Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley Acces. Express PublishingPublished by Express Publishing Liberty House, Greenham Business Park, Newbury, Berkst re RG19 GHW, United Kingdom (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 ‘email: [email protected] www.expresspublishing.co.uk © Virginia Evans ~ Jenny Dooley, 2015 Design and Iilustration © Express Publishing, 2015 Illustration: ingela © Express Publishing, 2015 First published 2015 Second impression 2016 Made in EU All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying or ‘otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers This book is not meant to be changed in any way. ISBN 978-1-4715-3808-7Contents Starter Prepositions of place/movement/ time - Quantifiers - Question words - Pronouns/Possessives — ‘The verbs to be’, have got’, ‘can’... Unit 1 Present simple vs Present continuous ~ Adverbs of frequency ~ Stative verbs... p Unit 2 Relatives Eis ea Unit 3 Adjectives - Adverbs ~ Comparisons .. p. Exploring Grammar i (Starter - Unit 3) p. Revision (Starter - Unit 3) p Phrasal verbs i - Prepositions i p. Unit 4 Past simple vs Past continuous - used to/would Unit 5 SubjectiObject questions Exploring Grammar ii (Units 4-5) .. Revision (Units 1-5) Phrasal verbs ii - Prepositions ii Unit 6 Present perfect ~ Present perfect vs Past simple ~ Present perfect continuous ~ Present perfect simple vs Present perfect continuous ...... P. Unit 7 Clauses of result Pp. Exploring Grammar iii (Units 6-7) p. Revision (Units 1-7) p. Phrasal verbs ii - Prepositions iii p. Unit 8 Past perfect ~ Past perfect continuous ~ Past perfect v5 Past perfect continupus p. Unit 9. The infinitive - The ~ing form ~ Verbs with both ~ing and infinitive = too - enough Exploring Grammar iv (Units 8-9) Revision (Units 1-9) Phrasal verbs iv ~ Prepositions iv 4 2 26 34 35 36 38 4s 46 47 48 50 59 60 61 62 70 78 79 80 Unit 10 Future tenses Unit 11 Unit 12 Wishes .... Conditionals Exploring Grammar v (Units 10-12) Revision (Units 1-12) Phrasal verbs v - Prepositions v Unit 13 The passive Unit 14 Reflexive - Emphatic pronouns Unit 15 The causative Exploring Grammar vi (Units 13-15) Revision (Units 1-15) Phrasal verbs vi - Prepositions vi Unit 16 Unit 17 Modal verbs Nouns/Plurals - Countable Uncountable/Plural/Group Nouns. some/anyinavevery & compounds Wan ~ the ~ one/ones Unit 18 Unit 19 Exploring Grammar vii (Units 16-19) .. Revision (Units 1-19) Phrasal verbs vii - Prepositions vii Unit 20 Reported speech Unit 21 Clauses of purpose - Clauses of reason ~ Clauses of concession Unit 22 Question tags Exploring Grammar viii (Units 20-22) jon (Units 1-22) Phrasal verbs viii - Preposi Re\ Further practice material Revision of tenses Multiple choice questions Sentence transformations Irregular verbs 82 86 92 94 95 96 p.102 p.104 p.106 p.107 p.108 p.110 p11 p.122 p.i2s .130 p31 p.132 p.134 p.142 p.146 p.148 pitas p.150 p.154 p.156 psPrepositions of place/movement/time Prepositions of place @ ei % injnsce at a sheen » yy ef PD GeO oppose Infontof behind batween | at ‘We use at: ‘+ when we refer to a particular point or position. ion is at the front door. + to say where an event takes place. There aren’t many people at the theatre. * in the expressions: at school/university/college, at work, at home, at the top of, at the bottom of, at sea (= working on a ship), at the station/airport, at the seaside, etc. * with addresses when we mention the house number. They live at 77 Falcon Road. BUT in Hightield Street «to talk about a person's house or business. at Eiily’s (house), at the butcher's In ‘We use in: in the expressions: in the middle, in the sky, in the shade, in bed, in hospital, in prison, in a newspaper/magazine/book, in a picture/photo, in a street, in the world, in this lesson, in the country, in one’s hand, etc. * with the names of towns, cities, countries and continents. in Henley, in Pars, in Spain, in Asia Note: We use in when we refer to a building itself. However, we use at when we refer to the normal function of the building. There were lots of people in the cinema. (inside the building) There were lots of people at the cinema, (They were watching the film) On We use on in the expressions: on the left/right, on a(n)/the platform/page/screen/island/beach/coast, ‘on a map, on a farm, on a/the menu, on the first/second floor, etc, on the phone. |The sports shop is on the first floor. ‘on a chair BUT in an armchair ‘on/at the commer of a street BUT in the corner of a room, go/run round the comer 7 Gt Prepositions of movement LiF ope Ch ay = onto off into over through along | = if | G@ eoo across up down pest from. towards, + When we talk about a means of transport, we use the preposition by. by car/bus/train/taxi/plane/boot | BUT on foot * We do not use the preposition by when there is an article (a/an/the), a possessive adjective (my, your, etc.) or a possessive case before the means of transport. | on the train (NOT: by-the-teaie), in your car (NOT: by-yourear), on the two o'clock bus, on the plane, | in Trev’s car —ns of place/movement/time € Prepositions of time At In On the time: at three o'clock months: in July/August, ete Friday, on New Year's Day| || holidays: at Christmas, at Easter | seasons: in (the) spring/summer/ | dates: on 23rd August | in the expressions: at the ‘autumn/winter specific part of a certain day: on moment, at presen, at dawn, at | years: in 2012/2013, ete Saturday afternoon ‘noon, at lunchtime, at night, at in the expressions: in the moming/ | adjective + day: on a windy day midnight, at the weekend aftemnoon/evening, in an hour, in a minute, in a week/few days/month/year| | * We use the prepositions from ... to/till/until to show duration. | Vm busy from 6 to/till/until 11 this moming. | # We use the preposition in when we want to say how long it takes to do something. | | ‘Mum usually prepares breakfast in ten minutes, Susan gets to work in twenty minutes. __ © Prepositions of time are not used: _ a) with the words today, tomorrow, tonight and yesterday. Let's go out tonight. |b) with the words this, last, next, every, all, some, each, one and any. |___ Art losses stort this Friday. (NOT: on-ti-Sidy). Oo Look at the picture and fill in @ Fill in the gaps with at, in or on and one of the places the gaps with the correct from the list. preposition from the list. * hospital « the platform * college © an island * bad ‘in front of * behind * next to ‘the airport ‘© on top of * an (x2) * between Steven is in bed with @ cold. 1 2 We're waiting for the train to London. 3 Aunt Mabel is because she's sick. 4 We have to be .. Sa sn by 10 o'clock because our fight leaves at 8:00. 5. Becky is studying French .... . this year. 6 They've got a holiday HOME wsesnneneneneeniee ANS they go there every summer. Choose the correct preposition. 1 Dad drives past/beside the baker's on his way to work. 2. Thera is a poster of Ronakio up/above my desk 3 Walk among/along the street until you get to the post office. Matthew has aot a nice bedroom. There is 2 rug 1) on the floor and a big window 2)... 4 Helen's house is opposite/between the cinema. the bed. Matthew/s desk is, 5. Your shoes are below/under your bed. Ea poche ere 6 Don't lean against/by the wal - the paint is still wet! his wardrobe and there Is a chair 7 My mobile phone doesn’t work when the train goes 4). : through/across a tunnel. the desk. Matthew's bedside table coe | the bed and the wardrobe. There is 2 blue pillow 6) the bed and a football 2) corscoeenseenenees the wardrobe. 8 We live next/near the airport. 9. Your breakfast is on/at the table. 10. Pour your soup into/onto a bigger bow. 11 The dog jumps offfout of his basket and runs to meet me when I get home 12 The boy next door is always throwing his ball over/up our fence.Prepositions of place/movement/time @ Fill in at, in, on where necessary. Ga Choose the correct item. 1. Lusually get up late on Sunday morning, 1 Let’s go for a walk..... the afternoon. 2 We're moving house ...... the spring. A at On con 3. Ryan often reads @ book...... the train 2 In this photo, Ben is standing ..... the 4 ss the moment, Emily is studying Art mountain. 8 Frank goes to the gyin .... every A above B ontopof round Wednesday. 3. I play tennis..... Tuesdays. 6 We'te going shopping ...... today. Ain B at con 7 Look at that kite high up... the sky! ae anne eis 4. There ore alot of cars, so walk... the road | 8 The children get lots of presents .... careful | peels A across —-B around = G among 9 Sally and Dave are getting married .... 2th May. 5 The cat usually jumps ..... the garden chair 10. Laura lives ...... 21 Willow Road. and takes @ nap. 11. My cousins are coming to stay with us Pie beeloli Cee a few days. 6 Icycle..... the post office every morning. 12 On Now Year's Eve, we set off fireworks A along B through © past een 7 Tho gym is...... the new sports centre. 18. The Jones family spend every summer ... A oppostte” B between C against tho seaside. 14. September, Ben is starting secondary 8 Your dinner is .... the table. school. A at Bon Cin 15. I've got a doctor's appointment... Tuesday. 9 The football pitch is...... the bus station. A next B at © near B Choose the correct preposition. 10 Wake me up ..... Six o'clock. A at Bin © on Speaking From: [email protected] To([auraamth@serveroa uk ] Subject:[Verice Hi Laura! How are you? Im having a great time here 1) in/at Venice! I'm staying 2) at/in my cousin Guido's house. W's right 3) beside/inside the Grand Canal and the view is amazing! ‘Today, we're going 4) against/across the canal for a walk 5) through/inside the Rialto Market. Then, 6) at/on lunchtime, we're going to a restaurant called Do Farai. Guido says they always have fresh seafood 7) on/at the menu there. After that, we're going back home for some rest because, 8) in/on the evening, Guido is taking me fora boat ride 9) along/among the Grand Canal. | can't wait to see Venice 10) av/in right - 1 hear its beautifull See you when I get back Alex " Describe the picture to your partner using prepositions and the verbs below. * jump sit © sieep * climb * run * lean ‘A: There's @ puppy jumping aver some flowers. B: There's @ boy leaning against a tree, etcthe nd road heir de inst 9 ers. How many apples has rene has got a few Joan has got (very) How much milk has Abby has got (very) Megan got? She has apples. She can few apples, She can’t Belinda got? She has _ little milk and she ‘got alot offiots of | make an apple pie. make an apple pie. got alittle milk and hasn't gat any flour ‘apples. She can make some flour. She can She can’t make can apple pie. make a cake. acake, Yore/any/no a Tot (of) = (how) much/many ~ (a) few/(a) litle Countable Uncountable Affirmative _| some/a lot (off/ots (of | some/a lot (of)/lots (of)/ (@)few/(to0) many | (a) little/(too) much Negative |no/not any/not many __|no/not any/not much Interrogative | any/(how) many any/(how) much © Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns. Some is normally used in affirmative sentences. Any is used in interrogative and negative sentences. There are some biscuits in the ja. Is there any juice? No, there isn’t any in the fridge. We can use no instead of not any in the negative. There aren't any biscuits. There are no biscuits. Some can also be used in questions when we expect a positive answer, for example when we make a request or an offer. Would you like some tea? Can you make some coffee, please? * We normally use a lot of/lots of in affirmative sentences with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. We omit of when a lot/lots is not followed by a noun. A lot of can be used in interrogative and negative sentences in informal English. We've got a lot offlots of sweets. There is @ fot of juice in the jug. BUT Have you got many books? Yes, I've got a lot/lots © We normally use much and many in interrogative and negative sentences, Much goes before uncountable nouns and many goes before plural countable nouns. [5 there much mil in the carton? There isn’t much milk left. Have you got many DVDs? | haven't got many DVDs. How much butter do you want? Not much. How many children are there at football practice? Not many. ‘* Too many can be used with plural countable nouns and has a negative meaning. It shows that there is more of something than is wanted or needed. There are too many cars on the road. ‘© Too much can be used with uncountable nouns and has @ negative meaning. It shows that there is more of something than is wanted or needed. There's too much traffic on the motorway. + We use a few/few with plural countable nouns (apples, pears, etc). I've got a few cherries. 1 make a cherry pie. (= not many but enough ~ positive meaning) (ery) few people go to the new restaurant as itis very expensive, (= hardly any/almost no = negative meaning) ‘+ We use a little/little with uncountable nouns (milk, honey, water, etc) ve got a little flour. '! make a cake. (= not much but enough — positive meaning) ve got little time today. We can‘t go to the shops. (= hardly any/almost no ~ negative meaning) ‘© We can use few and little after very. Very is used for emphasis. There are very few tea bags in the box. We've got very little jam. 7) @) Look at the pictures (A-E) and the examples. Underline all the quantifiers. b) How are they used in the sentences?Quaniifiers @ Fill in the gaps with some or any. 1 A: Have we got any strawberries? B: No, but there are .. 2 A: Would you like ...... No, thanks. Have you got ..... tea? . apples. coffee? There aren't ... carrots in the fridge. B: It’s OK. I can buy... onmy way home from school 4 A: We haven't got... . potatoes. B: Never mind. | can make . pasta, 5 A: Is there cola in the house? B: No, but we've got .. orange juice. Choose the correct item. 1 A: How much/How many cereal do you want? B: Not a lot of/much. 2 A: There aren't many/much tomatoes lett. B: Do you want me to buy some more? 3 A: Are there much/many bananas in the ituit bowl? No, but there are a lot of/much pears. 4 A: How much/How many eggs do you need for the cake? 8: Not many/much. Just two or three. 5 A: Is there many/much ice cream in the freezer? B: Yes, there's lots/lot. 9 the gaps with foo much or too many. 11 Don't put foo much sugar in my hot chocolate. 2 You're making burgers for four people! 3 There's salt on these tomatoes. A. Don't 28 vaercininnnnune SWERS before dinner. 5 You always put sauce on the spaghetti! 6 Your wardrobe doesn’t close. It's got clothes in it. 7 I-can’t drink this tea, There's milk in it. 8 There is ... food on my plate, I can't eat it al, @ Fill in the gaps with a few or a little. 1A: Can | invite a few of my friends over for dinner? B: Of course. 2 A: Do you lke the apple pie? B: Yes, but can | have . cream with it? 3. A: What are you eating? B: Just some yoghurt with jam and senseesestseneinses MURS, 4 A: Do you want sugar or honey in your tea? B: Just ...... honey, please. 5 A: What are you putting in the fruit salad? B: Melon, cherries and ....setssses grapes. Fill in many, few, much or iittle, — | Hi Paull There isn’t 1) much food at home. Can you buy | ff 22)... | spaghetti for dinner? | Received 18:24 Le Hi Amy! I'm outside Pizze Fest right now. Do you want me to go in and get a 3) slices of pizza instead Sure! But | don't want 4) mushrooms on mine, or 5) cheese. Received 18:25 OK! It takes very 8). time for them to make the pizza, so see you at homa ina eee minutes! Received 18:381 for ‘ea? w how many, few or ite. A: Let's make a shopping list for the picnic. B: OK. 1) How many people are we making sandwiches for? A: Eight. So we need about two loaves of bread. 8 os ..» butter have we got in the fridge? B: Not 3) Put that on the list. ‘A; There aren't 4) esstessrone QOS either. 6) seeetnneese GO WO MOBO? B: Just a6) We can make some egg sandwiches with a 7) csssneerenrecseees Mayonnaise and SOME with cheese. Is there 8) .. cheese? Az Yes, lots. There isn't 9) lettuce, though, and there aren't 10). tomatoes. B: Wi can buy some now. 11) money have you got? : About £10. @ Choose the correct item. 1 There isn't... rige in the cupboard. A many much Cc few 2. "How much juice have we got " A Alot B Alotot C Lotsof 3. Would you ike... chips with your burger? A any B alittle © some 4 There Is ..... butter left. Ill need to go to the supermarket. A any B no © some 5 There is very... tea in the pot, A litte B few © alittle 6 There are only ..... peaches left, A aiew B aiitle Clots 7 HOW wn. chairs do we need for the dinner party? A few B many © much 8 Avo there .... sweats in the cupboard? A some B much C any i] Fill in the gaps with much, many, how much, FTE) Quantifiers \ ) ‘Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 We haven't got much flour. We have got very little flour. 2 Can you tell me the number of cakes you need? Can you tell me cakes you need? 3 This pio is really salty. There is . sall in this pie. 4. These biscuits are really sweet! THeTE 8 onsen seve Sugar in these biscuits! 5. There are no steaks in the freezer. There AFON't en seseennensen BYBAKS ih the freezer. 6 I don't want many potatoes. I'm not very hungry. 1 only want . potatoes. I'm not very hungry. 7 Jan drinks very little water. Jan doesn’t drink water. 8 We've got very few carats We haven't got carrots. Speaking Look at Tony's food diary. Use the key to tell your partner what Tony eats/drinks. “not much/many @avurday 1 glass rile SB sices of toast G sandwiches Beggs {i Bportions of vegetables | |S pieces of chocolate Blices of pleza 2 cupsoftea Aruts Sbiscuits 3 glasses of water 8 glasses of water | A: On Fridays, Tony drintes very little milk. 8: On Saturdays, he doesn't eat much toast. 