics. At high currents
the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting
this parameter the operation time of the step n can never be shorter than the setting.

Operate
time

IMinn

tnMin

Current

IEC09000164-1-en.vsd
IEC09000164 V1 EN

Figure 33: Minimum operate current and operate time for inverse time
characteristics

In order to fully comply with curves definition the setting parameter txMin shall be
set to the value which is equal to the operate time of the selected IEC inverse curve
for measured current of twenty times the set current pickup value. Note that the
operate time value is dependent on the selected setting value for time multiplier kn.

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7.2.3.2 Common settings for all steps

tx: Definite time delay for step x. Used if definite time characteristic is chosen.

AngleRCA: Relay characteristic angle given in degree. This angle is defined as

shown in figure 34. The angle is defined positive when the residual current lags the
reference voltage (Upol = 3U0 or U2)

RCA Upol = 3U0 or U2

Operation
I>Dir

en 05000135-4-nsi.vsd

IEC05000135 V4 EN

Figure 34: Relay characteristic angle given in degree

In a normal transmission network a normal value of RCA is about 65°. The setting
range is -180° to +180°.

polMethod: Defines if the directional polarization is from

• Voltage (3U0 or U2)
• Current (3I0 · ZNpol or 3I2 ·ZNpol where ZNpol is RNpol + jXNpol), or
• both currents and voltage, Dual (dual polarizing, (3U0 + 3I0 · ZNpol) or (U2 +
I2 · ZNpol)).

Normally voltage polarizing from the internally calculated residual sum or an

external open delta is used.

Current polarizing is useful when the local source is strong and a high sensitivity is
required. In such cases the polarizing voltage (3U0) can be below 1% and it is then
necessary to use current polarizing or dual polarizing. Multiply the required set
current (primary) with the minimum impedance (ZNpol) and check that the

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percentage of the phase-to-earth voltage is definitely higher than 1% (minimum

3U0>UPolMin setting) as a verification.

RNPol, XNPol: The zero-sequence source is set in primary ohms as base for the
current polarizing. The polarizing voltage is then achieved as 3I0 · ZNpol. The
ZNpol can be defined as (ZS1-ZS0)/3, that is the earth return impedance of the
source behind the protection. The maximum earth-fault current at the local source
can be used to calculate the value of ZN as U/(√3 · 3I0) Typically, the minimum
ZNPol (3 · zero sequence source) is set. Setting is in primary ohms.

When the dual polarizing method is used it is important that the product INx>·
ZNpol is not greater than 3U0. If so, there is a risk for incorrect operation for faults
in the reverse direction.

IPolMin: is the minimum earth-fault current accepted for directional evaluation.

For smaller currents than this value the operation will be blocked. Typical setting is
5-10% of IBase.

UPolMin: Minimum polarization (reference) residual voltage for the directional

function, given in % of UBase/√3.

I>Dir: Operate residual current release level in % of IBase for directional

comparison scheme. The setting is given in % of IBase and must be set below the
lowest INx> setting, set for the directional measurement. The output signals,
STFW and STRV can be used in a teleprotection scheme. The appropriate signal
should be configured to the communication scheme block.

7.2.3.3 2nd harmonic restrain

If a power transformer is energized there is a risk that the current transformer core
will saturate during part of the period, resulting in a transformer inrush current.
This will give a declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is
deviating between the phases. There is a risk that the residual overcurrent function
will give an unwanted trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd
harmonic component. This component can be used to create a restrain signal to
prevent this unwanted function.

At current transformer saturation a false residual current can be measured by the

protection. Also here the 2nd harmonic restrain can prevent unwanted operation.

2ndHarmStab: The rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd
harmonic restrain signal. The setting is given in % of the fundamental frequency
residual current.

HarmRestrainx: Enable block of step x from the harmonic restrain function.

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7.3 Thermal overload protection, two time constants

TRPTTR

7.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Thermal overload protection, two time TRPTTR 49
constants

SYMBOL-A V1 EN

7.3.2 Application
Transformers in the power system are designed for a certain maximum load current
(power) level. If the current exceeds this level the losses will be higher than
expected. As a consequence the temperature of the transformer will increase. If the
temperature of the transformer reaches too high values the equipment might be
damaged:

• The insulation within the transformer will experience forced ageing. As a

consequence of this, the risk of internal phase-to-phase or phase-to-earth faults
will increase.
• There might be hot spots within the transformer, which will degrade the paper
insulation. It might also cause bubbling in the transformer oil.

In stressed situations in the power system it can be required to overload

transformers for a limited time. This should be done without the above mentioned
risks. The thermal overload protection provides information and makes temporary
overloading of transformers possible.

The permissible load level of a power transformer is highly dependent on the

cooling system of the transformer. There are two main principles:

• OA: The air is naturally circulated to the coolers without fans and the oil is
naturally circulated without pumps.
• FOA: The coolers have fans to force air for cooling and pumps to force the
circulation of the transformer oil.

The protection can have two sets of parameters, one for non-forced cooling and one
for forced cooling. Both the permissive steady state loading level as well as the
thermal time constant is influenced by the cooling system of the transformer. The
two parameters sets can be activated by the binary input signal COOLING. This

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can be used for transformers where forced cooling can be taken out of operation,
for example at fan or pump faults.

The thermal overload protection estimates the internal heat content of the
transformer (temperature) continuously. This estimation is made by using a thermal
model of the transformer, which is based on current measurement.

If the heat content of the protected transformer reaches a set alarm level a signal
can be given to the operator. Two alarm levels are available. This enables
preventive actions in the power system to be taken before dangerous temperatures
are reached. If the temperature continues to increase to the trip value, the protection
initiates a trip of the protected transformer.

After tripping by the thermal overload protection, the transformer will cool down
over time. There will be a time gap before the heat content (temperature) reaches
such a level so that the transformer can be taken into service again. Therefore, the
function will continue to estimate the heat content using a set cooling time
constant. Energizing of the transformer can be blocked until the heat content has
reached a set level.

7.3.3 Setting guideline

The parameters for the thermal overload protection, two time constants (TRPTTR)
are set via the local HMI or through the Protection and Control Manager (PCM600).

The following settings can be done for the thermal overload protection:

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Sets the mode of operation. Off switches off the complete function.

IRef: Reference level of the current given in % of IBase. When the current is equal
to IRef the final (steady state) heat content is equal to 1. It is suggested to give a
setting corresponding to the rated current of the transformer winding. Transformer
rated current / IBase* 100%.

IBase1: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be
related to the status with no COOLING input. It is suggested to give a setting
corresponding to the rated current of the transformer with natural cooling (OA).

IBase2: Base current for setting given as percentage of IBase. This setting shall be
related to the status with activated COOLING input. It is suggested to give a
setting corresponding to the rated current of the transformer with forced cooling
(FOA). If the transformer has no forced cooling IBase2 can be set equal to IBase1.

Tau1: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase1 (no
cooling) given in minutes.

Tau2: The thermal time constant of the protected transformer, related to IBase2
(with cooling) given in minutes.

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The thermal time constant should be obtained from the transformer manufacturers
manuals. The thermal time constant is dependent on the cooling and the amount of
oil. Normal time constants for medium and large transformers (according to IEC
60076-7) are about 2.5 hours for naturally cooled transformers and 1.5 hours for
forced cooled transformers.

The time constant can be estimated from measurements of the oil temperature
during a cooling sequence (described in IEC 60076-7). It is assumed that the
transformer is operated at a certain load level with a constant oil temperature
(steady state operation). The oil temperature above the ambient temperature is
DQo0. Then the transformer is disconnected from the grid (no load). After a time t
of at least 30 minutes the temperature of the oil is measured again. Now the oil
temperature above the ambient temperature is DQot. The thermal time constant can
now be estimated as:

t
t=
ln DQo 0 - ln DQ ot
EQUATION1180 V1 EN (Equation 17)

If the transformer has forced cooling (FOA) the measurement should be made both
with and without the forced cooling in operation, giving Tau2 and Tau1.

The time constants can be changed if the current is higher than a set value or lower
than a set value. If the current is high it is assumed that the forced cooling is
activated while it is deactivated at low current. The setting of the parameters below
enables automatic adjustment of the time constant.

Tau1High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is
higher than the set value IHighTau1. IHighTau1 is set in % of IBase1.

Tau1Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau1 if the current is
lower than the set value ILowTau1. ILowTau1 is set in % of IBase1.

Tau2High: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is
higher than the set value IHighTau2. IHighTau2 is set in % of IBase2.

Tau2Low: Multiplication factor to adjust the time constant Tau2 if the current is
lower than the set value ILowTau2. ILowTau2 is set in % of IBase2.

The possibility to change time constant with the current value as the base can be
useful in different applications. Below some examples are given:

• In case a total interruption (low current) of the protected transformer all

cooling possibilities will be inactive. This can result in a changed value of the
time constant.
• If other components (motors) are included in the thermal protection, there is a
risk of overheating of that equipment in case of very high current. The thermal
time constant is often smaller for a motor than for the transformer.

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ITrip: The steady state current that the transformer can withstand. The setting is
given in % of IBase1 or IBase2.

Alarm1: Heat content level for activation of the signal ALARM1. ALARM1 is set
in % of the trip heat content level.

Alarm2: Heat content level for activation of the output signal ALARM2. ALARM2
is set in % of the trip heat content level.

ResLo: Lockout release level of heat content to release the lockout signal. When
the thermal overload protection trips a lock-out signal is activated. This signal is
intended to block switching on of the protected circuit transformer as long as the
transformer temperature is high. The signal is released when the estimated heat
content is below the set value. This temperature value should be chosen below the
alarm temperature. ResLo is set in % of the trip heat content level.

Warning: If the calculated time to trip factor is below the setting Warning a
warning signal is activated. The setting is given in minutes.

7.4 Breaker failure protection 3-phase activation and

output CCRBRF

7.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Breaker failure protection, 3-phase CCRBRF 50BF
activation and output
3I>BF

SYMBOL-U V1 EN

7.4.2 Application
In the design of the fault clearance system the N-1 criterion is often used. This
means that a fault needs to be cleared even if any component in the fault clearance
system is faulty. One necessary component in the fault clearance system is the
circuit breaker. It is from practical and economical reason not feasible to duplicate
the circuit breaker for the protected component. Instead a breaker failure protection
is used.

Breaker failure protection, 3-phase activation and output (CCRBRF) will issue a
back-up trip command to adjacent circuit breakers in case of failure to trip of the
“normal” circuit breaker for the protected component. The detection of failure to
break the current through the breaker is made by means of current measurement or
as detection of remaining trip signal (unconditional).

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CCRBRF can also give a re-trip. This means that a second trip signal is sent to the
protected circuit breaker. The re-trip function can be used to increase the
probability of operation of the breaker, or it can be used to avoid back-up trip of
many breakers in case of mistakes during relay maintenance and test.

7.4.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for Breaker failure protection 3-phase activation and output
CCRBRF are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

The following settings can be done for the breaker failure protection.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Off/On

FunctionMode This parameter can be set Current or Contact. This states the way
the detection of failure of the breaker is performed. In the mode current the current
measurement is used for the detection. In the mode Contact the long duration of
breaker position signal is used as indicator of failure of the breaker. The mode
Current&Contact means that both ways of detections are activated. Contact mode
can be usable in applications where the fault current through the circuit breaker is
small. This can be the case for some generator protection application (for example
reverse power protection) or in case of line ends with weak end infeed.

RetripMode: This setting states how the re-trip function shall operate. Retrip Off
means that the re-trip function is not activated. CB Pos Check (circuit breaker
position check) and Current means that a phase current must be larger than the
operate level to allow re-trip. CB Pos Check (circuit breaker position check) and
Contact means re-trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position is
used). No CBPos Check means re-trip is done without check of breaker position.

Table 13: Dependencies between parameters RetripMode and FunctionMode

RetripMode FunctionMode Description
Retrip Off N/A the re-trip function is not
activated
CB Pos Check Current a phase current must be larger
than the operate level to allow
re-trip
Contact re-trip is done when breaker
position indicates that breaker
is still closed after re-trip time
has elapsed
Current&Contact both methods are used
No CBPos Check Current re-trip is done without check of
breaker position
Contact re-trip is done without check of
breaker position
Current&Contact both methods are used

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BuTripMode: Back-up trip mode is given to state sufficient current criteria to detect
failure to break. For Current operation 2 out of 4 means that at least two currents,
of the three-phase currents and the residual current, shall be high to indicate
breaker failure. 1 out of 3 means that at least one current of the three-phase currents
shall be high to indicate breaker failure. 1 out of 4 means that at least one current of
the three-phase currents or the residual current shall be high to indicate breaker
failure. In most applications 1 out of 3 is sufficient. For Contact operation means
back-up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position is used).

IP>: Current level for detection of breaker failure, set in % of IBase. This
parameter should be set so that faults with small fault current can be detected. The
setting can be chosen in accordance with the most sensitive protection function to
start the breaker failure protection. Typical setting is 10% of IBase.

I>BlkCont: If any contact based detection of breaker failure is used this function
can be blocked if any phase current is larger than this setting level. If the
FunctionMode is set Current&Contact breaker failure for high current faults are
safely detected by the current measurement function. To increase security the
contact based function should be disabled for high currents. The setting can be
given within the range 5 – 200% of IBase.

IN>: Residual current level for detection of breaker failure set in % of IBase. In
high impedance earthed systems the residual current at phase- to-earth faults are
normally much smaller than the short circuit currents. In order to detect breaker
failure at single-phase-earth faults in these systems it is necessary to measure the
residual current separately. Also in effectively earthed systems the setting of the
earth-fault current protection can be chosen to relatively low current level. The
BuTripMode is set 1 out of 4. The current setting should be chosen in accordance to
the setting of the sensitive earth-fault protection. The setting can be given within
the range 2 – 200 % of IBase.

t1: Time delay of the re-trip. The setting can be given within the range 0 – 60s in
steps of 0.001 s. Typical setting is 0 – 50ms.

t2: Time delay of the back-up trip. The choice of this setting is made as short as
possible at the same time as unwanted operation must be avoided. Typical setting is
90 – 200ms (also dependent of re-trip timer).

The minimum time delay for the re-trip can be estimated as:

t 2 ³ t1 + tcbopen + t BFP _ reset + t margin

EQUATION1430 V1 EN (Equation 18)

where:
tcbopen is the maximum opening time for the circuit breaker

tBFP_reset is the maximum time for breaker failure protection to detect correct breaker function (the
current criteria reset)
tmargin is a safety margin

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It is often required that the total fault clearance time shall be less than a given
critical time. This time is often dependent of the ability to maintain transient
stability in case of a fault close to a power plant.

Protection
operate time
Normal tcbopen

The fault Retrip delay t1 tcbopen after re-trip

occurs
tBFPreset
Margin

Minimum back-up trip delay t2

Critical fault clearance time for stability

Time

Trip and Start

CCRBRF
IEC05000479_2_en.vsd
IEC05000479 V2 EN

Figure 35: Time sequence

7.5 Pole discordance protection CCRPLD

7.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Pole discordance protection CCRPLD 52PD

PD

SYMBOL-S V1 EN

7.5.2 Application
There is a risk that a circuit breaker will get discordance between the poles at
circuit breaker operation: closing or opening. One pole can be open and the other
two closed, or two poles can be open and one closed. Pole discordance of a circuit

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breaker will cause unsymmetrical currents in the power system. The consequence
of this can be:

• Negative sequence currents that will give stress on rotating machines

• Zero sequence currents that might give unwanted operation of sensitive earth-
fault protections in the power system.

It is therefore important to detect situations with pole discordance of circuit

breakers. When this is detected the breaker should be tripped directly.

Pole discordance protection CCRPLD will detect situation with deviating positions
of the poles of the protected circuit breaker. The protection has two different
options to make this detection:

• By connecting the auxiliary contacts in the circuit breaker so that logic is

created and a signal can be sent to the pole discordance protection, indicating
pole discordance.
• Each phase current through the circuit breaker is measured. If the difference
between the phase currents is larger than a CurrUnsymLevel this is an
indication of pole discordance, and the protection will operate.

7.5.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for the Pole discordance protection CCRPLD are set via the local
HMI or PCM600.

The following settings can be done for the pole discordance protection.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Off or On

tTrip: Time delay of the operation.

ContSel: Operation of the contact based pole discordance protection. Can be set:
Off/PD signal from CB. If PD signal from CB is chosen the logic to detect pole
discordance is made in the vicinity to the breaker auxiliary contacts and only one
signal is connected to the pole discordance function.

CurrSel: Operation of the current based pole discordance protection. Can be set:
Off/CB oper monitor/Continuous monitor. In the alternative CB oper monitor the
function is activated only directly in connection to breaker open or close command
(during 200 ms). In the alternative Continuous monitor function is continuously
activated.

CurrUnsymLevel: Unsymmetrical magnitude of lowest phase current compared to

the highest, set in % of the highest phase current.

CurrRelLevel: Current magnitude for release of the function in % of IBase.

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7.6 Negative sequence based overcurrent function

DNSPTOC

7.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Negative sequence based overcurrent DNSPTOC 46
function
3I2>

IEC09000132 V2 EN

7.6.2 Application
Negative sequence based overcurrent function (DNSPTOC) is typically used as
sensitive earth-fault protection of power lines, where incorrect zero sequence
polarization may result from mutual induction between two or more parallel lines.

Additionally, it is applied in applications on cables, where zero sequence

impedance depends on the fault current return paths, but the cable negative
sequence impedance is practically constant.

The directional function is current and voltage polarized. The function can be set to
forward, reverse or non-directional independently for each step.

DNSPTOC protects against all unbalanced faults including phase-to-phase faults.

The minimum start current of the function must be set to above the normal system
unbalance level in order to avoid unwanted operation.

7.6.3 Setting guidelines

Below is an example of Negative sequence based overcurrent function
(DNSPTOC) used as a sensitive earth-fault protection for power lines. The
following settings must be done in order to ensure proper operation of the protection:

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

• setting RCADir to value +65 degrees, that is, the negative sequence current
typically lags the inverted negative sequence voltage for this angle during the
fault
• setting ROADir to value 90 degrees
• setting LowVolt_VM to value 2%, that is, the negative sequence voltage level
above which the directional element will be enabled
• setting Operation_OC1 to On
• setting StartCurr_OC1 to value between 3-10%, (typical values)

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• setting tDef_OC1 to insure proper time coordination with other earth-fault

protections installed in the vicinity of this power line
• setting DirMode_OC1 to Forward
• setting DirPrinc_OC1 to IcosPhi&U
• setting ActLowVolt1_VM to Block

DNSPTOC is used in directional comparison protection scheme for the power line
protection, when communication channels to the remote end of this power line are
available. In that case, two negative sequence overcurrent steps are required - one
in forward and another in reverse direction. The OC1 stage is used to detect faults
in forward direction and the OC2 stage is used to detect faults in reverse direction.

