HAND NOTE - INDEX

NBCDI COURSE - 04 WEEKS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

CHAPTER - 1 Duties and Responsibilities of Ships NBCDI 2
CHAPTER - 2 Organization of HFEP, SSEP & FRP 3 - 13
CHAPTER - 3 Legends of Incident Board Marking, writing of 14 – 19
Incident Log Book and filling up BASCCA Control
Board
CHAPTER - 4 Use and function of BASCCA, EDBA, ELSA, 20 - 26
EEBD, TIC, FFHBC & SMOKE MASK
CHAPTER – 5 Use and function of Deck Foam System, CCL4, 27 - 29
Smoke Detector, 1211 HALON System, foam
Proportion System
CHAPTER - 6 Damage Control Theory/Organization 30 - 33
CHAPTER - 7 Damage Management & Shoring Technique 34 - 38
CHAPTER - 8 NBCD State of Readiness 39- 42
CHAPTER - 9 Seawater System 43 - 48
CHAPTER – 10 NBCD Preparation during entering/leaving harbour 49 - 51
and NBCD Preparation for war
CHAPTER – 11 NBCD Marking System 52 - 64
CHAPTER – 12 Duties & responsibilities of NBCDO, ANBCDO, 65 - 68
NBCPO, DCO & In charge main group
CHAPTER – 13 Electrical Hazard, Basic electric safety, Isolation of a 69 - 70
victim from electrical contact
CHAPTER – 14 Protection of electrical equipment in case of fire and 71 - 73
damage, Isolation of electrical power, Crash stop
ventilation
CHAPTER – 15 Emergency supply arrangement during fire and 74 - 74
damage
CHAPTER – 16 Discussion on NBC, NBC equipment, AFU, 75 - 91
Prewetting system and cleansing station
CHAPTER-17 Lecture on first aid on CPR, Burn, Fracture, 92 - 98
Hemorrhage, Head Injury, Drowning & Electric
Shock
CHAPTER-18 Disaster Management 99 – 113

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 CHAPTER – 1

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SHIPS NBCDI

0101. General.

a. To check that recommended NBCD practices (tidy living, correct stowage of gear,
maintenance of markings and fittings etc) are followed at all times.

b. To train up sailors in general NBCD responsibilities.

c. To under take specific instructions in particular aspects of NBCD as directed by

NBCD/Action NBCDO.

0102. Assistance to the NBCDO (XO).

a. To assist the XO in writing and amending of NBCD orders time to time.

b. To keep the NBCD log and progress Book as directed by the XO and to bring to his
attention any amendment which should be made to NBCD books of reference.

c. To bring to the notice of XO and the appropriate departmental officer when

necessary, shortcomings or failings in the NBCD organization or material measures.

d. To conversant with the NBCD stores and to keep the outfit of NBCD stores under
constant review so that the correct stocks are held and replacements demanded as necessary.

e. To arrange instruction and exercise for those sailors detailed as plotters and
communication numbers in NBCD organisation.

0103. Liaison with Other Departments.

a. Through the XO to inform the EO/LO of defects and deficiencies in NBCD

Equipment for which they are responsible, and which affect the efficiency of the NBCD
organization.

b. In assist the XO and the EO in the preparation and execution of fire exercise which
are to be carried out by the duty watch under the charge of the OOD.

c. To assist in instruction the ships company in fire fighting, including the use of
breathing apparatus and to assist in basic damage control instruction and practice.

d. To assist the NBC protection officer and supply officer in the instruction of specialist
teams say monitoring team.

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 CHAPTER – 2

FIRE FIGHTING ORGANIZATION

0201. Introduction (BR-4007 Art–0401). A fire can occur anytime during the ships service - in
harbour or at sea - in peacetime or in war time. The organization developed to deal with such a
situation is explained in this chapter.

0202. Harbour Fire & Emergency Party Organization (BR-4007 Art – 0403).

a. Control PartyOn the alarm is raised; the control sailor is to close up in HQ1 to man
the Incident Board and internal communication lines. The control sailor is to make a
chronological record of events during the incident.

b. Main Group to locate, control and extinguish the fire as quickly as possible. It
comprises the Attack Party (Initial attack and attack BA) and the support party.

c. Specialist Personnel to maintain overall control of the incident and safety of the
ship. It comprises the ME Specialist party, Electrical Specialist Party, Containment Party,
BA Party, Gangway Staff & Key sailor.

HFEP ORGANIZATION TREE CHART

OOD
CPOOD

Incident Board Operator

Communicator / Duty ROG

Main Group
I/C POOD Specialist Personnel

Electrical Specialist Gang way

Duty EA Engine Room Specialist staff
Duty LEN Duty ERA QM & BM
Duty EN DUTY LME
Duty ME

Attack Party Support Party Containment Party

1 i/c Ldg Rate BA Party
1 i/c Ldg Rate 1 i/c Ldg Rate
4 AB Rate 1 i/c Ldg Rate
4 Ldg /AB Rate 6 AB Rate
2 AB Rate

BA Controller
1 Ldg Rate Keys Sailor
Duty SA / Wtr

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0203. Duties and Responsibilities of Individuals and Team at Harbour.

a. Fire Discoverer (BR-4007 Art-0301). Any body who first discovers a fire is
the fire discoverer. These men are not necessarily duty or specifically detailed personnel.
The actions of a discoverer are:

(1) Shout ‘FIRE’, ‘FIRE’, ‘FIRE’, FIRE in (the name of the place).
(2) Try to confirm the following:
(i) Location sizes & type of fire.
(ii) Details of any casualties.

b. First Aid Fire Fighter {BR-2170(1) Art-3108}. First aid fire fighters are the
persons discovering the fire and those in the vicinity who hear and respond to the shout of
‘FIRE. The actions of first aid fire fighters are:

(1) Collect portable fire fighting extinguishers available nearby & try to
extinguish or contain the fire.

(2) Try to switch off electric supply/ventilation.

(3) Try to inform gangway.

c. Gangway Staff {BR-2170(1) Art-3121}. On receipt of the fire alarm,

from whatever source, a pipe is to be made through general broadcast by the gangway staff
informing the Ships Company of the existence of fire & its location. Additional duties of
gangway staff are as follows:

(1) Inform LAFB (Local authority fire brigade) CO, XO, EO, LO, adjacent
ships and shore authorities.

(2) Control entry to and exit from the ship.

(3) Keep a red flag in daytime or a red light at night at the foot of the ‘ON’ brow.

d. HFEP Personnel {BR-2170(1) Art-3104}. On hearing the announcement the

HFEP personnel of the duty watch will close up immediately in their respective positions as
practiced earlier and act accordingly.

e. OOD (BR- 4007 Art- 0407, 0408]. On hearing the announcement, OOD will
proceed to HQ1 to take overall control of the situation, taking into consideration the
following:

(1) The possible hazards from explosives & flammable material.

(2) The hazard of smokes & smokes clearance.
(3) Safety of personnel.
(4) Ship stability.
(5) Control & allocation of additional manpower.
(6) Liaison with adjacent ships and outside authorities.
NB. The duty CPO/PO may be used by the OOD to assist him in any of the
above duty.

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 f. In charge Main Group {BR-2170(1) Art-3109, 3110 & BR- 4007 Art- 0410}. On
hearing the alarm he should proceed immediately to a safe position as close as possible to
SOF. In order to appraise the situation and to ensure that an effective initial attack is being
made on the fire. In charge main group should have a thorough knowledge on:

(1) Ships layout

` (2) All routes, entry & exit from compartments
(3) Fixed fire fighting installations (Engine Room)
(4) Fire Fighting Organization
(5) Relevant chapter of BR-2170 (1) and Ships NBCD Orders.
 

(6) The In charge main group should supervise:

(i) Hose running plan (incl lengths of hoses)

(ii) Type of nozzles to be used.

(7) The In charge main group should be guided by the following

principles:

(i) Fire fighter and water wall hoses must be run from separate hydrants.
(ii) Where not possible, fire fighter hose may be taken from ‘Y’ piece
including a boundary cooling hose.
(iii) Hose length should be sufficient to allow the fire fighters to reach all
parts of a compartment

(8) In charge main group must establish the nature of the fire and if there is a
possibility that it is a fuel/ oil fire he must ensure that:

(i) The fire-fighting medium is AFFF/ CO2 system (fixed).

(ii) FB5X branch pipe is used, in conjunction with an inline
inductor, if appropriate

(iii) Sufficient replenishment drums of AFFF are provided. (A 20 litre

drum last approximately 60 seconds when using of FB5X).
(iv) The In charge main group must ensure that HQ1 is kept informed of
the current situation by giving regular situation reports (SITREPS).
(v) The In charge main group must continue to direct the main group
attack on the fire. If the LAFB arrive and take over the fire fighting task, the
in charge main group remain at the FCP and:

(a) Liaison with the LAFB.

(b) Keeps the OOD informed of the current situation.
(c) Assisting his over ship safety function.

g. Attack Party {BR-2170(1) Art-3111 BR- 4007 Art- 0411}. The attack party
consists of four junior sailors one of who will be designated in charge. All are to be dressed
in basic fire fighting rig. The aim is to arrive at the SOF with first aid fire fighting
equipment, to attack the fire as quickly as possible. They may be detailed as follows:

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 -

(1) Attack party without BA set (Basic FF rig). {ART-3111 (a)}

(2) Attack party with BA set (Intermediate FF rig). {ART-3111 (b)}

h. Support party {BR-2170(1) Art-3112, BR- 4007 Art- 0412}. When the
alarm is raised the support party is to muster, with all speed, at the designated FRPP. The
support party will already be dressed in basic fire fighting rig. At the FRPP they are to don
full fire fighting rig. When fully dressed, they are to be taken to the FCP (Forward control
point) by the team leader and are to report to the in charge main group. The support party
consists of:

(1) Water wall operator – Carry water wall nozzle (Full FF rig).
(2) Fire fighter – Carry fire fighter nozzle (Full FF rig).
(3) Team leader, with TIC (Full FF rig).
(4) Hydrant operator/Hose handler (Full FF rig).
(5) BA controller – Controls both the Attack Party and Support Party
BA wearers. (Basic FF rig).

j. Containment Party {BR-2170(1) Art- 3115 BR- 4007 Art- 0414}. When the
alarm is raised, members of the containment party are to muster at a pre-arranged area
adjacent to HQ1. The duties of the containment party are:
(1) Establishing the immediate boundary of the fire by searching all adjacent
compartments.

(2) Removing flammable materials from the vicinity of the fire boundary.

(3) Action to limit the spread of smoke.

(4) Rigging of boundary cooling.
(5) Covering electric equipment with fire retardant materials.

k. Engine Room Specialist Party {BR-2170(1) Art-3118 BR- 4007 Art- 0417}.
This party is responsible for:

(1) Checking the fire pumps and starting additional pumps to maintain the
HPSW (High-pressure seawater).

(2) Advising the OOD on:

(i) Fixed fire-fighting installation.
(ii) Pumping and salvage arrangements.
(iii) Ship stability.
(iv) The technical aspects of fire fighting.

m. Weapon Electrical / Electrical Specialist Party {BR-2170(1) Art-3114 BR- 4007

Art- 0415}. When the alarm is raised, the WE/Electrical personnel are to close up in
HQ1. He is responsible for:

(1) Ensuring access to magazines in the vicinity of the fire.

(2) Advising the OOD on the following:
(i) Magazine and explosive safety.
(ii) Movement of ammunition.

(iii) Magazine fire fighting arrangements spray system and pumping

arrangement.
(iv) Electronic and electrical equipment safety

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 (v) Internal and external communication.

n. Key Sailors {BR-2170(1) Art - 3117 BR- 4007 Art - 0416}. When the alarm
is raised, the key sailor is to provide keys, from the duplicate keyboard, to the in charge
main group and in charge of the containment party to allow access to all compartments in
the vicinity of the fire. He then returns to the containment control point.

p. BA (Breathing Apparatus) Party {BR-2170(1) Art-3119 BR- 4007 Art- 0418}.

When the alarm is raised, the BA co-ordinator organizes the BA party to collect BA
and spare cylinder to form a BA dump. They have to work in a smoke free area and are
responsible for:

(1) Provision of BA to user locations.

(2) Recharging used BA cylinder.
(3) Informing the OOD of the availability state of BA.

q. Control Party {BR-2170(1) Art - 3123 BR- 4007 Art - 0413}. On the alarm is
raised, the control sailor is to close up in HQ1 to man the Incident Board and internal
communication lines. The control sailor is to make a chronological record of events during
the incident.

r. Communication Sailor {BR-2170(1) Art-3122 BR- 4007 Art- 0420}.When the

alarm is raised, the duty communication sailor is to carry out the following tasks:

(1) Rig a sound powered telephone between HQ1 and the SOF.
(2) Man emergency communication network to outside authorities.

s. Fire Sentry {BR-2170(1) Art - 3049}. In any fire fighting a sentry will
need to be posted at the at the SOF after it has been extinguished in order to
report and be on hand and prepared to attack any re-ignition. Fire sentries
are:

(1) To be detailed from the spare personnel and not the fire fighting team.
(2) To have a suitable means of communications with HQ1 or the FRPP.
(3) Fire sentries are to be dressed in basic fire fighting rig with anti-flash hood
and fire fighting gloves.

(4) To have BASCCA or smoke mask available and worn if necessary.

(5) Are to be provided with a charged hose fitted with a fire-fighting nozzle.
(6) To remain closed up until relieved, and will be required until the officer in
charge fire fighting is satisfied there is no possibility of re-ignition.

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 t. Emergencies (BR-4007 Art - 0421).As soon as it becomes apparent that a fire is
more than a minor incident, and that the attack party are not extinguishing the fire, the OOD
should not hesitate to initiate an ‘Emergency Clear Lower Deck’. It will ensure that all
personnel not involved in fire fighting are clear of the area and accounted for. It will also
provide a pool of spare hands for extra firefighting and containment tasks. The correct pipe
for initiating and emergency is ‘EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY,
CLEAR LOWER DECK OF ALL PERSONNEL NOT INVOLVED IN
FIREFIGHTING MUSTER AT __________ KEEPING CLEAR THE FIRE AREA ’.
This broadcast should be prefixed by the use of the general alarm.

0204. Sequence of Fire Fighting at Sea.

a. Fire Discoverer (BR- 4007 Art - 0301). Any body who first discovers a
fire is the fire discoverer. These men are not necessarily duty or specially detailed
personnel. The actions of a fire discoverer are:

(1) Shout ‘FIRE’, ‘FIRE’, ‘FIRE’, ‘FIRE’ in (the name of the place).
(2) Try to confirm the following:
(i) Location, sizes and type of fire.
(ii) Details of any casualties.

b. First Aid Fire Fighter {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3108}. First aid fire fighters are
the persons discovering the fire and those in the vicinity who hear and respond to the shout
to ‘FIRE’. The actions of first aid fighters are:

(1) Collect portable fire fighting appliances available nearby and try to
extinguish or contain the fire.

(2) Try to switch off electric supply/ventilation.

(3) Try to inform bridge.

c. OOW/Bridge. On receipt of the fire alarm from whatever source, an

announcement is to be made through general broadcast by OOW/BRIDGE duty personnel
informing the Ships Company of the existence of fire and its location. The announcement
will be ‘FIRE, FIRE, FIRE, FIRE IN_____________ STANDING SEA EMERGENCY
(SSEP) CLOSE UP AND TAKE NECESSARY ACTION’.

d. SSEP Personnel {BR-2170 (1) Art-3141 (d)(1)}. On hearing the announcement

the SSEP personnel (Previously detailed) will rush to the scene of fire (SOF) with first aid
fire fighting appliances and try to extinguish the fire.

e. XO {BR-2170 (1) Art-3141 (d) (4)}. On hearing the announcement XO will visit
the scene of fire (SOF) and if he feels the necessity of emergency station then with prior
permission from the CAPTAIN he will make the announcement personally. The
announcement will be ‘EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY HANDS TO
EMERGENCY STATION, ALL HANDS MUSTER ON ______________ KEEPING
CLEAR OF THE FIRE AREA {BR-2170 (1) ART-3141 (b) & Chapter 4}.

f. NBCD Team (FRP & HQ1) {BR-2170 (1) Art-3141 (b) (d-3)}. With the
announcement ‘EMERGENCY STATION’ the NBCD team (FRP & HQ1) will close up
immediately to the scene of fire and act accordingly. Rest of the personnel [except personnel
from various quarters those required to be manned according to the QUARTER BILL at
the time of emergency station
BR-2170 (1) Art- 0402 (a) refers] will fall in on the place designated by the EXO. If FRP
needs any help for personnel to deploy they will inform HQ1 and HQ1 will suggest bridge
to send personnel according to their demand from emergency station.

g. Life Raft Station {BR-2170 (1) Art-1512}. At one stage when fire seems to be not
under control, HQ1 will suggest Command for life raft station. The announcement will be
‘HANDS TO LIFE RAFT STATION, HANDS TO LIFE RAFT STATION, FIRE AND

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REPAIR PARTY REMAIN CLOSE UP’. With the announcement of life raft station all
the quarters (those were close up during emergency station) will be withdrawn and join with
the life raft station. HQ1 will suggest Command to detail a part of ship personnel from
emergency station with a good knowledge of the area to be searched [BR-2170 (1) Annex to
Chapter 30]. The FRP personnel will continue try to suppress the fire according to their
capability.

h. Search and Rescue (SAR) Team {BR-2170 (1) Annex to Chapter 30}. The
following information should be obtained and used in the briefing of the SAR team.

(1) Location of area where personnel were last seen.

(2) Details/locations of casualties.
(3) The safety of the SAR team is as important as the efforts to rescue trapped
personnel. The SAR team must:

(i) Be well briefed on how to conduct a search.

(ii) Have the area of search exactly defined.
(iii) Always work in pairs.
(iv) Be worn BA sets.
(4) The search is to be continued until HQ1 is satisfied that all personnel are
accounted for.
(5) They will carry out search of compartments below the water line decks and
accommodations as far as possible for any disabled man trapped inside and assist
them to carry upper deck. Doors and hatches are to be closed on completion of the
compartment search.

(6) First aid parties are to give first aid to the wounded personnel evacuated from
the danger area (Art-1412). Senior sailor in charge of the SAR team from each
section (for large ships) is to report the HQ1/Bridge about their completion of
searching.

j. Suggestion for Abandon Ship. When it is confirmed by HQ1 that there

is no way to save the ship and at this moment it is important to save the life only, then HQ1
will suggest Command for ABANDON SHIP.

k. Withdrawal of FRP. As soon as affirmative response is received from the

Command for ABANDON SHIP, HQ1 will then order NBCD TEAM (FRP & HQ1) to
withdraw and join with life raft station, on the way they will collect their life jacket from
pre-designated point and fall in for ABANDON SHIP.

m. Abandon Ship (BR-672 Chap 3 Page 48). The CAPTAIN will then announce
’ATTENTION THIS IS CAPTAIN, ABANDON SHIP’. He may say a few words to the
Ships Company for their up keeping of morale before abandoning the ship.

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0205. SSEP Organization for Frigates.

a. Composition. The composition of SSEP organization for Frigates to be detailed

from day work (day man) personnel including their duties is given in the table below:
Group Ser Duties Appointment O No
Name Rank Remarks
1. In-charge SCPO, CPO/ CME/
SSEP CERA/ COA/
CERA(S)/CEA/
CREA/Any CPO
2. Attack Party Ship’s Coy Mess Carry Nu-swift/
Main Group

Secretary foam
extinguisher
3. Attack Party GO (Wtr) Carry CO2
extinguisher
with TIC (if
available
enroute).
4. Attack Party Dispatch Carry suitable
with BA Man-I Writer extinguisher/
charged hose.
5. Attack Party XO’s Messenger Carry suitable
with BA extinguisher/
Main Group

Man-II charged hose.

6. BA Controller AC Party LME/ ME BA control board
operator.
7. Water wall Bos’n Yeoman Carry water wall
Operator nozzle.
with BA
8. Fire Fighter EO (Wtr) Carry fire fighter
with BA nozzle.
9. Team Leader/ Gunnery/ TAS TIC/ Hose
Hose Handler Yeoman Running Plan
10. Containment Captain’s Cox’n Fwd boundary
Containment Group

Party- 1 cooling; carry

water wall nozzle
11. Containment ND Yeoman Aft boundary
Party- 2 cooling; carry
water wall nozzle

12. Ventilation LO (Wtr) Close effected

Specialist Group

Party ventilation.

Note: These personnel should not be detailed as Special Sea Duty men (SSD).
b. Dress of Personnel. The dresses for SSEP personnel will be as follows:
(i) In charge SSEP, Attack Party, BA Controller and Ventilation Party.
Basic fire fighting rig (ie Dress No. 4 + DMS boots + cotton underwear + cotton/
woolen socks and collars should be buttoned up and the sleeves rolled down with
cuffs buttoned).

(ii) Attack Party with BA. Intermediate fire fighting rig (ie basic firefighting
rig + BASCCA + firefighter’s hood and anti flash gloves).

(iii) Water Wall Operator, Fire Fighter, Team Leader/ Hose Operator.
Full firefighting rig (ie basic firefighting rig + firefighter’s hood + fearnought suit +
firefighter’s gloves + firefighting boots + BASCCA and firefighter’s helmet).

c. Identification of Personnel. They will be identified through colored surcoats,

which should be worn as follows:

(i) Red and White Stripes. In charge SSEP.

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 (ii) Red. Attack and support party.
(ii) Yellow. BA controller.

d. Duration of SSEP and Muster. The SSEP under the charge of a senior sailor as
mentioned in Para 1 above must be available at all times and ready for an immediate
response to a fire or any emergency. The SSEP is to be mustered at 0745 hours daily and be
detailed for a period of 24 hours.

e. Emergency Stations. If the SSEP is unable to cope with a fire either due to lack
of personnel or shortage of material resources, it is important that the ship be piped to
Emergency Station in good time vide Art 3141b of BR 2170 (1). This will get the right
people to the right places quickly and bring the ship’s fire and repair parties to State- 1. It
will also clear the area of unnecessary personnel, allow off-watch watch keepers to be
accounted for and provide back up where necessary. The actual stage at which the ship
should be piped to Emergency Station will obviously vary depending upon the size of the
SSEP and the rate of escalation of the incident.

f. Procedure. The procedure to be followed is that of HFEP as far as possible.

Where the SSEP so detailed is unable to cope with a fire, the ship should be immediately
brought to Emergency Station.

0206. First Aid Fire Fighting during Silent Hours (Frigates). On watch sailors may be
detailed as follows to undertake first aid fire fighting until relieved by the SSEP:

Ser Duties Appointment O No Name Rank Remarks

1. In-charge SSEP POOW

2. Attack Party Stbd/ Port Lookout . Carry foam/ AFFF
Without BA set extinguisher.
3. Attack Party NBCD Patrol- 1 Carry
without BA set CO2extinguisher.

4. Attack Party Bridge Messenger Carry

(2nd party) with BA set CO2extinguisher.

5. Attack Party Life Buoy Sentry . Carry foam/

(2nd party) with BA set charged hose.

6. BA Controller NBCD Patrol- 2 . Carry BA control

board and lifeline.