9( \ } Question words Zz, Question words | * who/whose (people) “Who mons the iawn every week?” | “My dad does.” "Whose skateboard is that?” or “Whose is that skateboard?” “Liam's.” + what/which (things) | What is used alone or before a noun to ask about things. “What is your favourite colour?” “Purple.” What is also used to ask about people, animals and things when there is an unlimited choice of answers. What ims do you lke watching? (unlimited choice of films) Which is used alone or before nouns, one/ones and of, to ask about people, animals and things. | Which is normally used when there is only a | limited choice of answers. “Which T-shirt are you weoring, the blue one or the i red one?” || "The red one.” (Which of the two? - limited choice) Which is also used with the comparative and superlative form. “Which is faster, «cheetah or a panther?” + where (place) “Where are you going in the summer?” “To the south of France.” Notes: The wh-questions begin with a question word such as who, what, where, when, etc. We put the auxiliary (is, are, do, does, etc) or modal verb (can, must, etc) before the subject. “When does the plane leave?” "ALT pin, I think,” “How long does it take you to get to school?” “About 15 minutes.” “How often do you go to the gym?" “Every Monday.” “Winat time do you stort tennis practice?” “Aat6 am." how much (quantity) “How much sugar do we need for the pie?” “Not much.” how many (number) “How many children are coming to your party? “Twenty-five,” show (manner) “How are we getting to the airport?” “By train.” why (reason) “Why is John excited?” “Because he's going on holiday tomorrow.” how old (age) ! “How old are you?” ! “Sixteen.” ! ‘how far (distance) ! “How far is your home from work?” i ! ! ! | } when/how long (ago)/how often/what time (time) | “About five kilometres.” show long/how tall (size) “How long are Bev's boots?” “They go up to her knees.” “How tall is Brad?” "He's 1.90 m tall.” + We use what + be ... like to ask for a description of someone's character. “What's he like?” “He is very friendly and social. He has many friends and loves meeting new people.” + We use what + do ... look like to ask for a description of someone's physical appearance. | “What does your father look like?” “t's tall and has dark curly hair.” @ Choose the correct item. 1 su. people lve in your house? A How much (8) How many © How long 2 ss. Phone is yours? The black one or the purple one? A What B Whose © Which 3 sve. do your lessons start? ‘A What time —B How often G How long 10 4 ss i8 your favourite novel? A Which B Who © What 5... is the train station from your house? A How long B How far © How often 6... are you smiling? A How B What = WhyFill in: where, how jong, how far, how much, what, which, when, how old, how, how many. ‘A: Good afternoon, Evergreen Summer Camp. 1) How can I help you? B: Hollo. I'm interested in this year's camp. Can you tell me 2) it starts? A: On 21st July, And 8) enn For three weeks. B: Excellent. 4) the camp? A: It's in the New Forest, near Lyndhurst. B: OK, 8) . is that from London? ‘A: 140 kllometres, I takes about two hours by car. B: Thanks. 6) w.-nenene does the Camp Cost? AA‘ I's £180 for each chit. 7). ‘ children do you want to book places for? B: Two, please. My son and my daughter. A: And 8)... B: Eleven and thirteen. ‘A: OK. | can send you an information pack by email oF post; 9)... .. d0 you prefer? B: Ema, please. TO) sz It’s [email protected]. ‘Thank you very much. I'm sending the information now. -- do08 it last? .. exactly is Complete questions to find out a few things about Tony. 1. What is Tony tke? Tony is friendly and very funny. He likes playing music in his tree time. 3 ae He can play two Instruments; the guitar and the drums. He practises at the weekends. He rehearses at a music studio. 6 Eo Eee It’s just a twenty-minute drive trom his house. His brother drives him there. ‘They practise twice a week. aes Question words \ Write questions to which the words in bold 19 are the answers. Ivar Vesik Ivar is 1)twenty years old, He's from 2) Tallinn in Estonia, but he lives in the UK 8) because he’s student at Westminster University. He lives 4) in Lambeth. It takes him 85) twenty minutes to walk to his lectures every day. In his spare time, var ikes 6) rowing. He goss to rowing practice 7) five times a week! He enjoys rowing 8) because it helps him to relax. How old is war? fl 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Speaking In pairs, ask and answer questions to complete the questionnaire. Age: under 161] 17-240] 26-40.) over 400) City/Town... Occupation: I buy new clothes: once a week [] once a month] ‘once a year 1) Jusually spend: $10-19) $20-50 0) over $5001 I buy clothes for: family C] friends 2) myself 0) Uke shopping elothes at Macy's because...... ‘A: How old are you? B: I'm... ete WWPronouns/Possessives Ze 7, Personal subject/object pronouns O | samjece pronoun you, he she, Ty we you Tay ‘Object pronouns| me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them Subject pronouns go before verbs as subjects. We use them instead of nouns or names. | This coat is so beautiful! It really suits you! Where's Lucy? She's in the classroom. (NOT: Ley is in the classroom.) ‘Object pronouns go after verbs or prepositions as objects. Maria's got two dogs. She takes them for a walk every moming. Look at him! Possessive adjectives/pronouns | 2 | | Possessive adjectives | Possessive pronouns | my our mine ours your your yours yours his/her/its their his/hers/— theirs * Possessive adjectives show: a) that something belongs to somebody. This is my dog, Jack b) the relationship between two or more people. These ore our daughters. + We put possessive adjectives before nouns. Is that your umbrella? Note: «= its = possessive adjective Look at that bird! Its feathers are beautiful. * it's =itis or it has It’s (itis) a cold windy day. It’s (it has) got a tong flufy tail * Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. Possessive pronouns are not followed by nouns. Compare: This is my tablet. (possessive adjective) It’s mine. (possessive pronoun) Note: ‘+ There is no possessive pronoun for ‘it’. Possessive case ‘s/s’ (people and animals) of (inanimate things and people) singular noun + 'S - the boy’s bal regular plural noun +’ the girs” bikes iegular plural noun +s - the women’s handbags compound noun +'s ~ my mother-in-law’ sister ‘s after the last of two or more names to show common possession. Mary and! Cynihia’s cottage (They share the same cottage.) BUT Mary’s and Kim's cottages (Each one has got theit own cottage.) + of + inanimate thing/abstract noun the price tag of a coat, the circle of life + of + possessive case/possessive pronoun when) there is a determiner or an article (this, any, a, etc) before the noun. Look at this drawing of Da Vinc!'s! (one of Da Vine's paintings) A song of his. (one of his songs) a friend of mine (NOT: of se) + of + people (in longer phrases) That's the brother of one of my classmates. + ‘s/of to talk about places or organisations, Scotiand’s costles/the castles of Scotland + phrases of place + ’s at the butcher's |The Wills’ ore going to Legoland on Saturday. © We can use the possessive case without a noun after it. This skateboard is not mine. It's Peter’. ime/distance expression + 's/' tomorrow's exhibition, two hours’ walk * to singular names ending in -s we can either add ‘s or just an apostrophe. Both options are correct. | However, s is more usual. James's jacket (or james’ jacket) © Plural names ending in -s take an apostrophe, just like with other plurals,pe al Pronouns/Possessives Fi) Fill in the correct subject or QB Fill in its or it’s. object pronoun. ae 1 Let's go fore walk. it's a lovely, sunny day. 1 Beth is my friend. We are in 2 ke my town, ...... got lots of great shops flbsaubdereba betta 3. My parents’ bedroom has got ...... own bathroom. 2 ake my brother fo nursery in 4 The new sports centre is fantastic! got three the memings and pick different swimming pools. up ai & Your puppy is so cute! | love ...... big, brown eyes. 3 My dad and | love it when ei oo. arene ants one aes really enjoy Soience........ my favourite subject. 4 Billy and Bobby are my dogs. Connect the nouns using ’s, (), or of. . Sleep in my bedroom. 5 mgoing shopping, Do 1. Biitain/the prime Minister the Prime Minister of Britain want to come vith 2 dhive/three hours 6 know Penny and Jl. | see 3. shop/Ellen and Mike cv every Tuesday at 4. jungles/Arica : basketball practice. fe Peco aye : 7 Ben fe ty (OCU tien 6 mobile phone/Anna lives in Australia. 7 some cousins/my father 8 This Maths question is dito cant de 8 car/my brother-in-law aeetie 8. cal/Mis Ells 0. the toys/chdren es Fill in the correct possessive adjective/pronoun. Choose the correct item. 1 A: This bag doesn’t belong to 1 Are those Adams'/Adam’s shoes? inatigtaeue earer 2 My sisters 21. She/Her is at university. B: No, it’s not mine. It's my @: This Bioura/our schol, mum’. 4 Look at that tree. l’slts leaves are a lovely colour 2A Can | borrow .. 5 Matias in the women's/womens' changing room. bike, Helen? 6 Is Derek a friend of yours/you? B: Sorry, [need it. Ray's got a 7 [love Luke's and Emma's/Luke and Emma's new flat. bike. Maybe you can 8 This scart is mine/my. pa 9 Those earrings are beautiful. Can | try them/they? 3A; The Jacksons 10 I'm going to the opticians’/optician’s to buy some new street. That's house over there, ee B: Yes, and that red car is Speaking snneniee 100. Write the names of people, places or things you like or 4A Isthis 0... Coat, Nancy? don't like in the boxes below. B: No, it's Emma's, Those aaanespee eee (aaa QIOVES AF oa snsnsens 100, 5 A: Do you share a room with ! sve brother? B: Yes. This big bedroom at the FONE IS wssosessnaeee « 6 A: Is Dad home? oss Now, in pairs, take it in turns to ask your partner: What parte Olas do you think of ...? B: No, he's out shopping with Mum. They're using 4: What do you think of the Kiliors? cx : [ike them, They sing really nice songs. Thelr latest CD is great. 43own The verbs to be, have got, can Affirmative |''m, He/She/lt’s, WerYou/They're Negative Fm not, He/She/t isn’t, WelYou/They aren’t Interrogative | Am P, Is he/she/it?, Are welyou/they? Short ‘Yes, | am., Yes, he/she/its,, Yes, we/you/they are. ‘Answers No, 'm not., No, he/she/it isn’t, No, we/you/they aren’t. In short answers, we do not repeat the whole question. ‘We only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and the verb form am (‘m not)/is (Isn’t)/are (aren't). Are you Spanish? No, I'm not. 2) to show that something belongs to somebody. She's got a bike b)to describe people, animals or things. He's got short fair hair. 6) to talk about relationships. I've got a tiv sister. 4) in the following expressions: I've got a headache, I've got a temperature, I've got a cough, I've got a toothache, I've got 0 cold, I’ve got a problem. Affirmative |1/We/You/They've got. _| He/She/I’s got. Negative | /e/You/They haven't got.| He/She/lt hasn't got. Interrogative | Have I/we/you/they got? | Has he/she/it got? Short Yes, liwelyou/they have. | Yes, he/she/it has. Answers | No, I/welyou/the haven't. | No, he/she/it hasn’t. In short answers, we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and the verb have (haven’t)/has (hasn't). We don't use got. Have you got @ notebook? Yes, | have. (NOT: ¥es-Hrave-got.) ‘We use got more in the present and not so often in the past tense. She had skates when she was younger (NOT: She had get... ~ itis less common) Affirmative | /You/He/She/it/We/You/They can walk. ‘Negative Wou/He/She/it?We/You/They can’t walk. Interrogative _| Can I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they walk? Short Yes, W/you/he/she/it/we/you/they can. Answers No, liyoufhe/she/it/welyou/they can’t. * The verb can is the same in all persons in the singular and in the plural, and is always followed by a verb. * We use can to show ability. can dance. | can’t play the piano.aaa] Circle the correct form of the verb have got, can or be. (BJ Are Michael your irlend? We hasn't / haven't got a pet. 1ean / can't meet you tomorrow. I'm free all day. 4 I’m not /aren’t a very good dancer, 5 Tim have /has got a really bad headache. 6 Jack and Abigail isn't / aren't in Year 10. They're in Year 8, 7 (ean't/can check my emails. My computer isn’t working. 8 Have / Has you got a new Ww? 9 Can’t/ Can Norman play chess? 10. Jenny hasn't / haven't got any homework to do. 11 Raymond aren't /isn’t my cousin. 12 Am// Are we leaving soon? na 126} Fill in the correct form of have got, can or be to find out a few things about James and his family. 1 James is twenty years old. 2 He... brown hair and green eyes. 3 He very friendly and intelligent, 4 James two sisters. 5 They .. twins, Theit names are Jessica and Suzie. 6 They . play the piano but they sing or dance. 7 James and his sisters slucients at Loughborough College. 8 They. . Acar so they take the bus to college. AB The verbs fo be, have got, can \ Complete the exchanges using the correct form of have got, can or be. 1 A: Gan you ride a motorbike? No, | can’t, but | can ride a horse. BAS sessseneee Luca and Sonia from Spain? Yes, they They speak Spanish. BAS ssssestsees YOU se acold? No, |. - But! a fever, 4 AS sescunseee Susio read and write? 1 No, SMe ann She's only three! 5 Matteo from Portugal? NO, Ne sesesesrnee «HO J from Italy. 6 AS vsecnssseee YOU Make me a sandwich? No, | We ae any bread, TAS crecestnses ROBIN opsteseree 8 DIKE? : Yes, he It blue and white, BAS ssesesesees YOU ..a brothor? Br YES, | acatannen « HO 16 years old. Read Emma's personal profile and fill in the gaps with the correct form of have got, can or be. erserraehec tin) eu Hil My name 4)is Emma and | 2)... eighteen years old. 1 Personal Profile | | | 3). . brown hair and blue | eyes. [ive in London with my parents. | They 4).. re both doctors and they 8). an office | any brothers or sisters, 1D) vreernnnees fide @nd 1 8) a horse. His name 9) use Thomas. HE 40) . | black and Me 4) wren FORE tale Thomas 12). run very old, so he 13)... fast, but he 14) still jump over fences. Speaking and Writing Use the words in the list to make true sentences about yourself. Tell the class. Then, write a short paragraph presenting yourself on your personal profile. * short hair © green eyes © tall © 16 years old * History student ° one brother ° a cat * @ laptop + a skateboard * ride a horse * play the piano * sing + speak English * only child» play basketball J naven't got short hair 1516 I work as a teacher, ‘moves around but this summer fam The Moon the Earth. also helping out at my ‘mother's bookshop. Present simple Present simple vs Present continuous ‘always running lane. The band sings brifiantly in this album. When is their rnext single coming out? Lately, its becoming difficult for people to get to work on time due to heavy trafic | They aren't releasing) it until the end of the| month Present continuous Form: main verb (+s in the third person singular) Form: to be + main verb + -ing Treat, He/She/It eats, Fm running, He/She/i’ running, AFFIRMATIVE | We/You/They eat AFFIRMATIVE | Wo/You/They’re running Tdon’t eat, Favnot running, NEGATIVE | He/She/It doesn’t eat, NEGATIVE _He/She/lt isnt running, We/You/They don’t eat We/You/They aren’trunning || ] Do leat? ‘Am T running? | INTERROGATIVE Does he/she/it eat? INTERROGATIVE is he/she/it running? | Do welyoulthey eat? ‘Are welyoulthey running? Yes, iwe/yourthey 40.7 Yes, lam./No, I'm not, SHORT No, Uwelyou/they don't, || | SHORT Yes, he/she/its./No, he/she isnt. ANSWERS | Yes, he/sheyit does./ ANSWERS —_| Yes, welyou/they are./ No, he/she/it doesnt No, wefyoulthey aren't. Spelling Spelling: 3rd person singular + Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. | wath = he walks ‘+ Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -o, take -es. 1 kiss —he hisses, | fish — he fishes, {catch — he catches, | mix — he mixes, | go - he goes * Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and take -les. | try— he tries Spelling: -ing * Most verbs add -ing to the base form of the main verb. | work - working, drink — drinking, send ~ sending * Verbs ending in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. | dance — dancing, type — typing ‘= Verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant, double the ‘consonant and add -ing. sit sitting, admit — admitting * Verbs ending in a vowel +y take -s only. * Verbs ending in -le change the -le to -y and add -ing. 1 buy — he buys fre — lying Use \We use the present simple for: «permanent states. Jan lives ina two-bedroom cottage in the countryside. + habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). ‘Moll avays brushes her teeth eer every mecl. * timetables and programmes (future reference). Tie charity shop opens at 9 o'clock: + general truths and laws of nature. Water boils at 100°C. | * sporting commentaries, reviews and | narrations. Leonardo i Caprio successfully plays the role of | Frank Abognele in "Catch mei you can”, | ] We use the present continuous: | © for temporary actions and situations. John is working overtime these dys. * for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking. /e's Istening to music right now. * for fixed arrangements in the near future. We are going on safari next month. * for currently changing and developing situations. Computers are becoming faster every day with adverbs such as always to express anger or irritation at a repeated action You are always calling me late at right!Fill in the third person singular form of the verbs below. 4 walk-— walks 6 match ~ ww 2 Cry = rn 7 listen — 8 fix - 8 wish - 4 say = 9do = 6 kiss ~ 10 take ~ -es in the third person singular is pronounced sf in verbs ending in /f/, /kj, [p/ or /t/ sounds, Fal in verbs ending in /s/, Il, fl, 163/ oF I2/ sounds. [21 io. verbs ending in all other sounds, Write the third person singular of the verbs in the correct box, as in the example. Then, read the verbs aloud. talk *finish * go * teach * drink © enjoy egive * brush + miss + stop * chat run ‘soatch © begin » sit » change talks, ou Ish finishes, i. | GO2S, resents ese a i Complete the exchanges with the present simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. A: Do you leave (you/leave) nome at seven o'clock every day? B: Yes, but the bus (not/arrive) until 7.20. .-». (o/work) in London? (live) in B: Yes, but she Reading. ere (Ben and Ashley/play) football on Tuesdays? B: No, they (go) swimming. 4A WHat cascsseceee nse .. (Alex/do) after class every day? B: He (hang out) with his friends. Present simple vs Present continuous \, i — Look at the pictures (A-E) on p. 16 and underline all the verbs. a) Identify in which tense each verb is. b) How do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of these tenses? c) Which uses of these tenses does each verb show? Put the verbs in the correct box adding - ing. ‘open + move *tie *run * tak * stop “give * die + write + buy * begin * make ee opening, ... 7 era moving, eens tying, double consonant + -ing sunning, (5 | Look at the picture and correct the sentences, as in the example. Use the phrases below. + use @ laptop * talk on the phone ‘buy a ticket drink a cup of coffee + stand on the platform 1 Anna is reading the newspaper. No, she isn’t. She's using 2 laptop. 2 Lizzie is eating a sandwich. Pauls sitting on a bench. 4. Louise is sending a text message. 5 Tony is ordering some food. 17ow © Adverbs of frequency ST Z, Adverbs of frequency ‘Adverbs of frequency show us how often something happens. They answer the question: ‘How often ...2". We often use adverbs of frequency with the present simple. “How often does Stella go abroad on holiday?” “Never. She never goes abroad.” ‘We use adverbs of frequency: a) before the main verb, Bob always has breakfast with his children b)after the auxiliary verbs be, have, do and modal verbs such as can, wil, must, etc. Our new neighbour is always so friendly to everyone. Bob doesn’t usually chink coffee in the morning. Note: The adverbs rarely/seldom/hardly ever and never have a negative meaning, and they are never used with the word not. Tom rarely watches TV in the evenings. (NOT: Tom deasa‘:-rarely watch TV in the evenings.) ‘Anna is a vegetarian, She never eats meat. (NOT: .. she dossnvtnever eat meat.) 7] Look at the pictures and the adverbs of frequency. a) What do they show? b) How are they used in a sentence? B Tick the appropriate gap in the sentences below to indicate the correct position of ‘the adverb of frequency. 1 Terry .