However, the following must be noted for such application:

• setting RCADir and ROADir are applicable for both steps OC1 and OC2
• setting DirMode_OC1 must be set to Forward
• setting DirMode_OC2 must be set to Reverse
• setting StartCurr_OC2 must be made more sensitive than pickup value of the
forward OC1 element, that is, typically 60% of StartCurr_OC1 set pickup
level in order to insure proper operation of the directional comparison scheme
during current reversal situations
• the start signals STOC1 and STOC2 from OC1 and OC2 elements is used to
send forward and reverse signals to the remote end of the power line
• the available scheme communications function block within IED is used
between the protection function and the teleprotection communication
equipment, in order to insure proper conditioning of the above two start signals.

ActLowVolt1 and ActLowVolt2 should not be set to Memory.

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Voltage protection

Section 8 Voltage protection

8.1 Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV

8.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV 27

2U<

SYMBOL-R-2U-GREATER-THAN
V1 EN

8.1.2 Application
Two-step undervoltage protection function (UV2PTUV) is applicable in all
situations, where reliable detection of low phase voltages is necessary. It is used
also as a supervision and fault detection function for other protection functions, to
increase the security of a complete protection system.

UV2PTUV is applied to power system elements, such as generators, transformers,

motors and power lines in order to detect low voltage conditions. Low voltage
conditions are caused by abnormal operation or fault in the power system.
UV2PTUV is used in combination with overcurrent protections, either as restraint
or in logic "and gates" of the trip signals issued by the two functions. Other
applications are the detection of "no voltage" condition, for example, before the
energization of a HV line or for automatic breaker trip in case of a blackout.
UV2PTUV is also used to initiate voltage correction measures, like insertion of
shunt capacitor banks to compensate for reactive load and thereby increasing the
voltage. The function has a high measuring accuracy to allow applications to
control reactive load.

UV2PTUV is used to disconnect apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be

damaged when subject to service under low voltage conditions. UV2PTUV deals
with low voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be caused by
the following reasons:

1. Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control

(symmetrical voltage decrease).
2. Overload (symmetrical voltage decrease).
3. Short circuits, often as phase-to-earth faults (unsymmetrical voltage decrease).

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UV2PTUV prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could
cause their overheating and thus shorten their life time expectancy. In many cases,
it is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the
power system.

8.1.3 Setting guidelines

All the voltage conditions in the system where UV2PTUV performs its functions
should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its
voltage and time characteristic.

There is a very wide application area where general undervoltage functions are
used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of the global settings
base voltage UBase, which normally is set to the primary rated voltage level (phase-
to-phase) of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration.

The setting for UV2PTUV is normally not critical, since there must be enough time
available for the main protection to clear short circuits and earth faults.

Some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are described
in the following sections.

8.1.3.1 Equipment protection, such as for motors and generators

The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the
lowest acceptable voltage for the equipment.

8.1.3.2 Disconnected equipment detection

The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the
highest occurring voltage, caused by inductive or capacitive coupling, when the
equipment is disconnected.

8.1.3.3 Power supply quality

The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the
lowest acceptable voltage, due to regulation, good practice or other agreements.

8.1.3.4 Voltage instability mitigation

This setting is very much dependent on the power system characteristics, and
thorough studies have to be made to find the suitable levels.

8.1.3.5 Backup protection for power system faults

The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the
highest occurring voltage during the fault conditions under consideration.

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8.1.3.6 Settings for Two step undervoltage protection

The following settings can be done for two step undervoltage protection (UV2PTUV).

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

ConnType: Sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental

value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth RMS value or phase-to-
phase RMS value.

Operation: Off/On.

UV2PTUV measures selectively phase-to-earth voltages, or phase-to-phase voltage

chosen by the setting ConnType.

This means operation for phase-to-earth voltage if:

U < (%) × UBase( kV )

3
EQUATION1447 V1 EN (Equation 19)

and operation for phase-to-phase voltage if:

U < (%) × UBase(kV)

EQUATION1990 V1 EN (Equation 20)

Characteristic1: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used for step 1.
The setting can be. Definite time/Inverse Curve A/Inverse Curve B. The choice is
highly dependent of the protection application.

OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that
should be below the set level to give operation for step n (n=step 1 and 2). The
setting can be 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 3. It is sufficient that one phase
voltage is low to give operation. If the function shall be insensitive for single phase-
to-earth faults 2 out of 3 can be chosen.

Un<: Set undervoltage operation value for step n (n=step 1 and 2), given as % of
the global parameter UBase. This setting is highly dependent of the protection
application. Here it is essential to consider the minimum voltage at non-faulted
situations. This voltage is larger than 90% of nominal voltage.

tn: Time delay for step n (n=step 1 and 2), given in s. This setting is highly
dependent of the protection application. In many applications the protection
function does not directly trip where there is short circuit or earth faults in the
system. The time delay must be coordinated to the short circuit protection.

t1Min: Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristic for step 1, given in
s. When using inverse time characteristic for the undervoltage function during very
low voltages can give a short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip.

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By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such
unselective tripping can be avoided.

k1: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for
coordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections.

The function must be externally blocked when the protected object

is disconnected.

8.2 Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV

8.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV 59

2U>

SYMBOL-C-2U-SMALLER-THAN
V1 EN

8.2.2 Application
Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV is applicable in all situations, where
reliable detection of high voltage is necessary. OV2PTOV is used for supervision
and detection of abnormal conditions, which, in combination with other protection
functions, increase the security of a complete protection system.

High overvoltage conditions are caused by abnormal situations in the power

system. OV2PTOV is applied to power system elements, such as generators,
transformers, motors and power lines in order to detect high voltage conditions.
OV2PTOV is used in combination with low current signals, to identify a
transmission line, open in the remote end. In addition to that, OV2PTOV is also
used to initiate voltage correction measures, like insertion of shunt reactors, to
compensate for low load, and thereby decreasing the voltage. The function has a
high measuring accuracy and hysteresis setting to allow applications to control
reactive load.

OV2PTOV is used to disconnect apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be

damaged when subject to service under high voltage conditions. It deals with high
voltage conditions at power system frequency, which can be caused by:

1. Different kinds of faults, where a too high voltage appears in a certain power
system, like metallic connection to a higher voltage level (broken conductor

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falling down to a crossing overhead line, transformer flash over fault from the
high voltage winding to the low voltage winding and so on).
2. Malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or wrong settings under manual control
(symmetrical voltage decrease).
3. Low load compared to the reactive power generation (symmetrical voltage
decrease).
4. Earth-faults in high impedance earthed systems causes, beside the high voltage
in the neutral, high voltages in the two non-faulted phases, (unsymmetrical
voltage increase).

OV2PTOV prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could
cause their overheating or stress of insulation material, and, thus, shorten their life
time expectancy. In many cases, it is a useful function in circuits for local or
remote automation processes in the power system.

8.2.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for Two step overvoltage protection (OV2PTOV) are set via the
local HMI or PCM600.

All the voltage conditions in the system where OV2PTOV performs its functions
should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its
voltage and time characteristic.

There is a very wide application area where general overvoltage functions are used.
All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base primary
voltage, which normally is set to the nominal voltage level (phase-to-phase) of the
power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration.

The time delay for the OV2PTOV can sometimes be critical and related to the size
of the overvoltage - a power system or a high voltage component can withstand
smaller overvoltages for some time, but in case of large overvoltages the related
equipment should be disconnected more rapidly.

Some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are given below:

Equipment protection, such as for motors, generators, reactors and

transformers
High voltage can cause overexcitation of the core and deteriorate the winding
insulation. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and
below the highest acceptable voltage for the equipment.

Equipment protection, capacitors

High voltage can deteriorate the dielectricum and the insulation. The setting must
be above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below the highest acceptable
voltage for the capacitor.

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High impedance earthed systems

In high impedance earthed systems, earth-faults cause a voltage increase in the non-
faulty phases. OV2PTOV can be used to detect such faults. The setting must be
above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below the lowest occurring
voltage during faults. A metallic single-phase earth-fault causes the non-faulted
phase voltages to increase a factor of √3.

The following settings can be done for Two step overvoltage protection
GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

ConnType: Sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental

value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth RMS value or phase-to-
phase RMS value.

Operation: Off/On .

OV2PTOV measures the phase-to-earth voltages, or phase-to-phase voltages as

selected. The function will operate if the voltage gets higher than the set percentage
of the global set base voltage UBase. This means operation for phase-to-earth
voltage over:

U > (%) × UBase(kV )

3
IEC09000054 V1 EN (Equation 21)

and operation for phase-to-phase voltage over:

U > (%) × UBase(kV)

EQUATION1993 V1 EN (Equation 22)

Characteristic1: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting
can be. Definite time/Inverse Curve A/Inverse Curve B/Inverse Curve C. The
choice is highly dependent of the protection application.

OpModen: This parameter describes how many of the three measured voltages that
should be above the set level to give operation for step n (n=step 1 and 2). The
setting can be 1 out of 3, 2 out of 3 or 3 out of 3. In most applications it is sufficient
that one phase voltage is high to give operation. If the function shall be insensitive
for single phase-to-earth faults 3 out of 3 can be chosen, because the voltage will
normally rise in the non-faulted phases at single phase-to-earth faults.

Un>: Set overvoltage operating value for step n (n=step 1 and 2), given as % of the
global parameter UBase. The setting is highly dependent of the protection
application. Here it is essential to consider the Maximum voltage at non-faulted
situations. Normally this voltage is less than 110% of nominal voltage.

tn: time delay for step n (n=step 1 and 2), given in s. The setting is highly
dependent of the protection application. In many applications the protection

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function has the task to prevent damages to the protected object. The speed might
be important for example in case of protection of transformer that might be
overexcited. The time delay must be co-ordinated with other automated actions in
the system.

t1Min: Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristic for step 1, given in
s. For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time
characteristic, can give very short operation time. This might lead to unselective
trip. By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such
unselective tripping can be avoided.

k1: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for co-
ordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections.

8.3 Two step residual overvoltage protection

ROV2PTOV

8.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Two step residual overvoltage ROV2PTOV 59N
protection
3U0>

IEC10000168 V1 EN

8.3.2 Application
Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV is primarily used in high
impedance earthed distribution networks, mainly as a backup for the primary earth-
fault protection of the feeders and the transformer. To increase the security for
different earth-fault related functions, the residual overvoltage signal can be used
as a release signal. The residual voltage can be measured either at the transformer
neutral or from a voltage transformer open delta connection. The residual voltage
can also be calculated internally, based on measurement of the three-phase voltages.

In high impedance earthed systems the residual voltage will increase in case of any
fault connected to earth. Depending on the type of fault and fault resistance the
residual voltage will reach different values. The highest residual voltage, equal to
three times the phase-to-earth voltage, is achieved for a single phase-to-earth fault.
The residual voltage increases approximately to the same level in the whole system
and does not provide any guidance in finding the faulted component. Therefore,
ROV2PTOV is often used as a backup protection or as a release signal for the
feeder earth-fault protection.

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8.3.3 Setting guidelines

All the voltage conditions in the system where ROV2PTOV performs its functions
should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its
voltage and time characteristic.

There is a very wide application area where general single input or residual
overvoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a
percentage of a settable base voltage, which can be set to the primary nominal
voltage (phase-phase) level of the power system or the high voltage equipment
under consideration.

The time delay for ROV2PTOV are seldom critical, since residual voltage is
related to earth-faults in a high impedance earthed system, and enough time must
normally be given for the primary protection to clear the fault. In some more
specific situations, where the single overvoltage protection is used to protect some
specific equipment, the time delay is shorter.

Some applications and related setting guidelines for the residual voltage level are
given below.

8.3.3.1 Power supply quality

The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and
below the highest acceptable residual voltage, due to regulation, good practice or
other agreements.

8.3.3.2 High impedance earthed systems

In high impedance earthed systems, earth faults cause a neutral voltage in the
feeding transformer neutral. Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV
is used to trip the transformer, as a backup protection for the feeder earth-fault
protection, and as a backup for the transformer primary earth-fault protection. The
setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage, and below
the lowest occurring residual voltage during the faults under consideration. A
metallic single-phase earth fault causes a transformer neutral to reach a voltage
equal to the nominal phase-to-earth voltage.

The voltage transformers measuring the phase-to-earth voltages measure zero

voltage in the faulty phase. The two healthy phases will measure full phase-to-
phase voltage, as the earth is available on the faulty phase and the neutral has a full
phase-to-earth voltage. The residual overvoltage will be three times the phase-to-
earth voltage. See Figure 36.

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IEC07000190 V1 EN

Figure 36: Earth fault in Non-effectively earthed systems

8.3.3.3 Direct earthed system

In direct earthed systems, an earth-fault on one phase indicates a voltage collapse

in that phase. The two healthy phases will have normal phase-to-earth voltages.
The residual sum will have the same value as phase-to-earth voltage. See Figure 37.

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IEC07000189 V1 EN

Figure 37: Earth fault in Direct earthed system

8.3.3.4 Settings for Two step residual overvoltage protection

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Off or On

UBase is used as voltage reference for the voltage. The voltage can be fed to the
IED in different ways:
1. The IED is fed from a normal voltage transformer group where the residual
voltage is created from the phase-to-earth voltages within the protection
software.
2. The IED is fed from a broken delta connection normal voltage transformer
group. In a open delta connection the protection is fed by the voltage 3U0
(single input). The setting chapter in the application manual explains how the
analog input needs to be set.
3. The IED is fed from a single voltage transformer connected to the neutral point
of a power transformer in the power system. In this connection the protection
is fed by the voltage UN=U0 (single input). The setting chapter in the
application manual explains how the analog input needs to be set.
ROV2PTOV will measure the residual voltage corresponding nominal phase-to-
earth voltage for high impedance earthed system. The measurement will be
based on the neutral voltage displacement .

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Characteristic1: This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting
can be, Definite time or Inverse curve A or Inverse curve B or Inverse curve C. The
choice is highly dependent of the protection application.

Un>: Set overvoltage operate value for step n (n=step 1 and 2), given as % of
residual voltage corresponding to global set parameter UBase:

U > ( % ) × UBase ( kV ) 3
IECEQUATION2290 V1 EN

The setting is dependent of the required sensitivity of the protection and the system
earthing. In non-effectively earthed systems the residual voltage can be maximum
the rated phase-to-earth voltage, which should correspond to 100%.

In effectively earthed systems this value is dependent of the ratio Z0/Z1. The
required setting to detect high resistive earth-faults must be based on network
calculations.

tn: time delay of step n (n=step 1 and 2), given in s. The setting is highly
dependent of the protection application. In many applications, the protection
function has the task to prevent damages to the protected object. The speed might
be important for example in case of protection of transformer that might be
overexcited. The time delay must be co-ordinated with other automated actions in
the system.

t1Min: Minimum operate time for inverse time characteristic for step 1, given in s.
For very high voltages the overvoltage function, using inverse time characteristic,
can give very short operation time. This might lead to unselective trip. By setting
t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping
can be avoided.

k1: Time multiplier for inverse time characteristic. This parameter is used for co-
ordination between different inverse time delayed undervoltage protections.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 9
Secondary system supervision

Section 9 Secondary system supervision

9.1 Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF

9.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF - -

9.1.2 Application
Different protection functions within the protection IED, operates on the basis of
the measured voltage in the relay point. Examples are:

• distance protection function

• under/over-voltage function
• synchrocheck function and voltage check for the weak infeed logic.

These functions can operate unintentionally if a fault occurs in the secondary

circuits between the voltage instrument transformers and the IED.

It is possible to use different measures to prevent such unwanted operations.

Miniature circuit breakers in the voltage measuring circuits, located as close as
possible to the voltage instrument transformers, are one of them. Separate fuse-
failure monitoring IEDs or elements within the protection and monitoring devices
are another possibilities. These solutions are combined to get the best possible
effect in the fuse failure supervision function (SDDRFUF).

SDDRFUF function built into the IED products can operate on the basis of external
binary signals from the miniature circuit breaker or from the line disconnector. The
first case influences the operation of all voltage-dependent functions while the
second one does not affect the impedance measuring functions.

The negative sequence detection algorithm, based on the negative-sequence

measuring quantities, a high value of voltage 3U2 without the presence of the
negative-sequence current 3I2, is recommended for use in isolated or high-
impedance earthed networks.

The zero sequence detection algorithm, based on the zero sequence measuring
quantities, a high value of voltage 3U0 without the presence of the residual current
3I0, is recommended for use in directly or low impedance earthed networks. In

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cases where the line can have a weak-infeed of zero sequence current this function
shall be avoided.

A criterion based on delta current and delta voltage measurements can be added to
the fuse failure supervision function in order to detect a three phase fuse failure.
This is beneficial for example during three phase transformer switching.

9.1.3 Setting guidelines

9.1.3.1 General

The negative and zero sequence voltages and currents always exist due to different
non-symmetries in the primary system and differences in the current and voltage
instrument transformers. The minimum value for the operation of the current and
voltage measuring elements must always be set with a safety margin of 10 to 20%,
depending on the system operating conditions.

Pay special attention to the dissymmetry of the measuring quantities when the
function is used on longer untransposed lines, on multicircuit lines and so on.

The settings of negative sequence, zero sequence and delta algorithm are in percent
of the base voltage and base current for the function, UBase and IBase
respectively. Set UBase to the primary rated phase-phase voltage of the potential
voltage transformer and IBase to the primary rated current of the current transformer.

9.1.3.2 Setting of common parameters

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

The settings of negative sequence, zero sequence and delta algorithm are in percent
of the global base voltage and global base current for the function, UBase and
IBase respectively.

The voltage threshold USealIn< is used to identify low voltage condition in the
system. Set USealIn< below the minimum operating voltage that might occur
during emergency conditions. We propose a setting of approximately 70% of the
global parameter UBase.

The drop off time of 200 ms for dead phase detection makes it recommended to
always set SealIn to On since this will secure a fuse failure indication at persistent
fuse fail when closing the local breaker when the line is already energized from the
other end. When the remote breaker closes the voltage will return except in the
phase that has a persistent fuse fail. Since the local breaker is open there is no
current and the dead phase indication will persist in the phase with the blown fuse.
When the local breaker closes the current will start to flow and the function detects
the fuse failure situation. But due to the 200 ms drop off timer the output BLKZ
will not be activated until after 200 ms. This means that distance functions are not
blocked and due to the “no voltage but current” situation might issue a trip.