0207. SSEP ORGANISATION FOR SMALLER SHIPS.

a. Composition. The composition of SSEP organization for smaller ships (to be

detailed from watch on deck) including their duties is given in the table below:

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 Ser Duties Appointment O No Name Rank Remarks

1. In charge SSEP POOW

2. Attack Party without Stbd/ Port Carry foam/
BA set Lookout AFFF
3. Attack Party without NBCD Patrol- 1 extinguisher.
Carry CO 2
BA set extinguisher.
4. Attack Party (2nd party) Bridge Carry CO2
with BA set Messenger extinguisher.
5. Attack Party (2nd party) Lifebuoy Sentry Carry foam/
with BA set charged hose.
6. BA Controller/ Standing NBCD Patrol- 2/ Carry BA control
Sea First Aider Topass/ Std board and
lifeline.

Note: Due to shortage of personnel in the smaller ships, on watch personnel are detailed
for SSEP organization and also during silent hours. In charge SSEP will perform as limited
BA controller and the 6th man will act as standing sea first aider.
0208. Organization of Fire and Repair Parties (FRP) [BR-2170 (1) Art-1115, 1116]

a. In large ships, each section base controls two or more fire and repair parties. In
frigates and ships of equivalent size one fire and repair party is stationed forward and one aft
and they are both controlled from HQ1. Parties should normally be stationed on the deck
giving easiest fore and aft movement, though this must be governed by the structural layout
and positions of the telephones. Fire and repair parties should be capable of, and trained in,
dealing with:

(1) The fighting of fire and the control/ repair of damage.

(2) Pumping and flooding.
(3) Electrical repair.
b. To this end, parties must contain a nucleus of technical sailors with as many men as
possible from other branches. It is considered that 19 men is the optimum number for a fire
and repair party within the constraints imposed by other manning requirements in the action
state. The technical sailors are trained in the NBCD tasks peculiar to their branch, their
specialist knowledge is to be used when and as circumstances dictate, but they must never
be considered as separate from the fire and repair party.

0209. Composition of Fire and Repair Party (FRP) {BR-2170 (1) Art-1117)}. The
recommended composition given below is based on the numbers of men available for NBCD duties
in a fully manned destroyers and frigates. In smaller ships it will be necessary to make adjustments
to the numbers while retaining the overall concept of the organization (the tasks given in the
‘recommended duty’ column must be the guide to the manning requirement). The organization is
equally applicable to a fire and repair party in a large ship.

Manning Recommended Duty

Officer Overall charge of the fire and repair party
An E/R branch senior sailor 2nd I/c FRP
An able rate sailor Communications
Senior/ Leading sailor In charge of the fire party
LME 2nd I/c fire party; in charge of repair party
An able rate sailor Firesuitmen/ as required for repair
An able rate sailor Fire back-up/ as required for repair
An able rate sailor Pumping and leak stopping/ as required

An able rate sailor Pumping and leak stopping/ as required

An able rate sailor Pumping party/ as required
An able rate sailor Pumping party/ as required
An able rate sailor Pumping party/ as required
Electrical senior sailor In charge of electrical repair/ as required
LEN 2nd I/c electrical repair/ as required
EN-I working party/ as required

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 An able rate sailor EN-I Working party/ as required
An able rate sailor
In NBCD State 1, two-man patrols must be detailed from the closed up FRP.

0210. Kill Cards {BR-2170 (1) Annex G to Chapter 30}. Ships are to raise kill cards for
all ‘high fire risk’, ‘explosive risk’ and the ‘high value’ compartments. Cards may be raised for
other compartments of the discretion of ship’s officer.

a. Compartments and spaces should be classified according to the risk inherent in their
function i.e.

(1) High Fire Risk. Main and auxiliary machinery spaces, diesel generator
rooms, gas-turbine generator compartments, uptakes and down takes, ventilation
trunks from the machinery spaces up to the fire flaps, machinery removal and escape
trunks to the above compartments, fuel pump spaces, hangers and galleys.

(2) Explosive Risk. Magazines, lockers, RU stores and designated danger

areas as defined in BR 862 (NMER).

(3) Electronic and Operational Spaces of High Value. Operations

room, computer rooms, designated communications and weapon equipment
compartments, ship control centers, navigation equipment compartments, switch
board rooms, electric distribution centers, telephone exchanges, conversion
equipment rooms, EW (Electronic Warfare) spaces, main cable and wiring spaces.

b. Disposition of Kill Cards. The kill cards are provided as form S.3021 and are A4
size. They are provided with a binding margin to enable them to be punched and bound
together to from a loose-leaf book which can be indexed. The completed cards are to be
disposed of as follows:

(1) NBCD HQ1 and HQ2 – full sets.

(2) Section bases – cards for compartments within the responsibility of the
section base.

(3) An additional card is to be raised for galleys and secured to the outside of the
galley door.

c. Information. Kill cards must include the following information if

applicable:

(1) Equipments, stores, services etc contained with the compartment with those
items of extra high risk being so noted, and their position in the compartment stated.

(2) Any other relevant information, which should be displayed on a simple

diagram of the compartment layout to assist firefighters entering the compartment.

(3) The presence and details of any Fire Barriers (FB) insulation.

13
 CHAPTER – 3

LEGENDS OF INCIDENT BOARD MARKING, WRITING OF INCIDENT LOG

BOOK AND FILLING UP PROCEDURE OF BASCCA/EDBA CONTORL BOARD

0301. Incident Board {BR-2170 (1) Art-0807 (a)}. Used for the visual recording of all
information receive regarding damage, fire, flood etc from section bases or other sources. Marking
is carried out in accordance with BR-2170 (1) Art-2177 and fig 21-9, by the incident board operator
(s) who is constantly in direct communication with their respective section bases and outstations.
The board can also be used for plotting NBC contamination information. The incident board
consists of deck plan drawing of all decks, arranged one above the other, on a single board which is
covered in clear plastic (Perspex) on which the operator can indicate incidents using china graph
pencil. This is sited such that the complete picture of the ship can be seen by the controlling officer
in HQ1.

0302. Recording Damage {BR-2170 (1) Art-2177}. Reports of damage must be

recorded in a form that makes then readily available. The board principally concerned with the
recording of damage is the incident board and it is recommended that it will be marked boldly in
Berol Blaisdale china marker using the colours and as stated:

a. Errors and Erasures. A significant error in board marking (eg fire identified
and marked in the wrong compartment) should be erased and marked correctly. An incorrect
word(s) should be lined through and the correct word(s) inserted. Errors must be logged
prior to their erasure.

b. Additional Information. Should be mark in black Berol Blaisdale china marker

in the appropriate space between deck plans.

c. Boundaries. Lines denote fire/flood boundaries are not to be used unless

the deck plan compartment marking does not identify the boundaries sufficiently (eg fire in
a cabin area). Marking for contamination is to be include boundary lines.

d. Marking of Time. The time table of a fire, flood or contamination incident

should be marked in red, blue or yellow marker respectively as follows:

(1) Initial Report. Time is to be marked in top left-hand corner of the

compartment/space concerned or, if the space is very small, immediately outside the
top left-hand corner of the boundary.

(2) Containment. The time of containing the incident is to be marked in the top
right-hand corner of the compartment/space concerned or if the space is very small,
immediately outside the top right-hand corner of the boundary.

(3) Completion. The time when action taken to deal with the incident is
completed is to be marked in the bottom right-hand corner of the compartment/space
concerned or, if the space is very small, immediately outside the bottom right-hand
corner of the boundary.

e. Fire. Red Cross in red circle with red hatching. Times marked in red.

f. Free, Flood, Slow Flood, Free Surface. Blue FF, SF or FS

respectively in blue circle with blue hatching. Times marked in blue.

g. Boundary Cooling. On deck or deck head a blue BC in blue circle with

qualifying wording in black. For bulkheads, a blue wavy line against the bulkhead over the
length concerned.

h. Splinter Holes. A black V(s) for hull and bulkheads; black dot within a black
circle for decks. These markings may be superimposed over other incident markings.

j. Shoring. A black T(s) either vertically or horizontally against the

deck/bulkhead/hull over the length concerned.

k. Distorted Bulkhead. Marked as a black wavy line through the length of the
bulkhead concerned.

14
 m. Distorted Deck. Marked by black wording with a black arrow if necessary.

n. Smoke Boundary.

(1) Doors and Bulkheads. A solid black line drawn along the line of the
bulkhead containing the door and extending beyond the line of the ships side when it
meets it.

(2) Hatches. A solid black diagonal line through the match extending
beyond the line of the corners.

p. Flooding Boundary.

(1) Bulkheads. A solid blue line drawn along the line of the bulkhead
containing the door and extending beyond the compartment, both athwartships and
fore and aft as appropriate.

(2) Decks. A solid black blue diagonal line through a hatch extending beyond the
line of the corners.

0303. Log of Events {BR-2170 (1) Art-2120}. Incidents and countermeasures are
marked on the various boards in HQ1/SCC as they occur and are dealt with. When the action is
complete the ANBCDO may decide to remove non-essential markings from the boards in order to
leave them clear for any further incidents. Before removing such markings a simple log of events,
incidents, countermeasures, times, movements of men and so on, should be raised in HQ1/SCC. If a
man available for this task the log can be kept concurrently with the marking of the boards. The
damage reports thus recorded should be accurate, informative and comprehensive, so that any
shortcomings in material, methods or organization, with regards to the incidents, may be
highlighted, enabling corrective action to be taken for the future.

0304. Format of Incident Log Book/Register

Ser Date Time Events/Announcement NBCD State W/T Action

Condition Taken
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Reaction Time Extinguish/Under Control Time Completion Time

(h) (j) (k)

0305. BA Control. When EDBA sets are used operationally, a BA Controller must be detailed.
The BA Controller must be well trained in the use of the apparatus, and must understand the vital
part he plays in the safety arrangements for firefighters. He must always be equipped with a reliable
watch/clock and a marker pen. The BA Controller must remain outside the smoke boundary,
adjacent to the In charge Main Group, at the point of entry (the FCP). The BA Controller may act as
Controller for up to ten BA wearers, but must never be detailed for any other duties. EDBA control
boards are stowed in selected EDBA lockers, identified by a white band around the lower part of the
locker.
0306. Duties of BA Controller. The duties of a BA Controller are as follows:

a. Assist the wearer to don and adjust BA, and to carry out functional and face seal
checks.

b. Mark up the EDBA control board.

c. When used for search and rescue, ensure that the tail of the guide line is secured to
an anchorage point at the incident entry point.

d. Keep a sharp listening watch for any signals from distress alarms.

e. Ensure that the IIC Main Group is kept informed of the time that a relief team should
be committed to relieve the previous team (TIME RELIEF DUE IN).

f. Inform the I/C FCP if a BA wearer has not emerged by the TIME DUE OUT. The
IIC FCP will inform the DCO/OOD.

15
 g. Replace the 'set number' tally back on the set when the wearer has completed the
task.

EDBA Control Board

0307. Completion of Control Board.

The BA Controller is to carry out the following instructions after the fire fighting team has
been briefed by the officer/rating IIC of fire fighting:

a. Entry Instructions

(1) Remove the' set number' tally from the BA and clip it onto the control board
(See Fig 6-10).

(2) Before the wearer enters, complete his details in columns A, B and C. +The
abbrev+i7ations to be used in the task column are FF for all members of fire fighting
teams, BC for boundary coolers and SAR for search and rescue teams.

(3) Confirm a face seal check.

(4) Check that the wearer's dress is correct.
(5) Check the wearer's personal distress device.
(6) Turn the dial to set the cylinder pressure (B) window over the minute of start
time (from column C).
(7) Read off and enter times in columns D, E and F.
(8) Repeat for each BA wearer. Stay at the entry point.
b. Exit Instructions

(1) Remove the 'set number' tally and replace it on the original BA set.
(2) Remove the wearer's details from the control board.
(3) The wearer is to be debriefed by the person OIC firefighting at the FCP, and is
then to report to the BA Coordinator.

0308. How to fill up the BASCCA Control Board

16
 A B C D E F G
Set Operators Task Cylinder Time to Time Time Time Return Time
No Name Pressure Started Relief Comme due
(Bar) To due in nces out
Whistle Breath
(min)
5 KHALIL WW 200 25 1200 1218 1225 1232
OP
9 RAHIM FF 180 23 1132 1148 1155 1202

Warning: Officer in charge firefighting permission required to START using BA Set if

pressure below 180 bar.

0309. How to fill up the EDBA Control Board

A B C D E F
Set Operators Task Cylinder Time Time Time Time due
No Name Pressure Started Relief Return out
(Bar) To Breath due in Comme
nces
2 MUJIB WW 300 1157 1238 1245 1257
OP
6 KAMAL FF 240 1205 1237 1244 1256

Warning: Officer in charge firefighting permission required to START using BA Set if

pressure below 180 bar.

17
 INCIDENT BOARD
MARKING IN CASE OF FIRE

BC

Port
0930 0935

Aft Fwd

0955
Stbd

SENTRY POSTED 0955

INCIDENT BOARD
MARKING IN CASE OF DAMAGE

0930 Port 0935

Aft SF

0955
Stbd

SENTRY POSTED 0955

18
 INCIDENT BOARD
LEGEND FOR MARKING [BR-2170 (1) ART-2177]

SF FF FS

FIRE SLOW FLOOD FREE FLOOD FREE SURFACE

BOUNDARY COOLING SHORING DISTORTED FLOODING

ON BULKHEAD BULKHEAD BOUNDARY

BC

SPLINTER HOLES IN SPLINTER HOLES IN SMOKE BOUNDARY COOLING ON

BULKHEAD OR HULL DECK BOUNDARY DECK OR DECKHEAD

19
 CHAPTER – 4

USE & FUNCTION OF BASCCA, EDBA, ELSA, EEBD, TIC, FFHBC & SMOKE
MASK

0401. BASCCA/EDBA {BR-4007 Art-0613}. There are different types of BREATHING

APPARATUS (BA) used in Naval Service:

a. Standard BASCCA – Used in most Naval Ships.

b. Non-Magnetic BASCCA – Used in mine countermeasure vessels.
c. EDBA (Extended duration breathing apparatus) – supersedes both types of
BASCCA.

0402. Main Criteria of BASCCA/EDBA.

a. Purpose. The BASCCA/EDBA is used for fire fighting and NBCD operations
(Rescue casualties) when it is necessary to enter an incident area where the atmosphere
contains smoke, toxic gas or vapors. It can also be used to carry out task which requires the
use of self contained breathing apparatus.

b. Performance Data.

Ser Title BASCCA EDBA

1. Pressure 200 Bar (1 bar= 14.5 Ib/in 2) 300 Bar (4350 lb/in2)
(2900 lb/in2) (When fully (When fully charged)
charged)
2. Free Air Capacity 1300 Liters (at max pressure) 150 Liters (at max
pressure)
3. Volume of air 7 Litres 9 Litres
cylinder
4. Total Duration 32 Min (Nominal endurance 60 Min (Nominal
– 25 min + whistle period 07 endurance – 48 min +
min) whistle period 12 min)
5. Time of whistle Before 07 minutes ie at the Before 12 minutes ie at the
time of 25 minutes when 50- time of 48 minutes when 55
60 bar of pressurized air bar of pressurized air
remains remains
6. Criteria of face seal Pressure gauge reading does Pressure gauge reading
check not drop by more than 5 bar does not drop by more than
in 10 seconds 10 bar in 10 seconds

c. Parts of BASCCA/EDBA.

(1) Air cylinder

(2) Air control valve
(3) High pressure reducer (Reduce pressure upto5.5 – 6 bar for easy breath)
(4) Back plate.
(5) Harness assembly (Chest harness + waist harness) (Flame retardant)
(6) Warning whistle
(7) Pressure gauge
(8) Face mask assembly

(i) Neck harness & head harness

(ii) Vision guard (Vigor)
(iii) Oro-nasal mask.

20
 (iv) Exhalation valve
(v) Demand valve assembly
(a) Positive mode (Normal operation)
(b) Negative mode (When donning or removing the mask)

0403. Location of EDBA. EDBA is stowed, ready for immediate use, with all straps fully
extended. A tally, detailing the functional and face seal checks, is attached inside the locker door.
The set must be charged to the highest pressure available from the HP air system, up to a maximum
of 300 bars.

0404. Duration of EDBA. Not all vessels have HP air facilities capable of charging EDBA sets
to the full working pressure of 300 bar. The duration at various charge pressures is:

a. 300 bar: 48 min working duration + 12 min whistle = 60 min.

b. 240 bar: 39 min working duration + 12 min whistle = 51 min.
c. 207 bar: 33 min working duration + 12 min whistle = 45 min.
d. 200 bar: 32 min working duration + 12 min whistle = 44 min.
e. 160 bar: 24 min working duration + 12 min whistle = 36 min.
Note. The warning period will be 12 minutes only if the whistle is correctly set at 55 bar, and will
depend on the individual wearer and the task being carried out.

0405. Extension Equipment of EDBA. Extension equipment for EDBA comprises a

face mask assembly and head harness, a 2 metre extension hose and a 15 metre extension hose.
These items are stowed in a red locker, which has a drop-down door. A tally on the inside of the
door gives the operating instructions. Two 15 metre extension hoses can be connected together to
give a maximum length of 30 metres.

0406. Donning and Functional Checks –EDBA {BR-2170 (1) New Art-2710, 2711} . While
stowed in its locker, the EDBA must be maintained in a state of readiness for immediate use, with
the air cylinder fully charged to the correct working pressure. Approval must be obtained from the
officer in charge of firefighting (DCO or OOD), prior to using a set, if the pressure is below the
minimum approved operating pressure of 180 bars. With assistance from the BA Controller, the
wearer dons the set as follows:

a. Remove the face mask from the stowage clip. Place the face mask neck strap over
the head and allow the face mask to hang on the chest. The neck strap must be worn under
the firefighter’s hood.

b. Release the bands securing the set in its locker, and pass the right arm through the
right shoulder strap. Lift the set clear of the locker and pass the left arm through the left
shoulder strap.

c. Adjust the shoulder straps by pulling them down and towards the rear. Fasten the
waist belt and chest strap, taking care not to over tighten.

d. Check that the bypass knob is off and the demand valve (DV) reset button is pressed.
e. Open the cylinder valve fully and check that the warning whistle sounds briefly. If
the whistle is not heard to operate when the cylinder valve is opened:

(1) Shut the cylinder valve. Open the bypass knob to reduce pressure to 55 bars,
at which point the whistle should sound.

(2) Close the bypass knob. If the whistle still does not operate, it is defective and
the set must not be used. The BA Coordinator must be informed.

f. On completion of the test, open the cylinder valve fully. The BA Controller removes
and retains the ‘set number’ tally, and enters the wearer’s name on the control board.

0407. Face Seal Check {BR-2170 (1) New Art-2712}. When the wearer is required to
commence a task, the following routine is to be carried out:

21
a. Place the chin in the chin cup, pull the head harness back over the head and tighten
the head harness straps.

b. Inhale sharply to activate the DV first-breath mechanism, then breathe normally.

c. Twist the DV gently to confirm that the locking catch is fully engaged.

d. Open the DV bypass knob and check that there is a free flow of air into the mask. Set
the bypass knob to off.

e. Shut the cylinder valve and then quickly open it one quarter of a turn. Take a deep
breath. Shut the cylinder valve and check that there is no sound of escaping air and that the
pressure gauge reading does not fall by more than 10 bar (one division on the dial) in 10
seconds.

f. Open the cylinder valve fully, breathe normally and check that the gauge reading is
steady. If it is not, check that the cylinder valve is fully open. If the gauge fluctuates when
the cylinder valve is fully open, do not use the set.

g. Test the distress alarm.

h. Pull up the firefighter’s hood, check protective clothing and proceed on task.

Notes:

1. If the wearer is not required immediately, take a deep breath and press the
black rubber reset button on the DV to close off air to the face mask. Remove the
face mask and allow it to hang on the chest.

2. The face seal check must be performed each time a wearer dons the face
mask for operational purposes.

3. On completion of the face seal check, the BA Controller must enter, on the
control board, the time at which the wearer starts to breathe from the set.

EXTENDED DURATION BREATHING APPARATUS

22
FACE MASK WITH HEAD HARNESS

23
 BACK PLATE ASSEMBLY WITH CHEST & WAIST BELT

0408. Emergency Life Support Apparatus (ELSA) {BR-4007 Art - 0605}. ELSA is
only to be used for escape from, or through, smoke-logged compartments. The carrying case
contains a small compressed air bottle with a pressure gauge and a control valve, a supply hose and
a plastic hood with an eleasticated neck. A harness is fitted for securing the equipment to the
wearer. Each ship carries and ELSA allowance of 150 percent of the number of personnel in the
Ships Company. ELSAs are stowed in mess decks and places of work between decks.
a. How to use an ELSA.
(1) Remove the ELSA form the stowage.
(2) Place the carrying strap around the neck, with the carrying case on the chest.
(3) Secure the carrying case to the body, using the harness.
(4) Open the control valve until the valve wheel spins free.
(5) Place the hood over the head so that the elasticated neck is secured around
the wearer’s neck.
(6) Ensure that the supply hose is to the front and clean air is being delivered to
the wearer (the hood will inflate).

g. Vacate the compartment.

NB. The ELSA has duration of approximately 08 minutes. It is not to be used for fire
fighting and damage control work. Cylinders can be recharged.

EMERGENCY LIFE SUPPORT APPARATUS

0409. Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) (ELSA) {BR-4007 Art-0611}. The
Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) is a one-shot, short duration re-breathing set which

24
provides respirator protection for personnel escaping from a toxic or smoke-filled atmosphere. It is
not suitable for heavy use (such as fire fighting or repair work). EEBD is automatically activated
when it is withdrawn form the base of its container and has a minimum working duration of 10
minutes (at a hard working rate) from the time of activation. It is normally stowed in racks located
in compartments containing personnel. If required the unit can also be worn on a belt.

a. How to use an EEBD

(1) Remove EEBD from the orange stowage case.

(2) Lift the yellow lever and discard the cover.
(3) Remove the unit from the base by pulling the yellow neck strap upwards.

(4) Insert the yellow mouthpiece, so that the flange seats between the lips and
gums. Gently bite on the mouth piece.

(5) Inhale through the mouth.

(6) Fit the yellow nose clip.
(7) Adjust the yellow neck strap, if necessary, by pulling upwards on the O-ring.

(8) Don the face shield and pull upwards on the O-rings to tighten if around the
neck.

(9) Escape.

EMERGENCY ESCAPE BREATHING DEVICE

0410. FFHBC (Firefighter’s Helmet with built-in Communication) {BR-4007 Art-0605/0613}.

Head protection for firefighter is provided by FFHBC, which is worn over the
firefighter’s hood and the BASCCA/EDBA head harness. The helmet has a built-in radio, allowing
the member of a firefighting team to communicate with each other and with the in charge at the
Forward Control Point (FCP), who has a hand-held radio. The radio has ten channels.
0411. TIC (Thermal Imaging Camera) {BR-4007 Art-0605/0613}. The thermal
imaging camera is a valuable tool for finding the seat of a fire; it is used by the team leader of a
firefighting team and may also be used by the members of the attack party. TICs are stowed at each
Fire and Repair Party Posts (FRPPs) and in ready access bag in HQ1. Ni-cad rechargeable batteries
(duration 45 minutes) are to be used for training and Duracell MNI 500 batteries (duration 90
minutes) are to be fitted before used in an emergency.

25
 THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA

0412. Smoke Mask. Smoke mask assemblies are provided in all ships. Although their prime use is
for allowing safe entry into foul air compartments they do have a fire fighting BA capability when
BASCCAs are not available. When in use, the operator draws air from the same space as that used
by the holder of the air inlet filter. The holder must ensure that his own exhaled breath is not drawn
into the filter. Users need to be strong, fit and determined men.