%, works .... outdoors .... in the summer. (usually) 2 Kelly . late .... for college. (never) 3. My flatmate .... asks .... me ... to Cook dinner. (often) 4 Laura... CAN ons DE on CAFIEES. (sometimes) 5 Annie .... is... at home .... these days. (rarely) 6 Peter .... plays .... hookey .... at the | weekends. (seldom) | 7 Juliette .... has... wanted .... to go scuba ' diving, (always) \ 8 Joseph .... eats ... seafood .... — he can't stand it! (never) | 9 Tracey .... doesn’t .... go to the gym on weekdays, (usually) \ 10. Kim .... hangs out ... with her friends at the mall, (often) 18 You're Peter, aren't you? I never, forget a face. It’s George Where can you] always find happiness? in a dictionary, ‘Adverbs of frequency always (100%) | sometimes (20%) usually (75%) | rarely/seldom/hardly ever (10%) often (50%) [never (094) @ Make sentences, as in the example. Use the adverbs of frequency from the key. KEY always [sometimes usually" __rarely/seldom often" [never a 1 we/watch/TV (*) We sometimes watch TV. 2 Lucinda/wear/casual clothes (*) 3 Joe and Anna/be/lazy (0) 4. youfbuy/clothes/at Topshop? (***) 5 Tievor/be/polite (*****) 6 Andy/start/work/at 8.30 (** 7 Michelle/drive/to college? (**) 8 Vcan/understand/TV programmes/in French. (****) eee aa_ = Adverbs of frequency \ ) oO Identify the tenses in bold, and then match them to the correct description. [if] Ramsey passes the ball to Collins. a atfact or permanent state [ZI] Jackie ts travelling to Paris tomorrow. b a temporary situation [BI] The Sun rises in the east. © a changing or developing [4] My train departs at 4.30. situation More and more people are working in the technology @ ahebli or routine industry. ea general truth or law of nature [61] Tom eats lunch in the canteen every day. fa fixed arrangement in the near ‘Amanda and Sam live in Hampstead. future [B[_]He isn't driving to work this week because his car's at the 9 & timetable garage, ha sporting commentary F]] Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the B Put the verbs in brackets into present continuous. the correct form of the present 1. Beth offen opens (open) her shop at the weekends, but == Orne Breet this Saturday she is faking (take) a day off Cilia 2 We rarely «nm (finish) lessons before 3:00 pm, but 1. A: Is Paul going (Paul/go) to today they (close) the college at 1:00, Batlin next weok? 8. My COUSINS wrrn-nnsvnne (@at) dinner at my house once a B: Yes, he . a We0k, DUE LONIQHE WE vn (eet) in a restaurant, (visit) relatives in Munich, 4. David usually «..escnsesen (StOp) Work at 6 pm, but this BUENO an : afternoon he... sense (V0) at 8.30. (not/stay) for long. 5 Most days, we (walk) to the shops, but this BA cess (you/do) Morning WE snssenineannns (SAVE). anything after class today? B: Yes. | seen . - . (take) _ZZ Time words/phrases my dog to the vet. Sr isIleiics Wo i Wi Fe prevenk simple are eaaneT : ‘Time words/phrases we use with the present simple are: usually, BAS srsessrrssernstsserssannee often, always, every day/week/month/year, etc. in the morning/ (Laure usually/sit) here? afternoon/evening, at night/ the weekend, on Fridays, etc. B: Yes, but she ! (not/come) in today. She Time words/phrases we use with the present continuous are: (work) _ now, this week/month, etc. at the moment, at present, these days, from home, nowadays, stil, today, tonight, et. 4& ; co (Wuliay take part) in the concert next week? Choose the correct time expression. Bives. Shas ai excelent 1. Claire is working part-time every week/these days. Miolnust = eho: —, 2 We go skating this Thursday/on Thursdays. any aay 8 Are you playing golf today/every day? 5 A: What time ae 4. Why Is she always/usually talking so loudly? I's so (anna and annoying! Kevin/finish) collage on 5 Is Simon every day/still looking for @ job? Fridays? 6 We dtive to France in August every year/this year. B: Wel, they 7 Dad is working overtime this evening/every evening, Paeeien eel 8 Susan is watching @ DVD at weekends/now. fey eee ease the summer show, 1920 / \ / Stative verbs a Stative verbs Stative Verbs are verbs which describe a state rz tenses. These verbs include: © verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, feel * verbs of perception (know, belleve, understand, reallse, remember, forget, etc). | don't know what you've talking about. + vetbs which express feelings and emotions (lke, * some other verbs: agree, be, belong, contain, ‘owe, own, require, suppose, weigh, wish, etc. These jeans don’t fit me; I! try on another pait ‘Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses when they describe actions and not states, but there is a difference in meaning. rather than an action, and do not normally have continuous 1, look, sound, seem, appear, etc). You seem very tired. love, hate, enjoy, prefer, want, etc). Kim loves this cartoon show. continue, cost, ft, have (= possess), include, mater, need, Present simple I Present continuous ‘She is very friendly. (= character - permanent state) He is being very polite. ( he is behaving - temporary state) think his new house is great. (= I believe) Tm thinking about going to Wales. (= Yam considering) They have a holiday villa, (= they possess) We're having a fantastic time. (= are experiencing) They're having a posty. (= are holding) He's having a pizzo. (wis eating) This dress Tooks very elegant. (= appears) Tim Tooking at same interesting paintings. (= Lam taking a look at) Tsee that you can play ters realy wel. (= ts visible) 1 see wiy you lke ther new CD. (= understand) {'m seeing an old schoo! friend tonight. (=| am meeting) This tie feels lke sik, (= it has the texture of) Ban 1s Teeing Wis forehead to see he's got a temperature. (= 1s touching) This coke tastes very sweet. it has a sweet flavour) Sie’ tasting the oop to see TS OK (= she tesng the favoud) These lilies smell lovely (= they have a nice aroma) [Kim fs smeling the perfume to see she Fes (= she fs sniffing) She appears tobe very ted. («she seems) ‘My son is appearing inthe school play. (he is performing) This skirt fits you perfectly (= itis the right size) Tim is ftng @ bosketbal hoop th the garden. = he is instaling) @ Choose the correct verb tense. 4A: This dress is beautiful and it isn't costing/doesn't cost much. B: | know, but |'m looking/look for something more formal. 2 A: That suit is fitting/fits you perfectly! B: Thanks! It belongs/is belonging to my brother. I'm borrowing it for my job interview. 3A: Are you wanting/Do you want to work. the evening shift this week? 8: | prefer/am preferring working in the mornings. 4 A: I'm not knowing/don’t know where Charlie and John are. B: They have/are having a meeting with Mr Cousins. 5 A: You seem/are seeming nervous. B Yes, | think/am thinking about my fi day of college tomorrow. Fill in the gaps with the present simple or the present continuous of the verb given. 1 have a. Chris has a pet doa b We are having lunch with Aunt Sarah today. 2 look Your new BEdrOOM .sj.jeesn fantastic! bi «at this magazine, 3 appear a My friend ssereseaceee 1A programme on TV. b Joshua .. 10 be very happy today. 4 think a Colin about becoming a pilot, bl paramedics have a difficult job. 5 see ist a Mum --» her brother later today. bl why you like painting i's very creative,Sarah astic! silo. ve a day. ating G7] Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present simple or the present continuous. To; [uke2 1 @server.co.uk From: Subject:[Sunday Hi Luke! How are you? 1) Do you tike (you/like) your university course? | (take) a break from studying and, at the -» (work) at Greenfields College. | 4 (usually/arrive) at work at 8 am and (not/leave) until after 6 pm, so it's a Bos thing 16) see lOve) my job! 17) .. ri (teach) Art History at the college on weekdays and, at weekends, | 8). . (volunteer) at a museum. This Saturday we 9) . (have) an Egyptian Day. All the staff 10) . -. (wear) ancient Egyptian costumes and they 11) : (serve) Egyptian Be te museum cab 12). .- (Sound) fun! EE... moment, 13) What 13) .. (yourdo) on Sunday? | 14) “(not/do) anything special, but | 15) (think) of going to the cinema, 16) (you/want) to come with me? Cell me, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present simple or the present continuous. Then, answer the questions about yourself. 1. Do you like (yourlike) going to the cinema? Yes, Ido. / No, ! don't 2 sno (YOu/use) a computer right now? Bn seo fyouldo} your homework atthe moment? 4 “(you/play) spars athe waekend? 5. ~ (your daawor) nan ofc? 6 “your mum/tave) lah at work? a ssntnnnnnnen (youssurt the Net) most days? a. von (YOUF Best fendi) next to you now? Siative verbs \ J Transformations Complete the second sentence ‘80 that it means the same as the first, Use up to three words. 1 | have an appointment with Mrs Snow this afternoon. | am meeting Mrs Snow this afternoon, 2 They always start work before 9 o'clock, They . alter 9 o'olock. 3 We have French lessons on Mondays and Wednesdays. We have French lessons week. 4 My plans for this Saturday include going to the cinema, to the cinema this Saturday. 5. Emily doesn't often go out in the evenings, Emily rarely in the evenings. @ Tony Is m Stratford now, but his job is in central London Tony is in Stratford now, but he .. central London, Speaking What do you like doing in your {ree time? What are you doing this weekend? Tell your partner. A: What do you usually do in your tree time? B: F usually ... . 1 sometimes What about you? A: I don't like ... $0 1 often B What are you dbing this weekend? A: I'm going Writing Using your answers from the Speaking activity, write an email to a friend telling him/her what you usually do in your free time and what your plans are for this weekend. Use ex. 16 as a model. 21 i eeeThe relative pronouns who/that, whose and which/that, and the relative adverbs where, when and why introduce relative clauses. Relative pronouns people who/that ‘objects/animals | which/that possession | whose Relative adverbs place | where time | when | reason | why We use who/that to refer to people. The lady who/that owns that beoutiful house is my Art teacher. ‘+ We use which/that to refer to animals, objects and ideas. The film which/that won this year’s Oscar is on TV tonight. + We use whose with people, objects and animals in order to show possession. We cannot omit whose in a relative clause. This is the woman whose son is a famous footballer. # We don’t use a relative pronoun with another pronoun (I, you, he, him, etc). I know someone who films wildlife documentaries. (NOT; I know someone who he ils wii. docuraeniies.) possession. can be replaced by that or omitted. country. The town where | come from is reaily small. that or omitted ‘Mum, do you remember my classmate Irene who | usually go to the gym with? You know, the one whose sister works at the hairdresser’s where you sometimes go! Well I've got a book of hers, wihich I’m reading for English class, and she wants it back. Is it on my desk? I's Oliver Twist. t's the one I was reading the day when I was il Note: Do not confuse who's, the short form of who Is and who has, with whose, which expresses ‘We use when to refer to time. When is used after nouns such as time, period, moment, day and season. It|_ Do you remember the day (when/that) you passed your driving test? ‘+ We use where to refer to places. Where is used after nouns such as place, house, street, town and ‘© We use why to give reasons. Why can be used after the word reason, and in this case it can be replaced by Do you know the reason (why/that) she always feels so tired? ‘Ah yes, Fan see it! 1 really don't know the reason why you keep forgetting things! Relative pronouns as subjects and objects ‘+ We cannot omit who/which/that when it is the subject of a relative clause, that is, when there is not a noun or subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb. met o man. He sa pilot. J met a man who/that is « pilot ‘+ We can omit who/which/that when it is the object of a relative clause, that is, when there is a noun or subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb. This is my new scooter. | use it to go to work. This is my new scooter (which/that) | use to go to work,( \ Relatives @ wie: . Z, Defining - Non-defining relative clauses | ‘There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. «A defining relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence. We do not pul the clause in commas, and it is introduced with who, which, that, whose, where, when and the reason (why). The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the relative clause. The family who lives next door is having a party. (Which family? The family who lives next door) Did you find the book (which/that) you were looking for? (Which book? The one which you were looking for.) + Anon-defining relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence, The clause is put in commas, and it is introduced with who, which, whose, where and when. We cannot omit the relative pronoun or adverb, We cannot use that instead of who or which. ‘Maria, who is very clever, won a Maths competition. (‘Maria won a Maths competition’ - the meaning of the sentence is clear; ‘who is very clever’ — the relative clause — gives extra information) Look at the picture and examples on p. 22. Look at the words in bold. a) Say which are relative pronouns and which are relative adverbs. Underline one defining and one non-defining relative clause. What is the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses? b) Which relative pronoun or adverb can we replace with that? B Choose the correct item. Rena ‘That's the girl who's/whose father is a surgeon. Do you know who's/whose sitting next to Jane? Is that the man who’s/whose got a clothes shop? That's the lady who's/whose daughter owns the nail salon. What's the name of the boy who's/whose party you're going to? Mr Alvin is the man who's/whose doing the interviews. Fill in the gaps with where, when, why, who or which. A; Is that your computer? B: Yes, its the one which | use for work. ‘A: Do you know Marie? B: Is she the girl .. designs clothes for Topshop? A; Can we meet at 1 o'clock? B: Sure. That's the time | usually have my lunch break. ‘A: Do you know the reason Toby is late today? B: Yes, he’s got a doctor's appointment. ‘A: Is this the shop . Julie works? B: Yes, she’s a shop assistant nere. A: Can see the book .»- you're reading these days? B: Of course. It's upstairs in my bedroom. Match to form sentences and {ill in the relative pronouns or adverbs. (ATE) that's the suit [2]_] Is that the lady 31_] This is the office 4 |] 2016s the year [51_] That's the bag 6] That's the reason 7 [_] Is that the little boy B]_| That's the man @ nenaniinneon lea graphic designer. b s-senes 9088 10 YOU daughter's school? c svneee Danie is upset? a owns the Italian restaurant, 2 which Jake wears to work, Bov works. Dense | carry my books in, h sone 1 Start university 23/ Relatives Join the sentences. Use relative pronouns and adverbs. 1. I want to speak to the waiter. He works the morning shift J vrant to speak fo the waiter who works the morning shift 2 You always want clothes. They are really expensive, 3 That's the office. My dad works there. 4 Tomorrow is the day. I'm having my job interview. 5 | can't understand. You are always losing your keys. 6 like the jacket. You wear it to college. 7 This is the place. We park our car here. an actor, 8 Kellys the girl, Her brother (| Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then write S for subject or O for object. Finally, state if the relative can be omitted or not. 1 What's the name of the woman who/that is | in charge of the bank? (Snot omitteg) | 2 This is the bike... Iride at the weekends. H 3 Isthat the man .. presents the | fee | 4. Dale is the student... nensnne UNIO IS | the heasteacher 5 The laptop ve musing | 6 That's the gl ucsnnonne St UP OUF online shop. 7 November is the time of the year | usually plant roses. 8 Is this the department : deals with customers’ complaints? } now is new. {77 | Fill in with a relative pronoun or adverb. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining, and state if the relative can be omitted or not. Add commas where necessary. 1 Jason, who is a banker, works at Leicester Bank. ND - not omitted 2 The skirt... you're wearing looks great. 3 Mr Simmons ......... shop is on Frith Street is employing me for the summer... is only 25 is already a famous 4 Laura author, 5 | like the earrings you're wearing RORY, snsnenentne | buy all my shoes, 6 This is the shop 7 My CaF... | drive to college is blue. 8 Ben and Tom ......... mother is from Spain run a Spanish restaurant. ete 9 Thursday is the day ....... We're meeting ‘our new tutor, 10. Do you like this dress 1'm making for my baby cousin? .. i Choose the correct item. 1 Where's the security guard ...... usualy sits outside? @® who B whose c who's 2 This is the magazine ..... Lydia edits, Awhere — Bwhen CG which 3 Chris is someone ...... | know from the ‘swimming club. A which B who © whose 4 The traffic is the reason ...... rm not home yet A which = B why © who 5 Where's the file ...... Penny needs for her presentation? A where = B who © whieh 6 This Is the restaurant . fiends for lunch, A which B where © when 7. Is that the couple ...... house has a big swimming pool? A who B whos © whose 8 Next Saturday is the day ......, the football season starts. A when B which © where | meet myseater ayoat Street mous vaing noes, Spain ‘ating ig for y sits 28 ch 1 the ose rome her ch my 388 val ae Read the radio interview and fill in the gaps with the correct relative pronoun or adverb. Hello, listeners, Today I'm talking to a firefighter 1) whose ‘name is Tony Cassar. Weloome, Tony. 7 Thanks for having me, Kate, So, Tony, tell us about your job. 7 Well, | work at the Hammersmith Station, 2)... in London. Because London is a big place, 9)... lots of emergencies happen, we're always busy, Kato: Have you got a big team? Tony: There are lots of firefighters at the station, but | usually work with my best friend Rob, 4)... .. drives the fire engine, and two other men. Kate: Do you enjoy your job? Tony: Weil, | miss my family at the times 5) work at ma danger, and nights or weekends. But the reason 6) firefighter is that | want to help people ‘that’s what my job is all about. ‘Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 Luke is @ medical student. His dream is to become a doctor. Luke is a medical student whose cream is to become a doctor. 2 Mr Ronson is my teacher. He's on TV now. Mr Ronson, seonsue MY teacher, is on TV now. 3. Dad leaves the office at 5:30. 5:30 Is the time ... .- the office 4. muting an ossay for colege. Do you want to read it? Do you want to read the essay ... writing for college? 5 Brian is 19 years old, He is studying Art. Brian a +18 years old, is studying Ad 6 Mandy lives in this building. This is the building .. lives. 7 rm wearing @ red necklace. it belongs to my fiend Sophie I'm wearing a ted Necklaos nnn nem to my friend Sophie. 8 There are so many things | love about my job. There are so many reasons .. + my job. Relatives \ J 3] Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. Use relative pronouns or adverbs. 