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The operation mode selector OpMode has been introduced for better adaptation to
system requirements. The mode selector makes it possible to select interactions
between the negative sequence and zero sequence algorithm. In normal
applications the OpMode is set to either UNsINs for selecting negative sequence
algorithm or UZsIZs for zero sequence based algorithm. If system studies or field
experiences shows that there is a risk that the fuse failure function will not be
activated due to the system conditions, the dependability of the fuse failure
function can be increased if the OpMode is set to UZsIZs OR UNsINs or
OptimZsNs. In mode UZsIZs OR UNsINs both the negative and zero sequence
based algorithm is activated and working in an OR-condition. Also in mode
OptimZsNs both the negative and zero sequence algorithm are activated and the
one that has the highest magnitude of measured negative sequence current will
operate. If there is a requirement to increase the security of the fuse failure function
OpMode can be selected to UZsIZs AND UNsINs which gives that both negative
and zero sequence algorithm is activated working in an AND-condition, that is,
both algorithm must give condition for block in order to activate the output signals
BLKU or BLKZ.

9.1.3.3 Negative sequence based

The relay setting value 3U2> is given in percentage of the base voltage UBase and
should not be set lower than according to equation 23.

3U 2
3U 2 >= × 100
UBase
EQUATION1519 V2 EN (Equation 23)

where:
3U2 is maximal negative sequence voltage during normal operation condition
UBase is setting of the global base voltage for all functions in the IED.

The setting of the current limit 3I2< is in percentage of global parameter IBase.
The setting of 3I2< must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might
exist in the system and can be calculated according to equation 24.

3I 2
3I 2 <= × 100
IBase
EQUATION1520 V3 EN (Equation 24)

where:
3I2 is maximal negative sequence current during normal operating condition
IBase is setting of base current for the function

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9.1.3.4 Zero sequence based

The relay setting value 3U0> is given in percentage of the global parameter UBase.
The setting of 3U0> should not be set lower than according to equation 25.

3U 0
3U 0 >= × 100
UBase
EQUATION1521 V2 EN (Equation 25)

where:
3U0 is maximal zero sequence voltage during normal operation condition
UBase is setting of global base voltage all functions in the IED.

The setting of the current limit 3I0< is done in percentage of the global parameter
IBase. The setting of 3I0< must be higher than the normal unbalance current that
might exist in the system. The setting can be calculated according to equation 26.

3I 0
3 I 0 <= × 100
IBase
EQUATION2293 V2 EN (Equation 26)

where:
3I0< is maximal zero sequence current during normal operating condition
IBase is setting of global base current all functions in the IED.

9.1.3.5 Delta U and delta I

Set the operation mode selector OpDUDI to On if the delta function shall be in
operation.

The setting of DU> should be set high (approximately 60% of UBase) and the
current threshold DI< low (approximately 10% of IBase) to avoid unwanted
operation due to normal switching conditions in the network. The delta current and
delta voltage function shall always be used together with either the negative or zero
sequence algorithm. If USetprim is the primary voltage for operation of dU/dt and
ISetprim the primary current for operation of dI/dt, the setting of DU> and DI<
will be given according to equation 27 and equation 28.

USetprim
DU > = × 100
UBase
EQUATION1523 V1 EN (Equation 27)

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ISetprim
DI <= × 100
IBase
EQUATION1524 V2 EN (Equation 28)

The voltage thresholds UPh> is used to identify low voltage condition in the
system. Set UPh> below the minimum operating voltage that might occur during
emergency conditions. We propose a setting of approximately 70% of UB.

The current threshold IPh> shall be set lower than the IMinOp for the distance
protection function. A 5-10% lower value is recommended.

9.1.3.6 Dead line detection

The condition for operation of the dead line detection is set by the parameters
IDLD< for the current threshold and UDLD< for the voltage threshold.

Set the IDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected load current.
A safety margin of at least 15-20% is recommended. The operate value must
however exceed the maximum charging current of an overhead line, when only one
phase is disconnected (mutual coupling to the other phases).

Set the UDLD< with a sufficient margin below the minimum expected operating
voltage. A safety margin of at least 15% is recommended.

9.2 Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring TCSSCBR

9.2.1 Identification

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring TCSSCBR - -

9.2.2 Application
TCSSCBR detects faults in the electrical control circuit of the circuit breaker. The
function can supervise both open and closed coil circuits. This kind of supervision
is necessary to find out the vitality of the control circuits continuously.

Trip circuit supervision generates a current of approximately 1.0

mA through the supervised circuit. It must be ensured that this
current will not cause a latch up of the controlled object.

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To protect the trip circuit supervision circuits in the IED, the output
contacts are provided with parallel transient voltage suppressors.
The breakdown voltage of these suppressors is 400 +/– 20 V DC.

GUID-B056E9DB-E3E5-4300-9150-45916F485CA7 V1 EN

Figure 38: Operating principle of the trip-circuit supervision with an external

resistor. The TCSSCBR blocking switch is not required since the
external resistor is used.

If TCS is required only in a closed position, the external shunt resistance can be
omitted. When the circuit breaker is in the open position, TCS sees the situation as
a faulty circuit. One way to avoid TCS operation in this situation would be to block
the supervision function whenever the circuit breaker is open.

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Secondary system supervision

IS: Constant current generator.

Current level ~ 1,0 mA (Ic)
V: Transient Voltage Suppressor
Breakdown Voltage 380 to 400 VDC
Rs
(-)
PSM
PO1

TCS1 1
V
Ic
2
IS (+)
HW
SW PCM_TCS
TCSOUT1
TCSOUT2
TCSOUT3

TCSSCBR
TCS_STATE ALARM
CBPOS_open
BLOCK

GUID-6B09F9C7-86D0-4A7A-8E08-8E37CAE53249 V2 EN

Figure 39: Operating principle of the trip-circuit supervision without an

external resistor. The circuit breaker open indication is set to block
TCSSCBR when the circuit breaker is open.

Trip-circuit supervision and other trip contacts

It is typical that the trip circuit contains more than one trip contact in parallel, for
example in transformer feeders where the trip of a Buchholz relay is connected in
parallel with the feeder terminal and other relays involved.

GUID-7264738C-F9D7-48F0-B6FC-F85FD10D5B84 V1 EN

Figure 40: Constant test current flow in parallel trip contacts and trip-circuit
supervision

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Several trip-circuit supervision functions parallel in circuit

Not only the trip circuit often have parallel trip contacts, it is also possible that the
circuit has multiple TCS circuits in parallel. Each TCS circuit causes its own
supervising current to flow through the monitored coil and the actual coil current is
a sum of all TCS currents. This must be taken into consideration when determining
the resistance of Rext.

Trip-circuit supervision with auxiliary relays

Many retrofit projects are carried out partially, that is, the old electromechanical
relays are replaced with new ones but the circuit breaker is not replaced. This
creates a problem that the coil current of an old type circuit breaker can be too high
for the protection IED trip contact to break.

The circuit breaker coil current is normally cut by an internal contact of the circuit
breaker. In case of a circuit breaker failure, there is a risk that the protection IED
trip contact is destroyed since the contact is obliged to disconnect high level of
electromagnetic energy accumulated in the trip coil.

An auxiliary relay can be used between the protection IED trip contact and the
circuit breaker coil. This way the breaking capacity question is solved, but the TCS
circuit in the protection IED monitors the healthy auxiliary relay coil, not the
circuit breaker coil. The separate trip circuit supervision relay is applicable for this
to supervise the trip coil of the circuit breaker.

Dimensioning of the external resistor

Under normal operating conditions, the applied external voltage is divided between
the relay’s internal circuit and the external trip circuit so that at the minimum 10 V
(3...10 V) remains over the relay’s internal circuit. Should the external circuit’s
resistance be too high or the internal circuit’s too low, for example due to welded
relay contacts, the fault is detected.

Mathematically, the operation condition can be expressed as:

U c − ( Rext + Rs ) × I c ≥ 10V DC
GUID-34BDFCA2-E72E-4602-9F0D-281CDDF0A93A V1 EN (Equation 29)

Uc Operating voltage over the supervised trip circuit

Ic Measuring current through the trip circuit, appr. 1.0 mA (0.85...1.20 mA)

Rext external shunt resistance

Rs trip coil resistance

If the external shunt resistance is used, it has to be calculated not to interfere with
the functionality of the supervision or the trip coil. Too high a resistance causes too
high a voltage drop, jeopardizing the requirement of at least 20 V over the internal
circuit, while a resistance too low can enable false operations of the trip coil.

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Table 14: Values recommended for the external resistor Rext

Operating voltage Uc Shunt resistor Rext

48 V DC 10 kΩ, 5 W
60 V DC 22 kΩ, 5 W
110 V DC 33 kΩ, 5 W
220 V DC 68 kΩ, 5 W

Due to the requirement that the voltage over the TCSSCBR contact must be 20V or
higher, the correct operation is not guaranteed with auxiliary operating voltages
lower than 48V DC because of the voltage drop in Rext and the operating coil or
even voltage drop of the feeding auxiliary voltage system which can cause too low
voltage values over the TCSSCBR contact. In this case, erroneous alarming can occur.

At lower (<48V DC) auxiliary circuit operating voltages, it is recommended to use

the circuit breaker position to block unintentional operation of TCSSCBR. The use
of the position indication is described earlier in this chapter.

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1MRK 505 276-UEN - Section 10
Control

Section 10 Control

10.1 Apparatus control

10.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Bay control QCBAY - -
Local remote LOCREM - -
Local remote control LOCREMCTRL - -

10.1.2 Application
The apparatus control is a function for control and supervising of circuit breakers,
disconnectors, and earthing switches within a bay. Permission to operate is given
after evaluation of conditions from other functions such as interlocking,
synchrocheck, operator place selection and external or internal blockings.

The complete apparatus control function is not included in this

product, and the information below is included for understanding of
the principle for the use of QCBAY, LOCREM, and
LOCREMCTRL for the selection of the operator place.

Figure 41 gives an overview from what places the apparatus control function
receive commands. Commands to an apparatus can be initiated from the Control
Centre (CC), the station HMI or the local HMI on the IED front.

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Control

cc

Station HMI

GW

Station bus

Local Local Local

HMI HMI HMI
IED IED IED
Apparatus Apparatus Apparatus
Control Control Control
I/O I/O I/O

breakers disconnectors earthing switches

IEC08000227.vsd
IEC08000227 V1 EN

Figure 41: Overview of the apparatus control functions

Features in the apparatus control function:

• Operation of primary apparatuses

• Select-Execute principle to give high security
• Selection function to prevent simultaneous operation
• Selection and supervision of operator place
• Command supervision
• Block/deblock of operation
• Block/deblock of updating of position indications
• Substitution of position indications
• Overriding of interlocking functions
• Overriding of synchrocheck
• Operation counter
• Suppression of Mid position

The apparatus control function is realized by means of a number of function blocks

designated:

• Switch controller SCSWI

• Circuit breaker SXCBR
• Circuit switch SXSWI
• Position evaluation POS_EVAL
• Select release SELGGIO

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• Bay control QCBAY

• Local remote LOCREM
• Local remote control LOCREMCTRL

SCSWI, SXCBR, QCBAY and SXSWI are logical nodes according to IEC 61850.
The signal flow between these function blocks appears in figure 42. The function
Logical node Interlocking (SCILO) in the figure 42 is the logical node for
interlocking.

Control operation can be performed from the local IED HMI. If the administrator
has defined users with the UMT tool, then the local/remote switch is under
authority control. If not, the default (factory) user is the SuperUser that can
perform control operations from the local IED HMI without LogOn. The default
position of the local/remote switch is on remote.

IEC 61850

QCBAY SCSWI -QB1

SXCBR
-QA1
SCILO

SCSWI SXSWI -QB9

SCILO

IEC09000338-1-en.vsd
IEC09000338 V1 EN

Figure 42: Signal flow between apparatus control function blocks

The IEC 61850 communication has always priority over binary

inputs, e.g. a block command on binary inputs will not prevent
commands over IEC 61850.

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Bay control (QCBAY)

The Bay control (QCBAY) is used to handle the selection of the operator place for
the bay. The function gives permission to operate from two types of locations
either from Remote (for example, control centre or station HMI) or from Local
(local HMI on the IED) or from all (Local and Remote). The Local/Remote switch
position can also be set to Off, which means no operator place selected that is,
operation is not possible neither from local nor from remote.

QCBAY also provides blocking functions that can be distributed to different

apparatuses within the bay. There are two different blocking alternatives:

• Blocking of update of positions

• Blocking of commands

The function does not have a corresponding functionality defined in the IEC 61850
standard, which means that this function is included as a vendor specific logical node.

10.1.3 Interaction between modules

A typical bay with apparatus control function consists of a combination of logical
nodes or functions that are described here:

• The Switch controller (SCSWI) initializes all operations for one apparatus and
performs the actual switching and is more or less the interface to the drive of
one apparatus. It includes the position handling as well as the control of the
position.
• The Circuit breaker (SXCBR) is the process interface to the circuit breaker for
the apparatus control function.
• The Circuit switch (SXSWI) is the process interface to the disconnector or the
earthing switch for the apparatus control function.
• The Bay control (QCBAY) fulfils the bay-level functions for the apparatuses,
such as operator place selection and blockings for the complete bay.
• The function (SELGGIO), deals with reservation of the bay.
• The Four step overcurrent protection (OC4PTOC) trips the breaker.
• The Protection trip logic (SMPPTRC) connects the "trip" outputs of one or
more protection functions to a common "trip" to be transmitted to SXCBR.
• The Autorecloser (SMBRREC) consists of the facilities to automatically close
a tripped breaker with respect to a number of configurable conditions.
• The logical node Interlocking (SCILO) provides the information to SCSWI
whether it is permitted to operate due to the switchyard topology. The
interlocking conditions are evaluated with separate logic and connected to
SCILO .
• The Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing (SESRSYN)
calculates and compares the voltage phasor difference from both sides of an
open breaker with predefined switching conditions (synchrocheck). Also the
case that one side is dead (energizing-check) is included.
• The logical node Generic Automatic Process Control, GAPC, is an automatic
function that reduces the interaction between the operator and the system.

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With one command, the operator can start a sequence that will end with a
connection of a process object (for example a line) to one of the possible busbars.

The overview of the interaction between these functions is shown in figure 43 below.

OC4PTOC SMPPTRC SESRSYN

(Overcurrent) (Trip logic) (Synchrocheck)

Trip
Synchrocheck
OK
Start SMBRREC

QCBAY Operator place

(Bay control) selection Open cmd
Close cmd
Selected SCSWI SXCBR
Reserved (Switching control) (Circuit breaker)
SELGGIO
(Reservation) Selected

Close CB
SMBRREC Enable

Enable
open

close
(Auto- Position
recloser)
I/O
SCILO
(Interlocking)
other bays
Pos. from

Open rel.
Interlocking Close rel.
function Open rel.
block Close rel. SCILO
(Not a LN) Position (Interlocking)
Enable Enable
open close

Reserved Open cmd

Close cmd
SCSWI SXSWI
(Switching control) (Disconnector)

Position

I/O
IEC09000207_1_en.vsd
IEC09000207 V1 EN

Figure 43: Example overview of the interactions between functions in a typical

bay

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10.1.4 Setting guidelines

The setting parameters for the apparatus control function are set via the local HMI
or PCM600.

10.1.4.1 Bay control (QCBAY)

If the parameter AllPSTOValid is set to No priority, all originators from local and
remote are accepted without any priority.

10.2 Logic rotating switch for function selection and

LHMI presentation SLGGIO

10.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Logic rotating switch for function SLGGIO - -
selection and LHMI presentation

10.2.2 Application
The logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation function
(SLGGIO) (or the selector switch function block, as it is also known) is used to get
a selector switch functionality similar with the one provided by a hardware multi-
position selector switch. Hardware selector switches are used extensively by
utilities, in order to have different functions operating on pre-set values. Hardware
switches are however sources for maintenance issues, lower system reliability and
extended purchase portfolio. The virtual selector switches eliminate all these
problems.

SLGGIO function block has two operating inputs (UP and DOWN), one blocking
input (BLOCK) and one operator position input (PSTO).

SLGGIO can be activated both from the local HMI and from external sources
(switches), via the IED binary inputs. It also allows the operation from remote (like
the station computer). SWPOSN is an integer value output, giving the actual output
number. Since the number of positions of the switch can be established by settings
(see below), one must be careful in coordinating the settings with the configuration
(if one sets the number of positions to x in settings – for example, there will be
only the first x outputs available from the block in the configuration). Also the
frequency of the (UP or DOWN) pulses should be lower than the setting tPulse.

The operation from local HMI is from select or indication buttons (32 positions).
Typical applications are: Select operating modes for e.g. Auto reclose, Energizing
check, Earth-fault protection (IN,UN). The output integer can be connected to an

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Integer to Binary function block to give the position as a boolean for use in the
configuration.

10.2.3 Setting guidelines

The following settings are available for the Logic rotating switch for function
selection and LHMI presentation (SLGGIO) function:

Operation: Sets the operation of the function On or Off.

NrPos: Sets the number of positions in the switch (max. 32). This setting influence
the behavior of the switch when changes from the last to the first position.

OutType: Steady or Pulsed.

tPulse: In case of a pulsed output, it gives the length of the pulse (in seconds).

tDelay: The delay between the UP or DOWN activation signal positive front and
the output activation.

StopAtExtremes: Sets the behavior of the switch at the end positions – if set to
Disabled, when pressing UP while on first position, the switch will jump to the last
position; when pressing DOWN at the last position, the switch will jump to the first
position; when set to Enabled, no jump will be allowed.

10.3 Selector mini switch VSGGIO

10.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Selector mini switch VSGGIO - -

10.3.2 Application
Selector mini switch (VSGGIO) function is a multipurpose function used in the
configuration tool in PCM600 for a variety of applications, as a general purpose
switch. VSGGIO can be used for both acquiring an external switch position
(through the IPOS1 and the IPOS2 inputs) and represent it through the single line
diagram symbols (or use it in the configuration through the outputs POS1 and
POS2) as well as, a command function (controlled by the PSTO input), giving
switching commands through the CMDPOS12 and CMDPOS21 outputs.

The output POSITION is an integer output, showing the actual position as an

integer number 0 – 3.

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An example where VSGGIO is configured to switch Autorecloser on–off from a

button symbol on the local HMI is shown in Figure 10. The I and O buttons on the
local HMI are normally used for on–off operations of the circuit breaker.