26
 CHAPTER – 5

USE AND FUNCTION OF DECK FOAM SYSTEM, CCL4, SMOKE GENERATOR,

FLAME DETECTOR, 1211 HALON SYSTEM, FOAM PROPORTION SYSTEM

0501. Deck Foam/Seawater Monitors. This system is fitted in BNS K J ALI. There are three
monitors (discharge nozzle) situated on main & poop deck above the fuel storage tanks. One in no
on the port side, one in no on stbd side and one in no at the bow. Besides six in no’s hydrant points
is also connected with this fixed foam system to connect the flexible fire fighting hoses. All the
monitors have been fixed to the top of steel support plates attached to the ships structure at a height
of 1.5 meters. The monitors are designed to cover the whole cargo area in case of liquid fire. This
fixed foam system consisting of a foam generating pump, seawater pump and foam tank.

They are designed to discharge foam water as a jet or spray through an adjustable discharge
nozzle. The monitor is fixed to a turn table which in turn is secure to a tubular support welded to the
ships structure. The turn table has been designed to rotate the monitor in a full circle of 360 0 it will
also travel horizontally from – 600 to + 900 .

As the title explains the monitor is not only capable of discharging foam, it can also
discharge only sea water through the foam system. Foam and seawater are delivered to the monitors
through 4” stainless still pipes under pressure discharging 50 ltrs/min. These monitors are fitted
with local operating positions.

Each hydrant is fitted with a manually operated gate valve, a pressure regulating valve,
supporting bib nosed hose outlets. If one takes into account the total amount of concentrate stored
the rate of discharge and the percentage of foam concentrate it is possible to establish the maximum
time the system has been designed to operate.

0502. CCL4. This system id fitted in MBS (2 launcher) to extinguish large fire in in both
FWD & AFT engine room and aft mess. Each bottle contains 65 litres of CCL4 with the pressure of
150 Kg/cm2. There is a pressure reducer which reduces the pressure up to 6-9 Kg/cm 2. Before
operating the system all personnel must be evacuated from the designated place, running machinery
must be shut down from the remote control position and then all openings must be closed.

0503. Fire Detection. The function of the fire detection system is to call attention to
incipient fire by detecting the presence of smoke or invisible products of combustion in any space
protected by the system. Upon detection an alarm is sounded, which may be either bell or siren, and
light signal will switch on. Autonomous fire detection systems comprise automatic fixed fire
detectors, fire alarms, control panels, indicating units and the associated electric cabling to connect
and energize the system. The installation comprises three principle components:

a. Suitable detectors, determined by space and the equipment to be protected.

b. A control unit to provide voltage supplies for the detectors and facilities for testing,
and to function as a receiver and indicator for he alarm signals and as central distribution
point from which they can be transmitted. A power unit supplies basic supply voltages to
operate detectors, sirens and visual warnings.

c. An alarm.

0504. Heat Detectors. Heat detectors respond to the temperature of gases in their vicinity.
The hottest gases generally rise by convection to the highest point of a compartment, and heat
detectors are therefore fitted to the deck-head. Heat detectors required the flames to reach about
one-third of the way to the deck-head before operating. Heat detectors could detect a fire that
evolves quickly with very little smoke eg a flammable liquid. They do not respond to smoldering
fires and are unsuitable for external spaces. These detectors or sensors are usually of the bi-metallic
type and operate under one of the following conditions:

a. At a fixed temperature.
b. Due to the rate of rise of temperature.
c. A combination of (a) and (b).

27
0505. Flame Detectors. Flame detectors respond practically instantaneously to the radiation
emitted by flame, and are mounted to protect the area within a direct line or sight. The viewing field
is 70 deg to 120 deg inclusive angle. It may be extend using an array of detectors, or by a rotating
mirror to scan full 360 deg in azimuth. The sensor of a flame detector is a photocell sensitive to the
wave length of radiated energy. Flame detectors can not detect smoldering fires and are not suitable
for general purpose applications. They are used to supplement smoke or heat detectors. For speedy
detection, a clear line of sight to the protected area is necessary. A flame detector responds to
flames reflected from parts of a structure. They need not to be mounted on deck-head where smoke
and hot air accumulate. They are suitable for use in tall vertical spaces, machinery spaces, in
outdoor spaces, and where a flaming fire may spread quickly such as at pumps, valves and pipe
work. The two types of flame detector are discussed below. These are usually ‘Infra-red’ flame
detectors working on the principle of flame radiation actuating and photo electric cell which in turn
actuates an alarm system.

0506. Smoke Detectors. Since smoke could develop without the evolution of much
heat or flame these detectors or sensors are very commonly used. They, usually comprises of photo-
electric cell operating due to one of the following reasons:

a. Smoke obscuring a beam of light falling on the photo electric cell.

b. Smoke scattering a light which is shielded from a photo electric cell and
making it fall on it.

c. A combination of (a) and (b).

0507. 1211 Halon System. The chemical substitutes of Halon are also known as clean agents.
They are electrically non-conducting, volatile or gaseous fire extinguishing agents that do not leave
a residue upon evaporation. They all have rapid discharge (Approx 10 seconds) and offer effective
fire suppression. These systems single or multi-shot (Carbon dioxide CO 2), Halon 1211 (BCF -
Bromo Chloro Difluoro Methane) or Halon 1301 (BTM – Bromo Tri Flouro Methane) are fitted in
the main and auxiliary machinery spaces, and their use is authorized by the Officer in Charge of fire
fighting.

NB. There are several types of Halon gas including BCF and BTM. To avoid confusion it is
essential that personnel are fully aware of the appropriate system and closely follow the respective
operating procedure. It is important to understand that Halons have virtually no cooling effect.

28
0508. Foam Proportion System. This system is fitted in BNS BANGABANDHU to
extinguish large fire in engine room, auxiliary machinery room, helicopter hanger and helicopter
deck. There are two in no foam tank and one in no foam liquid pump. At the time of use seawater
will pass trough a rotor and start the foam liquid pump. By mixing seawater, foam liquid (AFFF)
and air, foam will be produce and will inject accordingly through piping system. Before operating
the system all personnel must be evacuated from the designated place, running machinery must be
shut down from the remote control position and then all openings must be closed.

29
 CHAPTER – 6
DAMAGE CONTROL THEORY/ORGANIZATION

0601. Causes of Damage & Principles of Damage Control {BR-4008 Art – 0103 & BR-2170
(1) Art- 2050}. Damage that causes of penetration of a ship’s hull beneath the waterline will
result in rapid flooding. Seawater will enter the ship through the damaged hull flooding
compartments up to the waterline. The weight of the flood water will cause the ship to sink lower in
the sea and in extreme cases may expose non-water tight openings in the ship to the sea e.g. main
engine air intake. There are various causes of damage such as:

a. Fire.
b. Collision.
c. Grounding.
d. Explosion.
e. Bad weather.
f. Enemy attacks.

0602. Effects and Limitation of Damage {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2059}. The material effects of
damage by collision, grounding or explosion are anyone or more of the following:

a. Fire.
b. Flood.
c. Loss of watertight/gastight integrity.
d. Shock damage to hull, machinery and equipment.
e. Destruction of watertight/gastight structure by the main incident and by blast &
splinters.

0603. Flood {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2061}. Flooding causes loss of buoyancy & the failure of non-
watertight equipment in the flooded spaces. It impairs ships stability & may cause heel &/or trim.
The categories of flooding in ships are defined as follows:

a. Slow Flood. Ingress of water/liquid into a compartment from either an internal or

external source which can be controlled by fixed or portable pumping equipment or by the
same on completion of first or second stage leak stopping.

b. Free Flood. Ingress of water/liquid into a compartment from either an internal or

external source which cannot be controlled by fixed or portable pumping equipment and
where first aid leak stopping actions have failed or have not been attempted due to the rate
of ingress.

c. Free Surface. Free surface effect is produced by a liquid freely moving throughout a
compartment muck like water in a tray. The liquid may be result of a flood, either from
holes in the ship’s side, damaged system pipe work or fire fighting/boundary cooling.

d. Rate of Flooding. A hole of 150 mm in diameter and 1.8 M below the waterline
will admit about 30 M3 water in five minutes.

0604. Flooding Boundary {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2129}. When a ship is damaged below
water, the need for rapidly establishing the flooding boundary cannot be too highly stressed.
Initially, the limits of the flooding boundary are the limits of the intact structure surrounding the
area of the damage, i.e. inside the secondary zone & probably towards its outer edges.

30
0605. Splinter Damage/Holes. These will vary greatly in size and shape. A very quick, simple
and effective way of leak-stopping is to drive softwood wedges into the hole until the hole is filled.
Bullet holes are best dealt with using round, tapered softwood plugs. Wedges can be used singly or
in bunches. Small gaps can be filled with pieces of a wedge (which can be split easily from a whole
wedge along the straight grain) to reduce the inflow of water to a trickle.

0606. Underwater Damage {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2202}. Holes which are completely underwater
obviously constitute the greatest danger and must be tackled immediately to slow the rate of
flooding to within the scope of pump capacities.

0607. Waterline Damage {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2203}. Holes at or just above the waterline
should be dealt with as quickly as conditions permit, since they are a great potential danger. The
rolling, heeling or trim of the ship, or increase of flooding elsewhere, may bring them underwater,
thus increasing the flooding at the waterline. This will cause free-surface flooding, which will
impair stability and may hazard the ship.

0608. Duties and Responsibilities of Individuals and Team at Harbour - In Case of Damage
a. Damage Discoverer. Any body who first discovers a damage is the discoverer.
These men are not necessarily on duty or specifically detailed personnel. The actions of a
discoverer are:
(1) Shout DAMAGE, DAMAGE, DAMAGE in ______________.

(2) Try to confirm the following:

(i) Location & size of damage.

(ii) Try to inform gangway.
(iii) Try to stop the flooding if possible.

b. First Aid Leak Stopper. First aid leak stopper are the persons discovering the
damage and those in the vicinity who hear and respond to the shout of ‘DAMAGE. The
actions of first aid leak stopper are to collect first aid leak stopping devices from nearby &
try to stop the leakage.

c. Gangway Staff {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3121}. On receipt of the damage alarm, from
whatever source, a pipe is to be made through general broadcast by the gangway staff
informing the Ships Company of the existence of damage & its location. Additional duties
of gangway staff are as follows:
(1) Inform CO, EXO, EO, LO, adjacent ships and shore authorities.
(2) Control entry to and exit from the ship.
d. HFEP Personnel. On hearing the announcement the HFEP personnel of the duty
watch previously detailed for damage control will close up immediately in their respective
positions as practiced earlier and act accordingly.

e. OOD {BR-2170 (1) Art- 3123 BR - 4007(New) Art - 0407, 0408}. On

hearing the announcement OOD will proceed to HQ1 to take overall control of the situation,
taking into consideration the following:

(1) The possible hazards of adjacent compartments near to SOTI.

(2) Safety of personnel.
(3) Ship stability.
(4) Control & allocation of additional manpower.
(5) Liaison with adjacent ships and outside authorities.

NB: CPOOD/POOD will assist OOD to carry out above functions.

f. DC (Damage Control) Team. When the alarm is raised the in charge of the
damage control team along with team will rush to the SOTI with appropriate DC tools and
gears from nearest FRPP/DC locker. They will try to stop the flow of flooding water using

31
appropriate method. In charge DC team will supervise the team and will continue to give
SITREP (Situation report) to HQ1.
g. Pumping and Flooding Party. When the alarm is raised the pumping and
flooding party will take necessary action to pump out the flooded water from the SOTI.
They will use portable diesel pump, electrical submersible pump and ship borne bilges
system for this purpose.

h. Searching of Adjacent Compartment/Weak Bulkhead Support Party. When the

alarm is raised this party will rush to the compartments adjacent to SOTI to search and
support weak bulkhead if necessary.

j. Emergencies {BR-2170(1) Art - 0401, 0420, 0421 & 0423}. Initially, the duty
watches personnel will be used to deal with any harbour emergency. Should the duty part be
enable to cope with the situation it will be necessary to muster all hands remaining on board
in order to:

(1) Have all hands available to brief and employ as required.

(2) Ensure all personnel are accounted for.
The pipe to be used is ‘EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY CLEAR
LOWER DECK OF ALL NON DUTY PERSONNEL, MUSTER ON ___________
KEEPING CLEAR OF THE INCIDENT.

k. Sentry Posting (i.a.w. Art - 3049). In any damage situation a sentry will need to be
posted at the SOTI after it has been controlled in order to report and be on hand and
prepared to attack any further development of damage. Damage sentries are:

(1) To be detailed from the spare personnel and not the damage control team.
(2) To have a suitable means of communications with HQ1 or the FRPP.

(3) To have a DC tools bag and sufficient leak stopping gears.

(4) To remain closed up until relieved, and will be required until the officer i/c is
satisfied.

32
 DAMAGE

WATER LINE DAMAGE

UNDER WATER DAMAGE

WATER LINE DAMAGE ZONE OF DAMAGE:

WATER DAMAGE 1. PRIMARY
MINOR DAMAGE 2. SECONDARY
MAJOR DAMAGE 3. REMOTE

LEAK STOPPING CAUSE OF DAMAGE:

METHOD 1. COLLISION
2. GROUNDING LEAK STOPPING
3. EXPLOSION FOLLOWED BY
SHORING METHOD

EFFECT OF DAMAGE:
1. FIRE METHOD OF SHORING:
2. FLOOD 1. VERTICAL
2. SQUARE
3. DESTRUCTION OF W/T & G/T
3. ‘V’
STRUCTURE
4. LOSS OF W/T & G/T INTEGRITY

5. SHOCK DAMAGE TO HULL,

MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

DC MATERIALS:
1. LEAK STOPPING DEVICE
2. SHORING MATERIAL
3. TOOLS FOR SHORING

33
 CHAPTER – 7

DAMAGE MANAGEMNT AND SHORING TECHNIQUE

0701. Zone of Damage {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2127}. Damage to the ship can be divided in to three
zones:

a. Primary Zone. This is in the immediate vicinity of the cause of damage

(explosion, collision, grounding) and particularly in the case of explosion, will be the zone
of complete destruction.

b. Secondary Zone. This is the area surrounding the primary zone.

c. Remote Zone.Explosion, collision or grounding, particularly explosion, will cause a

shock wave to travel through the ship’s structure and may cause a violent whip, with
resultant damage and possibly fire and often slow flooding over a large area.

Figure

0702. Leak stopping and Shoring {BR-2170 (1) Art- 2201}. The work falls naturally in to
two stages.

a. The prime aim, first leak stopping, is to stop the inflow of water or reduce it to a rate
which the pumps can control.

b. This is followed, if necessary, by the second stage, post-damage repairs to make the
ship sufficiently seaworthy to continue operations or to proceed to repair base facility.

Very large holes or serious damage to the hull cannot generally be repaired at either of these
stages. Such damage is in the primary zone & is dealt with by establishing a flooding boundary.
Less extensive damage, such as smaller holes & splits in the hull, bulkheads & decks, damaged to
pipe system & strained or damaged doors & hatches can & must be dealt with. These are several
ways to deal with these different kinds of damage; usually the simplest is not only the quickest but
the best. In deciding the most suitable type of repair the following must be considered:

a. The rate of flooding & the size of compartment.

b. The kind of hole, its size & whether the plating around it is distorted.
c. The accessibility of the damage & its position relative to the waterline.
d. The men, equipment & pumping capability available.
e. The importance of the compartment.

0703. Shoring {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2230}. Many of the leak stopping devices described above
depends on shoring for their efficiency. Shores also have other very important functions in a
damaged ship:

a. Support straining bulkheads, decks, doors and hatches against ABNORMAL

pressures.

b. Support for damaged and weakened structure and fittings.

In both cases, the shoring is used to distribute the stress loading of straining or weakened
members to sound parts of the structure. Extensive damage in the vicinity may have weakened the
structure and made it incapable of standing up to its designed stresses; it must then be supported.

0704. Methods of shoring {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2238} {BR-4008 Art – 0817} . Three methods of
shoring are used:

34
 a. Vertical shoring. It is used for hatches & decks & for leak stopping devices on
them. A vertical shore must be cut approximately 50 mm shorter than the measurement
between the deck pad piece and the deck head, to allow for the wedges to ‘harden ’ it into
position.

Figure- Vertical Shoring - Decks

b. Square (Proud & Breast) Shoring. It is used for bulkheads, ship’s side plating,
watertight doors & for leak stopping devices on them. A 'proud' shore is sometimes needed
to achieve square shoring. A proud shore is a shore cut longer that the height between decks
(Add 20 mm) the head placed against a girder or a welded-on lug, and the tail jammed on
the deck below. A breast shore is then carefully cut to jam down as nearly horizontal as
possible between the proud shore and the structure to be supported, with accurate cutting of
the shores, wedges are unnecessary.

Figure - Square Shoring - Door

c. ‘V’ Shoring. It is used for vertical structure but is not so simple as square shoring

Figure – ‘V’ Shoring Bulkhead (Plan)

0705. Leak Stopping Devices {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2204}. There are various leak
stopping devices such as:

35
 a. Mattress (Art-2204)
b. Bedding Material (Art-2204)
c. Splinter Box (Art-2209)
d. Stopper Plate (Art-2210)
e. Carpet {Art-2205(b)}
f. Curtain {Art-2205(b)}
g. Soft wooden plugs & wedges (Art-2205)
h. Blankets {Art-2206(a)}
j. Oakum {Art-2205(b)}

0706. Shoring Material {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2233}. There are two types of shoring material
such as:

a. Timber shores i.e. soft wood (100X100 mm & 150X150mm)

Length - 30 times X minimum width. {Art-2237(a)}
(Used for Vertical shore/Proud shore & Horizontal shore/Breast shore)
b. Adjustable steel shore (Art - 2234)

0707. Tools for Shoring {BR-2170 (1) ART - 2235}. There are various tools for shoring such
as:
a. Dogs (Dog nail) (Art-2233)
b. Wedges
c. Hammer (Ball point/Mallet) (Art-2235)
d. Handsaw (Art-2235)
e. Small Axe (Art-2235)
f. Heavy wood cutting chisel (Art-2235)
g. Strong back plate
h. ‘U’, ‘T’ & ‘L’ bolts (‘J’ bolts)
j. Sliding Measuring Batten (Gunter batten) (Art-2235 & 2264)

0708. Principles of Shoring {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2238}. The essentials for shoring to be
effective are:

a. Strong & rigid anchorage for the shore.

b. A reasonably complete network of reinforcement.
c. Distribution of the load over as large and area as possible.

36
0709. General Rules for shoring {BR-2170 (1) Art - 2239}. There are certain rules
generally applicable to all types of shoring, whether for bulkheads, decks, doors or hatches. They
are:

a. A timber shore should never be longer than thirty times its minimum width or
thickness.

b. Ideally the head and heel of a shore should, if possible abut on stiffened plating.

c. Shores should never be cut in anticipation, for any distortion of structure would
make them useless.

d. Shores should never be placed in position before damage occurs; they would
transmit shock and made the damage greater.

e. Wedges should be used in opposing pairs. The two wedges should be driven
simultaneously or a small or heavy weight held against one while the other is driven in.
f. A system of shores should be tied together with battens and dogs.
g. Careful watch must always be kept on shoring and any loosening attended to
immediately.

0710. Gunter Batten (BR-4008 Art 0815). Gunter batten are used for measuring
the length to which shores are to be cut. Two sizes of Gunter Batters are held on
board, one 1500 mm long and the other 750 mm.

0711. Eductors (BR-4008 Art - 1007). Eductors use HPSW flow through a venturi to create
the suction required to remove floodwater. It is therefore important that permission is sought form
HQ1 to use the system prior to the eductors being brought into use. This is especially important
during action where there may be an already high demand on the system e.g. for firefighting
purposes. There are two types of eductor:
a. Fixed Eductors. These are fitted in machinery spaces and other compartments,
low down in the ship, where this is a high probability of water ingress.
b. Portable Eductors. These are normally stowed at FRPP (Fire and repair
party post) lockers and can quickly be rigged and supplied by hose from the HPSW main.
They are supplied with non-collapsible suction hoses, clamps and a strainer. The discharge
is led, by hose to an overboard discharge connection or to the upper deck.

0712. Indicator Test Plugs.When a search is being made great care must be exercised not spread
flooding by the incautious opening of watertight doors and hatches. To enable tests for flooding to
be made without opening compartments, indicator test plugs (ITP) are fitted to the crown of every
watertight compartment, except those normally containing liquid in bulk, within the red risk zone.
The plug should be cautiously unscrewed until the hole at the side of the thread is exposed. If water
spurts out the compartment is obviously full-flooded and the plug should be screwed home. If air is
heard to hiss out, the compartment may be flooding and great care should be taken if it is decided to
open the hatch. If nothing is seen or heard the hatch may be cautiously lifted and the compartment

37
examined.

0713. Blanket Search (BR-4008 Art 0308 & 0310). A blanket search is a search
Carried out by all personnel not actively engaged at Action Stations to locate and
identify action damage. Following an attack at NBCD State 1 blanket searches are
the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) used to ensure that the extent of
damage is accurately established. In the event of a peacetime incident i.e.
collisions, blanket searches will be carried out by the SSEP.

0714. BRACE Procedure {BR-2170 (1) Art - 1236}. On hearing the command ‘BRACE,
BRACE, BRACE’.

a. All personnel not directly involved in fighting the ship or in the most protected
positions ie a bunk or a fixed chair, are to stand, face away from any loose material, bend
knees, lift heels off the deck and, with bent arms, take a firm grip from beneath a fixed
object at waist height. The head and neck and back should remain in a straight vertical line
to absorb the effect of shock from the deck.

b. Operations Rooms personnel who are seated during periods of attack and those
similarly seated and who are not directly involved in repulsing an attack are to carry out the
following procedures:

(1) Personnel sitting in front of a VDU, unless directly repulsing an attack,

should close their eyes and extend anti-flash hoods to cover the face.
(2) Firmly grip the sides of their chair seat with both hands.

(3) Lift heels and keep head, neck and back in a vertical line.

NB: In the case of a nuclear air burst, personnel on the upper deck
should carry out the “Take Cover Drill”.

38
 CHAPTER- 8
NBCD STATE OF READINESS

0801. Definition {BR-2170 (1) Art – 0301, 0302 & 0311}. Damage can occur in a ship at
any time from many causes - enemy collision, collision, grounding, fire, explosion or just bad
weather. There is always some degree of risk, in harbour and at sea, in peace and in war, the risk
being greatest at sea in war. At all times, therefore, there must be some preparedness, commensurate
with the risk, to limit the extent of damage and to minimize the effects when it occurs. NBCD state
of readiness governs NBCD manning requirement, machinery & material preparedness to limit &
control the damage. There are three states of readiness, designed to meet all possible situations.
These states provided a uniform frame work throughout the fleet into which each ship must build up
its own organization. There are three NBCD state of readiness:
a. NBCD State 3
b. NBCD State 2
c. NBCD State 1

NBCD state pf readiness governs the following:

a. Personnel preparation
b. Equipment preparation
c. Machinery preparation

0802. Need for NBCD State of Readiness {BR-2170 (1) Art – 0310}. At all times there must
be some means of ensuring the highest state of ship preparedness compatible with fighting
efficiency, habitability, routine & maintenance of structure, machinery & services. It is also
necessary that men & materials to carry out effective countermeasures are readily available in
sufficient numbers & quantity to meet the calculated risk of damage. NBCD state of readiness are
designed to ensure that NBCD manning requirements are met & material arrangements provided in
varying degrees appropriate to the threat of risk of damage. Since there is always some element of
risk, there is always need of some state of readiness to be in force. The state adopted must thus
depend on:

a. The calculated risk of damage.

b. The expected warning of attack.
c. The speed with which the highest state can be assumed.