1. The person who is my hero is Adele. 2 live in @ place 3 I know a boy... is the day 5 don't know 6 like TV programmes Speaking In pairs, make sentences using the prompts, adding relative pronouns and adverbs, as in the example. * Jamie Oliver/own/Jamie's Itallan restaurants + Formula 1/sport/Lewis Hamilton is famous for * 2004/year/Olympic Games took place in Athens ‘+ New York/oity/Bayonos lives * Stove Tyler/singer/daughter is an actress A: Jamie Oliver, B: Jamie Oliver is the person who owns Jamie's Italian restaurants. Writing Write sentences about yourself using relative pronouns and adverbs. * (place)/usually read my books * (time/go to bed * (programme)/sometimes watch ontv * (person}/otten talk to on the phone « (shopV/usually buy my clothes The living room is the place where I usually reacl my books. 25Adjectives - Adverbs eye Z, bajectives Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singular and the plural. on interesting book ~ interesting books Adjectives go: * before the nouns they describe. an old car * after the verbs: be, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay, etc The pizza tastes nice. What an amazing day! it's their graduation. They’re gowns. They look happy and excited asi’s a very special occasion, | __ Order of adjectives There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinion adjectives (clever, wonderful, etc) show what @ person thinks of somebody or something. Fact adjectives (short, big, old, etc) give us factual information about somebody or something, thats, they describe what somebody or something is relly like. The adjectives in the following pairs have a difference in meaning: a) He gave her a gold ring for her birthday. ring made of gold) The Bahamas are famous for their golden beaches. (< beaches the colour of gold) bb) Sue bought a sik dress. (= a dress made of silk) ove having silky hair. (= hair which feels like silk) © They have a lovely stone wall in their garden. (2 wall made of stone) He had a stony expression on his face. (= a cold and unresponsive expression, like stone) Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives. « nice glass table When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order: Opinion | Size | Age | Shape Colour | Origin | Material | Noun a beautiful | small | old | round blue | English | china | vase the first two days (NOT: she-we-fest-days) | Adjectives ending in -ed/-ing * Adjectives ending in -ing express what something is like. The film was boring. (What was it like? Boring.) Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc) go before cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc).. The adjectives afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, content, glad, ill, pleased, etc are never followed by a noun, The boy was ashamed. The students were pleased. We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually described by one, two or three adjectives at the most. an elegant, rd, sill dress ‘+ Adjectives ending in -ed express how we feel about something. We were bored. (How did we feel? Bored.) @ Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the correct order. 1. Tess wants a small, red, leather (leather/small/red) handbag. Ineed a i aati (new/black/smart) suit for the wadding Damian wants to sell his . (American/old/blue) car. Mum is ordering Dad a (beautiful/wooden/big) desk for his offic @ Look at the picture and the adjectives in bold. a) How are they placed in the sentences? b) Which adjectives are opinion adjectives and which ones are fact? What do they describe? What is the order of opinion and fact adjectives in a sentence? c) Which adjective describes how a person feels and which describes what something is like? How are they formed? a Choose the correct adjective. 1. This is a very interested/interesting book. Working shifts is quite tired/tiring, Lucy is frightened/trightening of dogs. | think being a journalist is an excited/exciting occupation. Mum gets annoyed/annoying when we don't tidy our bedrooms. | get bored/boring on the bus ride home from college. 2 3 420k. EE a Z_ Adverbs ‘Adverbs describe verbs, past participles, adjectives, and other adverbs. He drives slowly. The event was badly organised. You are absolutely wrong. She dances extremely wel. «An adverb can be one word (sleepily) or a phrase (before dinner). Adverbs can describe manner (how), place (where), time (when), frequency (how often), degree (to what extent), etc. She acts amazingly. (How does she act? Amazingly. + adverb of manner) ‘Maria's house is around the corner. (Where is Maria's house? Around the corner. ~> adverb of place) They rarely go to the theatre. (How often do they go to the theatre? Rarely. ~ adverb of frequency) We practice hard as we often take part in competitions! We usually practice at the sports J really ove table tennis! I can play very well and | hardly ever miss a game with my trends! centre near my house, at the weekends. _ Formation of adverbs “© We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the adjective. calm ~ calmly ‘+ Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y. simple - simply ‘+ Adjectives ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take -lly. lazy ~ lazily + Adjectives ending in -I take -ly. careful - carefully ‘+ Adjectives ending in -Ic usually take -ally. magic - magically BUT public - publicly * Adjectives ending in -e take -ly brave ~ bravely BUT true ~ truly ‘Some adverbs do not follow these rules. ! Adjective Adverb| Adjective Adverb good - well | hign - high | | fast. - fast | long - long hard == hard low = low i early - early | near - near | | late - late | straight - straight] | right - right | wrong - wrong] | deep - deep ! i 1 catch the early bus to college. (adjective) | get up early every morning. (adverb) _Order of adverbs | Adverbs of frequency go after the auxiliary verb (be, have, do), but before the main verb. They have never been to a concert. Kat Is often late for work. He rarely does the gardening. * Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence, She happily agreed to marry him, He is anxiously waiting for his exam results, Please walk up the stairs quietly! * Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc) go before an adjective, an advert and the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb. You are absolutely right. He draws quite well. | completely agree with your decision. He is extremely rude. * Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of the sentence. / haven't seen Tina lately. Adverbs of time, such as soon, now, now and then, go before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb. She later gave up tiying. We should soon be home. We can put an adver’ at the beginning of a sentence if we want to emphasise it. Suddenly, a strange man entered the room. (manner) Outside, you'l find « beautiful garden. (place) ‘On Tuesday, we are having our term exarn. (time) ‘When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually go in the following order: manner ~ place ~ time. Mr jones works hard in his office every day. IF there is a verb of movement, such as go, come and leave, in the sentence, the adverbs usually go in the following order: place ~ manner - time. Jo {goes to work by train every morning./ Adjectives - Adverbs There is a difference in mear between the adverbs in the following pairs: He's trying hard to finish the project on time. (= with effort) 99 Tim hardly speaks fo anyone in the office. @ scarcely) They own a hotel near the beach. (= close to) it’s nearly six o°Clock. (= almost) The train came late again. (= not on time) He has been working overtime lately. (= recently) The cari front of me stopped short when a dog ran in the road, (= suddenly) The piay will begin shortly. (= soon) The dog buried its bone deep in the ground. way down) Tong Tam deeply sorry for the inconvenience. (= greatly) This plane goes direct to Singapore. (= by the shortest route) ‘She picks up her children directly after work. (immediately) The bird flew high in the sky. (= ata high level) He is highly qualified. (= very) The hat came free with the suntan lotion. (= without charge) © The following words end in -ly, but they are adje lonely, lovely, silly, ugly. She isa friendly lady. We Don’t walk slow/slowly! You con speak freely. (= without restriction) es: cowardly, deadly, elderly, friendly, likely, lively, Use the phrase in a ... way/manner to form their adverbs, She spoke to me in a friendly way. (NOT: She-spoke tien.) + The adverbs cheap(ly), loud(ly), quick(ly) and slow(ly) are often used without -ly in everyday English Look at the picture on page 27. a) What do the adverbs in bold express? b) How do we form adverbs? c) Where can adverbs appear sentence? in the Write the adverbs of the following adjectives. slow strange easy helpful fast suitable tragic happy graceful ‘good public bad possible early busy wise slowly evr seHrena " 12 13 14 16 16 Underline and identify the types of adverbs in each sentence. 1 We usually go out on Fridays. frequency They are extremely kind people. ‘Tom is patiently waiting for his appointment, | now realise Katie is right She talks quiatly on the phone. | rarely eat chocolate. He's rather rude to me. { think Roger is upstairs. The children are playing outside. . Have you seen Emily lately? on Scoaroas [G]| Put the words below into the correct column, © beautiful * high © carelessly * long * lonely © softly friendly © right * angrily * suddanty * straight © well © deep © good * elderly adjective aeverd and adverb adjective beautiful,ney only Put the adverbs in brackets in the correct order in the sentence. 1. Jack works, (all day/hard) Jack works hard all day. 2. Mr Thomas arrived. (half an hour ago/suddenly/in the office) 3 Penny is upset. (at the moment/quite) 4 Michael reads. (upstairs/in the evenings/quietly) 5 We get up. (late/on Sundays/usually) 6 Our neighbours argue. (at night/loudly/sometimes) 7 Maria works out, (in the mornings/at the gym/often) a Choose the correct item. 1. Paul goes to the gym direct/directly after collage. 2 We're under a lot of pressure late/lately. Faye has got lovely gold/golden hair. 4 The cinema tickets are free/freely with the magazine. 5 Joseph near/nearly had a car crash. 6 | was about to go into Mrs Franks’ office, but I stopped short/shortly when I saw she was with another student. 7 Is that a silk/silky cress? 8 The Internat connection is poor; the web pages can hard/hardly load. 8 This is a high/highly successful company. 10 We're building @ stone/stony wall around our garden. 11 Lam deeply/deep grateful for your help, 12. Hurry up! The bus is leaving short/shortly. ° Adjectives - Adverbs \, FJ[g] Choose the correct item. Olga: Hello, Maggie. ‘Maggie: Hi, Olga! What a 1) horrible/horribly day! The weather is 2) awful/awfully! Olga: | know! It's raining 8) heavy/heavily here and tha thunder is rumbling 4) loud/loudly. Poor Patch, my dog, is, 5) terrifying/terrified! I'm not going | out today! 6) Lucky/Luckily you! I'm going to an exhibition with my collage art class. Olga: Thal sounds 7) interested/interesting. Maggie: Yes. it does! The thing is that I'm waiting for a taxi to take me to the train station but it's running 8) late/lately. | 9) real/really don't want to miss my train. What time is it now? Olga: _ It's 10) near/nearly 8.30. Maggie: OK, I'd better call the taxl company Maggie: Speaking Look at the pictures. Use the prompts and the adjectives given to make sentences about what you see in the pictures as in the example. Cina: genie fiflametAveeca lie IETS) yee ronnie der ate cuitar/acod (enn neve) Garage A Kelly is driving slowly. 29Comparisons _ ETE ‘om * We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. Maria is older than her best friend. + We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing of the same group. Tom is the friendliest person in the class, /es and superlatives Here is a photo of my best friends! Lara is the tallest one ‘ond Kim is the one with the || Jongest hair! I’m shorter than them, but 1’m the eldest. We core all very good students, but | think Lara is by far the cleverest in the class. Kim is the most talented of all and | sings the most beautifully! Adjectives Positive | Comparative Superlative fone sjlable add (e)/-e)t to form] 2 smaller (han) the smallest (of7in) their comparative and superlative forms |!"9° | larger use text. dsay » ords Is. set) Choose the correct item. 1 10 " 12 13 14 15 What time .... ? A Is the train leaving B the train leaves © does the train leave My sisters .... my jewellery without asking. It's 80 annoying! A always take C always takes B are always taking “Have you got a mobile phone?” "Yes, |. A have B do © have got 2014 is the year .... | finished college. A where B which G when Is there .... flour left? | want to make a cake. A many B much alotof Walk .... Ivy Street for 100 metres and then tum left. A past This is Tom's bike, but the helmet is ... A mine B me © my B along CG among .. to the cinema. | prefer to watch DVDs at home, A rarely go B gorarely © rarely don't go coat is this? A Who's B Who — G Whose The traffic in the city .... worse every year. A Is becoming B become © becomes: Greg plays the piano in our Music class. .. than anyone else A better B best well ‘These boots, ... | wear in the winter, are from Milan A whose B which that do you play tennis?" "Once a week,” A Howlong B How far C How often ‘Tony and Elaine .... from Toronto in Canada. Als B are Cc am ‘Those are the .... bikes. They're inside playing in Robin's room, A. boys’ B boy's —G boys ‘This meal .... amazing! You're a great cook. A istasting B tastes taste Revision (Starter - Unit 3) / Se 17 'm finding It diffcult to sleep .... night. Ain B at Con 18 Robert can solve Maths problems A more easily B easy easily 49... shopping tomorrow? A You go B Are you going © Do you go 20 Thisis.... the hardest test we've ever done. A byfar BB fer C very 21 Evans shoots and ....1 A score —B scores. is scoring 22 |... more fruit these days. A 'meating B eat C eats 23. Ben... at the library now. A isstudying B studies C study 24 The sun... in the west, A sets B set C is setting 25 Emperor penguins .... in Antarctica. A reliving B lives CG live Deere Fill in the correct form of the word in brackets, choose the correct word or fil in the gaps. A At Barnes Academy, we 1) (believe) that music 2) a important part of college life, $0, 8)... 2ist June, we 4) . . (hold) a music workshop. We 1) .. got guitar, piano and singing teachers, and even a professional DJ! Mike JONES, 2) .nnnenens 18 @ famous Musician, is 8) ourfours special guest. He 4) (play) the drums for the band Wishing Well, and he is bringing 5) him/his drum kit with im. Students 1) . have a private lesson with Mike, but he hasn't got 2) much/many time, 50 book 3) .. (fast) 0 save a place! 1) ceecseesnee the evening, we 2) (have) a talent show — the 3) (good) act wins a prize! Don't miss — chance to make some music at Bames Academy this summer! 35Phrasal Verbs break down = machines, etc) Tim's car broke down on his way to work this imoming. |2) lose control of feelings She broke down and cried when she heard the tenible news, break in/break into (a building) = enter by force or illegally The burglars broke infinto our neighbours" house and ook all their jewellery. break into = start singing, smiling, etc suddenly Her face broke into a smile when she saw her | nowbom baby. break out = 1) begin suddenly (war, fre, eto) The Great Fire of London broke out on 2nd September 1666. 2) escape from a place The police helicopter is searching for a criminal who broke out of prison ast night. break up = stop for holidays (of schools, etc) Tho family is going to Disneyworld when schools break up for the summer holidays. ) stop working (of cars, engines, cause sth fo happen The new bring about chancellor has brought sbout mary chenges to the university bring out = release (e.g. @ new record) or publish | (e.g. a new book) The famous witer is bringing out her next novel this summer. bring sb round = 1) cause sb to regain ‘consciousness Kim's friends used cold water to bring her round. 2) persuade Taik to Sam and try to bring him round to aur way of thinking. hher up on the farm. 2) to introduce (a matter) for discussion The| scientists brought up the issue of global wermning at the meeting. Merete T1_] break down phrasal verbs 2[] bring round to the pictures 3]_] break into and write 4]_] break out sentence SL] bring out describing the pictures. bring up = 1) raise a child Her parents brought Fill in the correct particle. down * in © into * out *up 1 ill and Simon usually visit _ their grandparents when the schools break ‘or the summer holidays. 2 dake broke «00 80g When he heard the ‘great news, 3 In World Wer | fighting broke .. 1914 and ended in 1918 4 The burglars broke... the house while the family was on holiday. 5 Maria took her car to the mechanic as it Broke «ue. this: morning. 6 A dangerous: criminal DrOk2 ne OF prison yesterday. 7 Sam broke ... the bad news. i When his friend told him @ Choose the correct particle. 1. The villagers brought up/about the issue of road safety at their monthly meating, 2 Gandhi managed to bring about/around a revolution in India. 3. The popular pop singer is bringing up/out her new single in the summer. 4 It was very hard for Jane to bring up/out her child on her own, 5 Their argument brought him up/round to her way of thinking, 6 Fortunately, the paramedics managed to round/out after the bring the patient accident. They had to bring Beth round when she fainted. @)Prepositions @ } ‘accuse sb of (doing) sth (v) advantage of [n) afraid of sb/sth (ac) annoyed about/by sth (adi) annoyed at/with sb (adi) apologise to sb for sth (v) ashamed of sb/sth (adj) _ ask sb for sth (BUT ask sb a question) (v) ther | A |aim at sb/sth (y) apply to sb for sth (v) associate with sb (v) ied amazed at/by sth (ad) __ arrive at (a small place) () astonished at/by sth (adi) angry at/with sb for (doing) (BUT arrive home) (¥) attitude towards/to (n) tae sth (edi) arrive in (a big place) (\) aware of sth (ec) bad at sth (ad) "blame sb/sth for sth (v) brillant at sth (ac) : p_Dolieve in sth (y) “(ay/put the) blame on sb/sth (n) | Bump into sb/sth () belong to sb (v) bored with sth (ad) i benefit from sth (\) borrow sth from sb (v) while @ Fill in the correct preposition. @ Choose the correct preposition. as it sof at + towards * on © with * for 1 Katy wasn't aware... the fact that her a *by purse was missing 1 People always associate Greece a By fem him summer holidays. 2 Ben apologised .... Martin for Iying to him. 2 Peter was annoyed his neighbour's Act B to © trom {uel peri. 3. | get annoyed ..... my sister when she talks 3. The shop assistant accused the young boy choc ratdl veto, a stealing the chocolate ber. plik Eo ¢ wth 4 Tom Is in trouble because of his bad Pte hid pIOleaacre 4. Abby applied... the bank for a credit card. mg 8 Amanda artved concn Paris late on atte Paat cm fio Saturday night. 