INVERTER
VSGGIO INPUT OUT
PSTO
INTONE
IPOS1
IPOS2
SMBRREC
NAM_POS1 CMDPOS12 ON SETON
OFF
ON NAM_POS2 CMDPOS21 OFF

IEC07000112-2-en.vsd
IEC07000112 V2 EN

Figure 44: Control of Autorecloser from local HMI through Selector mini switch

10.3.3 Setting guidelines

Selector mini switch (VSGGIO) function can generate pulsed or steady commands
(by setting the Mode parameter). When pulsed commands are generated, the length
of the pulse can be set using the tPulse parameter. Also, being accessible on the
single line diagram (SLD), this function block has two control modes (settable
through CtlModel): Dir Norm and SBO Enh.

10.4 IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions

DPGGIO

10.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IEC 61850 generic communication I/O DPGGIO - -
functions

10.4.2 Application
The IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (DPGGIO) function block is
used to send three logical outputs to other systems or equipment in the substation.
The three inputs are named OPEN, CLOSE and VALID, since this function block
is intended to be used as a position indicator block in interlocking and reservation
station-wide logics.

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10.4.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

10.5 Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO

10.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO - -

10.5.2 Application
The Single point generic control 8 signals (SPC8GGIO) function block is a
collection of 8 single point commands, designed to bring in commands from
REMOTE (SCADA) to those parts of the logic configuration that do not need
complicated function blocks that have the capability to receive commands (for
example SCSWI). In this way, simple commands can be sent directly to the IED
outputs, without confirmation. Confirmation (status) of the result of the commands
is supposed to be achieved by other means, such as binary inputs and SPGGIO
function blocks.

PSTO is the universal operator place selector for all control

functions. Even if PSTO can be configured to allow LOCAL or
ALL operator positions, the only functional position usable with the
SPC8GGIO function block is REMOTE.

10.5.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for the single point generic control 8 signals (SPC8GGIO) function
are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

Operation: turning the function operation On/Off.

There are two settings for every command output (totally 8):

Latchedx: decides if the command signal for output x is Latched (steady) or Pulsed.

tPulsex: if Latchedx is set to Pulsed, then tPulsex will set the length of the pulse (in
seconds).

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10.6 Automation bits AUTOBITS

10.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
AutomationBits, command function for
AUTOBITS - -
DNP3

10.6.2 Application
The AUTOBITS function block (or the automation bits function block) is used
within PCM600 in order to get into the configuration the commands coming
through the DNP3 protocol.AUTOBITS function block have 32 individual outputs
which each can be mapped as a Binary Output point in DNP3. The output is
operated by a "Object 12" in DNP3. This object contains parameters for control-
code, count, on-time and off-time. To operate an AUTOBITS output point, send a
control-code of latch-On, latch-Off, pulse-On, pulse-Off, Trip or Close. The
remaining parameters are regarded as appropriate. For example, pulse-On, on-
time=100, off-time=300, count=5 would give 5 positive 100 ms pulses, 300 ms apart.

See the communication protocol manual for a detailed description of the DNP3
protocol

10.6.3 Setting guidelines

AUTOBITS function block has one setting, (Operation: On/Off) enabling or
disabling the function. These names will be seen in the DNP communication
configuration tool in PCM600.

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Section 11 Logic

11.1 Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC

11.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC 94

I->O

SYMBOL-K V1 EN

11.1.2 Application
All trip signals from the different protection functions shall be routed through the
trip logic. In its simplest alternative the logic will only link the internal TRIP
signals to a binary output and make sure that the pulse length is long enough.

The tripping logic common 3-phase output (SMPPTRC) offers only three-phase
tripping. A three-phase trip for all faults offers a simple solution and is often
sufficient in well meshed transmission systems and in High Voltage (HV) systems.

One SMPPTRC function block should be used for each breaker, if the object is
connected to the system via more than one breaker.

To prevent closing of a circuit breaker after a trip the function can block the
closing of the circuit breaker (trip lock-out).

11.1.2.1 Three-phase tripping

A simple application with three-phase tripping from the tripping logic common 3-
phase output SMPPTRC utilizes part of the function block. Connect the inputs
from the protection function blocks to the input TRIN. If necessary (normally the
case) use the trip matrix logic TMAGGIO to combine the different function outputs
to this input. Connect the output TRIP to the required binary outputs.

A typical connection is shown below in figure 45.

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SMPPTRC
BLOCK TRIP
ZQMPDIS zone1 TRIP
³1 TRIN
ZQMPDIS zone2 TRIP
ZQMPDIS zone3 TRIP RSTLKOUT
CLLKOUT
SETLKOUT

IEC09000144-2-en.vsd

IEC09000144 V2 EN

Figure 45: Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC is used for a
simple three-phase tripping application

11.1.2.2 Lock-out

This function block is provided with possibilities to initiate lock-out. The lock-out
can be set to only activate the block closing output CLLKOUT or initiate the block
closing output and also maintain the trip signal (latched trip).

The lock-out can then be manually reset after checking the primary fault by
activating the input reset Lock-Out RSTLKOUT or via the HMI.

If external conditions are required to initiate Lock-out but not initiate trip this can
be achieved by activating input SETLKOUT. The setting AutoLock = Off means
that the internal trip will not activate lock-out so only initiation of the input
SETLKOUT will result in lock-out. This is normally the case for overhead line
protection where most faults are transient. Unsuccessful autoreclose and back-up
zone tripping can in such cases be connected to initiate Lock-out by activating the
input SETLKOUT.

11.1.2.3 Blocking of the function block

Blocking can be initiated internally by logic, or by the operator using a

communication channel. Total blockage of Tripping logic (SMPPTRC) function is
done by activating the input BLOCK and can be used to block the output of
SMPPTRC in the event of internal failures.

11.1.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for Tripping logic common 3-phase output SMPPTRC are set via
the local HMI or through the Protection and Control Manager (PCM600).

The following trip parameters can be set to regulate tripping.

Operation: Sets the mode of operation. Off switches the function off. The normal
selection is On.

TripLockout: Sets the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates the lock-out output.
On activates the lock-out output and latches the output TRIP. The normal selection
is Off.

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AutoLock: Sets the scheme for lock-out. Off only activates lock-out through the
input SETLKOUT. On additonally allows activation through the trip function
itself. The normal selection is Off.

tTripMin: Sets the required minimum duration of the trip pulse. It should be set to
ensure that the breaker is tripped correctly. Normal setting is 0.150s.

11.2 Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO

11.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO - -

11.2.2 Application
The Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO function is used to route trip signals and other
logical output signals to the tripping logics SMPPTRC and SPTPTRC or to
different output contacts on the IED.

TMAGGIO output signals and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the
signals to the physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs.

11.2.3 Setting guidelines

Operation: Turns the operation of the function On/Off.

PulseTime: Defines the pulse time duration. When used for direct tripping of
circuit breaker(s) the pulse time duration shall be set to approximately 0.150
seconds in order to obtain satisfactory minimum duration of the trip pulse to the
circuit breaker trip coils. Used only for ModeOutputx: Pulsed.

OnDelay: Used to prevent output signals to be given for spurious inputs. Normally
set to 0 or a low value. Used only for ModeOutputx: Steady.

OffDelay: Defines a minimum on time for the outputs. When used for direct
tripping of circuit breaker(s) the off delay time shall be set to approximately 0.150
seconds in order to obtain a satisfactory minimum duration of the trip pulse to the
circuit breaker trip coils. Used only for ModeOutputx: Steady.

ModeOutputx: Defines if output signal OUTPUTx (where x=1-3) is Steady or

Pulsed. A steady signal follows the status of the input signals, with respect to OnDelay
and OffDelay. A pulsed signal will give a pulse once, when the Outputx rises
from 0 to 1.

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11.3 Configurable logic blocks

11.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
OR Function block OR - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Inverter function block INVERTER - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
PULSETIMER function block PULSETIMER - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Controllable gate function block GATE - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Exclusive OR function block XOR - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Logic loop delay function block LOOPDELAY - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Timer function block TIMERSET - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
AND function block AND - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Set-reset memory function block SRMEMORY - -

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Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Reset-set with memory function block RSMEMORY - -

11.3.2 Application
A set of standard logic blocks, like AND, OR etc, and timers are available for
adapting the IED configuration to the specific application needs.

There are no settings for AND gates, OR gates, inverters or XOR gates.

For normal On/Off delay and pulse timers the time delays and pulse lengths are set
from the local HMI or via the PST tool.

Both timers in the same logic block (the one delayed on pick-up and the one
delayed on drop-out) always have a common setting value.

For controllable gates, settable timers and SR flip-flops with memory, the setting
parameters are accessible via the local HMI or via the PST tool.

11.3.3.1 Configuration

Logic is configured using the ACT configuration tool in PCM600.

Execution of functions as defined by the configurable logic blocks runs according

to a fixed sequence with different cycle times.

For each cycle time, the function block is given an serial execution number. This is
shown when using the ACT configuration tool with the designation of the function
block and the cycle time, see example below.

IEC09000695_2_en.vsd
IEC09000695 V2 EN

Figure 46: Example designation, serial execution number and cycle time for
logic function

The execution of different function blocks within the same cycle is determined by
the order of their serial execution numbers. Always remember this when
connecting two or more logical function blocks in series.

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Always be careful when connecting function blocks with a fast

cycle time to function blocks with a slow cycle time.
Remember to design the logic circuits carefully and always check
the execution sequence for different functions. In other cases,
additional time delays must be introduced into the logic schemes to
prevent errors, for example, race between functions.
Default value on all four inputs of the AND gate are logical 1
which makes it possible for the user to just use the required number
of inputs and leave the rest un-connected. The output OUT has a
default value 0 initially, which will suppress one cycle pulse if the
function has been put in the wrong execution order.

11.4 Fixed signals FXDSIGN

11.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Fixed signals FXDSIGN - -

11.4.2 Application
The Fixed signals function (FXDSIGN) generates a number of pre-set (fixed)
signals that can be used in the configuration of an IED, either for forcing the
unused inputs in other function blocks to a certain level/value, or for creating
certain logic.

Example for use of GRP_OFF signal in FXDSIGN

The Restricted earth fault function REFPDIF can be used both for auto-
transformers and normal transformers.

When used for auto-transformers, information from both windings parts, together
with the neutral point current, needs to be available to the function. This means that
three inputs are needed.

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REFPDIF
I3PW1CT1
I3PW2CT1
I3P

IEC09000619_3_en.vsd
IEC09000619 V3 EN

Figure 47: REFPDIF function inputs for autotransformer application

For normal transformers only one winding and the neutral point is available. This
means that only two inputs are used. Since all group connections are mandatory to
be connected, the third input needs to be connected to something, which is the
GRP_OFF signal in FXDSIGN function block.

REFPDIF
I3PW1CT1
I3PW2CT1
I3P

FXDSIGN
GRP_OFF

IEC09000620_3_en.vsd
IEC09000620 V3 EN

Figure 48: REFPDIF function inputs for normal transformer application

11.5 Boolean 16 to integer conversion B16I

11.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Boolean 16 to integer conversion B16I - -

11.5.2 Application
Boolean 16 to integer conversion function B16I is used to transform a set of 16
binary (logical) signals into an integer. It can be used – for example, to connect
logical output signals from a function (like distance protection) to integer inputs

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from another function (like line differential protection). B16I does not have a
logical node mapping.

11.5.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

11.6 Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node

representation B16IFCVI

11.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with B16IFCVI - -
logic node representation

11.6.2 Application
Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node representation function
B16IFCVI is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer.
B16IFCVI can receive an integer from a station computer – for example, over IEC
61850–8–1. These functions are very useful when you want to generate logical
commands (for selector switches or voltage controllers) by inputting an integer
number. B16IFCVI has a logical node mapping in IEC 61850.

11.6.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

11.7 Integer to boolean 16 conversion IB16A

11.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Integer to boolean 16 conversion IB16A - -

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11.7.2 Application
Integer to boolean 16 conversion function (IB16A) is used to transform an integer
into a set of 16 binary (logical) signals. It can be used – for example, to connect
integer output signals from one function to binary (logical) inputs to another
function. IB16A function does not have a logical node mapping.

11.7.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

11.8 Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node

representation IB16FCVB

11.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Integer to boolean 16 conversion with IB16FCVB - -
logic node representation

11.8.2 Application
Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation function
(IB16FCVB) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical)
signals. IB16FCVB function can receive an integer from a station computer – for
example, over IEC 61850–8–1. These functions are very useful when the user
wants to generate logical commands (for selector switches or voltage controllers)
by inputting an integer number. IB16FCVB function has a logical node mapping in
IEC 61850.

11.8.3 Settings
The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600)

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Monitoring

Section 12 Monitoring

12.1 IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions

SPGGIO

12.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IEC 61850 generic communication I/O SPGGIO - -
functions

12.1.2 Application
IEC 61850–8–1 generic communication I/O functions (SPGGIO) function is used
to send one single logical output to other systems or equipment in the substation. It
has one visible input, that should be connected in ACT tool.

12.1.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

12.2 IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions 16

inputs SP16GGIO

12.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IEC 61850 generic communication I/O SP16GGIO - -
functions 16 inputs

12.2.2 Application
SP16GGIO function block is used to send up to 16 logical signals to other systems
or equipment in the substation. Inputs should be connected in ACT tool.

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12.2.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

12.3 IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions

MVGGIO

12.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IEC61850 generic communication I/O MVGGIO - -
functions

12.3.2 Application
IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) function is used to
send the instantaneous value of an analog signal to other systems or equipment in
the substation. It can also be used inside the same IED, to attach a RANGE aspect
to an analog value and to permit measurement supervision on that value.

12.3.3 Setting guidelines

The settings available for IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions
(MVGGIO) function allows the user to choose a deadband and a zero deadband for
the monitored signal. Values within the zero deadband are considered as zero.

The high and low limit settings provides limits for the high-high-, high, normal,
low and low-low ranges of the measured value. The actual range of the measured
value is shown on the range output of MVGGIO function block. When a Measured
value expander block (MVEXP) is connected to the range output, the logical
outputs of the MVEXP are changed accordingly.

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12.4 Measurements

12.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Measurements CVMMXN -
P, Q, S, I, U, f

SYMBOL-RR V1 EN

Phase current measurement CMMXU -

I

SYMBOL-SS V1 EN

Phase-phase voltage measurement VMMXU -

U

SYMBOL-UU V1 EN

Current sequence component CMSQI -

measurement
I1, I2, I0

SYMBOL-VV V1 EN

Voltage sequence measurement VMSQI -

U1, U2, U0

SYMBOL-TT V1 EN

Phase-neutral voltage measurement VNMMXU -

U

SYMBOL-UU V1 EN

12.4.2 Application
Measurement functions is used for power system measurement, supervision and
reporting to the local HMI, monitoring tool within PCM600 or to station level for
example, via IEC 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor measured values
of active power, reactive power, currents, voltages, frequency, power factor etc. is
vital for efficient production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. It
provides to the system operator fast and easy overview of the present status of the
power system. Additionally, it can be used during testing and commissioning of
protection and control IEDs in order to verify proper operation and connection of
instrument transformers (CTs and VTs). During normal service by periodic
comparison of the measured value from the IED with other independent meters the
proper operation of the IED analog measurement chain can be verified. Finally, it

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can be used to verify proper direction orientation for distance or directional

overcurrent protection function.

The available measured values of an IED are depending on the

actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.

All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits that is, low-low
limit, low limit, high limit and high-high limit. A zero clamping reduction is also
supported, that is, the measured value below a settable limit is forced to zero which
reduces the impact of noise in the inputs. There are no interconnections regarding
any settings or parameters, neither between functions nor between signals within
each function.

Zero clampings are handled by ZeroDb for each signal separately for each of the
functions. For example, the zero clamping of U12 is handled by ULZeroDb in
VMMXU, zero clamping of I1 is handled by ILZeroDb in CMMXU.

Dead-band supervision can be used to report measured signal value to station level
when change in measured value is above set threshold limit or time integral of all
changes since the last time value updating exceeds the threshold limit. Measure
value can also be based on periodic reporting.

The measurement function, CVMMXN, provides the following power system

quantities:

• P, Q and S: three phase active, reactive and apparent power

• PF: power factor
• U: phase-to-phase voltage amplitude
• I: phase current amplitude
• F: power system frequency

The output values are displayed in the local HMI under Main menu/Tests/
Function status/Monitoring/CVMMXN/Outputs

The measuring functions CMMXU, VNMMXU and VMMXU provide physical

quantities:

• I: phase currents (amplitude and angle) (CMMXU)

• U: voltages (phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase voltage, amplitude and angle)
(VMMXU, VNMMXU)

It is possible to calibrate the measuring function above to get better then class 0.5
presentation. This is accomplished by angle and amplitude compensation at 5, 30
and 100% of rated current and at 100% of rated voltage.

The power system quantities provided, depends on the actual

hardware, (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.

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The measuring functions CMSQI and VMSQI provide sequence component

quantities:

• I: sequence currents (positive, zero, negative sequence, amplitude and angle)

• U: sequence voltages (positive, zero and negative sequence, amplitude and
angle).

The CVMMXN function calculates three-phase power quantities by using

fundamental frequency phasors (DFT values) of the measured current respectively
voltage signals. The measured power quantities are available either, as
instantaneously calculated quantities or, averaged values over a period of time (low
pass filtered) depending on the selected settings.

12.4.3 Setting guidelines

The available setting parameters of the measurement function CVMMXN,
CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU are depending on the actual
hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.

The parameters for the Measurement functions CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU,

CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Off/On. Every function instance (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU,

CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU) can be taken in operation (On) or out of operation
(Off).

The following general settings can be set for the Measurement function
(CVMMXN).

PowAmpFact: Amplitude factor to scale power calculations.

PowAngComp: Angle compensation for phase shift between measured I & U.

Mode: Selection of measured current and voltage. There are 9 different ways of
calculating monitored three-phase values depending on the available VT inputs
connected to the IED. See parameter group setting table.

k: Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement, U and I.

UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y%

of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of

Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir,

where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

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The following general settings can be set for the Phase-phase current
measurement (CMMXU).

IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of

Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

IAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ir,

where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

The following general settings can be set for the Phase-phase voltage
measurement (VMMXU).

UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y%

of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

UAngCompY: Angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at Y% of Ur,

where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100.

The following general settings can be set for all monitored quantities included in
the functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI, VNMMXU) X
in setting names below equals S, P, Q, PF, U, I, F, IL1-3, UL1-3UL12-31, I1, I2,
3I0, U1, U2 or 3U0.

Xmin: Minimum value for analog signal X.

Xmax: Maximum value for analog signal X.

Xmin and Xmax values are directly set in applicable measuring unit,
V, A, and so on, for all measurement functions, except CVMMXN
where Xmin and Xmax values are set in % of SBase.

