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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

Let us define a clockwise current i.

a. i= 12/(40 + R) mA, with R expressed in kΩ.
We want i2· 25 = 2
Or (12/40+R)2.25 = 2
On rearranging we get,
2
R + 80R – 200 = 0
which has the solutions R = -82.43 kΩ and R = 2.426 kΩ. Only the latter is a physical
solution, so
R = 2.426 kΩ.
b. We require i· 12 = 3.6 or i= 0.3 mA
From the circuit, we also see that i= 12/(15 + R + 25) mA
Substituting the desired value for i, we find that the required value of R is R = 0

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

-1 + 2 + 10I – 3.5 + 10i= 0

Solving, I = 125 mA

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

a. The current through the 5-Ω resistor is 10/5 = 2 A. Define R as 3 || (4 + 5)

= 2.25 Ω. The current through the 2-Ω resistor then is given by
Is(1/1+(2+R)) = Is/5.25
The current through the 5-Ω resistor is
I = 42 A
S
b. Given that I is now 50 A, the current through the 5-Ω resistor becomes
S
Is/5.25(3/3+9) = 2.381A
Thus,V = 5(2.381) = 11.90 V
x
c. Vx/Is = 0.2381

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

Starting with the bottom node and proceeding in a clockwise direction, we write the KVL
equation
-9 +4I + 4I = 0 (no current flows through either the -3 V source or the 2 Ω resistor)
Solving, we find that I = 9/8 A = 1.125 A.

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

Since v = 6 V, we know the current through the 1-Ω resistor is 6 A, the current
through the 2-Ω resistor is 3 A, and the current through the 5-Ω resistor is 6/5
= 1.2 A, as shown below
By KCL, 6 + 3 + 1.2 + I = 0
S
I = -10.2 A
S

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

We apply KVL around the loop. The result is,

-12 + 4I + 2vo – 4 + 6I = 0 (i)

Applying Ohm’s law to the 6- Ω resistor gives

V0 = -6I

Substituting in (i), we get,

-16 + 10I – 12I = 0 => I = -8 A and Vo = 48 V

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SOLUTION:

We apply Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws. By Ohm’s law,

V1 = 8I1 ,V2 = 3I2 , V3 = 6I3 (i)

Since the voltage and current of each resistor are related by Ohm’slaw as shown, we are really
looking for three things: (V1,V2,V3) or (I1, I2 , I3) At node a, KCL gives

I1- I2 - I3 = 0 (ii)

Applying KVL to loop 1,

-30 + V1+ V2 = 0

=> -30 + 8I1 + 3I2 = 0 From (i)

=> I1 = (30 – 3I2) / 8 (iii)

Applying KVL to loop 2,

-V2 +V3 = 0 => V3 = V2 (iv)

We express V1 and V2in terms of I1and I2 as in Eq. (i). Equation (iv) becomes

6I3 = 6I2 => I3 = I2 / 2 (v)

Substituting values in eq. (iii) gives,

((30 – 3I2) / 8) + I2 + (I2 /2) = 0 or I2 = 2 A

Substituting the values of I2 and using equations (i) to (v) we get,

I1 = 3 A, I3 = 1 A, V1 = 24 V, V2 = 6 V , V3 = 6 V

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

Begin by defining a clockwise current i

-V + V + V = 0
S 1 2
So, V = V + V = I(R + R )
S 1 2 1 2
and hence I = Vs/R1+R2
Thus V1 = R1I = vs R1/R1+R2and V2 = R2I = Vs R2/R1+R2

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

First we redraw the circuit with designated loop currents as shown,

In loop abcx, KVL gives,

-5 + 4i1 + 2i1 = 0 or i1 = 5/6 A

=> vbx= -vxb= 4i1 = 3.33 V (x terminal –ve as the current flows from b to x)

Similarly, in loop defy,

-10 + 2i2 + 5i2 = 0 or i2 = 10/7 A

And vdy= 10/7 x 2 = 2.857 A (d terminal +ve)

The voltage between terminals x and y is then

Vxb+ v + vdy= (-3.333 + 2 + 2.857) V = 1.524 V;

Vxy= 1.524 V

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SOLUTION:

Applying KVL around the loop:

−120+v30+2vA−vA=0

Using Ohm’s law to introduce the known resistor values:

v30=30i and vA=−15I

Note that the negative sign is required since iflows into the negativeterminal of vA.