5 We were astonished .... how good the play 6 The new teacher is aiming was. improving the students’ gracios, A of B trom G by Howl 7 The worker asked his boss... @ pay 6 Toby was ashamed ..... the way he spoke rise. to Laura a 8 Gareth is always trying to put the blame A by B of C for othe, : 2d to Word Formation the B Choose the correct preposition. 1 | bumped to/into my old History teacher yesterday, Liam is really bad at/to English and Geography. Do you believe infat ghosts? Irene Is brillant at/with ballet Jo usually borrows clothes for/from her older sister. The expensive new car parked outside belongs for/to my new neighbour. The baby soon got bored for/with his new toy. The taxi accident. Iwas angry to/with Maria for breaking my laptop. Lucy is afraid offby dogs, driver blamed me for/of the Complete the sentences with the nouns derived from the words in bold. 1 Chris is studying et university to become an eee ENGINE Mandy is a . seve AND WOKS for The New York Times. JOURNAL They asked @ graphic .. : to create a cover for their new album. DESIGN I think Rob Keeves is the best... in the pley. ACT Tony is @ great who can play seven different instruments, MUSIC | enjoy drawing and painting and | want to be an when | grow up. ART 37 eee; \ | @ | past simple vs Past continuous - used to/would (On Sunday, Maria was preparing Yesterday morning, Oliver went she fell and cut her knee, lunch for her fiends all morning. to the beach, He was sunbathing Aiter cooking, she tidied the house while he was checking his emai ‘and then she had a rest. twas a lovely spring day. The sun Monet created many famous was setting and a gentle breeze was paintings. was a child, blowing when Anna went for a walk, Past simple Past continuous Form: regular verb + -ed Form: was/were + main verb + -ing Spelling rules | Tou e]She/iWe/They i7Fe/She[l¢ was walking. AFFIRMATIVE | watched. AFFIRMATIVE | we/You/They were walking. | Tou/He/ Shel WerThey T7He/Shelie wasn’t walking. ff (NEGATIVE didn’t watch, Seca e We/You/They weren't walking, i id Tiyou/he/she/ithwe)they, Was I/he/she/it walking? inrerrocarive | Did ty INTERROGATIVE | Were nehvasthey wating? Yes, TiyouTle/sheTiewe Rey Yes, /he/shejit was. did, Yes, we/youlthey were. SHORT ANSWERS/No, Uiyourhe/shelitwelthey| | | SHORT ANSWERS i ire here wasn't. | didn't. No, we/you/they weren't. Time words/phrases used with the past simple: ‘Time words/phrases used with the past continuous: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/ while, when, a, all day/ night/morning, all day ‘month/year, two hours/days/weeks/months/years | | | yesterday, etc. .ag0, when, then, in 2003, etc. Pronunciation _ * Verbs ending in -e take only -d. phone — phoned * Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and take -ied. study - studied || Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. play — played ‘= Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant before the -ed. stop ~ stopped BUT open - opened, fix ~ fixed * Verbs ending in I, double the I before they take -ed. cancel - cancelled * Irregular verbs do not form the past simple by adding -ed. break - broke, give - gave Jaf sound. 3 Isl, AW, Mh, ‘other sound. glowed | 38 The suffix -ed is pronounced: + fil] when the verbs end in a jt/ or + i when the verbs end in a /k/, booked, kissed, matched, brushed, laughed, stopped * /a/ when the verb ends in any shifted, landed, afforded 11/ oF Jp! sounds. . changed, cared,— gus | i ‘We use the past simple for: « an action that happened at a definite time (stated cor implied) in the past. Tom moved to Glasgow a year ago. (time stated) He got a job in a big law firm there. (time implied) «+ actions that happened immediately one after the other. Tim woke up, had his breakfast and got ready for work. «+ habits and states which are finished. Sam spent his summer holidays in Greece when he was younger. ‘+ a past action which won't take place again. Shakespeare wrote many plays. (He's now dead, He won't be writing any more.) We use the past continuous: + for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We don’t mention when the action started or finished. Jon was studying for his Maths exam on Sunday evening. | for two or more simultaneous actions in the past. Sam was surfing the Net while he was talking on the phone. * for an action which was in progress when | another action interrupted it. We use the past | ! continuous for the action in progress (the longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (the shorter action). Alex was having a bath when the phone rang. + to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to give background information to a story. it was a cold winter's day. The children were sitting by the fire, while their mum was reading a story. when/while/as + past continuous E (longer action in progress) (shorter action which interrupts the action in progress) eo When/Wile/As she was watching TV, the power went out.| Bob was surfing the Net when the lights went off. (was watching TV is a longer action than went out) —_| (went offis a shorter action than was surfing.) ks when + past simple J 1 Look at the pictures (A-F) and underline all the verbs. a) What tense are they? How do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of these tenses? b) Which of the uses of these tenses does each verb show? Put the verbs in the past simple and write them under the correct heading. Then read them aloud. B Write the past simple of the verbs in the list in the correct box. © move © try * travel stay * stop * plan stescue * cry * destroy * worry * play * control * survive * slip * model * enjoy * quarrel * change * chop * carry sound * watch * recover * miss * enjoy ‘* damage * erupt * want © walk © demand ‘swash * finish * warn * cause © save * help ‘shout * relax * dance * appear * accept ‘* move * count * clean hal MW dal om moved, .. double consonant + -ed sounded watched recovered consonant + -y-+ -ied Vowel + -y + -ed Verbs ending in -I + -led 39) \ Past simple vs Past continuous - used to/would 40 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past simple, as in the example. 1 A: Did you see (yoursee) the news, yesterday? B: Yes, a wildfire .. (break out) in California, It was awful 2 A: Susan ou (Not/eome) to band practice last week. B: | know. She (have) a lot of homework to do. BAL sernmmreeense (YOuAravel) abroad on holiday when you were younger? B: No, but we au (drive) to Scotland every summer. A: Really? My great-grandparents .. (live) in Scotiand in the 1970s. 4A essnuennn (not/sleep) well last night, B: Neither dic |. The starm (wake) me up at midnight and | « (Rot/go) back to sleep unt 3 aml Timothy is a college student. Look at his diary and the things he did yesterday. Complete the sentences about what Timothy was doing at the stated times, as in the example. have a shower eat breakfast drive to college attend lessons study in the library work out at the aym write an essay surf the Net 1 Timothy was having a shower at 7:40. 2 Timothy... at 7:55, 3. Timothy .... ow at 8:15, 4 Timothy at 11:00. 5 Timothy at 2:30. 6 Timothy at 4:20. 7 Timothy ... at 7:50. 8 Timothy at 9:15. ‘Make sentences in the affirmative (7), negative (X) or interrogative (?) form of the past continuous. 1. Peter/study/all yesterday evening (¥) Peter was studying all yesterday evening. 2 Wthave lunch o'clook yesterday attemoon (x) 3. Jim/watch/TW/while/Amy/talk/on/phone (/) 4 the children/play/outside/all day (2) 8 Greg and I/wat for the bus/7 o’clook! yesterday morning (*) Look at the picture. What was happening on the college lawn yesterday at 3 o'clock? Write questions and answers. 1 Judy/have/cup of coffee? Was Judy having a cup of coffee? No, she wasn't. She was drinking a botile of water 2 Professor Adams and Professor Blythe chat/to each other? 3. Alcia/listen/to music? 4 Tom/send/text messages? 5 Charlie and Sam/play/foottvall?Past ple vs Past continuous — used to/would used to - would the ZZ AFFIRMATIVE __ | I/You/He/She/it/We/They used to drive. Centuries ago, NEGATIVE I/You/He/She/lt/We/They didn’t use to drive. people didn’t i INTERROGATIVE | Did I/you/he/she/it/wejthey use to drive? , Yes, Iiyoujhe/she/it/welthey did. an snort answers “°° ou feclre? No, liyoufhe/she/it/we/they didn't. writing etter. wv) Form ‘+ Used to is always a past form. It has no present form. It has the same form in all persons, singular and plural, in the affirmative. / used to play golf. Tom and Pete used to live in Spain. «The interrogative form is did + subject + use to. Did jane use to go jogging? «The negative form is subject + didn’t use to, Pail didn't use to travel at ail. * Used to is used to talk about past habits, repeated actions and routines happen. She used to go sailing «lot when she was younger. (She doesn't go sé + We use used to for things that were true, but they are not true any more. She used to read many conve ‘books when she was o litle gir. (Now, she doesn’t red many comic books.) * We can use the past simple instead of used to with no difference in meaning, She used to work as an caccountont./She worked as an accountant. ‘+ We use the past simple, and not used to, in the following cases: a) to refer to an action which happened at a definite time in the past. She cooked a lovely meal yesterdoy. (NOT: She used-t.} Grammar in Focus Fillin the correct form of the word in brackets, choose the correct word or fil in the gaps. BA) cecscessene 26th November 1703, a terrible storm 2) .. ss» (strike) Britain. In those days, weather forecasts, 80 they 4) (not/know) the storm was coming B A strong wind 1)... the afternoon, and by 11 o'clock that night, it storm, 3) which/that is now called the Great Storm of history. Between 6,000 and 15,000 people 6) much/many buildings and ships. © These days, we 1) weather 2)... past, (alsofeecome) more and more extrome dus to climate change. 4) Revision (Units 1-5) \ ) We found a(n) when we moved in, A beautiful, big, old B beautiful, old, big © old, beautiul, big Have you seen Beth ....2 .. wardrobe in the attic A late B lately ¢ later Mount Vesuvius, ..... is in Italy, is a volcano. A who B which that ‘The fumiture belongs to Mel and Chris, and the flat is ..... 100. A them B their © theirs Shakespeare ..... Macbeth. A would write B was writing © wrote Wo ..... to the park every afternoon when we were children A were going B wouldgo C go The weekly meeting ..... at 10. A is beginning B begins © was beginning. You ..... your coat on the floor! A always leaves B leave always © are always leaving ‘Anna ..... at the rary A work B is working © works People didn't 3) use/used to have . (begin) in (blow) at over 100 km, The 1708, to be British turned out (bad) in (die) and winds also destroyed : predict the . (easily) than in the “weether 3) é but soe KNOWS when ‘next “great storm” might happen?\ ) Phrasal Verbs call for = require; demand This project calls for a great cieal of patience. callin = visit sb briefly 1! callin tomorrow and see if you're feeling any better. call off = cancel The concert was called off because the lead singer was sick. call out = 1) utter (esp. loudly) Just call out my ‘name if you need a hand wrth those boxes 2) summorvask to come | called out the fire brigade after my kitchen caught fire. call over = ask sb who is not nearby to come closer He called over the waitress when he was ready to orc. carry on (with) = continue Carry on with your good work carry out = do, complete sth The scientists carried out more exceriments in the ab. fall behind (with) = fa to keap up (with) He fel! behind with his traning after breaking his lg. {all for = 1) be deceived by sth ike fell for the magician's trick 2) feel love forrbe in love with Stuart fell for his wife while they were on holiday at the same resort ‘all in with = agree (with) (a plan/decision, ete) Bob didn't argue ancl fell in with our plan right away. fall through = fail to happen Tom's plans to start his own business fell through at the last minute. ‘all out (with) = quarrel! often fall out with ray sister, but we always make up in the and. [@)] Match the TT2] ‘al out phrasal verbs [2] fallin with to the pictures 3 call off and write a : sentence 4 call in describing S|_] fall for Choose the correct particle. 1 Matt usually calls in/out at his friend's house after football practice on Sundays, 2 Tom's new job calls of/for a lot of creativity. 8 Carry on/out running round the track until you've done 6 laps. 4. I'min the office next door so if anyone needs me, just call out/over my name. 5 The match was called off/for because the pitch was flooded. 6 The police were callad out/off to investigate break-in at the museum, 7 The doctor wanted to carry offfout some more tests on Mrs Billson. 8 ‘The professor called Maria on/over to his desk to discuss her presentation. Fill in the correct particle. ‘for (x2) © behind » out * in with * through | hope his dream of becoming a professional footbeller doesr't fal... 2 | always fall 8 Alison is working hard not tea with her studies, 4 Don't argue - it's only a small problem and Paul's tricks! to fall it’s not worth falling ..., sesene OVE 5 Richard fell srvnsee Mary the first time they met. 6 The reason | fell... Frod's plan is because I think it will work, them.rouse ativily, < unt reeds 39 the gate some to his ugh sional ricks! fall and over. e first Fred's Prepositions \ {incapable of doing sth (adj) care about sb/sth (v) care for sb/sth (= look after/ ke) () take care of (= look after) (exp) cause of (n) | change sth for sth else sxchange one thing for another) (¥) charge sb for (= ask sb to pay) (v) charge sb with (= formally accuse sb of} (v) cheque for (n) clever at sth (BUT clever of sb to do sth) fad) come from (y) compare sth/sb to sth/sb else (© show the likeness between) (v) compare sth/sb with sth/sb else (= examine people or things to find similarities and differences) () nothing can compare with (= nothing is as good as sth} (exp) complain to sb about sth/sb (v) concentrate on sth (v) congratulate sb on (doing) sth (v) in connection with sb/sth (exp) a connection between two things (n) conscious of sth (acl) consist of sth (\) contact with sb/sth (BUT contact between two things) (n) convert into/to (\) crash into sb/sth (v) | crowded with (oe0p%e, etc) (ad) cruel to sb/sth (acl) | cruelty towards/to (n) Choose the correct preposition. 1. Despite being very famous, she never forgets where she ‘comes from/offabout. 2 I can't understand people who are cruel at/to/with animals. 3. Jane was driving on a siippery road when she crashed on/in/ into a tree. 4 The thief was caught and charged with/of/from shoplifting, 5 rene is really clever in/withvat creating handmade gifts. 6 Despite being 96 years old, he is perfectly capable of/for/ to living on his own. 7 The main menu consists off from/for different meat dishes and seafood. 8 Joan asked her neighbour to take care at/with/of her kitten while she was on holiday. 9 Lonly told her to go on a diet because | care about/at/of her health. 10 Georgina sent her friend a card to congratulate her at/ on/over her graduation 11. Their boss is conscious from/ of/with how difficult it is to meet the deadline. 12 The lady complained to the shop manager for/about/of the poor customer service. 13. Kat turned off the TV in order to concentrate infon/at her essay. Fill in the correct preposition. * for (x2) © of © towards © * between * into 4 You can’t compare Jeff different people. 2 The cause Cruelty e please. Don’t be cruel The police wanted to talk the burglary. 10 Sandia cares ... ‘The first session was free, so | didn’t charge you ... ‘There's a strong connection .. Helen converted her money to (x2) * about © with " ou Mike; thay are totally the fire was an electrical fauil .. animals is against the law. 4 I'd like to change this watch... another model, your little sister. seit, . the two sports, Euros. to him in connection .. the environment end wants to help stop climate change. Word Formation Complete the sentences with the nouns derived from the words in bold. 1 Tims stominisa IB always excellent during games; he's a great sportsman. (BEHAVE) 2 The hotal is in a great beach. (LOCATE) 3 Mary hes an important weekend, (GOMPETE) 4 Ian's birthday party was his friends and family wer 5 The train's , close to the netball .. .. this 8 IOVENY ssentntnrnr + all re there. (CELEBRATI time is at 7 o'clock. (DEPART) 6 We wish Kevin and Diane lots of in iheir new life together. (HAPPY) 7 Susan is a model and takes good care of her (APPEAR) 8 Mitch has beon in the «ns for five years. (EMPLOY) . of the company 49Present perfect She has won a gold They have been She has ‘medal. together for fity just woken up. years. Have you ever tried She has read yoga? twenty reports this No, | haven't tried ‘morning. yogo before Present perfect Form: have/has + past participle of the main verb AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Wou/We/They iYouWe/They have/'ve spoken. have not/haven't spoken. He/She/It has/'s He/She/It has not/hasn’t spoken. spoken. INTERROGATIVE ‘SHORT ANSWERS Have l/you/we/they [eae I/youjwe/they have. spoken? No, I{you/we/they haven't. Has he/she/it spoken? | {Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't. Use We use the present perfect for: * an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action; the time when it occurred is unimportant or unknown. J have bought o ‘new loptop. (When? We don't know or it’s not important.) a situation which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc, whose result is visible in the present, In this case, we often use for and since. We have been friends for twenty years. a recently completed action. In this case, we often use the word just. Susan has just arrived, personal experiences and changes. Has Anna ever eaten sushi? an action which happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking. We use words and phrases such as today, this morning/ evening/week/month, etc. Magie has finished wo projects at work this week. (The time period ‘this week’ is, not over yet. She may finish more.) Time words/phrases used with the present perfect: * already (normally in affirmative sentences) You don’t need to go to the shops. I’ve already bought a present for Claire, yet (normally in interrogative and negative sentences) Have you tried the new italian restaurant yet? Tom hasn’t emailed us yet. just (normally in affirmative sentences to show that an action finished a few minutes earlier) I've just passed my driving test. ever (normally in affirmative and interrogative sentences) This is the best film ve ever watched. Have you ever flown ina hot-air ballon? never (negative meaning) / have never been to Disneylond. Mina has never travelled by boat. for (= over a period of time) They've known each other for six years. since (= from a starting point in the past) They have owed a bakery since 1958. recently (normally in affirmative and interrogative sentences) He has recently moved to a new neighbourhood. so far (normally in affirmative sentences) Mike's done recily well at his new job so far. still (= until now — normally in negative sentences) You still haven't told me what time we're meeting. various time adverbials such as always, today, this week/month, how long, by now, ete. Paul has always wanted to visit the Seychelles,. = POP ET “have gone (to) - have been (to) _ Giecisnore) al Ne cee t) hhas gone to the theatre Make complete sentences using the words below. Use the present perfect. 