0803. Responsibility for Setting {BR-2170 (1) Art – 0314}. When ships are in
company, the Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) is responsible for ordering the NBCD state of
readiness that is to beset. At all other times the responsibility rests with the Commanding Officer of
the ship.

0804. Occasion & Situation {BR-2170(1) Art- 0312}.

State Occasion Situation

3 Normal harbour state/ Attack/Damage unlikely with adequate warning
peacetime cruising
2 Peacetime exercise/wartime Attack/Damage possible with little warning
cruising
1 Action/Emergency station Attack/Damage imminent

39
0805. Choice of State {BR-2170(1) Art- 0315}. The following points must be considered before
deciding on the state of readiness to be set:

a. In war, NBCD state 2 is normal at sea & in harbour except for the relatively short
periods when state 1 will be necessary.

b. In peace, the assumption of state 2 or state 1 will rarely be needed except when
ordered for exercise purposes.

c. At any time the NBCD state of readiness assumed should be no higher than that
needed to accomplish the task & safeguard the ship in the particular circumstances.

0806. Actions of NBCD States {BR-2170(1) Art- 0311 Table 3-1}.

a. NBCD State – 3. Normal Harbour State/Peacetime Cruising.

(1) NBCD patrols active with SSD (at sea).

(2) NBCD equipment in normal stowage’s & FRPP locker locked.
(3) Main machinery – As ordered.
(4) No NBC threat considered.
(5) Watertight condition X (Y for situation of increased risk).
(6) Gastight condition - None.

b. NBCD State - 2 Peacetime Exercise/Wartime cruising.

(1) HQ-1 manned.
(2) Fire and Repair party post (FRPP) manned.
(3) NBCD patrols active with SSD (at sea).
(4) NBCD equipment in normal stowage’s & FRPP locker locked.
(5) Main machinery sea: Full power available. Harbour: As ordered.
(6) Watertight condition Y.
(7) Gastight condition – None or A.

c. NBCD State -1. Action/Emergency Stations.

(1) HQ1 manned.
(2) Frpp manned as per quarter bill.
(3) NBCD patrol active.
(4) Distribution of gear and Issue carried out.
(5) Main machinery sea: Full power available. Harbour: As ordered.
(6) Watertight condition Z.
(7) Gastight condition None or A.

EMERGENCY STATIONS AT SEA

0807. Purpose of Emergency Stations {BR-2170(1) Art- 0401}. Emergency Stations have
been developed over many years to provide a simple standard procedure that will bring a ship to a
high state of manning and material preparedness to deal with any hazardous situation in which
Action Station would not be appropriate. It can be declared in the event of:

a. Fire
b. Collision or grounding
c. Aircraft or explosive accident
d. Flood
e. Nuclear weapon accident
f. Unexpected mine explosion

40
0808. Authority of Emergency Station {BR-2170(1) Art- 0403} The authority to initiate
EMERGENCY STATION rest with the Captain. He may wish to delegate his authority in his
Standing Orders to the Officer of the Watch at sea in the event of:

a. Imminent collision or grounding.

b. Helicopter crash on deck.
c. Main machinery space fire.

0809. Procedures of Emergency Station {BR-2170(1) Art- 0404}. The pipe Emergency
Station should be made personally by the Executive Officer if the circumstances permit. It should
always be preceded by the general alarm. The pipe Emergency Station must be followed by ‘Close
All Red Openings’ if there is a risk of flooding (eg imminent collision or grounding). At other
times the pipe ‘Close All Red Openings’ is not required because its application will cause
unnecessary restriction of access. Care should be taken to broadcast any additional orders or
information that will clarify the situation and improve response. The broadcast should include any
special instruction for mustering of spare hands in order to reduce interference with the work of the
NBCD parties.

0810. Actions of Emergency Stations {BR-2170(1) Art- 0402}.

a. Men on watch are to remain closed up until relieved or otherwise

ordered.
b. Personnel engaged in first aid measures to combat the hazard are to continue with
their task until relieved by NBCD team.

c. NBCD team (FRP & HQ1) are to close up as for NBCD state 1.
d. The remainder of the ships company are to act as ordered by the Command.

EMERGENCY STATIONS AT HARBOUR

0811. Purpose {BR-2170(1) Art- 0420}. While most of the emergencies could happen in
harbour, the use of ‘Emergency Station’ would generally be inappropriate as number of the key
personnel may be ashore. Therefore, a different system for dealing with emergencies in harbour is
required.

0812. Personnel {BR-2170(1) Art- 0402}. Initially the duty part of the watch will be used to deal
with any harbour emergency. Should the duty part be unable to cope with the situation it will be
necessary to muster all hands remaining on board in order to:

a. Have all hands available to brief & employed as required.

b. Ensure all personnel are accounted for.

The pipe to be used is ‘Emergency, Emergency Clear Lower Deck’ of all non duty personnel;
muster on the ________ keeping clear of the incident area.

0813. Actions {BR-2170(1) Art - 0422}. It must be specified in Ship’s Standing Orders
that the pipe ‘Emergency, Emergency Clear Lower Deck’ requires the following actions to be
taken:

0814. Difference Between NBCD States of Readiness and Armament Degree of Readiness
{BR-2170(1) Art- 0312(1)}. NBCD states of readiness do not necessarily coincide with
armament degree of readiness. Although NBCD state 1 is always assumed when the armament
degree of readiness goes to the first degree of readiness (Action Stations), the converse is not
necessary true e.g. when in mined waters.

NBCD State of Readiness Armament Degree of Readiness

1. Aim: NBCD states of readiness govern NBCD 1. Aim. The aim is to man the armaments and
manning requirement, machinery and material machinery according to the threat and thus
preparation and damage control. bring the ship in a state to encounter the threat.

41
2. There are three different NBCD state of 2. There are five different degrees of armament
readiness. readiness.
3. Higher degrees of NBCD state may require any 3. Higher degrees of armament readiness may
time. not require in peace time except exercises.

42
 CHAPTER – 9

SEA WATER SYSTEM

0901. High Pressure Sea Water System (HPSW) {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3204}. The HP sea water
system is supplied by electrically driven pumps according to their size of ship. They are designed to
produce about 7 bars pressure in the system and are dispersed through out the ship, inside and
outside the machinery spaces. The number of pumps fitted in any ship is based on the water
requirement for firefighting, de-ballasting or prewetting.

0902. Purpose & Use of Seawater {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3201}. The high pressure (HP) sea
water system in a war ship supplies many and varied services:
a. Fire fighting installations including sprays systems in machinery spaces, magazines,
inflammable stowage’s & other high-risk area,
b. Pre-wetting system.
c. Domestic and sanitary services.
d. Ballasting and de-ballasting water compensated fuel tanks and other tanks used for
stability purposes.
e. Eductors for salvage and general drainage.
f. Hanger spraying systems in aircraft carrier.
g. Flight deck firefighting systems in aircraft carrier.
h. Cooling for electrical and other equipment's and emergency cooling for certain other
items of machinery.

0903. Spraying System {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3236}. These are fed from the HP seawater
system and are fitted in high-risk areas, (Magazines, hangers, flammable stowage’s, machinery
spaces etc). Spray systems may be automatically or manually operated. The Marine Engineer
Officer (MEO) in conjunction with the Weapon Engineer Officer (WEO) must decide on the
number of pumps it is necessary to run in order to provide the required flow rate and pressure for
each spray system.

0904. Flooding System {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3240}. Magazines which below the water line
can, in some ships, be flooded direct form the sea. The system consists of a sea valve, which may
serve more than one compartment leading to a flood pipe in each compartment ending in a flood
valve and a gooseneck. Generally, it takes about 20 minutes to flood a compartment by this method.
Flooding bonnets can be fitted to these systems whilst in dry dock.

0905. Rising Mains {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3207}. The fire pumps discharge through
vertical pipes called rising mains, which leads into the seawater main.

0906. Prewetting {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3232}. The HP seawater main supplies water under
pressure for the prewetting system through separate control valves and piping. The importance of
prewetting in an NBC environment is subject only to the requirements of firefighting and damage
control.

0907. Hydrants {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3210}. These are fitted to the HP sea water main
throughput the ship, each consisting of a screw down or single-action lever operated control valve
controlling one or two outlets which should be blanked by caps when not fitted with ready use hoses
or required for use. The screw down valve should be shut HAND TIGHT only, as over tightening
will cause damage to the valve seat.

43
0908. Hoses {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3211}. Impermeable delivery hoses are supplied for
use with the HP seawater main, and they vary in length from 2 meter t8 meters in the following
sizes:

a. No 2 Size. Of 50 mm (2 inch) diameter for general use at all hydrants throughout

the ship except those fitted with No 3 size hoses.

b. No 3 Size. Of 68 (2¾ inch) diameter and for use with the FB10 (X) foam
branch pipes and fixed inline inductors as on all flight decks and in hanger positions of some
aircraft carries.

0909. Care & Maintenance of Hose (Ref: Manual of Fireman ship Page – 77 & 78). It
is important that every man should know how to look after the hose in his care and how to keep it in
first class condition and ready for any calls which may be made upon it. The cause of decay in hose
may listed as:

a. Abrasion.
b. Mildew.
c. Shock.
d. Acids, oils, grease and patrol.

0910. Methods of Making-up Hose (Ref: Manual of Fireman ship Page – 78 & 79).
Numerous different methods have been developed for storing hose. These may be listed as:

a. The roll (or coil).

b. Dutch roll (or roll on the bight).
c. Flaking.
d. Figure of eight.

(1) The Roll. In this method the hose is laid out flat on the ground and a
start made at the female coupling end.

(2) Dutch Roll. To make a Dutch roll, the hose should be laid out flat on the
ground and the female coupling should be drawn back along the hose towards the
other end; so that the female coupling lies on top of the hose and about 3 ft short of
the male coupling below.

(3) Flaking. In this method the hose is doubled back and forward on itself
and is subsequently secured at the centre of the folds. Its principal advantage is that it
permits of running out as fast as a man can move.

44
0911. Hose Couplings {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3212}. Fire Fighting hoses are joined together and
connected to the HPSW main by instantaneous couplings. Each coupling has a male and female
half. All hydrants have female connections so that when coupling up a hose. THE FEMALE END
MUST BE TAKEN TO THE HYDRANT AND THE FEMALE END TOWARDS THE FIRE.

a. Stowage of Hoses {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3213}. A hose should be at all times be
coupled to each hydrant and a nozzle connected to the hose so that water can be delivered
immediately if it is needed. The following instructions must be observed:

(1) Hoses are to be faked down in their stowage’s ready for running out.
(2) Hoses should not be faked in their stowage’s for periods exceeding four
months without being removed and run out for inspections.

(3) Particularly when kinked, the hose should not be dragged over rough
surfaces, especially when charged with water.

(4) Hoses must be drained and wiped down before being stowed.

(5) Hoses and couplings must not be painted.

(6) Hoses should be washed and flushed through after contaminated with fuels,
oils and greases after use with AFFF.

0912. Nozzles {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3214}. Two types of fire nozzle are in service in BN
ships:

a. Firefighter Nozzle. These are provided at all fire hydrants, in all ships,
except on weather decks. These types of nozzles are used by the fire fighter of support party
to extinguish the fire.

b. Water Wall Nozzle. These are provided at all weather deck hydrants and
these are kept in each FRP fire locker for use in providing water walls. These types of
nozzles are used by the water wall operator of support party to save the full fire fighting
team form extent heat.

Firefighter Nozzle Water wall Nozzle

45
0913. FB5(X), FB5(X) MK-2 Foam-making Branch Pipe {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3215 & 3216}.
The types of foam-making branch pipe used in the service are the FB5(X), FB5(X) MK2
are light weight branch pipes for general use against large liquid fire in engine room. They are only
to be used with size 2 hoses. Using the size 2 hoses the consumption rate for a 20 ltr container of
AFFF in 70 seconds with a water pressure of 6.9 BAR. A good backup supply of AFFF containers
is therefore essential. The FB5(X) MK2 is fitted with an on/off facility which enables the operator
to control the foam discharge. The pick up assembly (suction hose and spill) are attached to the
branch pipe by a quick-release coupling.

Foam Making Branch Pipe FB5(X) and FB5(X) MK2

0914. FB10(X), FB10/10 Foam-making Branch Pipe {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3218}. This is a
high output branch pipe used only at helicopter landing position and on the flight deck of aircraft
with a separate flight deck HPSW main. Each of the hydrants in these positions has an inline
inductor bolted to the flange before the instantaneous coupling. The pick-up assembly is attached to
the inductor and has shut-off cock. The inductor passes a mixture of AFFF and water through an
ordinary hose to the branch pipe which creates and delivers the foam at the rate of about 4,600 ltrs
per minute. The branch pipe needs HPSW main pressure not less than 4.14 BARs at the branch pipe
to produce foam of good quality.

0915. Portable Inline Inductor FBU 5X {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3220}. This inductor is designed
for use with the FB5(X), FB5(X) MK2 and its purpose to allow AFFF to be introduced into the hose
line at or near the hydrant position and not directly into the FB5(X), FB5(X) MK2 branch pipe. This
allows the operator much greater mobility in that he is no longer encumbered by AFFF containers
and the pick-up assembly when passing through doorways, hatches and when using ladders.

46
0916. Hose Adaptors, Double Ended {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3221}.The double male and double
female adaptors are provided to permit emergency runs of hoses between hydrants.

0917. Controllable ‘Y’ Piece {BR-2170 (1) Art - 32216}. Controllable ‘Y’ pieces are used for:

a. Boundary cooling.
b. Allowing the extension of a hose in either leg.
c. Isolating burst hoses.

47
0918. Emergency Bulkhead Hose Connection {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3227}. The purpose of
these connections is to allow a run of hoses. When the HPSW main has been damaged between
adjoining watertight subdivisions without compromising watertight integrity by opening doors.
They may also be used to help contain smoke when firefighting by allowing watertight doors on
smoke boundaries to be kept closed.

0919. RAMFAN 2000 {BR-2170 (1) Art - 3233}. The RAMFAN 2000 is water turbine driven,
one man portable fan. Its purpose is smoke clearance or double bottom venting. It is driven from the
HPSW main and will accept only pressure from 40-180 PSI via a mail inlet coupling. Discharge is
from a female outlet coupling to be connected to any discharge overboard. Air flow is through 5
meter lengths of 12 inch diameter hose. A fan set comprises one fan and four lengths of hose. One
set is kept of each FRPP. Where there is a requirement over and above the capability of the ships
ventilation system to:

a. Remove smoke from areas adjacent to a fire or

b. Remove smoke or fumes after the extinction of a fire.

48
 CHAPTER – 10

NBCD PREPARATION DURING ENTERING/ LEAVING HARBOUR AND NBCD

PREPARATION DURING WAR

NBCD Preparation During Entering/ Leaving Harbour

1001. Piping.

a. Correct Wording of announcement during leaving harbour: ‘Special Sea Duty (SSD)
Man close up, Assume NBCD State-3 Condition YANKEE’.
b. Announcement should be in loud voice, prompt and accurate.
c. On completion of SSD the announcement will be ‘SSD fall out, Assume NBCD
State-3 Condition X-RAY’.

1002. Personnel Requirement.

a. With the announcement all individual and groups should be alert.

b. Individual and groups should be closed up at correct station in quickest possible
time.
c. SSEP (Standing Sea Emergency Party) should be alert for any emergency. NBCD
patrol roving (Large ship).

1003. Closing Down.

a. Rapid/ proper closing down of ‘X’ & ‘Y’ marking doors and hatches.
b. Last man leaving the compartment must ensure proper closing of that compartment.

1004. Securing Up.

a. Efforts should be taken to secure loose gears in the mess decks, offices and all other
compartments.

b. Inflammable materials such as oil and paints (POL) should be stowed in a proper
place.

c. Patrol/ gasoline racks to be marked ‘NO SMOKING WITHIN 6 METER’.

d. Ensure that doors to kit lockers and drawers in offices and cabins are securely closed.

e. If towels can not be safely stowed within the kit lockers they should be firmly
knotted on the towel rails.

f. Stow away all loose clothing and clothing on hanger to be lashed up properly. Shoes
are to be kept in the boxes/ shoe racks.

g. Empty waste/ paper baskets from all offices, accommodations, working spaces and
galleys etc.

h. Bundle curtains together and stow them or lash them securely in their positions.

j. Lash and secure movable furniture.

k. Switch off unnecessary heaters, heating and electrical circuits (lights).

l. Ensure all fire fighting and damage control equipment’s are operational and placed in
their proper position.

1005. NBCD Preparation for War (REF: BR-2170 (1) Chap 12)

a. First Stage Preparation {BR-2170(1) Art 1204}

49
 (1) Check main and duplicate key boards/drawers are correct and make good any
shortcomings.

(2) Check holdings and serviceability of NBCD equipment and stores, special
attention being paid to BA and associated fire fighting equipment and that NBC
stores and adequate and in date for use.

(3) Review planned maintenance on NBCD and associated equipment,

bringing forward as necessary.

(4) Review NBCD contents of Ship’s and Departmental NBCD Orders.

(5) Check all smoke curtains for operation and effectiveness.
(6) Check all escape hatches operate correctly.
(7) Check all escape ladders operate correctly.
(8) Review Jettison Bill.
(9) Review medical arrangements:
(i) Check that all blood groups are known.
(ii) Accelerate first aid training programme.
(ii) Dispose first aid equipment and stores around ship.

(10) If at sea, de-fuel all boats except the sea boat(s).

(11) Review the arrangements for locking compartments, other than magazines
and store rooms (for which other arrangements already exists), to ensure ease of
access in the event of damage.

b. Second Stage Preparation {BR-2170(1) Art 1205}

(1) Ensure that victualling and medical stores are safely and
adequately dispersed throughout the ship.

(2) Disperse the sleeping and messing arrangements of key personnel as much as
possible.

(3) Order respirator canisters to be changed using the spare one

carried in the haversack.

(4) Order respirators and lifejackets to be carries.

(5) Prepare emergency stations.

50
 c. Third Stage Preparation {BR-2170(1) Art 1206}
(1) Ensure that the ship’s companies have access to, and are
encouraged to read:

(i) BR-4007, Guide to ship firefighting.

(ii) BR-1329, Survival hand book.
(iii) And that NBCD personnel have access to BR-2170 Vol 1,2,3
(2) Issue maximum number of torches.
(3) Cabins, mess decks and public areas to be secured (bedding,
lockers, drawers, furniture etc) when not in use.
(4) Survey, galley and food or other lift hatches/shutters/doors to be closed when
not in use.

1006. Identity Discs {BR-2170(1) Art 1207} All BN personnel are to be possession of
identity disc on personal loan. This identity disc is engraved with the name, official number, blood
group and religion of the owner. They are to be worn around the neck of the owner when ordered.

51
 CHAPTER - 11

NBCD MARKING SYSTEM

1101. Introduction {BR-2170(1) Art-0201}. Every house has an address by which it can
be located. A large house may also be divided into flats or apartments identified by the floor
number and the number of the flat on that floor. A similarity logical system is used to ‘locate’ most
of the compartments in a ship, and certainly all the important ones. It is used to .refer ALL water
tight compartments, trunks, doors & hatches to many fittings which affect watertight or gastight
integrity & to some compartments which though not watertight, are important or in frequent use.
Location markings are numbered and letters on bulkheads, doors, hatches & various fittings merely
to indicate their position in the ship. They must not be confused with NBCD risk & control
markings, which signify risk to watertight or gastight integrity or disciplinary control over openings.
There are three types of NBCD markings
a. Location marking.
b. Control marking.
c. Risk marking.

1102. Necessity of Location Markings {BR-2170(1) Art- 0201}. The system of location
markings described in this chapter has obvious merits:
a. It is a logical system and can be applied to any ship regardless of size and
complexity of subdivision.
b. It helps to improve standards of ship knowledge.
c. It simplifies NBCD problems by providing a means of indicating any position
rapidly, accurately and without ambiguity.

1103. Deck Marking {BR-2170(1) Art - 0205}. Decks are marked consecutively downward to
the outer bottom, stating with the forecastle (FOXL) deck as 1 deck & it is numbered as 1, 2, 3 & so
on. Decks above 1 deck are numbered as 01, 02, 03 & so on, consecutively upward.

1104. Sub Division Fore and Aft (Main Section) {BR-2170(1) Art - 0206}. The main section
formed by the main transverse bulkheads are lettered A, B, C, D & so on, from fwd to aft. The
letters I & O are omitted to avoid confusion with deck numbers.

1105. Sub Division Fore and Aft {BR-2170(1) Art - 0207}. Watertight compartments
formed by transverse bulkheads within these main sections are given suffixes, A, B or C starting
from forward, or Z, Y or X starting from aft as well as the marking of the main section.

52
 3CZ 3CA 3

A
D C B
2 Sub Section

3CZ 3CB 3CA 3

A
D C B
3 Sub Section

3CZ 3CY 3CB 3CA 3

A
D C B
4 Sub Section

3CZ 3CY 3CC 3CB 3CA

3

A
D C B
5 Sub Section

3CZ 3CY 3CX 3CC 3CB 3CA 3

D C B
6 Sub Section

53
1106. Sub Division by Port & Stbd {BR-2170(1) Art - 0208}. When fore & aft
bulkheads divide a main section, forming a number of watertight compartments abreast, small
figures are used after the deck number & section letter or letters, 1,3,5,7 & so on to indicate
compartments to STBD side & 2,4,6,8 & so on to indicate compartments on PORT side.
Compartments on the centre line are numbered 0.

3C2

3C1 3
A
D C B
2 Sub section

3C2
3C0 3
3C1 A
D C B
3 Sub Section

3C4

3C2
3
3C1

3C3
A

D C B
4 Sub Section

3C
3C44

3C
3C22

3C
3C00
3
3C1
3C3 A
D C B
5 Sub Section

54
 3C6

3C4

3C2
3
3C1

3C3
A
3C5
D C B
6 Sub Section

3DZ2 3DA2

3
3DZ1 3DA1

E D C B

VARIOUS SUB SECTION

2DA2
2DZ2

2DA0 2

2DZ1
2DA1

A
E D C B

VARIOUS SUB SECTION

1107. Watertight Compartment within another {BR-2170(1) Art - 0209}. When one
compartment is contained within another, its marking is that of the larger with the addition of ‘00’. If
more compartments than one compartments than one contained, they are marked ‘-100’ & ‘-300’
outwards form the centre line if they are on the STBD side of the ship, or ‘-200’ & ‘-400’ if on the
PORT side.

55
 1D

1D-00

A
E D C B

2DZ 2DA

2DA-00
2
2DZ-00

A
E D C B

3CZ2 3CA2

3CA-200
3CZ-200

3
3CZ1 3CA-100

3CZ-100 3CA1

D C B A

Example of Compartment Location Marking.