Substituting these into the KVL eq. yields

−120+30I – 30I +15I =0

And so we find that, I =8A

Computing the power absorbedby each element:

p120v=(120)(−8)=−960 W

p30Ω=(8)2(30) =1920 W

pdep=(2vA)(8) =2 [(−15)(8)](8) =−1920 W

p15Ω=(8)2(15) = 960 W

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SOLUTION:

Determining either current i1or i2will enable us to obtain a value for V. Thus, our next step is to
apply KCL to either of the two nodes in the circuit. Equating the algebraic sum of the currents
leaving the upper node to zero:

−120+I1+30+ I 2=0

Writing both currents in terms of the voltage V using Ohm’s law,

I 1=30v and I 2=15v

We obtain,

−120+30V+30+15V=0

Solving this equation for v results in,

V =2V

And invoking Ohm’s law then gives,

I 1=60 A and I 2=30 A

The absorbed power in each element can now be computed. In the two resistors,

pR1=30(2)2=120 W and pR2=15(2)2=60 W

And for the two sources,

p120A=120(−2)=−240 W and p30A=30(2)=60 W

Since the 120 A source absorbs negative 240 W, it is actually supplying power to the other
elements in the circuit. In a similar fashion, we find that the 30 A source is actually absorbing
power rather than supplying it.

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

By KCL, the sum of the currents leaving the upper node must be zero, so that,

I−2 I x −0.024− I x =0

Again, note that the value of the dependent source (2 I x) is treated the same as any other
current would be, even though its exact value is not known until the circuit has been analyzed.

We next apply Ohm’s law to each resistor:

I =v/6000 and I x = -v / 2000

𝑣 −𝑣 −𝑣
Therefore, –2( ) −0.024−( )=0
6000 2000 2000

And so v=(600)(0.024)=14.4V.

The power supplied by the independent source is p24=14.4(0.024)=0.3456 W(345.6mW).

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

Let us define a voltage v with the “+” reference at the top node. Applying KCL and summing the
currents flowing out of the top node,
–3
v/5000 + 4×10 + 3I + v/20000 = 0
1
we observe that
I = 3 I + v/2000
1 1
I = –v/40000
1
Upon substituting this equation in the previous one
–3
v/5000 + 4×10 – 3v/40000 + v/20000 = 0
Solving, we find that
v = –22.86 V
I = 571.4 μA
1
Since I = I , we find that I = 571.4 μA
x 1 x

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SOLUTION:

Let us define a voltage v across the elements, with the “+” reference at the top node
Summing the currents leaving the top node and applying KCL, we find that
2 + 6 + 3 + v/5 + v/5 + v/5 = 0
orv = -55/3 = -18.33 V. The power supplied by each source is then computed as:
p = -v(2) = 36.67 W
2A
p = -v(6) = 110 W
6A
p = -v(3) = 55 W
3A
2
The power absorbed by each resistor is simply v /5 = 67.22 W for a total of 201.67 W, which is
the total power supplied by all sources. If instead we want the “power supplied” by the
resistors, we multiply by -1 to obtain -201.67 W. Thus, the sum of the supplied power of each
circuit element is zero, as it should be.

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SOLUTION:

Here for the given network, first the inside Y resistances is first converted to equivalent ∆.

R1 = 2 + 2 + (2 x 2 ) / 2 = 6 Ω

Due to the symmetry of the inside star network of R1 = R2 = R3 = 6 Ω

Thus, after simplifying the parallel circuits, the resistance reduces to :

Here, Rx-y = 3.75 Ω || (2.73 Ω + 3.75 Ω)

= 2.375 Ω

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SOLUTION:

When we remove the voltage source, we end up with a purely resistive circuit. We use the wye-delta
transformation to solve the following circuit.

In this circuit, there are two Y networks and three networks. Transforming just one of these will simplify
the circuit. If we convert the Y network comprising the 5-Ω 10-Ω and 20-Ω resistors, we may select

R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 5 Ω

Thus, we have
R1R2+R2R3+R3R1 10 ×20 + 20×5 + 5×10
Ra= = = 35 Ω
R1 10

R1R2+R2R3+R3R1
Rb= = 350 / 20 = 17.5 Ω
R2

R1R2+R2R3+R3R1
Rc= = 350 / 5 = 20 Ω
R3

Now, the circuit looks like,

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Clearly, (70 Ω|| 30 Ω) , (12.5 Ω || 17.5 Ω) and (15 Ω || 35 Ω)