1 Valready/order my meal thave already ordered my meal, 2 youltead/the travel brochure/yet? 3. Nathan/recently/ouy/a new car 4. James/not/try/windsurfing 5 she/write/two emails/alteady/this morning 6 tho trairvjust/leave? [GJ cnocse the correct item. 1. Kate and Brian have only been/have only gone to Canada once, 2 Jim hasn't been/hasn’t gone to a lve football game yet. 3. There's milk in the fridge. | have been/have gone to the supermarket, 4 Adam has been/has gone to the post office. He'll be back soon, 5 The manager isn't here. She has been/has gone to a meeting. 6 Look at her tan! She has been/has gone to the Caribbean, 7 Helen has been/has gone to the shopping centre, | plan to meet her there later. «We use have gone (to) to say that someone went somewhere and is still there, Matt isn’t here, He + We use have been (to) to say that someone went somewhere but they have come back. / have been to Spain, Do you want to see my holiday photos? Where have you been? AS Look at the pictures (A-E) and the examples on p. 50. Identify the tense of the verbs in bold. How do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of this tense? Which uses of this tense does each verb show? @ Choose the correct item. 1. Suzy hasn't seen her brother for/since two years. 2 He has lived in Australia since/for 2014. 3. Suzy has yet/just spoken to him on the phone, 4 He's recently/lately decided to visit the UK. 5 He hasn't booked his tickets already/yet. 6 lan and Suzy so far/still haven't told their parents that lan is visiting; they want to surprise them, Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form of the present perfect. 1 A: How long have you been (you/be) friends with Deboy? BE We wcrenneensne (KNOW) each other for around 10 years. 2 A; Whyis Ann s0 excited? Be SHE vsserstsnesnensansessee GUSLBOOK) flights for her holiday to Spain. 3 A: Would you like some pasta? B: No, thanks. |. (already/nave) lunch. 4. A; Have you revised for the History test yet? Br I coentaneansanen (Start) my revision iE sia (not/finish) yet 5 A; Do you want to come with us to the Planetarium tomorrow? B: Yes, please. | (never visit) 4 planetarium before 51 Um EEE EE eee eee eee eee Eee cee SSeS\ / Present perfect vs Past simple ee 2 Present perfect We use the present perfect: * for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. Alice has sprained her ankle. (When? We don’t know, The time is not stated.) ‘+ with stative verbs, such as be, have, like, know, etc, to describe a situation which started in the past and continues up to the present. Poul has had this car for ten years. (He bought the car ten years ago and he still has it.) + for actions which have recently finished, and their results are visible in the present. She is very happy. She has passed all her exams. + for experiences and changes. Jhave never tried scuba-diving, “+ with today, this momning/afternoon, etc to describe actions which were completed during a period of time that is not finished at the time of speaking, Maria has sent out twenty invitations this morning. (tis still morning, so this period of time is not over yet. She may sent out more invitations.) — We use the past simple for: Past simple actions that happened at a stated or implied time in the past. They went io the theatre fast night. (When? Last night.) actions which started and finished in the past, | Georgia lived in New York for five years. (Georgia lived there for five years and then she left. She doesn’t live in New York any more.) actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past. First she laid the table ond then she served the food, actions we used to do in the past but do not do any more. We often use adverbs of frequency to | talk about habits. | Tim always rode his bike when he was at school people who are no longer alive. ‘Monet created great paintings. (Monet is dead.) 1 [7] George has passed his driving test. 2]_] | sent you a postcard on Saturday morning. 5 3]_] sim has caught five fish this morning, 7 4]_] Shakespeare wrote some wonderful plays. a 5|_] He always went to work by train re 6] | Lisa is delighted because she has just received a bonus from her boss. : 7[_] Ted has only tried Mexican food once. 8] Kate stayed in that hotel for two 9 weeks. : 9T_] Lisa opened her suitcase, took out her jacket and put it on. ; F10|_] | have known Alan since we were in " playschool together. Choose the correct item. 1. Michael has ever/never been to Canada. 2 Kate climbed Mount Kilimanjaro four years yet/ago. 3. We've already/ever eaten at that restaurant G Match the tenses in bold to the correct description. an action which started in the past and continues up to the present an action which started and finished in the past an action which has recently finished and whose results are visible in the present describing the actions of people who are dead ast actions which happened one immediately after the other an action that happened at an unstated time in the past an action that @ person used to do in the past but does not do anymore ‘an action that was completed during period of time that is not finished an action that happened at a stated time in the past a personal experience 4. It's the most beeutiful dress I've ever/never seen. 5 She moved to Germany since three years/three years ago. 6 Patrick has just/yet left the office.ast but ot ever Present perfect vs Past Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect. 1 A: Have you spoken (speak) to your boss about the holiday yet? B Yes, | (already/arrange) to get two weeks off 201 (not/hear) from Bill for ages. I hope he's OK. B_ Bill Hughes? He sn . (go) away on a business trip, 3A: When silat (Columbus/discover Amer B: In 1492. 4 A: Do you like rugby? B: 1 Can't 839. Veen nnseneeson (never/watch) a game, A sconssatopses .. (you/see) my laptop, Brian? Vcan't find it anywmere B: No, but I think Kim . (borrow) it yesterday evening. 6A peat {you/ever/meet) anyone famous? B: Yes, last winter, | (have) ‘a conversation with Tom Cruise at the airport! Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect. Hi Jane, you for so long, but | 2) ite time recently. On Friday, | 3) (sit) my final end-of-year exam at college, and then on Saturday my ... (Gelebrate) their wedding (be) married for (now/have) a lot of parents 4) anniversary. They 5) toed thirty years, 80 we had a big party! This summer, | want to find a part-time job, so | 8)... i ctemeartecnses (TOF) senda my CV to shops around TOWN. 7) serene ... (notfind) anything yet, but Yesterday evening, the manager of a clothes shop By... as (call) me and asked me to go in for an interview tomorrow. As you know, |) . (help) in my uncle's clothes shop a few years ago, 20 it would feally suit me. What about you? 10) (you/decide) wnat todo this summer yet? Let me know your news All the best, Rachael Hope you're well I'm sorry 11) haven't writon (not/write) to | | Make true sentences about yourself with the time expressions below. Use the present perfect or the past simple. # two weeks ago * since 2010 last night * fora week * yesterday * recently Speaking Tell your partner about Peter's and Megan’s latest news, Use the notes in the diary entries below, as in the example. (H) Peter ‘Sth March + bein France one month ‘+ find part-time job + not See many attractions yet + improve French a lot + still not make new friends © try French culsine Peter has been in France for one month. He has already 2] Megan 16th August join dance class last week = buy new dance shoes * already learn the waltz «never feel better not perform in front of audience yet + meet interesting people Writing Imagine you are Peter or Megan. Write a short email to a friend telling him/her your latest news. Use the present perfect and the past simple. Use the Speaking activity and ex. 9 as a model. 53\ / Present perfect continuous Mary has been studying io the library ‘all morning. Alex feels very tired. He hasn't been {Has someone sleeping very | beenusing my well lately. | computer without asking me again? Present perfect continuous Form: have/has + been + the main verb + -ing ‘We use the present perfect continuous: | * to put emphasis on the duration of an action which ‘AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE started in the past and continues up to the present. She has been surfing the Net since 12 o'clock IYouiWe/The UYou/We/Th see nclnee, tac nca/fecen’t been * fF an action which started in the past and lasted for rattling. watching some time. It may still be continuing, or has already He/She/it has/'s | He/She/It has not/hasn’t finished, but the result is visible in the present, /il’s been watching, | been watching. tired. She has been gardening for hours. + to express anger, irritation or annoyance. INTERROGATIVEE Best SHO RT/ANSWERS) Why have you been borrowing my clothes? Have iyufwelthey| (Yes youwe/tey have been watching? | (No, I/you/we/they haven't. | Time words/phrases we use with the present Has he/sheft been | (es he/she has. perfect continuous: for, since, how long, all watching? ‘No, he/sherit hasn't day/morning/month, etc, lately, recently. } Note: With the verbs live, work, teach and feel, we can use the present perfect or f present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning, Mr Smith has lived/has been living here since 2004. Look at the pictures (A-C) and identify the tense of the verbs in bold. How do we form the affirmative, negative and interrogative of this tense? Which use of this tense does each verb show? Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the . present perfect continuous: siudy, cycle, paint, shop, wait, read. 4 She has been shopping for 2 They i 9 Heres stesso th) two hours, all afternoon. newspaper for half an hour now. THY vecsrnen see f0F this moment for a very long time.EJ Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect continuous. 1. Jack is almost fluent in German. He's been taking (take) classes for the last five years. 2 USA cecsnsnseneneeeee a (watch) that TV show since January. | y wonder when the season ends. rq 8 HOWIONG wssens (Tim/worl) for this company? att (enow) since six o'clock this evening. 8 How long ... (Wendy/play) hockey? 6 Chris .. (not/learn) how to play the guiter for long but he’s already quite good at it. 7 They .. (practise) forthe festival all week. 8 Kim looks exhausted because she ..... (do) the housework all morning. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the present perfect continuous. 1A: Is Liam stil listening to the same CD? B: Yes, he’s been listening to it (listen) for three hours now. 2 A; Jim’s neighbour was quite angry with row? him this morning, B: Why? A: Well, he .. (park) his cer in front of her driveway lately! HOW Ong sas (you/drive) this cer? B: For two years, but it .- (have) some problems lately. aa Sony te, Andrew. - (you/wait) long? > «the Actual | now. (sit) here for the last half an hour. 5 A: Your eyes are red. ... (you/ery)? B: NO, DUEL ose {novfeel) wel recently. 6 A: Why are your clothes so dirty? BI paises ) (work) in the garden all morning, . for time. Present perfect continuous |\ {iJg] It’s 5 o’clock on Saturday afternoon. Look at the information and write what the people have been doing and for how long they have been doing it, as in the example. George 1:00 pm study Pamela 2:30 pm practise piano Suzy 3:00 pm read a novel Pedro 4:00 pm jog in the park 1 Goorge has been studying for four hours/since 1:00. 2 Pamela .. 3 Suzy .. ‘Complete the dialogue. Use the present perfect continuous form of the verbs below. try ewalk sdo shelp epaint ego ‘A: Hi Sarah. You look pe exhausted! | What 1) have you been doing? 1" B: Hey, Alico. Well, for the last two hours, | ae .. around the city } centre looking for a present for Pam's birthday. You see, she 3). me a lot with my college applications lately, SO I really want to get her something nice. AB YOAD, 14) prone to decide whet to get her, 100. She 8) a lot lately so why don't you buy her some art supplies from Art Palace in Kent Road? B: You're right. 16) . wet that shop for yoars and thay always have a good selection of art supplies, Thanks for you help, Alicel ‘A: No problem. Now, | have to think of what I'll | give her, though! ay 55Present perfect We use the present perfect: 2 © for an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not important, 50 itis not mentioned. The emphasis is placed on the action, The Jacksons have moved to a new neighbourhood. (When did they move? We don’t know. What is important is the fact that they live in a new neighbourhood now.) | © for an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present. In this case, we often use the word just. look at her hair! She has just returned from the hairdresser’ * with stative verbs, such as have, like, know, be, etc, to talk about a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this case, we often use for and since, They have been in the poo! for two hours. (They went in the pool two hours ago and they are still init.) * for experiences and changes. She has tried paragliding. * with today, this morning/afternoon, etc to describe actions which were completed during a period of time that is not finished at the time of He has visited six patients this afternoon ) Present perfect vs Present perfect continuous Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous: * to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with time words/phrases such as for, since, all morning/day/week, etc. She has been teaching at the local school for over ten years. (She started teaching at the local school ten years ago and she is still teaching there.) * for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may have finished or may still be going on. The result of the action Is visible in the present. | Mia is tired. She has been working out atthe gym all moming. (The result of the action is visible in the present ~ she is tired.) * to express anger, irritation or annoyance. You've been talking on the phone all morning! Note: With the verbs feel, live, work and teach, we can use the present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. She has | worked/has been working for the company since 2000. | Note: We use the present perfect to put emphasis on the number, and the present perfect continuous to put emphasis on duration. Study the examples: I've organised two business events so far. I've been organising business events ail day. Match the tenses in bold to the correct description. 7|_] Amanda has been working as a 8] _] Lise has travelled abroad twice this month, 15] They have known each other for a years. Jos has never tried snowboarding b before [3] _] You have been chatting on your c mobile for at least an hour! d [41] she has just prepared the soup and it smells wonderiul e &]_] He has booked a fight to Rome. [EL] Timothy is exhausted. He hasbeen cutting firewood all morning, 9 lawyer for over twenty years. h an action that happened at an unstated time in the past an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs to exptess anger, liritation or annoyance a recently completed action, especially one whose resutt is visible in the present ‘an action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the time of speaking a personal experience or change to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. for an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may have finished or may stil be going on. The result of the action is visible in the present.jon the ach wer ool ted or vis ‘al the we ect ‘as 00. asis us in Present perfect vs Present perfect continuous | ) Choose the correct verb tense. 1. Youve been tryina/have tried to find the street for hours. Why don't you ask someone for directions? 2 Don't you think you should get out of the sun? You've sunbathed/'ve been sunbathing for two haurs and your skin is red. 3 Have you heard/Have you been hearing from Lisa since she moved to Spain? 4. Diana hasn't received/hasn't been receiving the package yet 5 Have you been reading/Have you read that novel since | left this morning? Why don’t you go outside instead? 6 He has been feeling/has felt really ill all week. 7 The streets are all flooded. It has rained/has been raining for days! 8 They are so excited! They have won/have been winning the tirst prize at a dance ‘competition. 9 Danny has solved/has been solving ten problems in maths so far. 10 Ben has seen/has been seeing ten clients this morning, Complete the sentences with the words/ phrases below. recently * for *just * since * yet * never ever lately * how long * all day 1 Adam has recently begun lessons to learn Spanish. 2. He's been studying hard he's going to Spain on business. 3 He has been to France before, 4 In fact, it’s the first time he has travelled abroad. because 5 He has .. artived at the airport in Mada. 6 He's been walling for his luggage ..... ten minutes. 7 He hasn’t booked a hotel 8 He's hungry because he hasn't eaten 7:00 this morning, 9 I've been decorating the house : have you been standing on my doorstep? Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. 1A: Are you sill packing for your holidays? B: No, I've just finished Gust/finish). 2A: HOW LONG sss snr (you/wait) for the bus? 8: For about half an hour. 8: AY cet catisrrsyvaceaie {you/always/have) a fear of tying? B: Yes, | a (be) afraid of flying all my life 4 A: Is Brian still at the beach? B: Ye8, NE venssnsrsneane (surf all morning. 5 A: Does Kate plan to take a gap year after secondary school? B: As far a8 1 KNOW, SHO .nsenesn eee i . (not/decide) yet. 6 A: Peter speaks German very well B: I know. He saat (study) it for eight years now. 7A: Why are you angry with Lenny? By Hi retvters in grees tsoen (use) my camera without asking mo! BA (you/ever/eat) Thai food? No, but I'd like to try some, Why are your boots so dirty, Alan? BI : a (bike) in the forest all morning zo For each situation, use the words in brackets to ask a question or to make a statement, as in the example. 1 You see your best friend with a new mobile, You ask: (buy/new mobile?) Have you bought a new mobile? Your colleagues are going to a new Indian restaurant. You ask: (book/table?) Your fiends ask you whether you are ready for the marathon. You say: (train/for months) Your car broke down yesterday and it’s in the garage. You call the car mechanic. He says: (not/repair it/yet) 57 {oS\ / Present perfect vs Present perfect con B Choose the correct item. 58 1 Aloo and her friends ... water sports at the beach for three hours now. A did B have done © nave been doing 2 Sandra... speaking to the travel agent yet A didn't finish B hasn't finished © hasn't been finishing 3. Have you ever... to Thailand? | think you'd love it there. A gone B boon © wont 4 vu to the hotel manager about the problems in our room yet? A Did you speak = B_ Have you spoken © Have you been speaking 5 Andy ..... in this neighbourhood since he was a child, A lived B was living © has been living 6 Paul once..... across Asia by train. A travelled B has travelled © has been travelling 7 Fred has ..... to the beach, He'll be back by noon. A went B been © gone 8 ..... Frank since he returned from China. A didn’t see B haven't seen G haven't been seeing & Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1. This is the most beautiful city I've ever visitedt | have never visited such a beautiful cl. 2 He started volunteering in the wildlife park three months ago. He ill i park for three months now. 3 It's five years since | last travelled abroad. 