2BA2 - It is the location marking 3CZ1- It is the location marking
of a W/T compt of a W/T compt
2 – Deck No 3 – Deck No
B – Main section C – Main section
A – Sub section Z – Sub section
2 – Port side of the ship 1 – Stbd side of the ship

56
 4DB0 It is the location marking 5CZ-100 It is the location marking
of a W/T compt of a W/T compt within another compt
4 - Deck No 5 - Deck No
D - Main section C - Main section
B - Sub section Z - Sub section
0 – Centre line of the ship 100 – Stbd side of the ship

1108. Compartment Extending Beyond a Main Section {BR-2170(1) Art - 0210). Where
compartments extend beyond a main section, they bear the letter of the section in which they are
mainly situated.

[ 1109. Compartment More than One Deck High {BR-2170(1) Art - 0211}. A compartment

more than one deck high is marked according to the deck on which it stands.

1110. Doors {BR-2170(1) Art - 0212}. A doors bears the marking of the compartment to
which it gives access. Where two or more doors give access to one compartment they are
distinguished by the words PORT (or STBD) and/or FWD (or AFT) in abbreviated form after the
marking. Door that pierce main awthwartship bulkheads separating lettered sections in main
transverse bulkheads give both letters of the main sections of the ship are designated by the deck
number followed by the letters of the two sections in alphabetical order e.g. 2D/E.

3M

3M 3M
PORT STBD

57
 2B0

2B0 2B0
FWD AFT

2BZ2 2BA2

2
2BZ1 2BA1

A
– C B

Example for Door Marking.

3C/D - It is the location marking of a door

3 - Deck Number
C/D - Giving access to C & D main section.

58
1111. Hatches {BR-2170(1) Art - 0214}. A hatch bears the number of the deck in which it is cut
followed by the horizontal co-ordinates of the compartment to which it gives access. Where two or
more hatches cut in the same deck give access to the same compartment they are distinguished by
the words PORT (or STBD) and/or FWD (or AFT) in abbreviated form after the marking.

1112. Manholes {BR-2170(1) Art - 0215}. A manhole with a bolted or otherwise fixed cover
bears the marking of the compartment to which it gives access, since this may be from the deck
above or through a bulkhead. A manhole in a hatch is not marked but is referred to a “MANHOLE
IN HATCH’ followed by the marking of the hatch in which it is cut.

4P
4P

MAN HOLE IN
HATCH

1113. Trunks {BR-2170(1) Art - 0215}. A trunk is marked with the deck number of the top
hatch or door and the deck number and compartment letter (s) of the lowest compartment to which
the trunk leads. This applies to the whole trunk and is shown in each separate watertight part. Each
hatch in the trunk and any intermediate access door is marked with its own deck number and with
deck number and compartment letter (s) of the bottom in the trunk. In addition the word ‘TRUNK’ is
marked on the top hatch and each intermediate one.

Example of Trunk Marking

1/5C - It is the ventilation marking.

1 – Starting Deck number
5C – Finishing Compartment location marking

59
1114. Ventilation Systems {BR-2170(1) Art - 0218}. Each ventilation system is marked by a
number, a large capital letter and a two-figure number. The first number is the number of the deck
on which the fan is sited, the large capital letter denotes the main water tight section containing the
fan, and the two-figure number indicates the position of the fan in that main watertight section, e.g.
11 is the first fan on the STBD side, 13 is the second fan on the STBD side, 12 is the first fan on the
PORT side, 14 is the second fan on the PORT side and so on. The two-figure number is used to
prevent confusion with deck numbering. The explanation of the ventilation system 3C11 is that it is
supplied by a fan situated at the STBD forward end of ‘C’ section on 3 deck.

Example for Ventilation Marking

3G12 - It is the ventilation marking 4F17 - It is the ventilation marking

3 – Deck no 4 – Deck no
G – Main section F – Main section
12 – Fan on port side 17 – Fan on stbd side

1115. Method of Marking {BR-2170(1) Art - 0221}. The marking are generally in the form
of embossed tallies, applied with an impact adhesives:

a. In Compartments. 75 mm figures & capital letters for the deck number &
section letter & 50 mm figures & capital letters for the remainder. The tallies are placed so
that they are visible from all entrances to the compartment, more than one tally being used if
necessary.

b. Doors, hatches, Manholes and sea cocks. 25 mm figures & capital letters for the
deck number & section letter, & 20 mm capital letters & figures for the remainder. The
words PORT, AFT and so on, when needed, are in 25 mm capital letters. Doors and hatches
are marked in both sides, doors near the corner of the hinged edge.

c. Ventilation Fittings. 25 mm figures & capital letters for the deck number,
section letter & system number & 20 mm capital letter for the remainder, when needed, for
the identification of fan starters, closures and flaps.

1116. Compartment below Markings {BR-2170(1) Art - 0224}.These indicate the names of

60
compartments to which a hatchway gives access and are generally painted on a near bulkhead above
the hatch, e.g

Compartments Below

SRE Compartments

TV Studio

A/C Machinery Compt

Sewage Plant

1117. Contents Circles {BR-2170(1) Art - 0225}. These indicate, within the RED ZONE, the
number and types of all openings within a watertight compartment or group of compartments to
which a watertight door or hatch gives access, for the guidance of man responsible for shutting
them.

2H 2 Hatches

1V 1 Ventilation valve or closure

1D 1 Door

2M 2 Miscellaneous openings

1118. Traffic Routes {BR-2170(1) Art - 0228}. When necessary or desirable, black arrows are
used to indicate routes in passageways or through doors or hatches.

TRAFFIC ROUTES
1119. First Aid Posts {BR-2170(1) Art - 0229}. This is indicated by a RED CROSS and
the letters F.A.P., an arrow being added where necessary to indicate direction. The designation of
the F.A.P., e.g. its number, or section letter, or forward or aft may be added as requisite.

+ F. A. P

61
1120. Cleansing Posts {BR-2170(1) Art - 0230}. These are indicated by the words
‘CLEANSING POSTS’ in orange, an arrow being added where necessary to indicate direction.

CLEANSING POST

1121. Escape Markings {BR-2170(1) Art - 0231}. In all cases the presence of escape
hatches and scuttles must be indicated on adjacent structure in the compartment from which escape
is intended to be made by the application of a PHOTO LUMINESCENT ESCAPE marking. A
PHOTO LUMINESCENT ARROW marking is to be sited adjacent to the ESCAPE marking to
indicate the direction of escape.

ESCAP
E

WATERTIGHT & GASTIGHT INTEGRITY CONDITIONS

CONTROL MARKINGS
1122. Introduction {BR-2170(1) Art - 0501}. Resistance on flooding depends on watertight
integrity; protection against NBC contamination from entering a ship depends on gastight integrity.
Both, in turn, depend on:

a. Continuous maintenance & routine checks, including air testing, to ensure the
watertight & gastight efficiency of bulkheads & decks & the fittings that pierce them.

b. Disciplinary control of all doors, hatches, ventilation valves & other openings.
1123. Control Markings {BR-2170(1) Art - 0513}. There are two types of control
markings:
a. Watertight Control {BR-2170(1) Art - 0513}. The main watertight control
markings are:

(1) X (X-Ray) in black on doors & hatches, when affect watertight integrity.

(2) Y (Yankee) required generally only the red zone.

(3) Z (Zulu) in black on similar openings to above. Required

generally only outside the red zone.

b. Gastight Control {BR-2170(1) Art - 0516}. The markings used for gastight
control serve also to denote gastight risk. Gastight control is exercised by the assumption
of condition ALFA, which is superimposed on the watertight condition (Z or Y) as
required. The rules for the use of gastight control markings are letters A, M & R (Orange
colour).

1124. Rules for W/T & G/T Control Markings {BR-2170(1) Art - 0517}. Observance of
the rules for the control of watertight & gastight openings is the responsibility of ALL
PERSONNEL, & they must be continually aware of which watertight & gastight condition is in
force & also of the requirements of each condition. The rules of the control markings are:

62
 a. ‘X’ SHUT IN ALL W/T CONDITION. To be opened only be permission. If
required to be kept open a sentry must be posted or other arrangements made for the opening
to be shut instantly on order or a MBLO disc must be used.

b. ‘Y’ SHUT IN W/T CONDITIONS Y & Z. Open in condition X. When shut

may normally be opened for passage or use but must be immediately shut again. If required
to be kept open in conditions Y & Z the rules for X openings apply.

c. ‘Z’ SHUT IN W/T CONDITION Z. Open in condition X & Y. When shut rules
as for Y openings only.

d. ‘A’ SHUT IN G/T CONDITION A. When gastight condition A is in force,

openings so marked are not to be opened without specific permission form HQ1.

e. ‘M’ In condition A only, openings so marked are under the control of the user
department. User department must ensure that the order regarding their M openings are clear
and fully understood by their department.

f. ‘R’ Fittings or equipment so marked must continue to run or remain open for re-
circulation.

1125. W/T & G/T Condition {BR-2170(1) Art - 0525}. Watertight conditions are
normally used as shown below, but this not precludes the Command from ordering a higher
condition when it is deemed to be necessary. Watertight condition governs the watertight integrity
of the ship & since there is always a threat to watertight integrity, there is always a watertight
condition in force. The condition ordered depends on the calculated risk of damage & to facilitate
ship's routine & habitability should always be the lower condition consistent with the risk.
Watertight conditions are normally used as shown below:

a. In Peace

Condition X X Openings shut Harbour & normal cruising

Condition Y X & Y Openings shut Dangerous circumstances (eg
Navigational hazards, exercises)
Condition Z X, Y & Z Openings shut As required
b. In War
Condition Y X & Y Openings shut Harbour & normal cruising
Condition Z X, Y & Z Openings shut Action or relaxed action
1126. May Be Left Open – Discs {BR-2170(1) Art - 0514}. Watertight control can be
exercised by the use of ‘MAY BE LEFT OPEN’ discs, the purpose of which is indicated on the
disc.

a. May Be Left Open: To be used on certain openings which would normally

be shut in a particular watertight condition but which may need to be open for periods
without being attended, eg a door which provides passage in almost continuous used by day
but which can be shut at night, or a hatch in frequent use during working hours. The disc
should bear the words ‘MAY BE LEFT OPEN’ the control marking of the opening and the
condition(s) for which it is authorized.

b. May Be Left Open in action: Openings (generally a few) which would be

normally be shut but may need to be open & possibly remain open for action purposes
should have a disc hung or screwed on, not covering the control marking, & bearing the
words 'MAY BE LEFT OPEN IN ACTION'.
c. May Be Left Open Man Below: Hatches (and some doors) that need to be open
during the course of routine (round) inspection by the use of a disc bearing the words 'MAY
BE LEFT OPEN MAN BELOW'. The disc is issued to the department concerned & is to
be hung on the top hatch (or door) when rounds of the space commences & removed when
rounds are complete when the hatch (es)/door(s) are shut.

1127. W/T Control Qualifying Symbols {BR-2170(1) Art- 0515}. The only qualifying
symbols used in conjunction with watertight control are:

63
 a. 2 Clips. On doors & hatches where the normal volume of traffic makes full
clipping impracticable, it may also be used on openings selected as routes to shelter
positions. The openings to be so marked are declared by ship's officers. All clips are to be
kept put on in emergency.

b. Vent 2-Clips/Vent no Clips. Required in some ships on venting routes form

magazines. The openings to be so marked are decided by the ship department.

1128. Red Zone. The area of the ship which extends from the keel to somewhere above the
deep waterline, rising higher at the ends & in a broad ship at the sides.

RISK MARKINGS
1129. W/T Risk {BR-2170(1) Art- 0505}. A ship sustaining major underwater damage
will either sink very quickly or if the first hour is survived & good damage control is exercised be
saved. The flooding than can be related to the increase in draught, heel & trim for such damage
occurring at different places in the ship.

1130. Red Risk Marking {BR-2170(1) Art- 0507}. Opening to all compartments within the
red zone are deemed to be, when open, of immediate risk to watertight integrity. All such openings
are known as 'RED OPENINGS' & are marked in red - on a door or hatch by a red triangle across
the upper corner farthest/opposite form the hinges.
1131. G/T risk {BR-2170(1) ART- 0508 & 0509}. Any opening or fitting which is deemed
to be, when open, a risk to gastight integrity must be marked with an orange letter 'A' or one of the
alternative gastight control markings (M or R) as required for specific use. Openings & fittings are
to be marked with only ONE of the following ORANGE gastight markings in addition to any
watertight risk/control marking.

'A' Shut in condition A, on openings affecting all citadel & gas free boundaries.

'M' In condition A, opening & fittings so marked are under the control of the user
department.

'R' Openings or fittings need to be opened or run/continue to run for recirculation in

condition A
CITADEL IN
CITADEL OUT
CLEANSING STATION
SHELTER
SUB CITADEL
SUB CITADEL IN
SUB CITADEL OUT
OPEN IN ALFA

64
 CHAPTER – 12

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NBCDO, ANBCDO, NBCPO, DCO &

INCHARGE MAIN GROUP

1201. NBCD Officer (NBCDO) {BR-2170 (1) Art – 1030}. In large ship where no officer is
appointed specially for NBCD duties he is to be known as the NBCD Officer & will assist the
Executive Officer and provide professional advice on the fire fighting, damage control & NBC
matters to other HODs in the discharge of their NBCD responsibilities circumstances of high risk
his place of duty is in HQ1. His principle duties are:

a. To produce NBCD standing orders including those for the various state of readiness
& to check that department regulations maintain accurate departmental watch bills.

b. To arrange & supervise all NBCD training programmes and exercise, in support of
relevant HODs.

c. The overall organization of NBCD personnel & equipment throughout the ship.

d. To direct the organization for maintaining water and gas tight integrity in the
different NBCD conditions & the arrangements for closing down the ship.

e. The organization & training of HQ1, NBCD watch keepers, maintenance of the
ordered water & gas tight condition & the control of keys (except to magazines in the
security condition).

f. Monitoring the maintenance of all NBCD markings.

g. Monitoring the correct stowage & readiness of NBCD equipment, except that for
which the NBCPO or Medical Officer is responsible.

1202. Action NBCDO {BR-2170 (1) Art – 1010}. The action NBCDO is responsible to the
Commanding Officer for:

a. Taking overall charge of the sec, at state -1, during emergencies in States-2 and
State- 3 and when hazardous circumstances dictate (e. g. Special Sea Duty men).

b. Reacting to command directives and priorities.

c. Informing the command of all matters which affect the availability of the ship as a
weapons platform, advising on the implications of incidents and defects, and recommending
priorities for repairs. Areas covered to include.

(1) Propulsion systems.

(2) Ships services.
(3) Services to weapons, aircraft and sensors. (Except where a WE or Air
Department responsibility)
(4) Hull structure.
(5) Watertight and gastight integrity.
(6) Stability.
(7) Firefighting and Damage Control.
(8) NBC collective protection.

(9) Casualties.

d. Co-ordinating the activities of and giving priorities and direction to the SCC team,
i.e.

(1) The DCO.

(2) The propulsion supervisor.
(3) The electrical supervisor and

65
 (4) Redeploying resources between them ego Mobile Repair Party.

e. Giving priorities and direction to officers in charge of self-contained NBCD Sections

and co-ordinate their activities with that of the SCC team.

f. Liaising with the WEO on the interface between DC and ME activities and warfare
teams quarters crews, monitoring and decontamination teams, cleansing personnel and the
Weapon Repair Party.

g. Monitoring reports from the XO when roving and recommend incidents to visit.

h. Authorizing the use of non-automatic fixed firefighting and flooding systems and co-
ordinate stability counter-measures.

j. Recommending to the command changes in the N8CD state of Readiness to deal

with peacetime emergencies if the incident is beyond the capability of watch keepers or the
SSEP.

k. Authorizing any deletions to incident boards.

1203. NBC Protection Officer (NBCPO) {BR-2170 (1) Art – 1040}. The NBCPO is
normally to be the DWEO (Deputy Weapon Electrical Officer) although in large ships another WE
Officer may be nominated by the Command. The duties of NBCPO are:

a. Advising the Command through the WEO on all NBC defense matters, viz.

(1) Assisting the PWO on the interpretation of NBC related intelligence.

(2) Assisting the Navigating Officer with the preparation & interpretation of
NBC reports.

(3) Advising the Command through the WEO on appropriate NBC protection
matters.

(4) Advising the Command through the WEO on monitoring & de-contamination
procedure.

(5) Advising the Command through on the NBC risk taking philosophy.

b. Directing the activities of the NBC incidents & recommending responses & reactions
to them.

c. Carrying out the duties of the Ships Radiation Safety Officer (RSO).

d. The production & amending of the NBC protection sections of the ships NBCD
orders.

66
1204. Supply Officer (DCO) {BR-2170 (1) Art – 1028}. The supply Officer is responsible to the
commanding Officer for:

a. carrying the NBCD duties Of a Head Of the department for the supply department.

b. Being the damage control Officer (DCO) expects where and Officer is appointed
specially for NBCD duties.

c. As DCO assisting MEO in HQi1, when closed up in an emergency at state:2& 3.

d. The special provision of food when the situation precludes normal feeding
arrangement.

e. The custody, provision and re-supply of Naval and victualing stores at all states of
readiness, including arrangements of emergency-supply together With the:

(1) Protection of stores from damage or contamination.

(2) Dispersal of stores.
(3) Stowage of stores in order to allow access to bulkheads or ships sides and to
minimize fire and flooding risks.
(4) Custody and stowage of IPE and NBC stores expect those in the change of WE or
medial staff.
(5) Issue of IPE and when required clean clothing at cleansing stations.

f. Co-ordinating the training of action first aid party personnel in support of medical
staff.

g. Co-ordinatlng the training of cleansing station crews.

h. Co-ordinating the whole ships training program in respect of individual NBC

personnel protection measures and procedures.

1205. In charge Main Group {BR-2170(1) Art-3109, 3110 & BR- 4007 Art- 0410}. On hearing
the alarm he should proceed immediately to a safe position as close as possible to SOF. In order to
appraise the situation and to ensure that an effective initial attack is being made on the fire. In
charge main group should have a thorough knowledge on:

a. Ships layout
b. All routes, entry & exit from compartments
c. Fixed fire fighting installations (Engine Room)
d. Fire Fighting Organization
e. Relevant chapter of BR-2170 (1) and Ships NBCD Orders.
 

f. The In charge main group should supervise:

(1) Hose running plan (incl lengths of hoses)

(2) Type of nozzles to be used.

g. The In charge main group should be guided by the following

principles:

(1) Fire fighter and water wall hoses must be run from separate hydrants.
(2) Where not possible, fire fighter hose may be taken from ‘Y’ piece including a
boundary cooling hose.
(3) Hose length should be sufficient to allow the fire fighters to reach all parts of
a compartment

67
 h. In charge main group must establish the nature of the fire and if there is a
possibility that it is a fuel/ oil fire he must ensure that:

(1) The fire-fighting medium is AFFF/ CO2 system (fixed).

(2) FB5X branch pipe is used, in conjunction with an inline
inductor, if appropriate

(3) Sufficient replenishment drums of AFFF are provided. (A 20 litre drum last
approximately 60 seconds when using of FB5X).
(4) The In charge main group must ensure that HQ1 is kept informed of the
current situation by giving regular situation reports (SITREPS).
(5) The In charge main group must continue to direct the main group attack on
the fire. If the LAFB arrive and take over the fire fighting task, the in charge main
group remain at the FCP and:

(i) Liaison with the LAFB.

(ii) Keeps the OOD informed of the current situation.
(iii) Assisting his over ship safety function.

68
 CHAPTER – 13

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS, BASIC ELECTRIC SAFETY, ISOLATION OF A

VICTIM FROM ELECTRICAL CONTACT

1301. Electrical Hazard. Electricity brings with it inherent dangers, these obviously
increase in a metal structure such as a ship and in the presence of water. Personnel operating and
maintaining electrical equipment should therefore exercise great care. The articles in this chapter
describe the procedures to be followed with electrical equipment. These rules should be applied
rigorously for maximum safety and to ensure that safe practices become habitual.

a. Electricity is inherently dangerous. Currents of a few milliamps will cause muscular

contraction. Currents in excess of one milliamps may cause an involuntary reaction
with consequently injuries. Currents of 10(Ten) milliamp and over may prevent a person
releasing his hold from the current carrying device.

b. Any Voltage exceeding 50V dc or 35V ac is considered to be dangerous shocks

from voltages below 50Vac are not normally fatal but server burning can occur
which may cause extreme physical shock and subsequent death.

c. The effective body resistance under normal conditions may vary from 2500ohms
with a touch voltage of 25 to 640ohms for touch voltages in excess of 250V. It will
be lower if the skin is damp.

1302. Basic Electric Safety.

a. Electricity is safe until you forget it is dangerous.

b. Electrical/electronic equipment must be earthed.

c. Continuity of earthing strap/ line should be checked periodically.

d. Do not open cover of live equipment.

e. Before holding soldering iron, assume that the iron is hot. Never test it by touching.
Ensure iron is earthed.

f. Never leave electrical contact exposed.

g. Never shake or push a person working on electric ckt.

h. Do not work in electric circuit, under rain or watered area.

j. Never handle the tools in loose hand.

k. Report your In charge about the commencing and completion of work.

l. Do not involve in electrical work till you are not expert.

m. Never work alone in electrical circuit if it is live.

1303. Isolation of a Victim from Electrical Contact. Remove the victim from the electrical
contact at once but DO NOT ENDANGER YOUR SELF. SHOUT FOR HELP IF REQUIRED.

a. Do not touch the victim with bare hand if he/she is still in contact with the current
carrying conductor.

b. Free the victim by SWITCH OFF, if the switch is near by.

c. Drag the victim by his clothes (if dry) or dry wooden stick. You may be use dry
bamboo, hard paper, rope, leather belt, coat, blanket or any other non-conductor (Hessian,
canvas cloth) etc.

d. By cutting the cable or wires with insulated handle apparatus.

69
e. Determine whether the victim is breathing. If so, keep him lying down in a
comfortable position. Loose the clothing about his neck, chest, and abdomen. Protect him
from exposure to cold.

f. If the patient is not breathing, do not take him to be dead to give artificial respiration
for 3 hours or more if necessary.

g. Do not leave him alone. Send another person to call for a doctor or send him to
hospital immediately.

h. Never give drink to a conscious man/ patient.

70
 CHAPTER – 14

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN CASE OF FIRE AND DAMAGE,

ISOLATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER, CRASH STOP VENTILATION

1401. Protection of Electrical Equipment In Case of Fire and Damage

a. Cause of Electric Fire. The most probable causes of electrical fires are:

(1) Excess overheating of components due to overloading or high

contact resistances on breakers, switches, fuses etc.

(2) Insulation breakdown.

(3) Short circuit or severe overloading resulting in fusing or arcing.

b. Safety of Electric Equipment in case of Fire and Damage.

(1) Switch OFF, isolate equipment if possible.

(2) Discharge CO2 extinguisher into inside of equipment in direction of fire.

(3) If fire does not subside, use AFFF extinguisher to cool outside of equipment
whilst removing cover plates.

(4) Attack seat of the fire with AFFF extinguisher.

Note: Care must be taken to ensure that water does not enter electrical equipment
when boundary cooling is taking place, Suitable material such as rubber sheeting or
polythene, should always be available to cover non watertight equipment if this becomes
necessary.

1402. Isolation of Electric Power.

a. Precautions when working on Dead Equipment. When Work is

carried out on Dead Equipment isolate the equipment by following procedure:

(1) Isolate the equipment as per instruction.

(2) Check the equipment with a voltage tester between phases and between each
phase and earth to ensure that it is correctly isolated.