XZeroDb: Zero point clamping. A signal value less than XZeroDb is forced to zero.

XRepTyp: Reporting type. Cyclic (Cyclic), amplitude deadband (Dead band) or

integral deadband (Int deadband). The reporting interval is controlled by the
parameter XDbRepInt.

XDbRepInt: Reporting deadband setting. Cyclic reporting is the setting value and is
reporting interval in seconds. Amplitude deadband is the setting value in % of
measuring range. Integral deadband setting is the integral area, that is, measured
value in % of measuring range multiplied by the time between two measured values.

Limits are directly set in applicable measuring unit, V, A , and so

on, for all measureing functions, except CVMMXN where limits
are set in % of SBase.

XHiHiLim: High-high limit.

XHiLim: High limit.

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XLowLim: Low limit.

XLowLowLim: Low-low limit.

XLimHyst: Hysteresis value in % of range and is common for all limits.

All phase angles are presented in relation to defined reference channel. The
parameter PhaseAngleRef defines the reference.

Calibration curves
It is possible to calibrate the functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VNMMXU and
VMMXU) to get class 0.5 presentations of currents, voltages and powers. This is
accomplished by amplitude and angle compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of rated
current and voltage. The compensation curve will have the characteristic for
amplitude and angle compensation of currents as shown in figure 49 (example).
The first phase will be used as reference channel and compared with the curve for
calculation of factors. The factors will then be used for all related channels.

IEC05000652 V2 EN

Figure 49: Calibration curves

12.4.4 Setting examples

Three setting examples, in connection to Measurement function (CVMMXN), are
provided:

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• Measurement function (CVMMXN) application for a 400 kV OHL

• Measurement function (CVMMXN) application on the secondary side of a
transformer
• Measurement function (CVMMXN) application for a generator

For each of them detail explanation and final list of selected setting parameters
values will be provided.

The available measured values of an IED are depending on the

actual hardware (TRM) and the logic configuration made in PCM600.

12.4.4.1 Measurement function application for a 400 kV OHL

Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 50:

400kV Busbar

800/1 A
400 0,1 IED
/ kV
3 3

P Q

400kV OHL IEC09000039-1-en.vsd

IEC09000039-1-EN V1 EN

Figure 50: Single line diagram for 400 kV OHL application

In order to monitor, supervise and calibrate the active and reactive power as
indicated in figure 50 it is necessary to do the following:

1. Set correctly CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel

PhaseAngleRef using PCM600 for analog input channels
2. Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to three-phase CT and VT inputs
3. Set under General settings parameters for the Measurement function:

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• general settings as shown in table 15.

• level supervision of active power as shown in table 16.
• calibration parameters as shown in table 17.

Table 15: General settings parameters for the Measurement function

Setting Short Description Selected Comments
value
Operation Operation Off/On On Function must be On
PowAmpFact Amplitude factor to scale power 1.000 It can be used during
calculations commissioning to achieve higher
measurement accuracy.
Typically no scaling is required
PowAngComp Angle compensation for phase 0.0 It can be used during
shift between measured I & U commissioning to achieve higher
measurement accuracy.
Typically no angle compensation
is required. As well here required
direction of P & Q measurement
is towards protected object (as
per IED internal default direction)
Mode Selection of measured current L1, L2, L3 All three phase-to-earth VT
and voltage inputs are available
k Low pass filter coefficient for 0.00 Typically no additional filtering is
power measurement, U and I required

Table 16: Settings parameters for level supervision

Setting Short Description Selected Comments
value
PMin Minimum value -750 Minimum expected load
PMax Minimum value 750 Maximum expected load
PZeroDb Zero point clamping in 0.001% of 3000 Set zero point clamping to 45
range MW that is, 3% of 1500 MW
PRepTyp Reporting type db Select amplitude deadband
supervision
PDbRepInt Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In 2 Set ±Δdb=30 MW that is, 2%
% of range, Int Db: In %s (larger changes than 30 MW will
be reported)
PHiHiLim High High limit (physical value) 600 High alarm limit that is, extreme
overload alarm
PHiLim High limit (physical value) 500 High warning limit that is,
overload warning
PLowLim Low limit (physical value) -800 Low warning limit. Not active
PLowLowlLim Low Low limit (physical value) -800 Low alarm limit. Not active
PLimHyst Hysteresis value in % of range 2 Set ±Δ Hysteresis MW that is, 2%
(common for all limits)

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Table 17: Settings for calibration parameters

Setting Short Description Selected Comments
value
IAmpComp5 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
current at 5% of Ir
IAmpComp30 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
current at 30% of Ir
IAmpComp100 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
current at 100% of Ir
UAmpComp5 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
voltage at 5% of Ur
UAmpComp30 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
voltage at 30% of Ur
UAmpComp100 Amplitude factor to calibrate 0.00
voltage at 100% of Ur
IAngComp5 Angle calibration for current at 0.00
5% of Ir
IAngComp30 Angle pre-calibration for current 0.00
at 30% of Ir
IAngComp100 Angle pre-calibration for current 0.00
at 100% of Ir

12.5 Event counter CNTGGIO

12.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Event counter CNTGGIO -
S00946 V1 EN

12.5.2 Application
Event counter (CNTGGIO) has six counters which are used for storing the number
of times each counter has been activated. CNTGGIO can be used to count how
many times a specific function, for example the tripping logic, has issued a trip
signal. All six counters have a common blocking and resetting feature.

12.5.3 Setting guidelines

Operation: Sets the operation of Event counter (CNTGGIO) On or Off.

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12.6 Disturbance report

12.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Disturbance report DRPRDRE - -
Analog input signals A1RADR - -
Analog input signals A2RADR - -
Analog input signals A3RADR - -
Analog input signals A4RADR - -
Binary input signals B1RBDR - -
Binary input signals B2RBDR - -
Binary input signals B3RBDR - -
Binary input signals B4RBDR - -
Binary input signals B5RBDR - -
Binary input signals B6RBDR - -

12.6.2 Application
To get fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/
or in the secondary system it is very important to gather information on fault
currents, voltages and events. It is also important having a continuous event-
logging to be able to monitor in an overview perspective. These tasks are
accomplished by the disturbance report function DRPRDRE and facilitate a better
understanding of the power system behavior and related primary and secondary
equipment during and after a disturbance. An analysis of the recorded data
provides valuable information that can be used to explain a disturbance, basis for
change of IED setting plan, improve existing equipment, and so on. This
information can also be used in a longer perspective when planning for and
designing new installations, that is, a disturbance recording could be a part of
Functional Analysis (FA).

Disturbance report DRPRDRE, always included in the IED, acquires sampled data
of all selected analog and binary signals connected to the function blocks that is,
• maximum 30 external analog signals,
• 10 internal derived analog signals, and
• 96 binary signals.

Disturbance report function is a common name for several functions that is,
Indications, Event recorder, Event list, Trip value recorder, Disturbance recorder.

Disturbance report function is characterized by great flexibility as far as

configuration, starting conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity are

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concerned. Thus, disturbance report is not dependent on the operation of protective

functions, and it can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective
functions for one reason or another. Disturbance report can be used as an advanced
stand-alone disturbance recorder.

Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED. The same applies to all
events, which are continuously saved in a ring-buffer. Local HMI can be used to
get information about the recordings, and the disturbance report files may be
uploaded in the PCM600 using the Disturbance handling tool, for report reading or
further analysis (using WaveWin, that can be found on the PCM600 installation
CD). The user can also upload disturbance report files using FTP or MMS (over
61850–8–1) clients.

If the IED is connected to a station bus (IEC 61850-8-1), the disturbance recorder
(record made and fault number) and the fault locator information are available as
GOOSE or Report Control data.

12.6.3 Setting guidelines

The setting parameters for the Disturbance report function DRPRDRE are set via
the local HMI or PCM600.

It is possible to handle up to 40 analog and 96 binary signals, either internal signals

or signals coming from external inputs. The binary signals are identical in all
functions that is, Disturbance recorder, Event recorder, Indication, Trip value
recorder and Event list function.

User-defined names of binary and analog input signals is set using PCM600. The
analog and binary signals appear with their user-defined names. The name is used
in all related functions (Disturbance recorder, Event recorder, Indication, Trip
value recorder and Event list).

Figure 51 shows the relations between Disturbance report, included functions and
function blocks. Event list, Event recorder and Indication uses information from
the binary input function blocks (BxRBDR). Trip value recorder uses analog
information from the analog input function blocks (AxRADR),. Disturbance report
function acquires information from both AxRADR and BxRBDR.

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A1-4RADR Disturbance Report

A4RADR DRPRDRE
Analog signals
Trip value rec

B1-6RBDR Disturbance
recorder

Binary signals B6RBDR

Event list

Event recorder

Indications

IEC09000337-2-en.vsd
IEC09000337 V2 EN

Figure 51: Disturbance report functions and related function blocks

For Disturbance report function there are a number of settings which also
influences the sub-functions.

Three LED indications placed above the LCD screen makes it possible to get quick
status information about the IED.

Green LED: Steady light In Service

Flashing light Internal failure
Dark No power supply

Yellow LED: Function controlled by SetLEDn

setting in Disturbance report function.

Red LED: Function controlled by SetLEDn

setting in Disturbance report function.

Operation
The operation of Disturbance report function DRPRDRE has to be set On or Off. If
Off is selected, note that no disturbance report is registered, and none sub-function
will operate (the only general parameter that influences Event list).

Operation = Off:

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• Disturbance reports are not stored.

• LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is not stored or changed.

Operation = On:

• Disturbance reports are stored, disturbance data can be read from the local
HMI and from a PC using PCM600.
• LED information (yellow - start, red - trip) is stored.

Every recording will get a number (0 to 999) which is used as identifier (local
HMI, disturbance handling tool and IEC 61850). An alternative recording
identification is date, time and sequence number. The sequence number is
automatically increased by one for each new recording and is reset to zero at
midnight. The maximum number of recordings stored in the IED is 100. The oldest
recording will be overwritten when a new recording arrives (FIFO).

To be able to delete disturbance records, Operation parameter has

to be On.

The maximum number of recordings depend on each recordings

total recording time. Long recording time will reduce the number of
recordings to less than 100.

The IED flash disk should NOT be used to store any user files. This
might cause disturbance recordings to be deleted due to lack of disk
space.

Recording times
The different recording times for Disturbance report are set (the pre-fault time, post-
fault time, and limit time). These recording times affect all sub-functions more or
less but not the Event list function.

Prefault recording time (PreFaultRecT) is the recording time before the starting
point of the disturbance. The setting should be at least 0.1 s to ensure enough
samples for the estimation of pre-fault values in the Trip value recorder function.

Postfault recording time (PostFaultRecT) is the maximum recording time after the
disappearance of the trig-signal (does not influence the Trip value recorder function).

Recording time limit (TimeLimit) is the maximum recording time after trig. The
parameter limits the recording time if some trigging condition (fault-time) is very
long or permanently set (does not influence the Trip value recorder function).

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Post retrigger (PostRetrig) can be set to On or Off. Makes it possible to choose

performance of Disturbance report function if a new trig signal appears in the post-
fault window.

PostRetrig = Off

The function is insensitive for new trig signals during post fault time.

PostRetrig = On

The function completes current report and starts a new complete report that is, the
latter will include:

• new pre-fault- and fault-time (which will overlap previous report)

• events and indications might be saved in the previous report too, due to overlap
• new trip value calculations if installed, in operation and started

Operation in test mode

If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest = Off. Disturbance report function does
not save any recordings and no LED information is displayed.

If the IED is in test mode and OpModeTest = On. Disturbance report function
works in normal mode and the status is indicated in the saved recording.

12.6.3.1 Binary input signals

Up to 96 binary signals can be selected among internal logical and binary input
signals. The configuration tool is used to configure the signals.

For each of the 96 signals, it is also possible to select if the signal is to be used as a
trigger for the start of the Disturbance report and if the trigger should be activated
on positive (1) or negative (0) slope.

OperationN: Disturbance report may trig for binary input N (On) or not (Off).

TrigLevelN: Trig on positive (Trig on 1) or negative (Trig on 0) slope for binary

input N.

12.6.3.2 Analog input signals

Up to 40 analog signals can be selected among internal analog and analog input
signals. PCM600 is used to configure the signals.

The analog trigger of Disturbance report is not affected if analog input M is to be

included in the disturbance recording or not (OperationM = On/Off).

If OperationM = Off, no waveform (samples) will be recorded and reported in

graph. However, Trip value, pre-fault and fault value will be recorded and reported.
The input channel can still be used to trig the disturbance recorder.

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If OperationM = On, waveform (samples) will also be recorded and reported in graph.

NomValueM: Nominal value for input M.

OverTrigOpM, UnderTrigOpM: Over or Under trig operation, Disturbance report

may trig for high/low level of analog input M (On) or not (Off).

OverTrigLeM, UnderTrigLeM: Over or under trig level, Trig high/low level

relative nominal value for analog input M in percent of nominal value.

12.6.3.3 Sub-function parameters

All functions are in operation as long as Disturbance report is in operation.

Indications
IndicationMaN: Indication mask for binary input N. If set (Show), a status change
of that particular input, will be fetched and shown in the disturbance summary on
local HMI. If not set (Hide), status change will not be indicated.

SetLEDN: Set yellow Start and red Trip LED on local HMI in front of the IED if
binary input N changes status.

Disturbance recorder
OperationM: Analog channel M is to be recorded by the disturbance recorder (On)
or not (Off).

If OperationM = Off, no waveform (samples) will be recorded and reported in

graph. However, Trip value, pre-fault and fault value will be recorded and reported.
The input channel can still be used to trig the disturbance recorder.

If OperationM = On, waveform (samples) will also be recorded and reported in graph.

Event recorder
Event recorder function has no dedicated parameters.

Trip value recorder

ZeroAngleRef: The parameter defines which analog signal that will be used as
phase angle reference for all other analog input signals. This signal will also be
used for frequency measurement and the measured frequency is used when
calculating trip values. It is suggested to point out a sampled voltage input signal,
for example, a line or busbar phase voltage (channel 1-30).

Event list
Event list function has no dedicated parameters.

12.6.3.4 Consideration

The density of recording equipment in power systems is increasing, since the

number of modern IEDs, where recorders are included, is increasing. This leads to
a vast number of recordings at every single disturbance and a lot of information has

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to be handled if the recording functions do not have proper settings. The goal is to
optimize the settings in each IED to be able to capture just valuable disturbances
and to maximize the number that is possible to save in the IED.

The recording time should not be longer than necessary (PostFaultrecT and
TimeLimit).

• Should the function record faults only for the protected object or cover more?
• How long is the longest expected fault clearing time?
• Is it necessary to include reclosure in the recording or should a persistent fault
generate a second recording (PostRetrig)?

Minimize the number of recordings:

• Binary signals: Use only relevant signals to start the recording that is,
protection trip, carrier receive and/or start signals.
• Analog signals: The level triggering should be used with great care, since
unfortunate settings will cause enormously number of recordings. If
nevertheless analog input triggering is used, chose settings by a sufficient
margin from normal operation values. Phase voltages are not recommended for
trigging.

Remember that values of parameters set elsewhere are linked to the information on
a report. Such parameters are, for example, station and object identifiers, CT and
VT ratios.

12.7 Measured value expander block MVEXP

12.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Measured value expander block MVEXP - -

12.7.2 Application
The current and voltage measurements functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU
and VNMMXU), current and voltage sequence measurement functions (CMSQI
and VMSQI) and IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) are
provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured values can be
supervised with four settable limits, that is low-low limit, low limit, high limit and
high-high limit. The measure value expander block (MVEXP) has been introduced
to be able to translate the integer output signal from the measuring functions to 5
binary signals, that is below low-low limit, below low limit, normal, above high-
high limit or above high limit. The output signals can be used as conditions in the
configurable logic.

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12.7.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in Local HMI or Protection
and Control IED Manager (PCM600).

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

12.8 Station battery supervision SPVNZBAT

12.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Station battery supervision function SPVNZBAT U<> -

12.8.2 Application
Usually, the load on the DC system is a constant resistance load, for example,
lamps, LEDs, electronic instruments and electromagnetic contactors in a steady
state condition. A transient RL load exists when breakers are tripped or closed.

The battery voltage has to be continuously monitored as the batteries can withstand
moderate overvoltage and undervoltage only for a short period of time.
• If the battery is subjected to a prolonged or frequent overvoltage, it leads to the
ageing of the battery, which may lead to the earlier failure of the battery. The
other occurrences may be the thermal runaway, generation of heat or increased
amount of hydrogen gas and the depletion of fluid in case of valve regulated
batteries.

• If the value of the charging voltage drops below the minimum recommended
float voltage of the battery, the battery does not receive sufficient charging
current to offset internal losses, resulting in a gradual loss of capacity.
• If a lead acid battery is subjected to a continuous undervoltage, heavy
sulfation occurs on the plates, which leads to the loss of the battery capacity.

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12.9 Insulation gas monitoring function SSIMG

12.9.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Insulation gas monitoring function SSIMG - 63

12.9.2 Application
Insulation gas monitoring function (SSIMG) is used for monitoring the circuit
breaker condition. Proper arc extinction by the compressed gas in the circuit
breaker is very important. When the pressure becomes too low compared to the
required value, the circuit breaker operation gets blocked to minimize the risk of
internal failure. Binary information based on the gas pressure in the circuit breaker
is used as input signals to the function. In addition to that, the function generates
alarms based on received information.

12.10 Insulation liquid monitoring function SSIML

12.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Insulation liquid monitoring function SSIML - 71

12.10.2 Application
Insulation liquid monitoring function (SSIML) is used for monitoring the circuit
breaker condition. Proper arc extinction by the compressed oil in the circuit breaker
is very important. When the level becomes too low, compared to the required
value, the circuit breaker operation is blocked to minimize the risk of internal
failures. Binary information based on the oil level in the circuit breaker is used as
input signals to the function. In addition to that, the function generates alarms
based on received information.

12.11 Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR

12.11.1 Identification

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Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR - -

12.11.2 Application
SSCBR includes different metering and monitoring subfunctions.

Circuit breaker status

Circuit breaker status monitors the position of the circuit breaker, that is, whether
the breaker is in an open, closed or intermediate position.

Circuit breaker operation monitoring

The purpose of the circuit breaker operation monitoring is to indicate that the
circuit breaker has not been operated for a long time. The function calculates the
number of days the circuit breaker has remained inactive, that is, has stayed in the
same open or closed state. There is also the possibility to set an initial inactive day.