1 abroad! for five years. 4 She is still preparing lunch. in the wildlife She sracnncaissie preparing lunch yer. 5 They went to Italy in 2010 and 2013. They ncnnninnnnsnninsennnsee 10 Italy twice so far. uous & Complete the email below by putting the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. Dear Tim, Hella from New Delhi, india! I hope you're wel. really sorry | 1) haven't called (not/eall) you, but my mobile phone doesn't work here, My patents ad 2) -wnurncn-resnenn (Sightsee) around the city for a week now, butwe sil 3) (not/see) all the attractions the city has to offer, We tooka tour of the Lotus Temple yesterday. It was amazing! We 4) (not/be) to Akshardham Ternple yet, but we plan to go there tomorraw. My dad 5) (travel) alo, but he says that New Delhi is the most fascinating city he 6) (ever/visit) Rightnow, | feel exhausted because | ” (shop) for souvenirs all morning. Actually, 8) (iust/buy) your git, but | __ won't tell you what it is! What about you? » 2} See you when | get back, i Leura ‘Speaking Tell your partner: ‘+ two things you have/haven't done so far today ‘+ two things you have been doing for the past week * two interesting places you have visited in the last year Ihave eaten breakfast with my family. | haven't played computer games. Writing Imagine you are on holiday. Write a short email to a friend telling him/her your news. Use the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. Use the email in Ex. 24 as a model, NO ee NSClauses of result How old wos your 5 grandmather? a 7 Clauses of result ‘e Fash see aan a ‘The clauses of result are used to express result. They are introduced with the following words/ phrases: + asa result/therefore/consequently/as a ‘consequence A tree had fallen on the tracks and as a result/as a consequence/therefore/consequently the train to Monchester was cancelled. A tree had fallen on the tracks. As a result/As a consequence/Therefore/ Consequently, the train to Manchester was canceled. «so She felt exhausted so she went to bed early. «+ such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun «= that 1(5 such a good book that I can’t put it down, « such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun ... that They are such good friends that they go on holiday together every year. This restaurant serves such delicious food that its always busy «+ such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun ... that ‘She had such a lot of bags that she needed to take 0 taxi. There was such a lot of noise in the room that | couldn't concentrate. + so + adjective/adverb ... that This song is so catchy that | keep singing it all day long. Molly studies so hard that she'll definitely pass all her exoms. J tried to count the candles on her cake at her birthday party, the heat drove me back. e+ a(n) + noun ... that {twas 50 popular @ song that it stayed in the charts for @ month, so much/little + uncountable noun ... that There wos so much traffic on the rood that | was an hour late. There's so little sugar in the cake that you can hardly taste it. so many/few + plural noun ... that Tim has to finish so many projects that he'll have to work overtime this week. | had so few oranges that | couldn't make enough orange juice for all of us. a) Look at the picture and the example and say what the phrase in bold introduces. b) What other words/phrases that show the result of something can you remember? ) Use three words or phrases to rephrase the example sentence. Join the sentences using the words in brackets. 1 The sea was warm. We went swimming every day, (so ... that) The sea was so warm that we went swimming every day. 2 There were many people in the restaurant. We couldn't find a table. (go ... that) Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 The weather was so cold that we stayed inside, Itwas such @ cols day that we stayed inside 2 Belinda packed so many clothes that she had to pay extra for her bags. Belinda packed a lot of clothes and as vast Sih .. she had to pay extra for her se ss clei ta the It was a good resort. We stayed for an extra 2 The owners of the hotel were so kind that week. (such a... that) wo got them @ present when we lett. ‘en't The owners of the hotel were ace aT ae people that we got them a present when 4 He had much ice cream. He felt unwell we left, afterwards. (so ... that) 4 The meal was so awful that we complained i; to the manager. te : : It was avul meal thet we 5 He had bad sunburn. He went to the ‘complained to the manager. ail doctor. (such ... that) 5. Peter did a lat of work today, so he feels tired, Poter did. . work today that he feels tired 59Present perfect - Present perfect | continuous ) Read the emails below. What tenses are used? b) Find examples of: * actions which happened at an unstated time in the past *astale which started in the past and continues up to the present c) What time expressions are used with the present perfect? Hi Rey! I've got some great news! I've been saving money all year and when college finishes for the summer, I'm going to Calfornial I'm staying with my friend, Paul Bradley. I've known Paul since we were in primary school, but | haven't seen him for years, You've never met him because he moved to the USA with his family in 2009. I'm so excited to see him again! What are your plans for the summer? Have you ever been to the USA? Colin HiColin | That's such fantastic news! I've been to the USA 2 few times - it's such a great country that I want to go again one day. There's so much to see that you never get bored. My flatmate Tom and | have just booked a holiday in Crete for a week at the end of June, but I've also found a summer job. I's at an art museum in London, which is perfect for me because I've been studying Art History at college since September. | hope you have a good time in California, Ray @ Fill in: never, yet, since, for, just. 2 Have you packed your suitcase .......? 5. I'm exhausted! I've been driving ....... seven. J Exploring Grammar (Units 6 — 7) a Choose the correct verb tense. | t 1 We flew/have flown to Germany two years ago. 2 Toby and Sam have gonefhave been going to the beach and they aren't coming back until this evening. 3 Denise visited/has three times already. 4 How long has she worked/has she been working at the hotel? 5 Steve hasn't been travelling/didn’t travel _ abroad much for work lately. 6 | haven't spoken/didn't speak to Karen last night. | fed the Taj Mahal Put the verbs in brackets into the present | perfect, present perfect continuous or the past simple. 4 -Infe0Sawe wimnsenenannaca (hike) along the Appalachian Trail Paes ; (not/pay) for tha boat trip yet BACK re i taeeieee| (feel) unwell ali morning and he wants to go home. 4. Ann and Martin's fight .... Gust/arrive). 5 We cies ni (wait) for our meal for over an hour! (they/open) the new ski resort last month? Clauses of result the emails. | Find examples of so/such a) When do we use so and such? b) What other words/phrases that show the result of something can you remember? [) Urdertine the correct item. Val 1. Carol has such a/such bad headache that she's gone to bed. 2 The seats on the plane were so/such uncomfortable that | got backache. | 3. There were such/so beautiful paintings in the art gallery that we stayed for hours. | 4 Tony was sleeping so/such peacefully that ‘we didn’t want to wake him up. |ye a Circle the correct item. years | 4. “va fg the flight to Athens?" “About 4 hours.* I A How far B How oftenC How long deen 2. Matt was...... tired that he slept for 11 hours. ming A such B so © so much ‘c 3 ..... on the computer since this morning? fahal A Have you been playing B Are you playing pen © Have you played aaa 4 Robin ..... to the USA twice so far this yoar. A travelled B has travelled C travels ‘aren 6 Annie .... when the plane landed in Bangkok. A slept B has slept | © was sleeping ment 6 Ben brought a(n) .... vase back from Venice. the A simall, italian, glass B Italian, small, glass lass, small, Italian 7 The dining room is... the hotel reception. A against B opposite C next 8 Look at the photos of the resort ..... We stayed last year. ogo | A when B which C where 9... the bill yet? A Did you pay B Have you ps © Do you pay | 10 Ian..... Patis, He's returning on Monday. A hasbeento ——-B_has been in wth? G has gone to fun in Crete that we're planning } 11 We had to go again next summer. A somuch B somany © suchalot 12. London is not as ..... New York in December, A coldthan B coldas © colder than 13 My parents ..... the same car for more than twenty years. ver? A had B have @ have had | 14 “Has Maria been sleeping all afternoon?” "No, she a..." | A doesn't BB wasn't © hasn't es 15 The flowers were ..... beautiful that | took a photo! A so B sucha such 16 Jule ..... all day and now she's sunburnt. t A. has been sunbathing B sunbathes a © has sunbathed Keteuiuea warts Revision (Units 1-7) | ) ae 17 | ..... our plane tickets last week. A book B booked © have booked 18 They..... how to scuba dive tomorrow. ‘A have been learning B learn are learning 19 Beverly .... as a news presenter since 2000. A worked B was working C has been working 20 We ..... have a holiday cottage in Wales when I was younger. A would B useto © used to 21 Have you ..... packed your suitcase? We aren't leaving until Friday! A already —B yet ¢ ever 22. There are only...... tickets left at this price. A alitle B afew —C verylittle 23. The play...... at 7:30, so hurry up! A isstating B starts Chas started 24 Have you seen ..... gloves? A mine B me c my 25 Why...... So early lately? A have you been waking up B were you waking up are you waking up Fill in the correct form of the word in brackets, choose the correct word or fill in the gaps. A The Great Pyramid 1 .. (stand) at Giza 2) “Egypt for 4,500 years. It is 3). (old) of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It 4 (take) 10-20 years to build and used 2,300,000 blocks of stone! 1) When/Where can you try recipes from 500 years ago? The chefs at Hampton Court Palace, 2) which/that is near London, are 28) ssesesseseseee (SPRCial) trained to re-create dishes form Tudor times, when Henry Vill was ihe King of England. Henry 4) used to/would live at Hampton Court 5). seees {DE ‘16th century and you can stil see 6) a lot ‘of/many artwork, furniture and weapons from the time when 7) lived there. 61Phrasal Verbs get away = escape The vandals got away from the police officer in their car get on = 1) make progress Are you getting on well with your history essay? 2) enter 2 bus, train, etc (opp.: gat off} Get on the 95 bus outside the shopping centre. get on with sb = (also get along) have a friendly relationship with sb_ Diana is very friendly and gets on with all her work colleagues. get through = 1) reach sb by’ telephone I’ve been calling Matthew | jal) day, but | can’t get through to hiv. 2) finish/complete sth Mel has to get through that pile of work before she can go to the cinema. 90 after = chase sb/sth My cat is alweys going after birds in the garden. go away = leave Tina is going away {0 Thailand for a few weeks. go down with = to start to suffer from a disease Peter has gone down with the Mu go on = continue Dr Smith's lectures usually go on for several hours. go through = examine sth in detail Flease go through your essay) | carefully before you hand it in. | go out = 1) stop burning it was very windy and the candles went out. 2) become unfashionable Cassette tapes went out in the '90s. go off = explode; make a sudden | 6:30 every morning, The police officer is going after the robber. |noise My alarm clock goes off at| a sentence describing the Oo Underline the correct particle. 1 Michelle gets on/away wall with the other gitls on the netball team. 2 | can’t get through/on to Ryan — | think his phone has run out of battery. 8 How are you getting through/on in your French lessons? 4 The police caught the robbers as they were trying to get away/through from the scene of the crime. 5 | managed to get on/through all my work by 5:30, yesterday afternoon. 6 We need to get away/on the train that's standing at platform 11 Ba Choose the correct particle(s). 1. I'm just going after/through/otf my essay to check for mistakes, 2 That lady has left her purse on the counter. Go. ‘on/throughVafter her and give it back, It was raining heavily and the campfire went out/oft/away. 4 It's a big decision - | need to go away/after/out and think about it for a while 5. Let's watch TV upstairs so that Peter can go on/out/through reading in the living room, 6 The fire alarm went on/off/through in the middle of the lesson and surprised us all. 7 Platform shoes went away/oft/out years ago. 8 Five students in Maria's class have gone down with/away/after a virus. Match the phrasal verbs to. = ae the pictures and write aoe 21] goout pictures. [BE2] so after [41] set awayPrepositions \ damage to (n) die of (an iliness) () dissatisfied with (ad) deal with (v) + | difference between two things (1) | divide sth into (y) ‘the |] decide on 0) different from/to sb/sth (ad) dream about sb/sth (\) delighted with sth (ed) _| disadvantage of (n) dream of being/doing sth yr demand for () disappointed with sth (ad) imagine) (V) depend on sb/sth (v) discuss sth with sb () drive into sb/sth (v) ns? engaged to sb (ad) excellent at sth (ad) explain sth to sb () iiget E | escape from (\) ‘excited about (adi) fail in forgive eb for eth (v furious about sth (ad) [famous for sth ac) (un}friendly to sb (ad)) furious with sb for doing sth fed up with sth (ad) frightened of sb/sth (ad) (ad) fond of sb/sth (ad) full of sth (ad) ‘generous to sb (BUT {g00d at sb (BUT good of sb to do | grateful to sb for sth (ad) G | generous of sb to do sth) | eth) ac) {adi o Underline the correct preposition. 1 Amy was delighted from/with the prize of a ‘oruise around the Canary Islands, 2 The ski trip wes completely different with/from our usual beach holiday. 3 Divide the cake into/with ten pieces and everyone can have a slice 4 Everything on the menu looked delicious, but we decided on/at the steak. 5 Charlie deals with/for guests’ questions at the hotel reception. 6 The hurricane caused a lot of damage at/to the town hall. 7 It takes me between 40 minutes and an hour to drive to work, depending on/for the traffic 8 Ellen used to dream for/of lving in New York. ne B Fill in: about, at, with, of, to, in, for, from 1. Iwas furious ....... Adam for spilling coffee ‘on my passport. 2 The children are excited ....... Disneyland, 3. Samis friendly ....... everyone that comes into the shop. 4 Itwas generous ....... Dad to pay for our fights. 5 Ben is excellent........ sports 6 We're grateful ...... you for helping us. 7 orgave Helen ...... losing our tickets. 8 I'm fed up ....... this old mobile phone. 9 My pet hamster escaped ...... his cage last night, 10 Can you explain the problem ........ me? Word Formation &)] Use the correct participle, -ing or -ed, from the verbs in brackets to complete the gaps. 1 Martin WA8 oss after the football match was cancelled. (DEPRESS) 2 We had a lovely holiday in Haw en + (RELAX) 3 We enjoyed the cruise and we were very .. with the service on the ship. it was so (SATISFY) 4 Ourdogis .- of fireworks, (TERRIFY) 8 TINA IS seesneesene With the Colour of her room and wants to change it. (BORE) 6 The news about the crisis is (SHOCK) TD WS cseennnene at HOW Quickly they built the new skyscraper. (AMAZE) 8 Rebecca WAS ceanesenennnnennne DY NEF promotion to manager of the bookshop! (SURPRISE) 9 Working as a nurse Is very .. but | love helping people. (TIRE) 10. Bilis SUCH aN wrnnnnnnanrnrre PBEBON he has so many stories to tell from his trips around the world. (INTEREST) 11. I missed the last episode of my favourite TV show last night - I'm so ! (DISAPPOINT) 12 The rides at the theme park are so | (EXCITE) 13 Lett so see when | tripped and fell on the train. (EMBARRASS) 14 The Ghost Train at the fair was really | (FRIGHTEN){ 64 \ ‘Megan was so happy last week. She had passed all her exams. _ {Had you been to Paris before you visited your sister there last month? ‘No, I hadn't been to Paris before, but | had visited Toulouse in the south of France, ToujHie/She/it?We/They had left. Tou/He/She/it?We] They hadn't left, | ivrernocarive |#24 Wyoushe/she/itiwelthey | Yes, liyourhe/she/ IU we7they| had. No, Hiyoufhe/she/it/we/they hadn't. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE ‘SHORT ANSWERS | Use We use the past perfect for: * an action which happened before another past action, or before a stated time in the past. They had booked the tickets a month before they went to the concert. ‘+ an action which finished in the past, and whose result was visible in the past. She wos pleased because the police had found her stolen car. Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect: oun/personal pronoun + had + past participle ‘+ We form the past perfect with ‘had’ and the past participle of the main verb. ‘Mike had studied Law before he became a news presenter. * We form questions by putting ‘had’ before the subject. Had fien cleaned the house? * We form negations by putting not after ‘had’. She had not/hadn't finished cooking. + To form short answers we use Yes/No + subject + had/hadn’t. Had he spoken to the victim before? Yes, hhe had./No, he hadn't. Compare: He was angry because someone had broken his window. (The action had broken happened in the past. The result was angry was visible in the past.) He is angry because someone has broken his window. | (The action has broken has just finshed. The result is angry is still visible in the present.) Time words/phrases we use with the past perfect: before, after, already, jus, for, since, till/untl, when, by the time, never, etc Look at the pictures on page 64 and the examples. Identify in which tense the verbs in bold are. How do we form the affirmative, interrogative and negative of this tense? Which of the uses of this tense does each verb show? @ Complete column B using the past perfect. Then match column A to column B to form sentences. A 71] Max checked his emails as soon as 2] _| Charlie asked for directions because Becky was pleased because [41] When the professor entered the room, |_| By the time | arrived home, | went to the shops after B @_ he had spoken (speak) on the phone to his boss. b it - (stop) raining, her friend x (give) her concert tickets for her birthday. 