(3) Ensure that capacitors associated with the equipment are fully discharged, if
necessary shorting straps should be fitted to prevent recharging.

b. Precautions when Working on Live Equipment. Work on live equipment (as

defined in the note) should only be carried out if the responsible Engineer Officer is satisfied
that there is no alternative and that the persons involved have been properly trained and
briefed. A second trained man should always be present when work on ‘Live’ equipment is
undertaken. The following minimum precautions should be taken:

(1) Avoid all direct contact with any circuit and /or component, which may be
electrically energized.

(2) Ensure that no direct contact is made with any earthed metal by inadvertently
touching a bulkhead or holding handrails, drawer handles etc. If possible work with
on hand in a pocket.

(3) Use insulated tools confirm the insulation of tools is good.

(4) Ensure that a second man standing by is familiar with shock procedures
resuscitation methods (art 0403), can remove a man from electrical contact safely,
and knows where the isolating switch is located.

(5) Take particular care that tools or test equipment do not cause a short circuit.

71
 (6) Wear India rubber gloves (Art 05078 Para 4 ) where practicable, check them
visually for faults.

(7) Wear insulative overshoes or stand on a rubber mat. Shoes and rubber boots
alone should not be relied upon to provide insulation as the rubber used in their
manufacture contains carbon black, which can make them conductive. Insulative
overshoes should be examined for signs of deterioration or damage before use; the
overshoes should be removed as soon as work on live equipment has ceased.

(8) Conductive wrist straps to obviate electrostatic hazards are not to be worn if
the voltages present on the exposed equipment exceed 440 V. Where wrist straps are
worn they are always to be checked visually before use and the resistive grounding
cord checked electrically for continuity and resistance. The cord is to have a
resistance of between 0.9 and 1.1 M ohm when tested with a multimeter NSN 6625-
99-593-4008, or alternatively, the resistance between the body and earth should be
between I meg ohm and 10 meg ohms when checked with a wrist strap monitor
(B108).

Note:
1. Work on ‘Live equipment should not be allowed if there is violent movement
on the ship.

2. The term ‘Live’ equipment in this context should be taken to mean energized
equipment where the removal of covers or protection has made it possible for live
conductors to be touched accidentally by:

a. A misjudgment on the part of the maintainer.

b. Inadvertent movement of the ship or man

c. A non-insulating tool slipping and making contact.

1403. Crash stop ventilation.

a. All switchboard watch keepers should beard in mind that when crash stop ventilation
is piped they must open the breakers for the ventilation motors immediately and close the
breakers after a pause of 05 seconds. It is important that action should be taken so that it will
facilitate damage control parties to fight the fire.

b. If a fire warning is given the first person to close up at the switch boards should
OPEN GENERAL VENTILATION BREAKERS ONLY, pause 05 seconds and re-close
the breakers.

c. Ensure that ventilation feeder breakers are marked for ease of identification.

Note: Detailed knowledge of the compartments served by the various tubes of ventilation
systems cannot be expected of any individual. It is recommended that a copy of the ships ventilation
state board be available in the duty senior WE ratings pack in the event that he or his men may be
called upon to assist with the control of ventilation.

72
 CHAPTER – 15

EMERGENCY SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT DURING FIRE AND DAMAGE

1501. Emergency supply arrangement during fire and damage. Emergency supplies
are distributed in two ways. Either via portable flexible cables normally run along the
communications deck, thus giving relatively free fore and aft access for repair parties or by hard
wired system supplied from an emergency (salvage) generator via an emergency switchboard to a
number of ship’s vital services eg. HPSW pumps, steering gear and emergency portable pump
sockets. In some classes of ships it can be a combination of these two methods. These cables are
never to be rigged until required in an action/damage situation, unless ordered by HQ1 or their
designate. In some ships, where there are passageways on both sides of the communication deck,
facilities are provided for port and starboard systems.

In some ships with a large number of decks, a provision is made for emergency supply
system to be run on two deck levels; the communication deck and one other. Permanent cables are
run to these decks from generators and switchboards. Where emergency cable runs are required to
pass through watertight bulkhead, special through bulkhead connection boxes are provided.
When normal lighting fails, the provision of emergency lighting for repair parties and others
to carry out their duties are of paramount importance. Various items of equipment, details of which
are in BR 2170(3), are provided for this purpose. The principle items are:

a. Moulded strip lighting circuits, which can be connected to a source of 115 V

emergency, supplies.

b. 115 V flood lights.

c. Portable battery operated lights.

73
 CHAPTER- 16
DISCUSSION ON NBC, NBC EQUIPMENT, AFU, PREWETTING SYSTEM &
CLEANSING STATION

NUCLEAR

1601. Introduction. For nuclear weapons, the release of nuclear energy in amounts sufficient to
cause an explosion requires that the reaction should be able to sustain itself once it has started. Two
artificially induced nuclear reactions that satisfy the conditions for the production of great amounts
of energy in a very short interval of time are Fission and Fusion.

1602. Weapon Yield. The sum of the energies of blast, shock, thermal and nuclear radiation from
a nuclear weapon, is expressed in terms of the weight of Trinitrotoluene (T.N.T) equivalent and are
expressed as: -

1000 ton is called Kiloton (KT)

1000000 ton is called Megaton (MT)
where the ton referred to as the American ton of 2000 lbs. and the energy content of the TNT is
taken as 4.2 x 106 Joules/kg.

1603. Types of Bursts.

a. Air Burst. An airburst is one where the detonation is at such a height that the
fireball does not sensibly interact with the surface. This height can be determined by the
following approximate expression: -

H = 55 x W0.4 where,
H is the minimum height in meters for negligible local fallout
W is the yield of the weapon in kilotons (Fig. 4.1).

GROUND ZERO

Fig 4.1 Energy Release from an Air Burst

b. Example of Air Burst. To qualify as an air burst, a 1 KT weapon must be detonated

at least 60 m above the surface, a 1 MT weapon at least 960 m and a 50 MT at least 4400 m.

74
c. Surface Burst. Where the point of burst is on the surface or near enough
above, for it to be involved with the fireball, this is termed as Surface Burst. Surface bursts
are categorized depending on whether the explosion is over the land or the sea. Over the
land, the burst is called a Ground Surface Burst, and over the sea or water a Sea Surface
Burst (Fig 4.2).

Fig 4.2 Energy Release from a Surface Burst

d. Underground Burst. When the point of burst is below the land surface, it is called
as Underground Burst. They are further categorized as follows:
(1) Shallow Underground Burst. These are indistinguishable from surface burst
because a fireball, the size of which depend on the yield and depth of burst, will be
produced above ground (Fig. 4.3).
(2) Deep Underground Burst. These produce a huge gas bubble which,
depending on their yield and depth of burst, may not vent through to the surface.

Fig 4.3 Energy Release from a Shallow Underground Burst

e. Underwater (Subsurface) Burst. When the point of burst is below the sea surface
it is called Underwater Burst. They are categorized as follows: -

75
 (1) Shallow Underwater Burst. These are indistinguishable from surface burst
because the fireball, the size of which depends upon the yield and depth of burst, will
be produced above the surface.

(2) Deep Underwater Burst. This fireball is quickly quenched, becoming an

enormous Steam bubble accompanied by a very powerful shock wave, instead of
blast.

1604. Characteristics of Nuclear Explosions. The energy released during a nuclear explosion
transfers itself to the surrounding media immediately and manifests as four distinct effects which
are as follows: -

a. Flash A nuclear explosion is first observed as an intensely bright flash of light

caused by the extremely high temperature developed by the explosion.

b. Heat or Thermal Radiation. Heating effects result, as objects in the surrounding

area absorb thermal energy released by the burst.
c. Blast or Shock. Mechanical shock affects are produced by a high-pressure wave as
it travels outwards from the burst.

d. Nuclear Radiation. Ionising effects (process by which a neutral atom or molecule

acquires a positive or negative charge) on material/men are produced when nuclear
radiations emitted by the burst is absorbed by it.

1605. Properties of Radiations.

a. Alpha Particles. (α): An alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons and
it is identical to the nucleus of a Helium atom.

238 —————> He4 + Th234 + energy

92U 2 90
(Uranium) (Helium) (Thorium)
b. Properties of Alpha Particles. They are as follows: -
(1) They travel at a speed approximately one tenth of the speed of light.
(2) They cause ionization when they pass through any matter.
(3) They are less penetrating and they can be stopped even by thin sheet of paper.
(4) They cause luminescence when they strike Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) screen and
they affect photographic plates.
(5) The maximum range of alpha particles is about 0.1 m.

c. Beta Particles. (β) . These are electrons with either negative or positive
charges. Since electrons are not constituents of the nucleus, it is believed that they are
created and ejected from the nucleus in a radioactive transformation as follows: -
1 1 0 -
0 n ———> 1p + -1e (n/p ratio high) < > β decay

1 1 0 +
1p ————> 0n + +1e (n/p ratio low) < > β decay

Beta (+) emission is not as common as beta (-) emission. The daughter product from beta (+)
or beta (-) emission has the same mass number but a different atomic number.

d. Properties of Beta Particles. They are as follows: -

(1) They are high-speed electrons with either beta (+) or beta (-) charge and have
velocity approximately to the speed of light.

(2) They have range of few meters in air depending upon their
energy.

76
 (3) Like alpha particles they ionize matter, but the ionization is less intense.

(4) Beta particles are comparatively easily absorbed in matter; their penetrating
power depends mainly on their energy and the density of the absorbed.

e. Gamma Rays. (γ). Gamma rays (or gamma photons) are a form of electromagnetic
radiation in the high-energy range of an electromagnetic spectrum. The parent element is not
changed by emission of a gamma radiation.

e.g. 82Pb204 —————> 0γ 0 + 82Pb204 + energy

(Lead) (Lead)

f. Properties of Gamma Rays. They are as follows: -

(1) They are identical in nature with X-rays except for their origin (X-rays
originate from the orbital structure of an atom whereas the gamma rays originate
from the nucleus).

(2) They have very high penetrating power.

g. They have very weak ionizing power compared to alpha and beta particles. They
however cause indirect ionization by losing energy to the atom of the matter through which
they pass by one of the following three ways: -

(1) By Photoelectric effect. (Transfer of all energy).

(2) By Compton effect. (Transfer of part of its energy).
(3) By pair production. (Disappearance in the vicinity of the nucleus).

1606. Introduction of Radiac Instrument. Detection of nuclear radiation except at the

very highest intensities is not immediately possible by any of the senses. They are a danger to health
in the short or long term and therefore instruments are needed to detect them and measure the
hazard they present. The four main types of nuclear radiations that will cause some degree of
ionization (directly or indirectly) in any medium are:

a. Alpha particles

b. Beta particles

c. Gamma rays or photons

d. Neutrons

77
1607. Radiac Instrument.
a. Quartz Fiber Dosimeter (QFD). If a charged capacitor is placed across the
electrodes, any ionization in the chamber will discharge the capacitor to an extent in direct
proportion to the ions collected. Thus the loss of charge on the capacitor at any time is a
measure of the ionization that has occurred in the chamber since the instrument was charged.

b. Survey Meters. These instruments read dose rate in Roentgens/hour or Rads/hour.

These are used for area monitoring after nuclear fallout. An attachment known as ‘Beta
Window’ is used for beta measurement. Efforts are on to equip all the ships with
indigenously manufactured survey meters. (Fig 5.5)

Fig 5.5 Handheld Survey Meter

c. Ship Installed Radiac System. The Ship Installed Radiac System comprises an
above deck detector assembly, a number of between deck detector assemblies, water activity
detectors, indicating units and a power unit. (Fig. 5.6). The Ship Installed Radiac System
(SIRS) provides early warning and an assessment of the hazards from:

(1) Direct gamma radiation from a nuclear weapon burst including contribution
to the total dose from the neutron ‘flash’ radiation.

(2) Gamma emitting radioactive fall-out on and around the ship.

(3) Fall-out and induced radioactive contamination in the sea.

With this information the SIRS readings can be plotted in order to predict the cessation of
fallout, effective countermeasures can be taken and in addition, the command is provided
with a full appreciation of the radiological hazard. The readings obtained from the various
display units are: -
(1) High level dose rate (HLDR) - (.1 – 9.99) mGy/hr

(2) Low level dose rate (LLDR) - (0.01 – 9.99) mGy/hr

(3) Total dose (TD) - Range 0 to 999999 mGy

(4) Water activity level (WA) - micro curies/litre

78
 BIOLOGICAL

1608. Introduction. A biological agent is any living organism, which can be used to produce
disease or death in an enemy, his animals or his crops.

1609. Classification. The following types of biological agents could be employed as weapons of
war:
a. Micro-organisms. The great majority of biological agents are in this
group, but not all microorganisms are pathogenic (i.e. disease causing). There are five
primary groups of micro organism among which a biological agent is likely to be drawn.
They are as follows:

(1) Fungi
(2) Protozoa
(3) Bacteria
(4) Rickettsiae
(5) Viruses

b. Toxins. These are poisonous substances of organic origin, which are produced by
some microorganisms, animals and plants. Antitoxins are available commercially and are
used to counteract their poisonous effects. Toxins are difficult to produce and store, and
their use as weapons of war is unlikely but their potential is great and the onset of their
effects is rapid.
c. Disease Vectors. These are animals or insects, e.g. flies, fleas, rats, dogs and birds,
which transfer ineffective agents from one host to another. Many human and plant diseases
are known to be transmitted by these means.
d. Pests. These are living organisms that interfere with the health of other organisms.

1610. Advantages. Biological agents have certain advantages, which make them useful as
weapons of war. These include:
a. Coverage. Large areas can be covered.
b. Material Damage. There is no destruction or damage to equipment or
material.
c. Cost. They are cheap when compared with nuclear or conventional weapons.
d. Flexibility. It is theoretically possible to cause many causalities with no deaths or
alternatively, agents producing high mortality could be used.
e. Detection and Identification. Due to the incubation period there is a time lag
before the victim knows he has been infected. Detection before infectious contact has been
made is difficult and the identification of the particular agent may take a considerable time.
f. Epidemic Spread. Once biological infection is initiated there is a possibility that it
will spread by normal contagious processes. There are no lasting effects unless they are
specifically required, when spore-forming organisms could be used.

1611. Entry into the Body. An agent may enter the body by any of three routes (or ideally by all
of them). These routes are ingestion, injection and inhalation.

1612. Dissemination. Biological agents must be disseminated in the liquid or solid state. To be
more effective against man, the agent is best converted into an aerosol so that a wide area is
covered.

1613. Methods of Attack. Attack by biological agent is either overt or covert. An overt attack
could be made by any of the methods, usually with accepted weapons. Covert attacks could be
made before or after the actual outbreak of hostilities and would include unusual sabotage methods.

79
The implications of such clandestine attacks before active hostilities pose a serious problem in
security. Biological agents would normally be delivered by:
a. Airborne Methods. Aircraft or missiles releasing an aerosol cloud of agent, or
releasing the agent in canisters, bomb lets or rockets.
b. Ground Methods. Aerosol generators or sprays.
c. Sea borne Methods. Aerosol generators or sprays from surface ships, submarines,
floating mines or ship-borne missiles.

1614. Defence against Biological Agents. Personal cleanliness and general good health decrease
the effectiveness of biological agents. The body’s natural ability to overcome infection depends
upon three things of an individual viz., the state of skin or mucous membranes, cellular defence and
blood defence. However, protection of population can be ensured to a greater degree by observing
the following:
a. A high standard of personal and public hygiene.
b. Inoculations are possible against some diseases (the problem is to know which ones
to inoculate against).
c. Isolation of infected people, animals or crops.
d. The appropriate treatment of the disease.
e. By closing down to Zulu Alfa, under conditions of darkness in a time of BW threat
and this may mean every night in a war situation.
Note. A NBC respirator does give full protection to the breathing passages.

CHEMICAL

1615. Definition. A chemical substance which is intended for use in military operations to kill,
seriously injure or incapacitate man through its physiological effects. Excluded from consideration
are riot control agents, herbicides, smoke and flame. Agents are generally classified by their action
on the body as given in Table 7.1:

80
 Ser. Agent Type Code Common Name Persist-ency
(a) Lethal Nerve GA Tabun SP
GB Sarin NP
GD Soman NP
GF -- P
VX -- P
Blood AC Hydrogen Cynide NP
CK Cynogen Chloride NP
Choking Cl2 Chlorine SP/NP
COCl2 Phosgene NP
COCl2 -COCl2 Di-phosgene NP
(b) Damaging in Blister H Mustard P
colder climates HT H with additive T P
to lethal in hot HL H with Lewisite P
climate CX Phosgene Oxime P
(c) Psychome LSD Lysergic Acid Di- NP
mitic / ethyl amide
Mental BZ Qui-nuclidinyl- NP
Incapacitating Benzilate
Irritants CN, CS, CR Tear Gas group NP
Vomiting DM Adam site NP

Table 7.1

Note. Nerve and blister agents can be thickened with a polymer such as Perspex to reduce the rate
of vaporization and allow dispersion from heights up to 2000 m.
1616. Methods of Attack. Any weapon designed to deliver a conventional explosive for nuclear
load could be used to deliver a chemical agent. The following methods are possible:
a. Airburst bombs or missiles warheads, enveloping the ship in aerosol spray or liquid
droplets. With thickened agent, it is feasible to deliver a burst of up to 2000 meters in the air
and upwind, and the significance of the burst need not be immediately apparent. Aerosol or
droplets sprayed by aircraft or controlled missile.
b. Shell, rocket or missile delivered as a direct hit on the ship with the object of
penetrating the citadel.

1617. Symptoms of Various Agents.

a. Nerve Agents Symptoms – Early.

(1) Unexplained runny nose.

(2) Tightness of chest.
(3) Dimness of vision and difficulty in focusing due to the pinpointing of the
pupils.
(4) Intense frontal headache.
(5) Difficulty in breathing.
b. Later Symptoms – After a heavy does.

(1) Drooling and excessive seating.

(2) Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pains, urination and defecation.

(3) Twitching, jerking and staggering.

(4) Confusion, drowsiness, convulsions.
(5) Cessation of breathing and finally death.
c. Blood Agent Symptoms.
(1) Giddiness, dizziness.
(2) Decreased berating rate.

81
 (3) Headache.
(4) Increased pulse rate, pounding heart.
(5) Lips and skin turn red.
(6) Convulsions.

d. Chocking Group Symptoms.

(1) Irritation of the eyes.

(2) Catching of breath, coughing, chocking and sense of tightness in the chest.

(3) Nausea and vomiting may develop.

(4) Rapid shallow breathing.
(5) Cyanosis.
(6) Painful cough.
(7) Frothy sputum.
(8) Death may occur from fluid build up the lungs.
e. Blister Group Symptoms.

(1) Immediate stinging sensation.

(2) Reddening of the skin within 30 minutes.

(3) Blister appears within 13 hrs.

(4) Immediate searing sensation.
(5) Permanent sight loss may occur if agent gets into eyes use copious amounts
water for washing of eyes.

1618. Defence against Chemical Agents. The aspects of defence against attack by chemical
weapons that need to be considered are:

a. Collective protection based on the maintenance of an effective citadel.

b. Personal protection based on the wearing of a protective suit, gloves, over boots and
the respirator and the aircrew protective assembly.
c. Application of contamination control measures including strict cleansing station
routine to prevent citadel degradation.
d. Commencement of preventive and immediate treatments to counteract the effects of
nerve agent poisoning.
e. Assumption by the Command of defence measures listed in Fleet Operational and
Tactical Instructions, in anticipation of attack in high-risk operations with the assumptions
that all detected flying objects coming towards the ship must be regarded as potential
encapsulated chemical weapons.

1619. Chemical Agent Detection.

a. Safety Rule. Some chemical agents cannot be detected either by the senses
or by automatic means, and confirmed knowledge of their presence may be too late for all
personnel to be warned. The first indication of attack may well be the signs and symptoms
of poisoning appearing in men stationed in exposed positions. For this reason the safety rule
operates. It will be in force whenever there is a possibility of chemical (or biological) attack.
When the chemical safety rule is in force the presence of chemical agents must be assumed
if: -
(1) The ship or area comes under attack.
(2) Hostile low flying aircraft or missiles are sighted.

82
 (3) Mist, smoke, smells, droplets or splashes are observed.
(4) Any of the following symptoms are seen or felt:
(i) Blurring of vision, difficulty in focussing.
(ii) Excessive salivation.
(iii) Sudden headache.
(iv) Tightness of the chest.
(v) Running nose.
(vi) Pinpointing of pupils (in other people)

(5) The chemical alarm is heard.

Note. When the chemical safety rule is brought into force, every man in the ship’s company
will be ordered to take one Oxime tablet and to repeat the dose every eight hours until the
chemical safety rule is relaxed. For the convenience of individuals, or to suit a ship ’s
routine, Oxime may be taken up to one hour either side of the eight-hour period.

1620. Detector Papers. Detector paper(s) are used to detect the presence of liquid chemical
agent(s) by a specified change of colour when even small droplets of agent come into contact with
them. There are two types of detector papers:

a. Three Colour. Which detects and identifies a liquid agent.

(1) No. 1 MK 1. This booklet has a yellow cover with a blue binding
and is supplied in a plastic envelope.

(2) No.1 MK 4. This paper and cover is similar to the No.1 MK 1

paper, but with improved, hi-tack adhesive backing.

b. One Colour. Which only detects the presence of a liquid agent.

1621. Colour Reaction. The colour reactions of the two papers are as follows:

a. Three Colour Paper. This is light pinkish-Grey in colour and reacts to as follows: -

Ser Agent Reaction

1. Blister agent By showing red.
2. Nerve G-agent By showing yellow to orange.
3. Nerve V-agent By showing dark green.
Table 7.2
The colour changes shown on the three-colour paper may be difficult to see from a distance.
b. One Colour Paper. This is Grey in colour and reacts when contamination by a
liquid chemical agent by showing navy-blue. Contamination by liquid training stimulant
(when issued) will have the same effect.
1622. RVD Kit. Residual Vapour Detection (RVD) kit No 1 Mk 1(Fig 6.1) is used for the
detection of nerve, blister, blood agent viz phosgene, mustered gas, ammonia (the training agent),
cyanogens chloride and hydrogen cyanide in the atmosphere in vapour or gaseous for. The kit
consists of following:
a. 60 detector tubes, including tem ammonia tubes for training/ trials.
b. A suction pump.
c. A torch to work in the night.
d. A heating device for sulphur mustard test.
e. S S Spatula.
f. Poker.
g. Re-agent for heating device.

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 h. Re-agent for nerve agent.
j. Instruction for use.

Fig 6.1 Residual Vapour Detector kit

1623. Personal Protection. Personal protection is the term used to describe what an individual
can do to protect him from the effects of nuclear weapons, biological and chemical agents. The
equipment provided for personal protection includes NBC respirators, respirator haversacks and
their contents and NBC protective clothing. Personnel wearing this equipment are said to be
wearing the Individual Protective Equipment (IPE). This chapter gives introductory information on
this equipment and also the NBC personal protection drills.

1624. Respirator NBC. IN Ships are issued with the respirator, NBC S6, commonly known as the
S6 respirator and NBC respirator MM-1. S6 respirator has the canister directly attached to the face
piece and is stowed in a haversack, which can be slung over the shoulder or round the neck. MM-1
respirator has the canister separated from the face piece by a flexible hose. The respirator gives
complete protection against the inhalation of radioactive particles in a nuclear environment. It gives
only limited protection against smoke and none against carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. (Fig.
9.1).