Breaker contact travel time

High travelling times indicate the need for maintenance of the circuit breaker
mechanism. Therefore, detecting excessive travelling time is needed. During the
opening cycle operation, the main contact starts opening. The auxiliary contact A
opens, the auxiliary contact B closes, and the main contact reaches its opening
position. During the closing cycle, the first main contact starts closing. The
auxiliary contact B opens, the auxiliary contact A closes, and the main contact
reaches its close position. The travel times are calculated based on the state
changes of the auxiliary contacts and the adding correction factor to consider the
time difference of the main contact's and the auxiliary contact's position change.

Operation counter
Routine maintenance of the breaker, such as lubricating breaker mechanism, is
generally based on a number of operations. A suitable threshold setting, to raise an
alarm when the number of operation cycle exceeds the set limit, helps preventive
maintenance. This can also be used to indicate the requirement for oil sampling for
dielectric testing in case of an oil circuit breaker.

The change of state can be detected from the binary input of the auxiliary contact.
There is a possibility to set an initial value for the counter which can be used to
initialize this functionality after a period of operation or in case of refurbished
primary equipment.

Accumulation of Iyt
Accumulation of Iyt calculates the accumulated energy ΣIyt where the factor y is
known as the current exponent. The factor y depends on the type of the circuit
breaker. For oil circuit breakers the factor y is normally 2. In case of a high-voltage
system, the factor y can be 1.4...1.5.

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Remaining life of the breaker

Every time the breaker operates, the life of the circuit breaker reduces due to
wearing. The wearing in the breaker depends on the tripping current, and the
remaining life of the breaker is estimated from the circuit breaker trip curve
provided by the manufacturer.

Example for estimating the remaining life of a circuit breaker

A071114 V3 EN

Figure 52: Trip Curves for a typical 12 kV, 630 A, 16 kA vacuum interrupter

Nr the number of closing-opening operations allowed for the circuit breaker

Ia the current at the time of tripping of the circuit breaker

Calculation of Directional Coefficient

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The directional coefficient is calculated according to the formula:

B
log  
Directional Coef =  A  = −2.2609
If 
log  
 Ir 
A070794 V2 EN (Equation 30)

Ir Rated operating current = 630 A

If Rated fault current = 16 kA

A Op number rated = 30000

B Op number fault = 20

Calculation for estimating the remaining life

The equation shows that there are 30,000 possible operations at the rated operating
current of 630 A and 20 operations at the rated fault current 16 kA. Therefore, if
the tripping current is 10 kA, one operation at 10 kA is equivalent to
30,000/500=60 operations at the rated current. It is also assumed that prior to this
tripping, the remaining life of the circuit breaker is 15,000 operations. Therefore,
after one operation of 10 kA, the remaining life of the circuit breaker is
15,000-60=14,940 at the rated operating current.

Spring charging time indication

For normal operation of the circuit breaker, the circuit breaker spring should be
charged within a specified time. Therefore, detecting long spring charging time
indicates that it is time for the circuit breaker maintenance. The last value of the
spring charging time can be used as a service value.

Gas pressure supervision

The gas pressure supervision monitors the gas pressure inside the arc chamber.
When the pressure becomes too low compared to the required value, the circuit
breaker operations are locked. A binary input is available based on the pressure
levels in the function, and alarms are generated based on these inputs.

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Section 13 Metering

13.1 Pulse counter PCGGIO

13.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Pulse counter PCGGIO -

S00947 V1 EN

13.1.2 Application
Pulse counter (PCGGIO) function counts externally generated binary pulses, for
instance pulses coming from an external energy meter, for calculation of energy
consumption values. The pulses are captured by the binary input module (BIO),
and read by the PCGGIO function. The number of pulses in the counter is then
reported via the station bus to the substation automation system or read via the
station monitoring system as a service value. When using IEC 61850–8–1, a scaled
service value is available over the station bus.

The normal use for this function is the counting of energy pulses from external
energy meters. An optional number of inputs from the binary input module in IED
can be used for this purpose with a frequency of up to 10 Hz. PCGGIO can also be
used as a general purpose counter.

13.1.3 Setting guidelines

From PCM600, these parameters can be set individually for each pulse counter:

• Operation: Off/On
• tReporting: 0-3600s
• EventMask: NoEvents/ReportEvents

The configuration of the inputs and outputs of PCGGIO function block is made
with PCM600.

On the binary input output module (BIO), the debounce filter default time is set to
5 ms, that is, the counter suppresses pulses with a pulse length less than 5 ms. The

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binary input channels on the binary input output module (BIO) have individual
settings for debounce time, oscillation count and oscillation time. The values can
be changed in the local HMI and PCM600 under Main menu/Configuration/I/O
modules

The setting isindividual for all input channels on the binary input
output module (BIO), that is, if changes of the limits are made for
inputs not connected to the pulse counter, it will not influence the
inputs used for pulse counting.

13.2 Energy calculation and demand handling EPTMMTR

13.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Energy calculation and demand ETPMMTR -
handling
Wh
IEC10000169 V1 EN

13.2.2 Application
Energy calculation and demand handling function ETPMMTR is intended for
statistics of the forward and reverse active and reactive energy. It has a high
accuracy basically given by the measurements function (CVMMXN). This function
has a site calibration possibility to further increase the total accuracy.

The function is connected to the instantaneous outputs of (CVMMXN) as shown in

figure 53.

CVMMXN ETPMMTR
P_INST P
Q_INST Q

STACC
TRUE
RSTACC
FALSE
RSTDMD
FALSE

IEC09000106.vsd
IEC09000106 V1 EN

Figure 53: Connection of energy calculation and demand handling function

ETPMMTR to the measurements function (CVMMXN)

The energy values can be read through communication in MWh and MVarh in
monitoring tool of PCM600 and/or alternatively the values can be presented on the
local HMI. The local HMI graphical display is configured with PCM600 Graphical

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display editor tool (GDE) with a measuring value which is selected to the active
and reactive component as preferred. All four values can also be presented.

Maximum demand values are presented in MWh or MVarh in the same way.

Alternatively, the values can be presented with use of the pulse counters function
(PCGGIO). The output values are scaled with the pulse output setting values
EAFAccPlsQty, EARAccPlsQty, ERFAccPlsQty and ERRAccPlsQty of the energy
metering function and then the pulse counter can be set-up to present the correct
values by scaling in this function. Pulse counter values can then be presented on
the local HMI in the same way and/or sent to the SA system through
communication where the total energy then is calculated by summation of the
energy pulses. This principle is good for very high values of energy as the
saturation of numbers else will limit energy integration to about one year with 50
kV and 3000 A. After that the accumulation will start on zero again.

13.2.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters are set via the local HMI or PCM600.

The following settings can be done for the energy calculation and demand handling
function ETPMMTR:

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

Operation: Off/On

tEnergy: Time interval when energy is measured.

StartAcc: Off/On is used to switch the accumulation of energy on and off.

The input signal STACC is used to start accumulation. Input signal

STACC cannot be used to halt accumulation. The energy content is
reset every time STACC is activated. STACC can for example, be
used when an external clock is used to switch two active energy
measuring function blocks on and off to have indication of two tariffs.

tEnergyOnPls: gives the pulse length ON time of the pulse. It should be at least
100 ms when connected to the Pulse counter function block. Typical value can be
100 ms.

tEnergyOffPls: gives the OFF time between pulses. Typical value can be 100 ms.

EAFAccPlsQty and EARAccPlsQty: gives the MWh value in each pulse. It should
be selected together with the setting of the Pulse counter (PCGGIO) settings to
give the correct total pulse value.

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ERFAccPlsQty and ERRAccPlsQty: gives the MVarh value in each pulse. It should
be selected together with the setting of the Pulse counter (PCGGIO) settings to
give the correct total pulse value.

For the advanced user there are a number of settings for direction, zero clamping,
max limit, and so on. Normally, the default values are suitable for these parameters.

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Station communication

Section 14 Station communication

14.1 IEC61850-8-1 communication protocol

14.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol IEC 61850-8-1 - -

14.1.2 Application
IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol allows vertical communication to HSI
clients and allows horizontal communication between two or more intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs) from one or several vendors to exchange information and
to use it in the performance of their functions and for correct co-operation.

GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), which is a part of IEC 61850–
8–1 standard, allows the IEDs to communicate state and control information
amongst themselves, using a publish-subscribe mechanism. That is, upon detecting
an event, the IED(s) use a multi-cast transmission to notify those devices that have
registered to receive the data. An IED can, by publishing a GOOSE message,
report its status. It can also request a control action to be directed at any device in
the network.

Figure 54 shows the topology of an IEC 61850–8–1 configuration. IEC 61850–8–1

specifies only the interface to the substation LAN. The LAN itself is left to the
system integrator.

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Engineering
Station HSI
Workstation Gateway
Base System
SMS
CC

Printer

IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED IED

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

KIOSK 1 KIOSK 2 KIOSK 3

IEC09000135_en.v
sd
IEC09000135 V1 EN

Figure 54: Example of a communication system with IEC 61850–8–1

Figure 55 shows the GOOSE peer-to-peer communication.

Station HSI
MicroSCADA
Gateway

GOOSE

IED IED IED IED IED

A A A A A

Control Protection Control and protection Control Protection

en05000734.vsd
IEC05000734 V1 EN

Figure 55: Example of a broadcasted GOOSE message

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14.1.2.1 Horizontal communication via GOOSE

GOOSE messages are sent in horizontal communication between the IEDs. The
information, which is exchanged, is used for station wide interlocking, breaker
failure protection, busbar voltage selection and so on.

The simplified principle is shown in Figure 56 and can be described as follows.

When IED1 has decided to transmit the data set it forces a transmission via the
station bus. All other IEDs receive the data set, but only those who have this data
set in their address list will take it and keep it in an input container. It is defined,
that the receiving IED will take the content of the received data set and makes it
available for the application configuration.

Stationbus

IED1 IED2 IED3

DA1
DO1
DA2
IED1 DO1/DA1 IED1 DO1/DA1
IED1 DO1/DA2 IED1 DO1/DA2 DA1
DO3
IED1 DO2/DA1 IED1 DO2/DA1 DA2
IED1 DO2/DA2 IED1 DO2/DA2 SMT
IED1 DO3/DA1 IED1 DO3/DA1 DA1
IED1 DO3/DA2 IED1 DO3/DA2 DO2
DA2

Receive-FB

FBa FBb FBc

PLC Program

IEC08000145.vsd
IEC08000145 V1 EN

Figure 56: SMT: GOOSE principle and signal routing with SMT

Special function blocks take the data set and present it via the function block as
output signals for application functions in the application configuration. Different
GOOSE receive function blocks are available for the specific tasks.

SMT links the different data object attributes (for example stVal or magnitude) to
the output signal to make it available for functions in the application configuration.
When a matrix cell array is marked red the IEC 61850–8–1 data attribute type does
not fit together, even if the GOOSE receive function block is the partner. SMT
checks this on the content of the received data set. See Figure 57

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IEC08000174.vsd
IEC08000174 V1 EN

Figure 57: SMT: GOOSE marshalling with SMT

GOOSE receive function blocks extract process information, received by the data
set, into single attribute information that can be used within the application
configuration. Crosses in the SMT matrix connect received values to the respective
function block signal in SMT, see Figure 58

The corresponding quality attribute is automatically connected by

SMT. This quality attribute is available in ACT, through the outputs
of the available GOOSE function blocks.

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IEC11000056-1-en.vsd

IEC11000056 V1 EN

Figure 58: SMT: GOOSE receive function block with converted signals

14.1.3 Setting guidelines

There are two settings related to the IEC 61850–8–1 protocol:

Operation User can set IEC 61850 communication to On or Off.

GOOSE has to be set to the Ethernet link where GOOSE traffic shall be send and
received.

IEC 61850–8–1 specific data (logical nodes etc.) per included

function in an IED can be found in the communication protocol
manual for IEC 61850–8–1.

14.2 DNP3 protocol

DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) is a set of communications protocols used to

communicate data between components in process automation systems. For a
detailed description of the DNP3 protocol, see the DNP3 Communication protocol
manual.

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14.3 IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol

IEC 60870-5-103 is an unbalanced (master-slave) protocol for coded-bit serial

communication exchanging information with a control system, and with a data
transfer rate up to 19200 bit/s. In IEC terminology, a primary station is a master
and a secondary station is a slave. The communication is based on a point-to-point
principle. The master must have software that can interpret IEC 60870-5-103
communication messages.

The Communication protocol manual for IEC 60870-5-103 includes the 650 series
vendor specific IEC 60870-5-103 implementation.

IEC 60870-5-103 protocol can be configured to use either the optical serial or
RS485 serial communication interface on the COM05 communication module. The
functions Operation selection for optical serial (OPTICALPROT) and Operation
selection for RS485 (RS485PROT) are used to select the communication interface.

See the Engineering manual for IEC103 60870-5-103 engineering

procedures in PCM600.

The functions IEC60870-5-103 Optical serial communication (OPTICAL103) and

IEC60870-5-103 serial communication for RS485 (RS485103) are used to
configure the communication parameters for either the optical serial or RS485
serial communication interfaces.

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Section 15 Basic IED functions

15.1 Self supervision with internal event list

15.1.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Internal error signal INTERRSIG - -
Internal event list SELFSUPEVLST - -

15.1.2 Application
The protection and control IEDs have many functions included . Self supervision
with internal event list (SELFSUPEVLST) and internal error signals
(INTERRSIG) function provide supervision of the IED. The fault signals make it
easier to analyze and locate a fault.

Both hardware and software supervision is included and it is also possible to

indicate possible faults through a hardware contact on the power supply module and/
or through the software communication.

Internal events are generated by the built-in supervisory functions. The supervisory
functions supervise the status of the various modules in the IED and, in case of
failure, a corresponding event is generated. Similarly, when the failure is corrected,
a corresponding event is generated.

The event list is updated every 10s hence, an event will not be
visible in the event list as soon as it is created.

Apart from the built-in supervision of the various modules, events are also
generated when the status changes for the:

• built-in real time clock (in operation/out of order).

• external time synchronization (in operation/out of order).
• Change lock (on/off)

Events are also generated:

• whenever any setting in the IED is changed.

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The internal events are time tagged with a resolution of 1 ms and stored in a list.
The list can store up to 40 events. The list is based on the FIFO principle, that is,
when it is full, the oldest event is overwritten. The list can be cleared via the local
HMI .

The list of internal events provides valuable information, which can be used during
commissioning and fault tracing.

15.2 Time synchronization

15.2.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Time synchronization TIMESYNCHGE - -
N

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Time system, summer time begins DSTBEGIN - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Time system, summer time ends DSTEND - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Time synchronization via IRIG-B IRIG-B - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Time synchronization via SNTP SNTP - -

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Time zone from UTC TIMEZONE - -

15.2.2 Application
Use a common global source for example GPS time synchronization inside each
substation as well as inside the area of the utility responsibility to achieve a

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common time base for the IEDs in a protection and control system. This makes
comparison and analysis of events and disturbance data between all IEDs in the
power system possible.

Time-tagging of internal events and disturbances are an excellent help when

evaluating faults. Without time synchronization, only the events within the IED can
be compared to one another. With time synchronization, events and disturbances
within the entire station, and even between line ends, can be compared during
evaluation.

In the IED, the internal time can be synchronized from a number of sources:

• SNTP
• IRIG-B
• DNP
• IEC60870-5-103

Micro SCADA OPC server should not be used as a time

synchronization source.

15.2.3 Setting guidelines

System time
The time is only possible to set inside the IED via the local HMI by navigating to
Configuration/Time/SYSTEMTIME with year, month, day, hour, minute and
second.

Synchronization
With external time synchronization the setting how to synchronize for the real-time
clock (TIME) are set via local HMI or PCM600.

TimeSynch
The setting TIMESYNCGEN is used to set the source of the time synchronization.
The setting alternatives are:

CoarseSyncSrc which can have the following values:

• Off
• SNTP
• DNP
• IEC60870-5-103

FineSyncSource which can have the following values:

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• Off
• SNTP
• IRIG-B

The parameter SyncMaster defines if the IED is a master, or not a master for time
synchronization in a system of IEDs connected in a communication network
(IEC61850-8-1). The SyncMaster can have the following values:
• Off
• SNTP -Server

The time synchronization fine tunes the clock.

IEC 60870-5-103 time synchronization

An IED with IEC 60870-5-103 protocol can be used for time synchronization, but
for accuracy reasons, it is not recommended. In some cases, however, this kind of
synchronization is needed, for example, when no other synchronization is available.

First, set the IED to be synchronized via IEC 60870-5-103 either from IED
Configuration/Time/Synchronization/TIMESYNCHGEN:1 in PST or from the
local HMI.

GUID-68284E7B-A24D-4E78-B5BA-736B29F50E9A V1 EN

Figure 59: Settings under TIMESYNCHGEN:1 in PST

Only CoarseSyncSrc can be set to IEC 60870-5-103, not FineSyncSource.

After setting up the time synchronization source, the user must check and modify
the IEC 60870-5-103 time synchronization specific settings, under: IED
Configuration/Communication/Station communication/IEC60870-5-103:1.
• MasterTimeDomain specifies the format of the time sent by the master. Format
can be:
• Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
• Local time set in the master (Local)
• Local time set in the master adjusted according to daylight saving time
(Local with DST)
• TimeSyncMode specifies the time sent by the IED. The time synchronisation is
done using the following ways:
• IEDTime: The IED sends the messages with its own time.
• LinMasTime: The IED measures the offset between its own time and the
master time, and applies the same offset for the messages sent as in the

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IEDTimeSkew. But in LinMasTime it applies the time changes occurred

between two synchronised messages.
• IEDTimeSkew: The IED measures the offset in between its own time and
the master time and applies the same offset for the messages sent.
• EvalTimeAccuracy evaluates time accuracy for invalid time. Specifies the
accuracy of the synchronization (5, 10, 20 or 40 ms). If the accuracy is less
than the specified value, the “Bad Time” flag is raised. To accommodate those
masters that are really bad in time sync, the EvalTimeAccuracy can be set to
Off.

According to the standard, the “Bad Time” flag is reported when synchronization
has been omitted in the protection for >23 h.

15.3 Parameter setting group handling

15.3.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Setting group handling SETGRPS - -
Parameter setting groups ACTVGRP - -

15.3.2 Application
Four different groups of settings are available to optimize IED operation for
different power system conditions. By creating and switching between fine tuned
setting sets, either from the local HMI or configurable binary inputs, results in a
highly adaptable IED that can cope with a variety of power system scenarios.

Different conditions in networks with different voltage levels require highly

adaptable protection and control IEDs to best provide for dependability, security
and selectivity requirements. Protection IEDs operate with a higher degree of
availability, especially, if the setting values of their parameters are continuously
optimized according to the conditions in the power system.