4 everyone: (eat) their dinner. OE creer (forget) tne way to the restaurent. f we . (already/open) our books.are. of noes. oss. ant. ‘Complete the sentences using the past perfect. 1 After we had tiafed (tidy) the house, we vacuumed the carpets. 2 miisannaameecsaiensaainaices (HO shoplifter/run away) by the time the police officer arrived? IS Mel csieincrntn sone (not/do) the washing-up before her guests arrived. 4 [realised someone . . (steal) my wallat when I got home. 5 Julie was hungry because she (not/eat) breakfast. Complete the sentences. Use the past ‘perfect and the words in bold. 1 she/mise/bus Annie was late for a meeting at work as she had missed the bus. 2 she/lose/her mobile phone She couldn't call her boss because . 3. the meeting/already/start By the time she arrived at her office, 4 she/interrupt/her project manager's presentation Annie felt embarrassed because .. 5 after/the meeting/finish She apologised to her boss .... 8 Use after and the past perfect to make a new sentence. 1. Imade lunch. | watched the news. Alter | had made tunch, | watched the news. 2 Amanda packed her suitcase. She read a travel guide on India, 3 John parked his car. He called his friend, 4 Helen dic her shopping. She went home. 5 Roger and Sue completed their project. They had a cup of coffee. Past perfect \ Join the sentences using the words in brackets. 1. Mr Peters opened his shop. Then, the first customer came in, Gust ... when) Mr Peters had just opened his shop when the first customer came in. 2 We heard about the robbery. Then, it appeared in the newspapers. (already By the time) «a onnsnennnnnennensin 3 Ryan wrote several short stories. Then, he published his first novel. (before) 4 Sharon went to the library. Then, she called me to pick her up. (after) 5 It started to rain. Then, | left college. (by the time) eee 6 Ihad dinner. Then, Jason got home. (already ... when) .. ne Speaking A fire destroyed the old library and the mayor decided to rebuild it. Look at the picture and the ideas given. Discuss in pairs what the builders had already done and what they hadn't done yet when the mayor visited yesterday. ‘* build/walls * tile/root + install~windows ‘hang up/sign * fit/door » fix/fence A: The mayor saw that the builders had built the wails. B: Yes, but they hadn't tiled the roof. 65 a66 \ Past perfect continuous Steve was tired because he had been working for hrours. “ow long had you been standing, bought the ticket for the concert? in the queue before you finally the tickets were nearly sod out. Past perfect continuous Form | Wel, Thada't been ] waiting for long, but IfYou/tie/She/it/We/They had been sleeping, TWou/Hie/She/It/We/They had not/hadn’t been sleeping. Had U/yourhe/she/it/welthey __|INTERROGATIVE ch sleeping? AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE -_ | stort answers 12 | hadn't. Use Yes, Vyou/he/sheritywelttey| |, | No, liyourhe/she/itiweithey| |, Form: noun/personal pronoun + had been + verb -ing + We form the past perfect continuous with ‘had been’ and the main verb with the -ing suffix. The police had been questioning the suspect for hours before she confessed. * We form negations by putting not after ‘had’. She had not/hacin’t been using her iPod for long when the screen went blank. We form questions by putting ‘had’ before the subject. Had you been shopping for hours? We form short answers for the past perfect continuous in the same way as for the past perfect. Had he been working on the project all night? Yes, he had./No, he hadn't. We use the past perfect continuous: * to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another action or a stated time in the past, usually with for and since, They had been searching the forest for hours before they found their dog. for an action which lasted for some time in the past, and whose result was visible in the past. She was tired because she had been decorating the house for hours. Note: The past perfect continuo Is the past equivalent of the present perfect continuous. Compare: His clothes were dirty because he had been working in the garden for hours. (The action had been working happened in the past. The result were dirty ‘was visible in the past.) His dothes are dirty because he has been working in the garden for hours. (The action has been working finished in the present. The result are dirty i stil visible in the present.) Time words/phrases we use with the past perfect | continuous: for, since, how long, before, until etc. | {2} Look at the pictures and the examples. Identify in which tense the verbs in bold are. How do we form the affirmative, interrogative and negative of this tense? Which of the uses of this tense does each verb show? Match the two columns to create sentences. 1 3] They had been standing outside the theatre for three hours z ‘She had been looking for proof for years f How long had you been studying T_] We had been sitting in the restaurant for an hour 3 He had been hiking all day eaoce when the actor arrived, before you became a lawyer? 80 he needed a rest, before the waiter served us. before she found it, [seins es‘The pictures were taken yesterday. Look at them and fill in the gaps with a verb from the list below in the past perfect continuous. play «style © lift * wait ° sunbathe « revise 1 Gregs clothes were dirty. He had been playing rugby all afternoon. 2 Emma was sunburnt. She on the beach all day, 3 They were bored. They in the queue for ages. 4 Tom's shoulders hurt. He ‘weights at the gym all day. 5 Pam was tired. She for 12 hours. 6 Moira’s hair looked lovely. She ea it for hours. [Complete the sentences using the past Perfect continuous. 1 Sarah had a headache because she had been studying (study) all morning, : 2 Joe (work) as a scientist for ten years before he became a teacher 8 They ....... ... (not/drive) for long when they stopped for lunch. (practise) ‘i the pieno for haif an hour when my flatmate came home. 5 senimnenn (Sh@/Write) poetry for along time before she published her book? 6 The new firefighters ...... (train) all day, so they were exhausted. Gramm ene ane : Really? How long 8) Past perfect continuous \ Form complete sentences. Use the past perfect continuous and the relevant time expression. 1 Ben wanted a drink because he fiad been walking for hours (walk/hours) in the hot sun (you/sleep/for long) when the smoke alarm woke you up? 3. Shelley needed a break because she... ninminsinnnnnee (Btudyfall day) at the library. Our coach .. (talk to us/an hour) before the game finally started. B Brenda oan rmnnnsnesnnennees (not/jog/a tong time) in the oar when she saw a lost puppy crying behind a bush. 6 TL ceierar (chop/9 o'clock) this morning before | finally found the perfect present for my friend, 7 Alina (garden/early in the morning) before she finally had some rest. Complete the dialogue using the past perfect continuous. : Did you hear? The police found Dr Meyers’ stolen Ferrari yesterday. 1: The local newspapers 1) had been reporting (report) that story all week. | bet the police were pleased to finally solve the case. YES, they 2) ornvarn . (search) for the thief all over town. They 3) (ask) questions all weak, but nobody had seen enything. : How did they find the car then? \: Well, a police officer who 4) (walk) around the Whitechapel area all morning saw Dr Meyers’ Ferrari parked in a woman's garage! (he/to0k) for it? Actually, he 6). (not/work) on the case for long, only for two days, but he had seen photos of the missing car at the station. He recognised it immediately and called the officer in charge. Now Dr Mayers has got his car back and the thief is under arrest.Past perfect vs Past perfect continuous @ Underline the correct item. 1 Linda had already prepared/had already been preparing her presentation when they cancelled the meeting, 2 Tim was excited yesterday because he had been booking/had booked a holiday to New Zealand. 3 How long had you waited/had you been waiting when Suzanna finelly arrived? 4 They had been planning/had planned the wedding for eight months before they got maried. 5 Marie had been cooking/had cooked for five hours before the meal was ready. 6 By the time we got to the bus stop, the bus had been leaving/had left. 7 Maria was upset because her friend had lost/had been losing her favourite CD. 8 Peter had been training/had trained since 8 o'clock this morning before he finaly decided to go home and rest. GJ] Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. 1 | had just decicled (ust/decide) to call Annie when she rang my mobile phone. 2 Emily was upset. Someone . _ (steal) things from har looker at college for weeks. 3 After James (paint) the ving room, he ordered a pizza, 4 The police (not/investigate) the murder for long when a man confessed to the crime. 5 Before the plumber fixed it, the pipe .. enn ; leak) for days. 6 (finish) the cleaning before my flatmate came home. 7 How long a (you/use) your laptop before * broke? 8 Maria was disappointed with Mona because SHE s.nmnens ate (not/respond) to her emels. 9 Sam (twist) his ankle and it was swollen 10. The jumper looked lovely as she a (knit) it for months. Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. 1A: Why did Doug come home late last right? B: He had been working (work) out of town all day. 2 A; The play was really good! Bs Ye8, they vsesnnenmananenreese (rehearse) it for three months before it ‘opened, 3. A: Did you ever meat Simon Oliver? B: No, he (already! move) to Canada by the time I started at Sterling College. 4 A: How long (speak) to the receptionist before you realised it was Denise? For about two minutes. 5 A: Why did Mrs Dove call you? B: She was worried because she .. (not/see) her cat for days. 6 A: How is Laura? B: She's OK. She was upset yesterday because she (fail) her driving test. 2 Fill in: for, since, how long, before, until! or when, 1 Carl had been parking his car in the same place for years when somebody stole it. 2 We waited ... the firefighters had put out the fire we went back inside. 3 The girl had been missing ... 2 11:80 on Friday night, so her parents were very anxious, 4 ceoneunnn hed she been leering Germen she moved to Berlin? 5 Trevor had been @ SUrGEON wae 18 years he decided to change careers. 6 | hadn't spoken to Dave started his own business. 7 He wasn't able to concentrate ...... ‘everyone had stopped talking. 8 We had been watching TV three ROUPS «...0-es++ WO finally decided to go to bed. . hefore it eady/ ted at © you or same i ad put ide. 11:30 > very arman oA range ree goto Past perfect vs Past perfect continuous Choose the correct item. 1 Lewis is tied because he .. ll day A has driven B is driving © has been crving 2... to Helen yesterday? A Have you spoken B Did you speak Had you been speaking |... a book when Robin knocked on the door. A have read B was reading © had read 4. After Alice got on the train, she realised she to buy a ticket. A had forgotten B had been forgetting © has forgotten 5 We... for our coffee yet A didn’t pay B haven't been paying © haven't paid 6 How long picture? A had you been painting B have you been painting G had you paintad _. before you sold your fist Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. Officer Styles 1) had been patrolling (patrol) the Strets all day when someone called him to the scene | ‘fan unusual crime, A man 2). | (find) his neighbour, Mrs Payne, in his home! She | 3) -naesenenennnemne (Pick) the lock on the back door and let herself in, But sh 4) mnnmnwnene {not/steal) anything. In fact, the man caught Mrs Payne red-handed with a mop and bucket! *SRE 5) sanecnewemnewewnenees (just/finish) cleaning the kitchen when | arrived said Officer Styles. “Ive seen a loc of strange things in my time, but ve never heard ‘oFanything like chis before!” the police officer add. Apparently, Mirs Payne 6) swone (break into) people's houses for months to clean, tidy and ‘en do their ironing! The police explained co Mrs Payne that what she 2) wcninemnrennene (Ho) all this time was wrong, but they didnt arrest her because shea). (not/take) anything. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use up to three words. 1 Frank ate his breakfast before he left the house. Frank didn't leave the house until he had eaten his breakfast. 2. After studying Physics for three years, Bath got her degree. Both ase i .. Physics for three years before she got her degree. 3. The lecture started before we arrived at the campus, AIPASStRe tee rere by the time we arrived at the campus. 4 Kelly didn’t win a match until she had been playing tennis for eleven months. Kelly had been playing tennis for eleven MOMHS wsnsnsesuesntneene WON A Math. 5 He confessed before the police arrived The police arrived anne confessed, 6 Itwas the frst time Eric had tried hang-aliding. Eric had .... hang-gliding before. Speaking Lucy's class were on an educational trip to Paris last week. Form sentences about what had happened by the end of the first day. *be thrilled/because they look forward to the trip for months “travel/for 3 hours/betore/reach Paris + after unpack their suiteases/be ready/go sightseeing + already buy a guidebook/so not lS) eed get one ‘wait in the queue in front of Louvre for an hour/before/enter the museum + not nungry/already eat ‘+ watch a film/or 2 hours/before/go to bed The students were thrilled because they had bean looking forward to the trip for months. Writing Imagine you are Lucy. Compete the blog entry about your first day in Paris. Hello bloggers! Last week | went with my class to Paris 69| The infinitive The doctor hos just asked me to take your temperature Ei Forms of the infinitive Active Passive (to) be washed Present (to) wash Present | (to) be Cont. | washing (to) have (to) have washed been washed Perfect | (to) have Cont. | been washing Perfect Why, nurse? Doesn't he have one of his own? Retive eo present infinitive: (to) base form of the verb refers to the present of future. He wants to buy a new car next year present cont. infinitive: (to) be + verb + -ing Tefers to an action happening now or continuing in the future. She appears to be doing well at college. perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle of the verb refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. Lucy claims to have spoken to Robert Pattinson. (First she spoke to Robert Pattinson, then she claims that she has spoken to him.) perfect cont. infinitive: (to) have + been + verb + -ing refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb. Peter has got a headache. He claims to have been studying all cay. (We emphasise what he has been doing all day.) The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and the modal verbs. * present infinitive: (to) be | The verb tenses corresponding to the forms of the infinitive are as follows: Tracer bet ene nee Verb tenses Infinitive weet. he does/will do = todo * perfect infinitive: (to) || |he is doing/will be doing = tobe doing Li ea i Se el he didfhas done/had done > to have done | pointing 1s thought. to = | have been lest in the 19205, | |B @8 doing/has been doing/had been doing —* to have been doing| | + past participle The new The infinitive without to is used: «after the modal verbs (cen, should, must, etc). You should ask for hep. + after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel. He heard her confess to the crime. BUT: be made, be heard, be seen + to-infinitive (passive) She was heard to confess to the crime The verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen and notice are followed by an infinitive without to to describe a complete action (sth that sb saw/heard/watched, etc from beginning to end), BUT they are followed by an -ing form to describe an incomplete action (to say that sb saw/heard/watched, etc part of the action). | saw Emma leave her fat. (= | saw the whole action) BUT / saw Emma leaving her flat (= I saw part of the action) Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. / saw him talking to the police. He was seen talking ta the police. * after had better and would rather. You had better apelagise to Ann, | out to. | helped her (to) cook the dinnerThe to-infinitive is used: «to express purpose. | called the hotel to talk to the manager. after certain verbs: agree, appear, ask (request), decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, seems, tend, etc. He agreed to pick us up from the train station, after would like, would prefer, would love, etc to express a specific preference. I'd love to visit my relatives in Spain this year after adjectives which: a) describe feelings/ emotions (happy, glad, etc), b) express willingness/unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant, anxious, unwilling, etc), ¢) refer toa person's character (mean, clever, etc), and also with the adjectives lucky and fortunate. | was hoppy to hear they were getting married. She was reluctant to give evidence at the tral after too and enough. She is too young to apply to university. She isnt old enough to apply to university. with the phrase it + be + adjective/noun It is diffcult to understand his lectures. Iti her ambition to become a pilot. with only to talk about an unexpected event. We came home (only) to find the police waiting for us. with the phrase be + the first/second, etc, next/last/best, etc. We were the frst ro win. after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain, etc, when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc). ‘Why’ is followed by a subject + verb, not by a to- infinitive. He explained how to fix the problem. | don’t know why he shouted at you. Note: IF two to-infinitives are joined with ‘and! or ‘or’, the ‘to’ of the second infinitive is omitted. He tried to call and speak to you, Look at the Give reasons for its use. Think of three more uses of the infini Ba Choose the correct item. 1. I phoned Mike check/to check he was OK. 2 You can call/to call the emergency services for free from any mobile phone. 3. We were the first arrive/to arrive at the theatre. 4 It was rude of him ignore/to ignore you. 5 The witness heard the woman confess/to confess her crime. 6 He was seen leave/to leave the office shortly before the fire broke out. 7 They were lucky get/to get tickets for the concert 8 You had better ask/to ask the landlord before you repaint the flat 9 Elaine refused apologise/to apologise to me. 10 Annie was reluctant tell/to tell us where sho was going. 11. Brian would rather spend/to spend the weekend at home, 12 Sam is too young to go/going on that ride, Rephrase the sentences using the appropriate tense of the infinitive. 1. Janice is enjoying the film, Janice seems fo be enjoying the film, 2 You are studying very hard. You appear ... 3. We eat a cooked breakfast on Sundays, Wertend) ossmrencans . 4. ichara has mat the Jonas Brothers Richard claims 5 I's possible that he's working late tonight. He may 6 She climbed Mount Everest last year. She claims .. a 7 Your nephew likes his new bike. Your nephew appears 8 He has been suffering from bad headaches lately. He seems 9. I'm sure he got home really ite lost night. He must 7A