Fig 9.1 NBC Respirator

1625. Haversack. The S6 haversack is of stiffened plasticized canvas with an adjustable
Terelyene sling and a lid secured for securing the haversack to the body if needed. When very
dirty, the haversack can be cleaned by light scrubbing with soap and water.

1626. Haversack Contents. In addition to S6 respirator, the haversack holds the

following items that are personal issues in peacetime: -
a. Instruction card.
b. Spare canister.
c. Cloth, disinfecting, face piece.
d. Spectacle case.

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 e. Two stainless steel identity discs complete with metal neck chains.
f. The following additional items will be issued when ordered by the Command:
(1) Decontamination kit, personal, (DKP 1).
(2) Decontamination kit, personal, (DKP 2).

(3) Detector paper, chemical agent, No. 2 Mk1 (one colour booklet).

(4) Three Atropine auto jets. (See Fig 9.2)

(5) Nerve agent pre-treatment tablet (NAPS) (See Fig 9.3) or Oxime tablets.

(6) A pair of NBC gloves (inner and outer).

(7) Face let mask (when issued).

Fig 9.2 Atropine Autojet Fig 9.3 NAPS Tablets

1627. NBC Protective Clothing. NBC Protective Clothing consists of a smock, trousers, and
gloves and over boots. It is needed to protect men who are necessarily in exposed positions,
including monitoring and decontamination parties, from contact with chemical agents and
radioactive emitters. The clothing protects the body and makes the task of personal cleaning easier.
Personnel in any part of the citadel if breached may also require protective clothing.

a. Suit Protective, NBC (NBC Suit). The No.1 Mk1 suit consists of a separate smock
hood and trousers. The No.1 Mk2 suit has the hood attached to the smock. the suit is made
of non-woven nylon fabric treated with a liquid repellent and having an inside coating of
activated charcoal. The material is porous to air and the charcoal lining will absorb any
agent vapour that penetrates. The outer layer is only shower-proof but the garment is fully
protective even when wet. The suit is standardized in three sizes and is issued to all
personnel. It is disposable when contaminated. The impermeable protective suit is for full
protection against NBC agents and is used on Eastern origin ships. (Fig. 9.4)

Fig 9.4 NBC Suit

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 b. Gloves Protective NBC (NBC Gloves). These gloves must be worn in conjunction
with the NBC suit. NBC gloves consist of an outer pair of Neoprene rubber to give chemical
protection and an inner pair of stockinet material to improve comfort.

c. Over Boots Protective NBC (NBC Over boots). NBC over boots form part of the
NBC protective assembly for wear by those men employed outside the citadel and, in the
event of a citadel breach, for those working in the contaminated area.

d. Suit Protective NBC, Decontamination. This suit as the name implies is designed
to protect the wearer when engaged in decontamination process. The NBC decontamination
suit is made from Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It consists of a smock with attached hood and
separate trousers. The smock and hood is elasticated at the waist, wrists and facial aperture
and the trousers at waist and ankles. The hood is designed to fit snugly over the edge of the
NBC respirator. The suit will not keep out liquid chemical agent for long periods so it must
always be worn over the NBC suit when dealing with chemical contamination. When so
worn, the protective life against most chemical agents is greater, sometimes much greater,
than the length of time before heat exhaustion of the wearer would become insupportable.
The suit will keep out liquid radioactive fall-out.

1628. Immediate Action Drill. If a chemical agent is known, or assumed, to be present the
Immediate Action Drill must be carried out as quickly as possible by all men not fully protected.
The Immediate Action Drill is as given in Table 9.

Step Action Explanation

(a) Stop Breathing, Close the eyes, and Breathing must be stopped, eyes closed and head bent down
bend head down. Remove immediately if there is suspicion of an attack. Avoid taking an
spectacles. If worn. extra breath before donning the respirator.
(b) Don respirator quickly, blows out i) The respirator must be donned in nine seconds or less.
hard and then shouts ‘Gas, Gas, ii) Leaning forward and bending the head down will reduce
Gas’. the amount of liquid contamination received on the face or the
inside of the respirator face piece.
iii) Shouting ‘Gas, Gas, Gas’ will warn others and will help to
expel any vapour trapped in the face piece.
(c) Decontaminate hands and exposed Use DKP1 for decontaminating hands and exposed skin.
skin. Put on NBC gloves
(inner and outer).
(d) Check the correct adjustment of all Using the ‘buddy’ system, ensure that personal protection is
clothing and equipment. complete. Check that all fastenings are closed and that no skin
is exposed. Give special attention to the correct fitting of the
NBC hood around the respirator face piece.
(e) Check the detector paper and look Check the detector paper on your own NBC suit and on nearby
for any other indication of a liquid equipment/ structure. Watch for the reactions of others nearby.
agent attack. This is necessary in case your own detector paper was shielded
or masked in some way.
Table 9.1
Note. All five steps must always be taken for every chemical attacks unless you are already fully
protected.

1629. Immediate Self-Aid. The effects on the body of some chemical agents develop very
quickly so the individual, if he recognizes (by the onset of any symptoms) that he has been exposed
directly to a chemical agent, must take immediate steps to reduce their effects. Only donning the
respirator takes priority over the actions given in Table 9.2 if symptoms of nerve agent poisoning
occur.

Step Action Explanation

(a) Take one Combopen (i) Remove gray safety cap from the Combopen, and shield from
Auto jet and inject any falling spray.
atropine / Oxime. (ii) Grasp the Combopen firmly, placing the black end onto the
outside of your thigh (midway between hip and knee) and press hard
until the injector functions. Count five slowly and withdraw.
(b) Take the tablet (i) Using the DKP1 decontaminate the NBC gloves and the safety
cap.
(ii) Remove the yellow cap containing the tablet from the top of the
grey safety cap.

86
(iii) Take a deep breathe, and close the eyes.
(iv) Grasp the respirator outlet valve and pull the face piece
away from the face, upwards, far enough to give access to the
mouth.
(v) Place the open end of the yellow cap to the mouth and shake out
the tablet in one action. Swallow the tablet.
(vi) Replace the respirator and blow out hard.

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 (c) Inform your first aid After a first injection from a Combopen, a man should be relieved
organisation, if possible, and where possible, examined by a medically competent person. If a
of your action. man on exposed duty cannot be relieved or examined because of the
prevailing circumstances, and he continues to experience symptoms
of nerve agent
poisoning fifteen minutes after the first injection he should be
ordered to as per Sl.(d) below.
(d) Take his second Drill as in step (a)
Combopen and inject
atropine / Oxime.
(e) Take the tablet. Drill as in step (b)
(f) Seek medical advice. -
Table 9.2

1630. Take Cover Drill. If nuclear attack is likely, all necessarily exposed personnel must be
ordered to wear anti-flash hoods and gloves in the event of a surface or air nuclear detonation Take
Cover Drill may save lives or reduce the extent of seriousness of the injuries of exposed personnel.
If a surface or air nuclear detonation is known to have taken place, the order ‘TAKE COVER ’ is to
be broadcast by the Command. On hearing this command (or on their own initiative) the following
action is to be carried out:

a. Personnel Exposed on the Upper Deck.

(1) Dive for the deck, face downwards and behind the nearest
cover, if any is available, preferably with the head towards the explosion. Do not
attempt to run for cover.
(2) Protect the head by placing one arm over and one arm under it.
(3) Do not move until both the blast and suction phases have passed.
(4) Do not look up or follow with the eyes the course of any moving object.
b. Personnel protected between decks carry out the actions for ‘BRACE, BRACE, and
BRACE’.

1631. Collective Protection. Collective Protection comprises the organisation and material
arrangements whereby the ship’s company can gain the greatest practicable protection from the
effects of nuclear, biological and chemical contamination. Collective protection reduces the need
for the wearing of personal protective equipment and allows the following: -
a. Fighting efficiency to be fully maintained.
b. Habitability to be kept to the highest possible standard.
c. Post action efficiency to be more easily attained.
Note. In addition, a known capability to operate under NBC threat is a good deterrent
against the use of such weapons.

1632. Citadel. The citadel is defined as the main group or groups of interconnecting
compartments which can be included together within unbroken gastight boundaries and in which air
can be re-circulated. Personnel must be able to move about without leaving the confines of the
citadel. Large parts of the superstructure can sometimes be included.

1633. Cleansing Station Transit Procedure in Ships. The procedure is as follows:

a. Enter the undressing area. Remove NBC suit, gloves and over boots with the
assistance of the un dresser.
b. On completion, pass into the first airlock where the cleansing station crewman
instructs the subject to do the following: -
(1) Collect the previous subject’s respirator.
(2) Grasp the second area door handle.
(3) Close his eyes and take a deep breath and hold it.

88
 (4) The crewman will then, quickly remove the subject’s respirator.
The subject then passes through the door, closing it behind him before opening his
eyes and commencing to breathe again.

(5) The subject passes directly into the second airlock and waits two
minutes before proceeding into the citadel.
(6) Subject passes cleansed respirator(s) to awaiting owner(s).
(7) Subject waits for the next person exiting the cleansing station to
collect his own respirator. (Fig 10.2).

Fig 10.2 Layout of Cleansing Station

1634. Cleansing Lockers. There are sighted at the cleansing posts and should contain the
necessary personal cleansing and protection material for up to eight persons. The recommended
contents are as follows: -

a. DKP No.1 - 8 nos.

b. DKP No.2 - 4 nos.
c. 3-colour detector paper - 2 booklets.
d. 1-colour detector paper - 8 booklets.
e. NBC outer gloves - 2 pairs.
f. Combopens - 8 autojects.
g. Blister pack of NAPS/Oxime - 1 packet.

1635. Prewetting. The task of general decontamination of weather surface after chemical attack,
or after passing through fallout or base surge, will be greatly ceased if the surfaces are effectively
pre wetted. Chemical contamination will be quickly absorbed if left on paint, wood and other
surfaces. Radiological contamination will adhere to dry surfaces because of the strong electrical
attraction between them. The object of prewetting therefore is to provide a moving film of water
between the weather surfaces and the contaminants and float the latter off and over the side before
they actually contact the surfaces.
1636. Air Filtration Units. When the ship is fully closed down some fresh air must be
introduced into the Citadel in order to provide tolerable living condition. This fresh air is supplied
by Air Filtration Units. Each AFU is designed to draw in contaminated air, remove ON or BW
agents and radioactive particles and deliver clean air freely into the citadel. This air is then
distributed around the ship by the re-circulation ventilation systems. Thus augmenting the air-
conditioning and providing a positive pressure within the Citadel. Each unit is capable of delivering
250 cubic ft/min of air against a citadel pressure of 2 inch water gauge. The unit comprises a pre-
filter, a particulate filter, gas filter and a centrifugal fan.

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 CHAPTER - 17

LECTURE ON FIRST AID ON CPR, BURN, FRACTURE, HEMORRHAGE, HEAD

INJURY, DRAWNING & ELECTRIC SHOCK

First Aid

1701. Introduction. First Aid is the first help, which is provided to victim or casualty at place of
occurrence before attending by the Medical Officer.
a. Object
(1) To save life.
(2) To maintain vitality.
(3) To prevent from the further aggravation.

b. Meaning ABC

(1) A - An open airway.

(2) B - Establish breathing.
(3) C - Maintain circulation.

CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)

1702. Definition. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation is a manual and mechanical procedure of

resuscitation to the patient. When a patient cardiac arrest and respiratory failure for re-establish of
the heart and lungs function is called Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.

a. Indication
(1) Drowning.
(2) Shock
(3) Smoke inhalation.
(4) Electrocution.
(5) Cardiac Systole (MI).
(6) Suffocation.
(7) Drug over dose.
b. Clinical feature

(1) No pulse.
(2) No BP.
(3) No respiration.
(4) Low Temp.
(5) No response to any stimuli.
c. Procedure.

(1) Clear airway.

(2) Establish breathing.
(3) Maintain circulation.

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 d. Management & Treatment of CPR
(1) Patient is to be placed/lay down on the hard bed.
(2) Airway is to be checked and clear and put on airway.
(3) Head & neck upper extended to the back.
(4) No pillow under the head.
(5) Oxygen set up.
(6) Set up I/V line.
(7) All tight wearing is to be removed from the body.
(8) Place the patient on monitor.
(9) Artificial respiration and cardiac message to be started such as 1:4 mouth to
mouth, mouth to nose or by AMBU bag.
(10) Treatment will be given by Medical Specialist.
(11) Patient transferred to nearest sickbay/hospital as soon as possible.
Burn

1703. Definition. Destruction of superficial skin, nerve ending, cells, tissues, muscles even
bone by thermal or chemical is called burn.

a. Types
(1) Superficial burn
(2) Deep burn.

b. Degrees

(1) 1st Degree: When superficial skins are burned then it is called 1st degrees of
burn.

(2) 2nd Degree: When superficial skin, nerve ending cells tissues are burned
then it is called 2nd degree of burn.
(3) 3rd Degree: When superficial skin, nerve ending cells, Tissues, muscles and
even bone are burned then it is called 3rd degree of burn.

c. Percentage
(1) Head & neck - 9%
(2) Each hand 9X2 - 18%
(3) Front of the chest & abdomen 9X2 - 18%
(4) Back of the chest & abdomen 9X2 - 18%
(5) Each leg 9X2X2 - 36%
(6) Perineum/penis - 1%
Total - 100%
d. Sign and Symptom
(1) Severe pain.
(2) Red Ness
(3) Blister
(4) Dehydration

(5) Thirsty.
(6) Loss of function
(7) Loss of fluid.

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 (8) Oozing of plasma
(9) BP Low.
(10) Shock
(11) Pulse rapid

e. Management & First Aid Treatment

(1) Victim is to be removed from the place of occurrence.
(2) Lay down the victim in a comfortable place.
(3) All clothing to be removes except pasted clothing.
(4) Blister not to be punctured. .
(5) Burn area is to be washed with normal saline and apply burnol/dermazine
cream.
(6) Cover the burn area with bandage.
(7) Give him pain relief medicine such as Inj Clofenac 1 Amp I/M state.
(8) Injection TT 0.5 ml I/M state.
(9) Oral fluid by mouth if conscious.
(10) Do not use any special agent.
(11) Re- assurance the patient for his life.
(12) Evacuate the patient to the nearest sick bay or hospital as soon as possible.

Fracture

1704. Definition. If the bone is broken partially or completely due to force, pressure or
violence is called fracture.
a. Types
(1) Simple or closed fracture.
(2) Compound or open fracture.

b. Sign Symptoms

(1) Severe pain

(2) Swelling
(3) Loss of function
(4) Tenderness
(5) Bleeding may or not

c. Management & First aid Treatment

(1) Victim to be placed in comfortable position.

(2) Movement to be restricted.

(3) If any cloth over the fracture area is to be removed.

(4) If any bleeding is to be stopped by direct or indirect pressure.
(5) Immobilized the fracture part by using a piece of wood, an umbrella, a riffle
or other leg of the victim can be used as a splint.
(6) Cold application around the bleeding point.
(7) Set up I/V line.
(8) Relieve of pain by using injection Clofenac.

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 (9) Injection TT 0.5 ml I/M state.
(10) Antiseptic dressing.
(11) TPR & BP to be checked & recorded.
(12) Covered with blanket.
(13) Re-assurance the patient for his life.
(14) Finally victim to be evacuated to the nearest Sick Bay/Hospital as soon as
possible.
Hemorrhage

1705. Definition. Escape of blood from the blood vessels due to cut injury or physiological
causes is called hemorrhage.

a. Types
(1) External hemorrhage
(2) Internal hemorrhage
b. Sign and Symptoms

(1) Flash face

(2) Loss of blood
(3) BP low
(4) Pulse feeble
(5) Thirsty
(6) Air hunger
(7) Restlessness
(8) Dimness of vision
c. Management & First Aid Treatment

(1) Patient to be placed in a comfortable position

(2) Bleeding point to be find out
(3) Bleeding to be stopped by direct or indirect pressure
(4) Bleeding point to be elevated if an extremity
(5) Wound to be washed with lotion savlon and antiseptic dressing
(6) Cool application around the bleeding point if possible
(7) Relieve of pain by using injection Clofenac.
(8) Injection TT 0.5 ml I/M state.
(9) Victim to be covered with blanket to maintain body heat

(10) Patient to be assured for his life

(11) Patient to be evacuated to the nearest Sick Bay/Hospital as soon as possible

Head Injury
1706. Definition. Head injury may be defined as the traumatic injury to the composite structure
of the brain and the skull is called head injury.
a. Types

(1) Cerebral concussion.

(2) Cerebral contusion
(3) Cerebral laceration

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 b. Sign & Symptom
(1) Unconsciousness
(2) Vomiting
(3) Headache
(4) Fracture of skull
(5) Swelling
(6) Dimness of vision
(7) May be restlessness
(8) Blood present in the eye
(9) BP low
c. Management & First treatment
(1) Place the patient in a comfortable position.
(2) Check air way clear & breathing.
(3) Stop bleeding by pressure bandage.
(4) Check pulse, temperature & BP.
(5) Set up I/V line with normal saline.
(6) Injection TT 0.5 ml I/M state.
(7) Relief pain by injection clofenac.
(8) Oxygen inhalation is to be giving if required.
(9) Evacuate the patient to the nearest sick bay or hospital as soon as possible.

Drowning

1707. Definition. Immersing of the body under the surface of water causing infiltration of
water to the respiratory tract, digestive system and the other spaces of the body is called drowning.

a. Types.

(1) Sea water drowning. Sea water drowning means the development of
pulmonary oedema due to excess sodium chloride (NaCl) in the water and
accumulation into the lungs cavity.

(2) Plain water drowning. Plan water drowning causes circulatory over
load and hemolysis (destruction of RBC).

b. Sign & Symptom.

(1) Asphyxia .(Blockage of Air way).

(2) Cyanosis. ( Bluish Colour of the lips, nails, tip of fingers, tip of nose and
skin due to lack of oxygen)
(3) BP-Low.
(4) Pulse -Weak, Feeble.
(5) Body -cold & pallor.
(6) Abdomen - distended.
(7) Unconsciousness.
(8) Face, hand and feet are swollen.

c. Management.

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 (1) Victim to be rescued from the water immediately.
(2) On approaching land respiratory passage to be cleaned which may be blocked
by mud, fish and tongue may be fallen back.
(3) All wet and tight clothing to be removed.
(4) After cleaning the air passage places the patient on the floor in prone position
head one sided on across hand.
(5) The lower part of the body of the victim to be elevated for removal of water.
(6) Artificial respiration hip lift, hip roll and back pressure to be started and it is
to be continued until the normal respiration is started.

(7) In case of cardiac arrest CPR to be given.

(8) Patient body to be messaged to promote circulation.
(9) The body of the patient to be covered with the blanket to regain body heat.

(10) Hot drink like coffee, tea or milk to be given it patient is conscious.
(11) I/ V line set up.
(12) Re assurance for life.
(13) Evacuation at the patient to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

1708. Management & First treatment of Electric Shock.

(1) Switch off main switch as quick as possible.

(2) Rescue the patient by non-conduct materials like dry piece of bamboo, wood, blanket
or bed sheet.

(3) Place the patient in a comfortable position.

(4) Check air way clear & breathing.
(5) Establish breathing.
(6) If required give CPR.
(7) Message through all over the body.
(8) TPR/BP is to be checked & recorded.
(9) Re- assurance the patient for his life.
(10) Evacuate the patient to the nearest sick bay or hospital as soon as possible.

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 CHAPTER – 18
DISASTER MA NAGEMENT

1801. Definition. A disaster has always been defined in terms of loss whether it is life or
property or both. A complete definition n of disaster may be “An event concentrated in time and
space, which threatens a society or a relative self sufficient sub division of a society with major
unwanted consequences as a result of the collapse of precautions which had hitherto been
culturally accepted as adequate”.

1802. Aim. To highlight the nature of the disasters, disaster management, existing organizations
in the country and role of armed forces.

1803. Objective. The trainee will be able to understand the aim, types and stages of Disaster
Management. To understand the role of services in disaster management. To understand the
functioning of civil defence organization for disaster response.

1804. Types of Disaster. Disaster can be broadly grouped under two heads:

a. Natural Disaster.

(1) Flood, cyclones, hurricanes etc.

(2) Earthquakes, landslides etc.
(3) Drought and epidemics.

b. Man Made Disasters.

(1) Accidental. In nuclear facilities, release of chemical agents, oil spillage

and train or air accidents.
(2) Intentional. Terrorist attacks, riots or major civil disturbances.

1805. Disaster Management. It is an applied science consisting of continuing process of

systematic observation, analysis and dissemination that allows for the conscious structuring of a
series of events or conditions by the timely and informed application of resources for controlling
disasters.

1806. Stages of Disaster Management. The entire extent of disaster management can be
broken into four stages. These stages are:

a. Prevention and Preparatory Stage. This corresponds to pre-disaster preparedness

and would include disaster prediction, alert and warning system, preventive measures and
issue of contingency plans, SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) and check of lists for
potential disasters. It is during this stage that plans are made, reviewed, resources allocated,
training and rehearsals carried out.

b. Emergency Stage. This commences from the time alert or warning is sounded
and includes tasks for the period immediately after the disaster strikes. It aims at providing
immediate succor to the affected people and to bring in a semblance of order in the disaster
affected area.

c. Rehabilitation Stage.This period covers short term measures to restore essential

services, communication and normal community life.

d. Reconstruction Stage. This is long-term measure aimed at providing adequate

relief to the affected people to ensure complete normalcy.

1807. Disaster Relationship.

H V C R

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 HAZARD Physical or human event that can potentially trigger a disaster.

VULNERABILITY Susceptibility of a community to the impact of a hazard.

CAPACITY Ability to deal with a hazard.

RISK Probability/likely hood of disaster happening. A specified undesired event occurring

within specific period or in specific circumstances.

1808. Disaster Management Cycle.

EVENT

RESPONSE
PREPAREDNESS

MITIGATION REHABILITATION

PREVENTION RECONSTRUCTION

DEVELOPMENT

1809. Limitations of the Armed Forces. There are certain limitations of the Armed Forces
which must be made known to the civil authorities during the civil-military liaison conferences held
at various HQs are during interaction with the Divison and District Authorities for disaster
management. The limitations of the Armed Forces are summarized as follows:
a. The armed forces will not be in a position to carry out large scale evacuation, crowed
control traffic, control protection duties or patrolling of the area for which civil
administration may utilize its own resources.
b. The Quick Response Team (QRT) do not have the capability to carry out large scale
decontamination of personnel, vehicles, equipment and loads etc within the affected area.
c. The canisters of the respirators are basically manufactured to afford protection
against known “war gases”. In case of leaks of poisonous gases form chemical plants and
other such establishments, canisters specific to that gas or other specialized breathing
equipment would have to be provided by the civil authorities.

d. Like wise, medical kits with the Quick Response Medical Teams (QRMT) do not
contain antidotes/drugs to manage casualties resulting from industrial toxic chemical agents.
Medical treatment specific to that chemical would become necessary. The same should be
catered for in nominated military/civil hospitals.
e. The services do not hold any clothing/equipment/vehicles providing protection
against radiation hazard. As such, troops employed for duty within nuclear contaminated
areas should be turned over so that they are not subjected to radiation hazards beyond
acceptable limits. The equipment available with the armed forces could also be provisioned
by the civil administration for this purpose.

ARMED FORCES ROLE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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1810. Introduction. The contribution which military forces can make in dealing with disaster has
long been recognized in many countries throughout the world. This contribution has usually been
made under some form of official arrangements for aid to the civil power, as laid down in national
constitutions or special legislation.