Operational departments can plan for different operating conditions in the primary
power system equipment. The protection engineer can prepare the necessary
optimized and pre-tested settings in advance for different protection functions.

The four different groups of setting parameters are available in the IED. Any of
them can be activated through different inputs by means of external programmable
binary or internal control signals.

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15.3.3 Setting guidelines

The setting ActiveSetGrp, is used to select which parameter group to be active. The
active group can also be selected with configured input to the function block
ACTVGRP.

The parameter MaxNoSetGrp defines the maximum number of setting groups in

use to switch between. Only the selected number of setting groups will be available
in the Parameter Setting tool (PST) for activation with the ACTVGRP function block.

15.4 Test mode functionality TESTMODE

15.4.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Test mode functionality TESTMODE - -

15.4.2 Application
The protection and control IEDs may have a complex configuration with many
included functions. To make the testing procedure easier, the IEDs include the
feature that allows individual blocking of all functions except the function(s) the
shall be tested.

This means that it is possible to see when a function is activated or trips. It also
enables the user to follow the operation of several related functions to check
correct functionality and to check parts of the configuration, and so on.

15.4.3 Setting guidelines

There are two possible ways to place the IED in the TestMode= On” state. This
means that if the IED is set to normal operation (TestMode = Off), but the functions
are still shown being in the test mode, the input signal INPUT on the TESTMODE
function block must be activated in the configuration.

Forcing of binary output signals is only possible when the IED is in test mode.

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15.5 Change lock CHNGLCK

15.5.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Change lock function CHNGLCK - -

15.5.2 Application
Change lock function CHNGLCK is used to block further changes to the IED
configuration once the commissioning is complete. The purpose is to make it
impossible to perform inadvertent IED configuration and setting changes.

However, when activated, CHNGLCK will still allow the following actions that
does not involve reconfiguring of the IED:
• Monitoring
• Reading events
• Resetting events
• Reading disturbance data
• Clear disturbances
• Reset LEDs
• Reset counters and other runtime component states
• Control operations
• Set system time
• Enter and exit from test mode
• Change of active setting group

The binary input controlling the function is defined in ACT or SMT. The
CHNGLCK function is configured using ACT.

LOCK Binary input signal that will activate/deactivate the function, defined in ACT or
SMT.
ACTIVE Output status signal
OVERRIDE Set if function is overridden

When CHNGLCK has a logical one on its input, then all attempts to modify the
IED configuration and setting will be denied and the message "Error: Changes
blocked" will be displayed on the local HMI; in PCM600 the message will be
"Operation denied by active ChangeLock". The CHNGLCK function should be
configured so that it is controlled by a signal from a binary input card. This
guarantees that by setting that signal to a logical zero, CHNGLCK is deactivated. If
any logic is included in the signal path to the CHNGLCK input, that logic must be

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designed so that it cannot permanently issue a logical one to the CHNGLCK input.
If such a situation would occur in spite of these precautions, then please contact the
local ABB representative for remedial action.

15.5.3 Setting guidelines

The Change lock function CHNGLCK does not have any parameters available in
the local HMI or PCM600.

15.6 IED identifiers TERMINALID

15.6.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
IED identifiers TERMINALID - -

15.6.2 Application

15.6.2.1 Customer specific settings

The customer specific settings are used to give the IED a unique name and address.
The settings are used by a central control system to communicate with the IED.
The customer specific identifiers are found in the local HMI under Configuration/
Power system/Identifiers/TERMINALID

The settings can also be made from PCM600. For more information about the
available identifiers, see the technical manual.

Use only characters A - Z, a - z and 0 - 9 in station, unit and object

names.

15.7 Product information PRODINF

15.7.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Product information PRODINF - -

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15.7.2 Application

15.7.2.1 Factory defined settings

The factory defined settings are very useful for identifying a specific version and
very helpful in the case of maintenance, repair, interchanging IEDs between
different Substation Automation Systems and upgrading. The factory made settings
can not be changed by the customer. They can only be viewed. The settings are
found in the local HMI under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/Product
identifiers

The following identifiers are available:

• IEDProdType
• Describes the type of the IED (like REL, REC or RET). Example: REL650
• ProductVer
• Describes the product version. Example: 1.2.3

1 is the Major version of the manufactured product this means, new platform of the
product
2 is the Minor version of the manufactured product this means, new functions or new
hardware added to the product
3 is the Major revision of the manufactured product this means, functions or hardware
is either changed or enhanced in the product

• ProductDef
• Describes the release number, from the production. Example: 1.2.3.4
where;

1 is the Major version of the manufactured product this means, new platform of the
product
2 is the Minor version of the manufactured product this means, new functions or new
hardware added to the product
3 is the Major revision of the manufactured product this means, functions or hardware
is either changed or enhanced in the product
4 is the Minor revision of the manufactured product this means, code is corrected in the
product

• SerialNo: the structure of the SerialNo is as follows, for example, T0123456

where

01 is the last two digits in the year when the IED was manufactured that is, 2001
23 is the week number when the IED was manufactured
456 is the sequential number of the IEDs produced during the production week
• OrderingNo: the structure of the OrderingNo is as follows, for example,
1MRK008526-BA. This alphanumeric string has no specific meaning except,
that it is used for internal identification purposes within ABB.
• ProductionDate: states the production date in the “YYYY-MM_DD” format.

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15.8 Primary system values PRIMVAL

15.8.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Primary system values PRIMVAL - -

15.8.2 Application
The rated system frequency and phasor rotation are set under Main menu/
Configuration/ Power system/ Primary values/PRIMVAL in the local HMI and
PCM600 parameter setting tree.

15.9 Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI

15.9.1 Identification

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI_20_x - -

15.9.2 Application
Signal matrix for analog inputs function (SMAI), also known as the preprocessor
function, processes the analog signals connected to it and gives information about
all aspects of the analog signals connected, like the RMS value, phase angle,
frequency, harmonic content, sequence components and so on. This information is
then used by the respective functions in ACT (for example protection,
measurement or monitoring).

The SMAI function is used within PCM600 in direct relation with the Signal
Matrix tool or the Application Configuration tool.

The SMAI function blocks for the 650 series of products are
possible to set for two cycle times either 5 or 20ms. The function
blocks connected to a SMAI function block shall always have the
same cycle time as the SMAI block.

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15.9.3 Setting guidelines

The parameters for the signal matrix for analog inputs (SMAI) functions are set via
the local HMI or via the PCM600.

Every SMAI function block can receive four analog signals (three phases and one
neutral value), either voltage or current. SMAI outputs give information about
every aspect of the 3ph analog signals acquired (phase angle, RMS value,
frequency and frequency derivates, and so on – 244 values in total). Besides the
block “group name”, the analog inputs type (voltage or current) and the analog
input names that can be set directly in ACT.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

DFTRefExtOut: Parameter valid only for function block SMAI_20_1:1,

SMAI_20_1:2 and SMAI_80_1 .

These 3 SMAI blocks can be used as reference blocks for other SMAI blocks when
the output signal SPFCOUT is used for relating other SMAI blocks to a common
phase reference block for external output (SPFCOUT function output).

DFTReference: Reference DFT for the block.

These DFT reference block settings decide DFT reference for DFT calculations.
The settings InternalDFTRef will use fixed DFT reference based on set system
frequency. The setting DFTRefGrpn (where n is a number from 1 to 12) will use
DFT reference from the selected group block numbered n, when own group
selected adaptive DFT reference will be used based on calculated signal frequency
from own group. The setting ExternalDFTRef will use reference based on what is
connected to input DFTSPFC.

ConnectionType: Connection type for that specific instance (n) of the SMAI (if it is
Ph-N or Ph-Ph). Depending on connection type setting the not connected Ph-N or
Ph-Ph outputs will be calculated.

Negation: Negation means rotation with 1800 of the vectors. If the user wants to
negate the 3ph signal, it is possible to choose to negate only the phase signals
Negate3Ph, only the neutral signal NegateN or both Negate3Ph+N.

MinValFreqMeas: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is
calculated, expressed as percent of the voltage in the selected Global Base voltage
group (n) (for each instance 1<n<6).

Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default

value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available.

Even if the user sets the AnalogInputType of a SMAI block to

“Current”, the MinValFreqMeas is still visible. However, using the

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current channel values as base for frequency measurement is not

recommendable for a number of reasons, not last among them
being the low level of currents that one can have in normal
operating conditions.

Example of adaptive frequency tracking

Task time group 1

SMAI instance 3 phase group
SMAI_20_1:1 1
SMAI_20_2:1 2
SMAI_20_3:1 3
SMAI_20_4:1 4 DFTRefGrp7
SMAI_20_5:1 5
SMAI_20_6:1 6
SMAI_20_7:1 7
SMAI_20_8:1 8
SMAI_20_9:1 9
SMAI_20_10:1 10
SMAI_20_11:1 11
SMAI_20_12:1 12

Task time group 2

SMAI instance 3 phase group
SMAI_20_1:2 1
SMAI_20_2:2 2
SMAI_20_3:2 3
SMAI_20_4:2 4
SMAI_20_5:2 5
SMAI_20_6:2 6
SMAI_20_7:2 7
SMAI_20_8:2 8
SMAI_20_9:2 9
SMAI_20_10:2 10
SMAI_20_11:2 11
SMAI_20_12:2 12
IEC09000029_1_en.vsd
IEC09000029 V1 EN

Figure 60: SMAI instances as organized in different task time groups and the
corresponding parameter numbers

The example shows a situation with adaptive frequency tracking with one reference
selected for all instances. In practice each instance can be adapted to the needs of
the actual application.

Example 1

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Task time group 1 Task time group 2

SMAI_20_7:1 SMAI_20_1-12:2
BLOCK SPFCOUT BLOCK SPFCOUT
DFTSPFC AI3P DFTSPFC AI3P
REVROT AI1 REVROT AI1
AI1NAME AI2 AI1NAME AI2
AI2NAME AI3 AI2NAME AI3
AI3NAME AI4 AI3NAME AI4
AI4NAME AIN AI4NAME AIN

IEC09000028-1.vsd
IEC09000028 V1 EN

Figure 61: Configuration for using an instance in task time group 1 as DFT
reference

Assume instance SMAI_20_7:1 in task time group 1 has been selected in the
configuration to control the frequency tracking (For the SMAI_20_x task time
groups). Observe that the selected reference instance (i.e. frequency tracking
master) must be a voltage type. Observe that positive sequence voltage is used for
the frequency tracking feature.

For task time group 1 this gives the following settings (see Figure 60 for numbering):

SMAI_20_7:1: DFTRefExtOut = DFTRefGrp7 to route SMAI_20_7:1 reference to

the SPFCOUT output, DFTReference = DFTRefGrp7 for SMAI_20_7:1 to use
SMAI_20_7:1 as reference (see Figure 61). .

SMAI_20_2:1 - SMAI_20_12:1 DFTReference = DFTRefGrp7 for SMAI_20_2:1 -

SMAI_20_12:1 to use SMAI_20_7:1 as reference.

For task time group 2 this gives the following settings:

SMAI_20_1:2 - SMAI_20_12:2 DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use

DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI_20_7:1)

15.10 Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM

15.10.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM - -

15.10.2 Application
Summation block 3 phase function 3PHSUM is used to get the sum of two sets of
three-phase analog signals (of the same type) for those IED functions that might
need it.

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15.10.3 Setting guidelines

The summation block receives the three-phase signals from SMAI blocks. The
summation block has several settings.

GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define
(IBase), (UBase) and (SBase).

SummationType: Summation type (Group 1 + Group 2, Group 1 - Group 2, Group

2 - Group 1 or –(Group 1 + Group 2)).

DFTReference: The reference DFT block (InternalDFT Ref,DFTRefGrp1 or

External DFT ref) .

FreqMeasMinVal: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is
calculated, expressed as percent of UBase (for each instance x).

15.11 Global base values GBASVAL

15.11.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Global base values GBASVAL - -

15.11.2 Application
Global base values function (GBASVAL) is used to provide global values,
common for all applicable functions within the IED. One set of global values
consists of values for current, voltage and apparent power and it is possible to have
six different sets.

This is an advantage since all applicable functions in the IED use a single source of
base values. This facilitates consistency throughout the IED and also facilitates a
single point for updating values when necessary.

Each applicable function in the IED has a parameter, GlobalBaseSel, defining one
out of the six sets of GBASVAL functions.

15.11.3 Setting guidelines

UBase: Phase-to-phase voltage value to be used as a base value for applicable
functions throughout the IED.

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IBase: Phase current value to be used as a base value for applicable functions
throughout the IED.

SBase: Standard apparent power value to be used as a base value for applicable
functions throughout the IED, typically SBase=√3·UBase·IBase.

15.12 Authority check ATHCHCK

15.12.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Authority check ATHCHCK - -

15.12.2 Application
To safeguard the interests of our customers, both the IED and the tools that are
accessing the IED are protected, by means of authorization handling. The
authorization handling of the IED and the PCM600 is implemented at both access
points to the IED:

• local, through the local HMI

• remote, through the communication ports

15.12.2.1 Authorization handling in the IED

At delivery the default user is the SuperUser. No Log on is required to operate the
IED until a user has been created with the IED User Management..

Once a user is created and written to the IED, that user can perform a Log on, using
the password assigned in the tool. Then the default user will be Guest.

If there is no user created, an attempt to log on will display a message box: “No
user defined!”

If one user leaves the IED without logging off, then after the timeout (set in Main
menu/Configuration/HMI/Screen/1:SCREEN) elapses, the IED returns to Guest
state, when only reading is possible. By factory default, the display timeout is set to
60 minutes.

If one or more users are created with the IED User Management and written to the
IED, then, when a user attempts a Log on by pressing the key or when the user
attempts to perform an operation that is password protected, the Log on window
opens.

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The cursor is focused on the User identity field, so upon pressing the key, one
can change the user name, by browsing the list of users, with the “up” and “down”
arrows. After choosing the right user name, the user must press the key again.
When it comes to password, upon pressing the key, the following characters
will show up: “✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳”. The user must scroll for every letter in the
password. After all the letters are introduced (passwords are case sensitive) choose
OK and press the key again.

At successful Log on, the local HMI shows the new user name in the status bar at
the bottom of the LCD. If the Log on is OK, when required to change for example
a password protected setting, the local HMI returns to the actual setting folder. If
the Log on has failed, an "Error Access Denied" message opens. If a user enters an
incorrect password three times, that user will be blocked for ten minutes before a
new attempt to log in can be performed. The user will be blocked from logging in,
both from the local HMI and PCM600. However, other users are to log in during
this period.

15.13 Authority status ATHSTAT

15.13.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Authority status ATHSTAT - -

15.13.2 Application
Authority status (ATHSTAT) function is an indication function block, which
informs about two events related to the IED and the user authorization:

• the fact that at least one user has tried to log on wrongly into the IED and it
was blocked (the output USRBLKED)
• the fact that at least one user is logged on (the output LOGGEDON)

The two outputs of ATHSTAT function can be used in the configuration for
different indication and alarming reasons, or can be sent to the station control for
the same purpose.

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15.14 Denial of service

15.14.1 Identification
Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2
identification identification device number
Denial of service, frame rate control for DOSFRNT - -
front port

Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2

identification identification device number
Denial of service, frame rate control for DOSLAN1 - -
LAN1 port

15.14.2 Application
The denial of service functions (DOSFRNT,DOSLAN1 and DOSSCKT) are
designed to limit the CPU load that can be produced by Ethernet network traffic on
the IED. The communication facilities must not be allowed to compromise the
primary functionality of the device. All inbound network traffic will be quota
controlled so that too heavy network loads can be controlled. Heavy network load
might for instance be the result of malfunctioning equipment connected to the
network.

DOSFRNT, DOSLAN1 and DOSSCKT measures the IED load from

communication and, if necessary, limit it for not jeopardizing the IEDs control and
protection functionality due to high CPU load. The function has the following outputs:
• LINKUP indicates the Ethernet link status
• WARNING indicates that communication (frame rate) is higher than normal
• ALARM indicates that the IED limits communication

15.14.3 Setting guidelines

The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

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Section 16 Requirements

16.1 Current transformer requirements

The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the

measured current signal. Saturation of the current transformer (CT) will cause
distortion of the current signal and can result in a failure to operate or cause
unwanted operations of some functions. Consequently CT saturation can have an
influence on both the dependability and the security of the protection. This
protection IED has been designed to permit heavy CT saturation with maintained
correct operation.

16.1.1 Current transformer classification

To guarantee correct operation, the current transformers (CTs) must be able to
correctly reproduce the current for a minimum time before the CT will begin to
saturate. To fulfill the requirement on a specified time to saturation the CTs must
fulfill the requirements of a minimum secondary e.m.f. that is specified below.

There are several different ways to specify CTs. Conventional magnetic core CTs
are usually specified and manufactured according to some international or national
standards, which specify different protection classes as well. There are many
different standards and a lot of classes but fundamentally there are three different
types of CTs:

• High remanence type CT

• Low remanence type CT
• Non remanence type CT

The high remanence type has no limit for the remanent flux. This CT has a
magnetic core without any airgap and a remanent flux might remain almost infinite
time. In this type of transformers the remanence can be up to around 80% of the
saturation flux. Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P, PX, TPS,
TPX according to IEC, class P, X according to BS (old British Standard) and non
gapped class C, K according to ANSI/IEEE.

The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. This CT is
made with a small air gap to reduce the remanence to a level that does not exceed
10% of the saturation flux. The small air gap has only very limited influences on
the other properties of the CT. Class PR, TPY according to IEC are low remanence
type CTs.

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The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanent flux.
This type of CT has relatively big air gaps in order to reduce the remanence to
practically zero level. In the same time, these air gaps reduce the influence of the DC-
component from the primary fault current. The air gaps will also decrease the
measuring accuracy in the non-saturated region of operation. Class TPZ according
to IEC is a non remanence type CT.

Different standards and classes specify the saturation e.m.f. in different ways but it
is possible to approximately compare values from different classes. The rated
equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044 – 6 standard is
used to specify the CT requirements for the IED. The requirements are also
specified according to other standards.

16.1.2 Conditions
The requirements are a result of investigations performed in our network simulator.
The current transformer models are representative for current transformers of high
remanence and low remanence type. The results may not always be valid for non
remanence type CTs (TPZ).

The performances of the protection functions have been checked in the range from
symmetrical to fully asymmetrical fault currents. Primary time constants of at least
120 ms have been considered at the tests. The current requirements below are thus
applicable both for symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents.

Depending on the protection function phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and three-

phase faults have been tested for different relevant fault positions for example,
close in forward and reverse faults, zone 1 reach faults, internal and external faults.
The dependability and security of the protection was verified by checking for
example, time delays, unwanted operations, directionality, overreach and stability.

The remanence in the current transformer core can cause unwanted operations or
minor additional time delays for some protection functions. As unwanted
operations are not acceptable at all maximum remanence has been considered for
fault cases critical for the security, for example, faults in reverse direction and
external faults. Because of the almost negligible risk of additional time delays and
the non-existent risk of failure to operate the remanence have not been considered
for the dependability cases. The requirements below are therefore fully valid for all
normal applications.

It is difficult to give general recommendations for additional margins for

remanence to avoid the minor risk of an additional time delay. They depend on the
performance and economy requirements. When current transformers of low
remanence type (for example, TPY, PR) are used, normally no additional margin is
needed. For current transformers of high remanence type (for example, P, PX, TPS,
TPX) the small probability of fully asymmetrical faults, together with high
remanence in the same direction as the flux generated by the fault, has to be kept in
mind at the decision of an additional margin. Fully asymmetrical fault current will
be achieved when the fault occurs at approximately zero voltage (0°).

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Investigations have shown that 95% of the faults in the network will occur when
the voltage is between 40° and 90°. In addition fully asymmetrical fault current
will not exist in all phases at the same time.

16.1.3 Fault current

The current transformer requirements are based on the maximum fault current for
faults in different positions. Maximum fault current will occur for three-phase
faults or single phase-to-earth faults. The current for a single phase-to-earth fault
will exceed the current for a three-phase fault when the zero sequence impedance
in the total fault loop is less than the positive sequence impedance.

When calculating the current transformer requirements, maximum fault current for
the relevant fault position should be used and therefore both fault types have to be
considered.

16.1.4 Secondary wire resistance and additional load

The voltage at the current transformer secondary terminals directly affects the
current transformer saturation. This voltage is developed in a loop containing the
secondary wires and the burden of all relays in the circuit. For earth faults the loop
includes the phase and neutral wire, normally twice the resistance of the single
secondary wire. For three-phase faults the neutral current is zero and it is just
necessary to consider the resistance up to the point where the phase wires are
connected to the common neutral wire. The most common practice is to use four
wires secondary cables so it normally is sufficient to consider just a single
secondary wire for the three-phase case.

The conclusion is that the loop resistance, twice the resistance of the single
secondary wire, must be used in the calculation for phase-to-earth faults and the
phase resistance, the resistance of a single secondary wire, may normally be used
in the calculation for three-phase faults.

As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-to-
earth faults it is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-to-
earth fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earth
fault can be dimensioning for the CT depending on the higher burden.

In isolated or high impedance earthed systems the phase-to-earth fault is not the
dimensioning case and therefore the resistance of the single secondary wire always
can be used in the calculation, for this case.

16.1.5 General current transformer requirements

The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data for
example, maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to the
protection is higher than the minimum operating value for all faults that are to be

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detected with the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is different for
different functions and normally settable so each function should be checked.

The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a very
sensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If a very sensitive
setting of this function will be used it is recommended that the current transformer
should have an accuracy class which have an current error at rated primary current
that is less than ±1% (for example, 5P). If current transformers with less accuracy
are used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during the
commissioning.

16.1.6 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. requirements

With regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of high
remanence and low remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the rated
equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal below can be used. The characteristic of the non
remanence type CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error is
concerned. If no explicit recommendation is given for a specific function we
therefore recommend contacting ABB to confirm that the non remanence type can
be used.

The CT requirements for the different functions below are specified as a rated
equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard.
Requirements for CTs specified in different ways are given at the end of this section.

16.1.6.1 1 Ph high impedance differential protection

The CTs connected to the IED must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal
that is larger than or equal to the required equivalent secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn
E al ³ E alreq = 2 × U s = 2 × I tmax × × (R CT + R L )
I pn

where:
Us Set operate value to the voltage relay (V)

Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency fault current for through fault current for external
faults (A)
Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (Ω)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable from the CT up to a common junction point (Ω). The
loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly
earthed systems and the resistance of a single-phase wire should be used for faults in high
impedance earthed systems.

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All CTs to the same protection should have identical turn ratios. Consequently
auxiliary CTs cannot normally be used. The IED must be provided with separate
cores.

16.1.6.2 Breaker failure protection

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or
equal to the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 5 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1380 V1 EN (Equation 32)

where:
Iop The primary operate value (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance
containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems.
The resistance of a single secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance
earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and
SR=0.250 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

16.1.6.3 Non-directional instantaneous and definitive time, phase and residual

overcurrent protection

The CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or
equal to the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

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Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 1, 5 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1381 V1 EN (Equation 33)

where:
Iop The primary operate value (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance
containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems.
The resistance of a single secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance
earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and
SR=0.250 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

16.1.6.4 Non-directional inverse time delayed phase and residual overcurrent

protection

The requirement according to Equation 34 and Equation 35 does not need to be

fulfilled if the high set instantaneous or definitive time stage is used. In this case
Equation 33 is the only necessary requirement.

If the inverse time delayed function is the only used overcurrent protection function
the CTs must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or
equal to the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = 20 × I op × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1076 V1 EN (Equation 34)

where

Iop The primary current set value of the inverse time function (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

Table continues on next page

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RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop
resistance containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in
solidly earthed systems. The resistance of a single secondary wire should be
used for faults in high impedance earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). SR=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1
A and SR=0.250 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

Independent of the value of Iop the maximum required Eal is specified according to
the following:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq max = I k max × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1077 V1 EN (Equation 35)

where

Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in faults (A)

16.1.6.5 Directional phase and residual overcurrent protection

If the directional overcurrent function is used the CTs must have a rated equivalent
secondary e.m.f. Eal that is larger than or equal to the required equivalent
secondary e.m.f. Ealreq below:

Isn æ S ö
E al ³ E alreq = I k max × × ç R CT + R L + R2 ÷
I pn è Ir ø
EQUATION1078 V1 EN (Equation 36)

where:
Ikmax Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in forward and reverse faults (A)

Ipn The rated primary CT current (A)

Isn The rated secondary CT current (A)

Ir The rated current of the protection IED (A)

RCT The secondary resistance of the CT (W)

RL The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (W). The loop resistance
containing the phase and neutral wires, must be used for faults in solidly earthed systems.
The resistance of a single secondary wire should be used for faults in high impedance
earthed systems.
SR The burden of an IED current input channel (VA). Sr=0.010 VA/channel for Ir=1 A and
Sr=0.250 VA/channel for Ir=5 A

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16.1.7 Current transformer requirements for CTs according to

other standards
All kinds of conventional magnetic core CTs are possible to use with the IEDs if
they fulfill the requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as the
rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. Eal according to the IEC 60044-6 standard. From
different standards and available data for relaying applications it is possible to
approximately calculate a secondary e.m.f. of the CT comparable with Eal. By
comparing this with the required secondary e.m.f. Ealreq it is possible to judge if the
CT fulfills the requirements. The requirements according to some other standards
are specified below.

16.1.7.1 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR

A CT according to IEC 60044-1 is specified by the secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max.

The value of the E2max is approximately equal to the corresponding Eal according
to IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to class P and PR must have a
secondary limiting e.m.f. E2max that fulfills the following:

E2 max > max E alreq

EQUATION1383 V2 EN (Equation 37)

16.1.7.2 Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class PX, IEC

60044-6, class TPS (and old British Standard, class X)

CTs according to these classes are specified approximately in the same way by a
rated knee-point e.m.f. Eknee (Ek for class PX, EkneeBS for class X and the limiting
secondary voltage Ual for TPS). The value of the Eknee is lower than the
corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044-6. It is not possible to give a general
relation between the Eknee and the Eal but normally the Eknee is approximately 80 %
of the Eal. Therefore, the CTs according to class PX, X and TPS must have a rated
knee-point e.m.f. Eknee that fulfills the following:

Eknee » Ek » EkneeBS » Ual > 0.8 · (maximum of Ealreq)

EQUATION2100 V1 EN (Equation 38)

16.1.7.3 Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE

Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE are partly specified in different

ways. A rated secondary terminal voltage UANSI is specified for a CT of class C.

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UANSI is the secondary terminal voltage the CT will deliver to a standard burden at
20 times rated secondary current without exceeding 10 % ratio correction. There
are a number of standardized UANSI values for example, UANSI is 400 V for a C400
CT. A corresponding rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. EalANSI can be
estimated as follows:

E a lANSI = 20 × I s n × R C T + U A NSI = 20 × I s n × R C T + 20 × Is n × Z b ANSI

EQUATION971 V1 EN (Equation 39)

where:
ZbANSI The impedance (that is, complex quantity) of the standard ANSI burden for the specific C
class (W)
UANSI The secondary terminal voltage for the specific C class (V)

The CTs according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limiting
secondary e.m.f. EalANSI that fulfills the following:

E alANSI > max imum of E alreq

EQUATION1384 V1 EN (Equation 40)

A CT according to ANSI/IEEE is also specified by the knee-point voltage

UkneeANSI that is graphically defined from an excitation curve. The knee-point
voltage UkneeANSI normally has a lower value than the knee-point e.m.f. according
to IEC and BS. UkneeANSI can approximately be estimated to 75 % of the
corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044 6. Therefore, the CTs according to ANSI/
IEEE must have a knee-point voltage UkneeANSI that fulfills the following:

EkneeANSI > 0.75 · (maximum of Ealreq)

EQUATION2101 V1 EN (Equation 41)

16.2 Voltage transformer requirements

The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the

measured input signal. Transients caused by capacitive voltage transformers
(CVTs) can affect some protection functions.

Magnetic or capacitive voltage transformers can be used.

The capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should fulfill the requirements

according to the IEC 60044–5 standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients.
The ferro-resonance requirements of the CVTs are specified in chapter 7.4 of the
standard.

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The transient responses for three different standard transient response classes, T1,
T2 and T3 are specified in chapter 15.5 of the standard. CVTs according to all
classes can be used.

The protection IED has effective filters for these transients, which gives secure and
correct operation with CVTs.

16.3 SNTP server requirements

16.3.1 SNTP server requirements

The SNTP server to be used is connected to the local network, that is not more than
4-5 switches or routers away from the IED. The SNTP server is dedicated for its
task, or at least equipped with a real-time operating system, that is not a PC with
SNTP server software. The SNTP server should be stable, that is, either
synchronized from a stable source like GPS, or local without synchronization.
Using a local SNTP server without synchronization as primary or secondary server
in a redundant configuration is not recommended.

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Section 17 Glossary

AC Alternating current
ACT Application configuration tool within PCM600
A/D converter Analog-to-digital converter
ADBS Amplitude deadband supervision
AI Analog input
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AR Autoreclosing
ASCT Auxiliary summation current transformer
ASD Adaptive signal detection
AWG American Wire Gauge standard
BI Binary input
BOS Binary outputs status
BR External bistable relay
BS British Standards
CAN Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for
serial communication
CB Circuit breaker
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephony. A United Nations-sponsored standards body
within the International Telecommunications Union.
CCVT Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformer
Class C Protection Current Transformer class as per IEEE/ ANSI
CMPPS Combined megapulses per second
CMT Communication Management tool in PCM600
CO cycle Close-open cycle
Codirectional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves
two twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information
in both directions
COMTRADE Standard format according to IEC 60255-24
Contra-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves
four twisted pairs, two of which are used for transmitting
data in both directions and two for transmitting clock signals

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CPU Central processor unit

CR Carrier receive
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CROB Control relay output block
CS Carrier send
CT Current transformer
CVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DAR Delayed autoreclosing
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US
developer of the TCP/IP protocol etc.)
DBDL Dead bus dead line
DBLL Dead bus live line
DC Direct current
DFC Data flow control
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIP-switch Small switch mounted on a printed circuit board
DI Digital input
DLLB Dead line live bus
DNP Distributed Network Protocol as per IEEE/ANSI Std.
1379-2000
DR Disturbance recorder
DRAM Dynamic random access memory
DRH Disturbance report handler
DSP Digital signal processor
DTT Direct transfer trip scheme
EHV network Extra high voltage network
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
EMF (Electric Motive Force)
EMI Electromagnetic interference
EnFP End fault protection
EPA Enhanced performance architecture
ESD Electrostatic discharge
FCB Flow control bit; Frame count bit

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FOX 20 Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for speech,

data and protection signals
FOX 512/515 Access multiplexer
FOX 6Plus Compact time-division multiplexer for the transmission of
up to seven duplex channels of digital data over optical fibers
G.703 Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by
local telephone companies. Can be transported over
balanced and unbalanced lines
GCM Communication interface module with carrier of GPS
receiver module
GDE Graphical display editor within PCM600
GI General interrogation command
GIS Gas-insulated switchgear
GOOSE Generic object-oriented substation event
GPS Global positioning system
HDLC protocol High-level data link control, protocol based on the HDLC
standard
HFBR connector Plastic fiber connector
type
HMI Human-machine interface
HSAR High speed autoreclosing
HV High-voltage
HVDC High-voltage direct current
IDBS Integrating deadband supervision
IEC International Electrical Committee
IEC 60044-6 IEC Standard, Instrument transformers – Part 6:
Requirements for protective current transformers for
transient performance
IEC 61850 Substation automation communication standard
IEC 61850–8–1 Communication protocol standard
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.12 A network technology standard that provides 100 Mbits/s on
twisted-pair or optical fiber cable
IEEE P1386.1 PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC) standard for local bus modules.
References the CMC (IEEE P1386, also known as Common
Mezzanine Card) standard for the mechanics and the PCI
specifications from the PCI SIG (Special Interest Group) for
the electrical EMF (Electromotive force).

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IEEE 1686 Standard for Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices

(IEDs) Cyber Security Capabilities
IED Intelligent electronic device
I-GIS Intelligent gas-insulated switchgear
Instance When several occurrences of the same function are available
in the IED, they are referred to as instances of that function.
One instance of a function is identical to another of the same
kind but has a different number in the IED user interfaces.
The word "instance" is sometimes defined as an item of
information that is representative of a type. In the same way
an instance of a function in the IED is representative of a
type of function.
IP 1. Internet protocol. The network layer for the TCP/IP
protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks. IP is a
connectionless, best-effort packet-switching protocol. It
provides packet routing, fragmentation and reassembly
through the data link layer.
2. Ingression protection, according to IEC standard
IP 20 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 20
IP 40 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 40
IP 54 Ingression protection, according to IEC standard, level 54
IRF Internal failure signal
IRIG-B: InterRange Instrumentation Group Time code format B,
standard 200
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LAN Local area network
LIB 520 High-voltage software module
LCD Liquid crystal display
LDD Local detection device
LED Light-emitting diode
MCB Miniature circuit breaker
MCM Mezzanine carrier module
MVB Multifunction vehicle bus. Standardized serial bus originally
developed for use in trains.
NCC National Control Centre
OCO cycle Open-close-open cycle
OCP Overcurrent protection
OLTC On-load tap changer
OV Over-voltage

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Overreach A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault
condition. For example, a distance relay is overreaching
when the impedance presented to it is smaller than the
apparent impedance to the fault applied to the balance point,
that is, the set reach. The relay “sees” the fault but perhaps it
should not have seen it.
PCI Peripheral component interconnect, a local data bus
PCM Pulse code modulation
PCM600 Protection and control IED manager
PC-MIP Mezzanine card standard
PMC PCI Mezzanine card
POR Permissive overreach
POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip
Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level, that is, in near
proximity to the measured and/or controlled components
PSM Power supply module
PST Parameter setting tool within PCM600
PT ratio Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio
PUTT Permissive underreach transfer trip
RASC Synchrocheck relay, COMBIFLEX
RCA Relay characteristic angle
RFPP Resistance for phase-to-phase faults
RFPE Resistance for phase-to-earth faults
RISC Reduced instruction set computer
RMS value Root mean square value
RS422 A balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital
data in point-to-point connections
RS485 Serial link according to EIA standard RS485
RTC Real-time clock
RTU Remote terminal unit
SA Substation Automation
SBO Select-before-operate
SC Switch or push button to close
SCS Station control system
SCADA Supervision, control and data acquisition
SCT System configuration tool according to standard IEC 61850

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SDU Service data unit

SMA connector Subminiature version A, A threaded connector with constant
impedance.
SMT Signal matrix tool within PCM600
SMS Station monitoring system
SNTP Simple network time protocol – is used to synchronize
computer clocks on local area networks. This reduces the
requirement to have accurate hardware clocks in every
embedded system in a network. Each embedded node can
instead synchronize with a remote clock, providing the
required accuracy.
SRY Switch for CB ready condition
ST Switch or push button to trip
Starpoint Neutral point of transformer or generator
SVC Static VAr compensation
TC Trip coil
TCS Trip circuit supervision
TCP Transmission control protocol. The most common transport
layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet.
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol over Internet Protocol. The de
facto standard Ethernet protocols incorporated into 4.2BSD
Unix. TCP/IP was developed by DARPA for Internet
working and encompasses both network layer and transport
layer protocols. While TCP and IP specify two protocols at
specific protocol layers, TCP/IP is often used to refer to the
entire US Department of Defense protocol suite based upon
these, including Telnet, FTP, UDP and RDP.
TNC connector Threaded Neill-Concelman, a threaded constant impedance
version of a BNC connector
TPZ, TPY, TPX, Current transformer class according to IEC
TPS
UMT User management tool
Underreach A term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault
condition. For example, a distance relay is underreaching
when the impedance presented to it is greater than the
apparent impedance to the fault applied to the balance point,
that is, the set reach. The relay does not “see” the fault but
perhaps it should have seen it. See also Overreach.
UTC Coordinated Universal Time. A coordinated time scale,
maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
(BIPM), which forms the basis of a coordinated
dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals. UTC
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is derived from International Atomic Time (TAI) by the

addition of a whole number of "leap seconds" to synchronize
it with Universal Time 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the
eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5
degrees), but still showing the Earth's irregular rotation, on
which UT1 is based. The Coordinated Universal Time is
expressed using a 24-hour clock, and uses the Gregorian
calendar. It is used for aeroplane and ship navigation, where
it is also sometimes known by the military name, "Zulu
time." "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet stands for "Z", which
stands for longitude zero.
UV Undervoltage
WEI Weak end infeed logic
VT Voltage transformer
X.21 A digital signalling interface primarily used for telecom
equipment
3IO Three times zero-sequence current. Often referred to as the
residual or the earth-fault current
3UO Three times the zero sequence voltage. Often referred to as
the residual voltage or the neutral point voltage

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Contact us

1MRK 505 276-UEN - © Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved.

ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Västerås, Sweden
Phone +46 (0) 21 32 50 00
Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18

www.abb.com/substationautomation