However, experience has shown that if military forces are to be fully effective in this
context, their capabilities must be fully understood by relevant counter-disaster authorities; also,
their roles and responsibilities must be clearly defined in counter-disaster plans.

1811. Capabilities. The organization and management systems of military forces make them well
suited for operations under disaster conditions. In addition, many of their normal activities parallel
those in public emergency services. Thus military forces can offer invaluable support in
engineering, communications, transport, rescue, emergency medical services, field sanitation,
cooking, water supply and so on.

The units available to provide these services are usually deployed throughout the country
and close to centers of population, which are where disaster may have its most significant effect.
These military forces have quick reaction capability and can respond rapidly, taking with them their
own management, communications and administrative systems in a self-contained, self-sufficient
and highly mobile form. They are well trained in the individual skills necessary to perform their
professional and functional activities and are practiced in collaborative and co-ordinated action
under their own flexible management systems.

Add to this the capability to sustained operations away from their home base in all weathers
by day and by night and one sees clearly the potential inherent in any military organization for
effective disaster relief operations.

1812. Role of Bangladesh Navy. Whenever, a warning of disaster is received, actions are
initiated as per the laid down procedures. Besides each ship and establishment in turn has it's own
standing orders detailing the action plans. There are check lists for various actions necessary at all
levels, starting from a department

or group in a ship or establishment. Since disaster also affects the ships and establishments, certain
preventive measures have to be taken to safeguard life and properties. Specific roles are as under:

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 a. While the safety of naval personnel and naval property is ensured, ships and
establishments also co-ordinate with local authorities to prepare medical, relief teams and
ships for dispatch to the affected areas. Sometimes if the local authorities fail to provide the
necessary relief materials like medicines or food stuff in time, those are issued from the
existing stock and ships and teams dispatched without delay. Those being replenished later.

b. In case of cyclones, particularly so when it is accompanied by a tidal surge, ships have to

be sent to sea to search for survivors and rescue seamen and those washed away into the
bay.

c. Naval ships are also sent to transport relief goods and teams to the offshore islands.
d. Since Navy is the only organization which has highly skilled personnel for manning and
operation of all kinds of watercraft, they also man and operate relief boats.
e. Most Naval ships/craft are fitted with good communication equipments, therefore, it can
act as a communication link to the inaccessible islands. During floods naval ships of shallow
draught are used to rescue marooned personnel and transporting relief materials to the
affected areas.

1813. Search and Rescue Operations. In accordance with International Convention for Safety
of Life at Sea 1974, every coastal country is required to ensure necessary arrangements to be made
for coast watching and rescue of persons in distress at sea and around its coast. Accordingly, apart
from the cyclones and flood, Navy also has to carry out search and rescue operations, in case ships,
craft or boats are in distress. Very often naval ships on patrol pick up survivors from the capsized or
sunken fishing boats, trawlers and coasters etc. Naval divers also assist in recovering/ salvaging
personnel or bodies from sunken vessels, launches, buses and even aircraft. This really means that,
it is not only during the major disasters that BN has to act. Throughout the year, disasters of various
kinds do take place, where Navy is called upon to assist.

1814. Difficulties. During the disaster relief operations in the past following difficulties/
shortcomings were experienced:

a. Lack of Hydrographic Surveys. Most part of Bangladesh coastline in the

south and south west was surveyed in 1930. Since then no survey has been carried out.
Therefore, navigation of ships in those areas is very difficult and risky, if not impossible.
There are no pilots available in those areas who could guide the ships. The most difficult
part is that the silt in those areas shift very frequently, therefore, the depth of water is never
known for sure. Besides, there are many islands which are not even marked on the charts or
maps. Operation of vessels in those areas is very risky because mere grounding could
damage the underwater fittings and make it inoperative thereby defeating the very purpose
for which it was sent. However, recently the Government has undertaken a major project to
carry out aerial photography, mapping and charting of the entire coastal belt.

b. Lack of Navigational Aids. There are no navigational marks or aids in those areas.
BN ships carry out simultaneous survey and then proceed. This process is very time
consuming and unnecessarily delays the speed of advance and delays the badly needed
supplies/relief teams. the situation is even worse during floods when even the rivers and
canals can not be differentiated from the fields or roads.

c. Lack of Communications. In most of the small islands there are no means of

communication, except for physical inspection and reporting. Therefore it is essential to
reach the islands soon after the disaster. It is only after physical verification that the actual
situation can be assessed and necessary relief sought. This delays the whole process and can
be easily avoided with good communication.

d. No Suitable Craft. At present there is no suitable craft with any agency of

the government, except the Navy, which can operate safely in very shallow waters,
particularly in uncharted waters in the southern part of Bangladesh and villages and cities
during flooded conditions. All the boats that are available have under-water propellers /
fittings which get damaged very easily.

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 CYCLONE

1815. Cyclone. Cyclone is a relatively small and intense low-latitude warm-core low pressure
area having wind circulation in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and
clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere Cyclone occurring in the tropical regions are called
tropical cyclone, which are usually destructive in Bangladesh, being situated in the tropical zone, is
affected by this type of cyclone. Bangladesh is prone to frequent destructive tropical cyclones
associated with tidal surge, particularly in the pre-monsoon months of April-May and post-monsoon
months of October-November.

1816. Cyclone Signals. Cyclones in the Indo-Bangladesh Sub-Continent are classified

according to their intensity and the following nomenclatures are in use.

a. Depression: Wind speed up to 31 MPH.

b. Deep Depression: Wind speed from 32-38 MPH.

c. Cyclonic Storm: Wind speed from 39 to 54 MPH.

d. Severe Cyclonic Storm: Wind speed from 55 to 73 MPH.

e. Severe Cyclonic Storm with Hurricane intensity: Wing speed above 74 MPH.

1817. Storm Warning Signals. There are 11 Storm Warning signals for maritime ports as
follows: Signal No Meanings

a. Distant Cautionary Signal No 1 - There is a region of equally squally weather in

the distant sea where storm may form.

b. Distant Warning Signal No 2 - A storm has formed in the distant Sea.

c. Local Cautionary Signal No 3 - The port is threatened by squally weather.

d. Local Warning Signal No 4 - The port is threatened by a storm but it does not
appear that the danger is as yet sufficiently great to justify extreme precautionary measures.

e. Danger Signal No 5 - The port will experience severe weather from a storm of
slight or moderate intensity that is expected to cross the coast to the South of the port in case
of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and to East of the port in case of Mongla.

f. Danger Signal No 6 - The port will experience severe weather from a storm of slight
or moderate intensity that is expected to cross the coast to the North of the port in case of
Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and to the West of the port in case of Mongla.

g. Danger Signal No 7 - The port will experience severe weather from a storm of slight
or moderate intensity that is expected to cross over or near to the port.

h. Danger Signal No 8 - The port will experience severe weather from a storm of great
intensity that is excepted to cross the coast to the South of the port in case of Chittagong and
Cox's Bazar and to the East of the port in case of Mongla.

j. Great Danger Signal No 9 - The port will experience severe weather fro s storm of
great intensity that is expected to cross the coast to the North of the port in case of
Chittagong and Cox's Bazar and to the West of the port in case of Mongla.

k. Great Danger Signal 10 - The port will experience severe weather from a storm of
great intensity that is expected to cross over or near to the port.

m. Great Danger Signal No 11 - Communications with the Meteorological center have

been broken down and the local offices consider that a devastating Cyclone is following.

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1818. Storm Warning Signals for River Ports. There are 4 (four) signals for the River
ports, which are as follows: Signal No Meanings

a. Cautionary Signal No 1 - The area is threatened by squally wind of transient nature.

b. Warning Signal No 2 - A storm is likely to strike the area (Vessels of 65 feet and
under in length are to take shelter immediately).

c. Danger Signal No 3 - A storm will strike the area (all vessels will take shelter
immediately).

d. Great Danger Signal No 4 - A violent storm will soon strike the area (all vessels
must be in shelter).

1819. Cyclone Alert State. The cyclone alert state is formulated on the basic of storm warning
signals to ensure that all concerned can take timely appropriate precautionary measures. Alert state
will be assumed on receiving of storm warning signals in the following manner:

a. Alert State A - Up to Local Warning Signal No 4.

b. Alert State B - On receiving Danger Signal No 5.

c. Alert State C - On receiving Great Danger Signal No 8 & above.

1820. Actions by Ships and Craft in Harbour/Shelter Station.

Alert State A

a. On receiving the special weather bulletin, OOD will take the following actions:

(1) Inform all Commanding Officers, Record all events.

(2) Brief duty watch and make them aware of the situation and start taking
following general preparations:

(a) Furl awning and secure all loose gears.

(b) Muster and check all life saving equipments including life jackets and
life raft.

(c) Quadruple up all berthing hawsers.

(d) Muster all damage control equipment.

(e) Plot the successive positions of the cyclone. Observe barometric

pressure in order to ascertain the severity of cyclone and assess the
probability of hitting the particular area.

(f) Lash all loose gears on upper deck.

(g) Ensure maximum fenders are placed.

(h) Ensure ships are properly secured with Pontoon/Jetty and pontoons
are secured with shore.

(j) Shift or secure pontoon stores are necessary.

(k) Collect correct addresses of MLR personnel and forward to

appropriate authority.

b. On receiving Local Warning Signal No - 4 the following actions are to be taken:

101
 (1) XOs are to report onboard. Assume the duties of OOW/OOD and continue
further preparations. XOs may be relieved for short period in case of prolonged state
A if desired by CO.

(2) Call the standby watch onboard.

(3) Issue life jackets and foul weather gears to all personnel, if necessary.

(4) Ensure all ropes are properly secured and taking equal weight.

(5) Top up with POL and fresh water including rations.

(6) Ensure all guns training locking bolts are on; guns are covered and properly
lashed up.

(7) Ensure all NBCD materials are usable condition.

Alert State B

(1) All officers and men are to remain onboard and observe sea routine.

(2) Carry out pre-sea Checks.

(3) Prepare to disconnect shore supply and start generator at short notice.

(4) Motivate personnel for their mental fitness to face the cylone.

(5) COs are to inspect round the ship and ensure various preparations are done
properly.

(6) Monitor all weather forecasts over Radio/TV.

(7) Senior Ship is to pass SITREP (Situation Report) at 1800 daily or as directed
by Authority.

(8) Operate all available meteorological equipment with special reference to

barometric pressure, temperature relative humidity, wind speed and direction.

(9) Collect dry food (like biscuits, muri, chira, chanachoor, sugar, tea, rice, dal,
eggs etc) for a considerable period.

(10) Maintain a diary of events of all activities and situations.

(11) Establish communication as per COMPLAN.

(12) Ensure all the bow doors of LCVPs, and LCUs are in watertight condition.

(13) Grant short leave to sailors (MLR personnel) on emergency cases like
shifting family to safe area.

(14) Demand for 3 days fresh ration on receiving Danger Signal No 7.

(15) Consider increasing NBCD state and condition

(16) Carry out Abandon ship and Emergency Station Drill.

Alert State C

(1) Check back all preparations and precautions which have been taken so far.

(2) Enforce higher NBCD state and conditions as deemed necessary.

102
(3) Remove ship's aerial, which are vulnerable to cyclone. Disconnect all aerials
of communication TX/RX sets and TV.

(4) Lash down gun barrels with upper deck strong points either side.

(5) Continue NBCD PATROL.

(6) All personnel must carry life jackets, inflate by 2/3 and personnel must no be
to go on weather deck without life jacket and safety line

(7) Keep DC&FF party standby at their post.

(8) Pass four hourly SITREP as necessary.

(9) Secure all SPCBs, SRBs, BRs documents etc in watertight bags and store in
safe place for necessary disposal in case of emergency.

(10) Collect ration that was demanded.

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1821. Action Before Cyclone preparedness.

a. General preparedness measures.

b. Special measures for floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes etc.

c. Special types of assistance.

1822. During Cyclone.

a. Operational ships keep engines ready to obey telegraph (depending on the intensity
of the storm).

b. Continue NBCD patrol.

c. Place extra look out for drifting vessels. Switch on all lights on deck.

d. In case of leaving alongside berth for any reason consider following:

(1) Using engines and riding the sea swell.

(2) Dropping anchor.

(3) Beaching the ships in soft ground at any suitable place if badly damaged or
unable to keep her afloat after all out efforts.

e. Senior CO is to pass hourly SITREP. Individual ship may also pass SITREP if
required.

f. In case of any unavoidable situation like collision, accidental explosion etc which
endanger safety of the ships or personnel, CO will use his discretion as per regulations.

1823. After Cyclone.

a. Muster all personnel and ensure their correctness and report the same to COMPHUL
by signal.

b. Ascertain the extent of damage and initiate immediate actions to repair/control

particularly on the hull below and near the water line.

c. Report immediately the damages and remedial actions taken.

d. Send outliving personnel on short leave to visit families

e. Take appropriate action as per regulations and inform CONKHUL/Area Ops Room
immediately if ship is aground/beached or sunk.

f. Render assistance to other ships in distress as far as practicable.

g. Prepare the ship and remain standby to comply with orders in respect of search,
rescue and relief operations as per directives.

h. Commanding officers initiate any other actions as deemed necessary using own
initiative and resource depending on the situation.

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 FLOOD

1824. Cause of Flood. Bangladesh is a riverine country and is situated at the lower most reaches of
three great river systems viz. The Ganges, The Brammaputra and The Meghna, which drain a vast
basin having a heavy monsoon rainfall. Foods are caused principally by rainfall. Since the monsoon
clouds burst more or less simultaneously all over the entire catchments, the country's network of
rivers has to discharge efficiently an enormous amount of flow coning down from an area 12 times
its own size. The low gradient of the servers of Bangladesh and a flat terrain contribute greatly to
the causation of floods. As a result of overflowing of the river banks, the excess water submerges
the adjoining areas. In a flash-flood, there is a sharp fall. This type of flood is experienced by small
revivers of Bangladesh winding through a hilly catchments area. In the second type of flood there is
an onrush of rain water down the hill slopes overland and their ultimate pooling in the low laying
areas. Lower parts of Bangladesh area below the high tide level. During spring tides, tidal waves
surge over a wide area of the coastal belt. Bangladesh thus experiences normal monsoon floods,
flash floods, tidal floods and floods due to the on rush of water.

1825. Devastation Effect of Flood. The following measures should be taken to prevent the
devastation effect of flood:

a. Special programmed should be designed to restore the disturbed ecological balance.

b. Emphasis should be given to the development of irrigation and water supply, by

means to storage, reservoirs, diversion of rivers, steams and exploitation of underground
water through bore and tube wells.

c. Forest logging should be prevented. Encouragement should be give to village forest

planting

d. Dry land pastures should be developed to upgrade the shrinking pasture land.

e. Basic research would be carried out for cultivating crops for drought.

f. Conditions, or early maturation qualities, for disease and insect resistance, so that
they can gown in areas, where the water supply is limited.

g. The aim of these programmed should be to maximize agricultural production, in

years with plenty of rain and to minimize losses, when it is unsatisfactory. A proper post-
disaster evaluation of the effects of droughts and relief measures taken should reveal, which
development measures should be accorded priority to bring the greatest benefits the future.

EARTHQUAKE

1826. Definition. Earthquake is a vibration of the surface of the Earth caused by transient
disturbances of the classic or gravitation equilibrium of the Rocks at or beneath the surface.
Earthquakes are often associated with volcanoes. The out burst of volcanic activity is usually
accompanied by the Earthquakes. But the more serious Earthquakes have no direct connection with
volcanoes.

1827. Causes of Earthquakes. The causes of all types of Earthquake are not set definitely
understood. They may occur due to following causes:

a. Due to volcano action.

b. Dislocation of the crust some where below the surface of the earth.

c. Due to expansion of gases in the interior of the earth.

d. Due to expansion of water in the interior of the earth.

1828. Classification of Earthquakes. There are following classes of the Earthquakes:

a. Volcano.

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 b. Tectonic: Plate tectonics is the continual slow movement of the tectonic plates, the
outermost part of the earth. This motion is what causes earthquakes and volcanoes and has created
most of the spectacular scenery around the world.

c. Plutonic.

1829. Effects of Earthquake. Earthquake is generally association with destruction. In

Earthquake gaping crack or subsidence’s are formed, land slides occur, bridge collapse, building
pulled down and sometimes great loss of life due to this damage and accompanying lives may
occur. When earthquake affect occur floor, great naves may cause damage to control area.
Sometimes earthquake is useful to mankind. Lava may accumulate on the surface of earth to make
new fertile soil.

1830. Earthquake Zone or Belt of the World. No part of the earth may be totally
exempted from earthquake. The three great regions where earthquake have been taken place more
or less frequently are:

a. The west coast area of north and South America.

b. A belt across the Southern Europe and Southern Asia.

c. A belt in the Pacific Ocean which includes Japan, Philippine and most of East Indies.

1831. Earthquake Magnitude Classes. Earthquakes are also classified in categories ranging
from minor to great, depending on their magnitude.

Class Magnitude

Great 8 or more

Major 7 - 7.9

Strong 6 - 6.9

Moderate 5 - 5.9

Light 4 - 49

Minor 3 - 3.9

1832. Earthquake Magnitude Scale.

Magnitude Earthquake Effects Estimated Number Each Year

2.5 or less Usually not felt, but can be 900,000
recorded by seismograph.
2.5 to 5.4 Often felt, but only causes minor 30,000
damage.
5.5 to 6.0 Slight damage to buildings and other 500
structures.
6.1 to 6.9 May cause a lot of damage in very 100
populated areas.
7.0 to 7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20
8.0 or greater Great earthquake. Can totally destroy One every 5 to 10 years
communities near the epicenter.

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1833. Doings before Earthquake.

a. A building should be built according to national building code.

b. Utility services like gas, water and electric line should be checked in regular interval.

c. Emergency exists should be identify so that they can be used in case of emergency.

d. Furniture used in home and office should be clumped or anchored properly.

e. Heavy things like suitcases, bags etc should be kept on floor not over head.

f. Emergency telephone numbers like fire service, ambulance, police, blood bank have
to be kept at a common place.

g. Training and regular practice should be operated.

h. All family members can discuss about their doing in case of emergency.

j. Necessary goods should be kept in a common place.

1834. Doings during the Shaking.

a. If indoors, stay there. Drop, cover and hold. Get under a desk or table and hang on.
Alternately, you can stand in an archway or corner.

b. If outdoors, get into an open area away from trees, buildings, walls and power lines.

c. If in a high-rise building, stay away from windows and outside walls. Get under a
table. Do not use the elevators.

d. If driving, pull your car to the side of the road and stop. Avoid overpasses or power
lines. Remain inside until the shaking is over.

e. If in a crowded public place, do not rush for the doors. Move away from display
shelves containing objects that may fall.

f. In all instances, drop, cover and hold; protect your head as much as possible.

1835. Doings after shaking.

a. Stay calm and check for injuries. Apply first aid if qualified. Do not move any
seriously injured individuals unless they are in immediate danger.

b. Check for fires, gas and water leaks and damaged electrical wiring or sewer lines.

c. If you smell gas, do not use matches, candles, etc. and do not operate electrical
switches.

d. Check building for cracks and damage, including roof, chimneys and foundation. If
you suspect there is serious damage, turn off all utilities and leave the building.

e. Check food and water supplies. Emergency water may be obtained from water
heaters, melted ice cubes, toilet tanks and canned vegetables.

f. Seek sources of uncontaminated water. In an emergency, purify water by

straining through a paper towel or several layers of clean cloth and by boiling vigorously for
at least six minutes.

g. Do not use BBQ’s, camp stoves or unvented heaters indoors.

h. Do not flush toilet if sewer line is damaged.

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 j. Do not use the telephone unless there is a severe injury or fire to report.

k. Turn on your portable radio for instructions and news reports, and cooperate fully
with public safety officials.

m. Keep Disaster Response Routes clear for emergency vehicles.

n. Be prepared for aftershocks.

Movement of the ground is seldom the actual cause of death or injury. Most casualties result from
partial building collapse, falling objects and debris, like toppling chimneys, ceiling plaster and light
fixtures.

Remember – Stay calm and lend a hand to others in need.

MANAGEMENT OF DISASTER

1836. Safety and Security of Man & Material. All personnel will take shelter in safe place and
all motor transports will be secured at safe place with adequate safety arrangements.

1837. Co-ordination with Civil Administration for rescue of Victims, Relief and
Rehabilitation. Co-ordination and co-operation with UN and other Govt. and non-Governmental
organization is imperative for appropriate and prompt support to affected Member States in order
toes strengthen their emergency preparedness land response:

a. The UN Resident Co-coordinator is responsible for the overall co-ordination of

disaster at the country level and acts as the representative of UNDRO (United Nation
Disaster Relief Organization).

b. Who deals with all health matters related to the disaster and UNDRO deals with the
overall disaster relief matters?

c. When a Government formally declares in emergency and requests UNDRO for

assistance, the latter informs. Who immediate for co-ordination of all inputs for the health
sector and vice versa.

d. Who may make appeals to Government to furnish assistance to the affected country
both for relief as in support of emergency preparedness and post-emergency rehabilitation
activities?

e. Who's emergency preparedness and response is co-ordinate through a memorandum

of understanding with the activities of UNDRO and also with the UN High Commissioner of
Refugees (UNHCR) through a memorandum of understanding for the asylum seekers and
refugees, as well as with other governmental and non-governmental organizations, where the
co-ordination my be formal or informal. If the national Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies or their equivalents from other countries of the region offer assistance, they should
be requested to do so through the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

f. WHO's (World Health Organization) emergency management capacity may be

enhanced and complements by the assignment of who collaborating centers to providing
technical expertise for planning, training research and situation assessment. Who may
accede to conventions concerning disasters, adopted by other international organizations
without changing its constitutional responsibilities for promoting, developing, assisting and
co-ordinating international health work.

1838. Providing Medical Assistance and Evacuation: After a disaster occurs the following
assistance will be required for the victims:

a. Food and Nutrition.

b. Health.

c. Water.

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 d. Hygiene and Sanitation.

e. Shelter and Household Functioning.

f. Child Care and Psycho-social Needs.

g. Logistics and Overall Management.

1839. Safety Precautions during Rescue, Relief & Rehabilitation: The principles applicable to
these elements of preparedness for flooding does not markedly vary form other natural disasters. In
floods, the evacuation of the people may have to be undertaken by boats or helicopters. Relief
facilities are to be provided to evacuated people.

1840. Assisting, VIP Movement for Relief Operation: During VIP movement on being Relief
Operation providing maximum assistance such as under:

a. Security.

b. Boat facility.

c. Accommodation During Relief Operation.

d. Food Facility for VIPs/VVIPs and their followers.

e. Life saving equipments.

f. Communication Equipments.

g. Medical Facilities.

h. Transportation.

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1841. Maintaining Law & Order Situation. In all stages of disturbances, whether minor or
serious, military and civil officers, including police officers, must co-operate with one another as
closely as possible. There should be constant free consultation between them. The military
commander should realize that Civil officers, from there knowledge of local conditions, will often
be in a position to give valuable information and suggestions. The civil officers, on their part,
should be prepared to give military officer the benefit of their knowledge. To produce a
methodology for participative planning. Options:

a. Emergency/Disaster preparedness/Civil protection planning teams do it all.

b. Individual departments write plans.

c. Emergency/Disaster preparedness/Civil protection planning teams get together with

departments, con

110