70 ×30
70 || 30 = = 21 Ω
70+30

12.5 ×17.5
12.5 || 17.5 = = 7.292 Ω
12.5+17.5

15 ×35
15 || 35 = = 10.5 Ω
15+35

Thus, circuit reduces to a series circuit as shown in fig. below:

 Rab = (7.292 Ω + 10.5 Ω) || 21 Ω = 9.632 Ω

𝑉𝑠
Then, I = = 12.458 A
𝑅𝑎𝑏

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SOLUTION:

Lets define a voltage v across the 5-A source, with the “+” reference on top
x
Applying KCL at the top node then yields
5 + 5v - v / (1 + 2) – v / 5 = 0 [1]
1 x x
wherev = 2[v /(1 + 2)] = 2 v / 3
1 x x
Thus, Eq. [1] becomes
5 + 5(2 v / 3) – v / 3 – v / 5 = 0
x x x
or 75 + 50 v – 5 v – 3 v = 0, which, upon solving, yields v = -1.786 V
x x x x
2
The power absorbed by the 5-Ω resistor is then simply (v ) /5 = 638.0 mW.
x

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SOLUTION:

a. Define the charging current ias flowing clockwise in the circuit provided
By application of KVL,
-13 + 0.02i + Ri+ 0.035i + 10.5 = 0
We know that we need a current i= 4 A, so we may calculate the necessary resistance
R = [13 – 10.5 – 0.055(4)]/ 4 = 570 mΩ
b. The total power delivered to the battery consists of the power absorbed by the 0.035-Ω
2
resistance (0.035i ), and the power absorbed by the 10.5-V ideal battery (10.5i). Thus,
we need to solve the quadratic equation
2
0.035i + 10.5i = 25
which has the solutions i= -302.4 A and i= 2.362 A.
In order to determine which of these two values should be used, we must recall that the
idea is to charge the battery, implying that it is absorbing power, or that ias defined is
positive. Thus, we choose i= 2.362 A, and, making use of the expression developed in
part (a), we find that
R = [13 – 10.5 – 0.055(2.362)]/ 2.362 = 1.003 Ω
c. To obtain a voltage of 11 V across the battery, we apply KVL
0.035i + 10.5 = 11 so that i= 14.29 A
From part (a), this means we need
R = [13 – 10.5 – 0.055(14.29)]/ 14.29 = 119.9 mΩ

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SOLUTION:

Despite not being drawn adjacent to one another, the two indepen-dent current sources are in
act in parallel, so we replace them witha 2 A source.

The two 6Ω resistors are in parallel and can be replaced with asingle 3Ω resistor in series with
the 15Ωresistor. Thus, the two 6Ω resistors and the 15Ωresistor are replaced by an 18 Ω resistor.

No matter how tempting, we should not combine the remaining threeresistors; the controlling
variable i3 depends on the 3 Ω resistor and sothat resistor must remain untouched. The only
further simplification, then, is 9 Ω|| 18 Ω = 6 Ω, as shown in the figure below,

Applying KCL at the top node of above figure, we have

−0.9i3– 2+i3+v/6 = 0

Employing Ohm’s law,

v=3i3

Which, allows us to compute, i3 = 3.333 A

Thus, the voltage across the dependent source (which is same as the voltage across the 3 Ω
resistor) is,

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V=3i3=10 V

The dependent source therefore furnishes v×0.9i3=10(0.9)(10/3)=30 W to the remainder of the

circuit.

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SOLUTION:

Applying KVL around this series circuit,

-120 + 30i + 40i + 20i + v + 20 + 10i = 0
x x x x x

wherev is defined across the unknown element X, with the “+” reference on top.
x
Simplifying, we find that 100i + v = 100
x x
a. If X is a 100-Ω resistor
v = 100i so we find that 100 i + 100 i = 100
x x x x
i = 500 mA and p = v i = 25 W
x x x x
b. If X is a 40-V independent voltage source such that v = 40 V, we find that
x
i = (100 – 40) / 100 = 600 mA and p = v i = 24 W
x x x x
c. If X is a dependent voltage source such that v = 25ix
x
i = 100/125 = 800 mA and p = v i = 16 W
x x x x
d. If X is a 2A independent current source, arrow up,
100(-2) + v = 100
x
so that v = 100 + 200 = 300 V and p = v i = -600 W
x x x x

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

a. v = 0. v = v = 8 V
14 13 43
v = -v – v = -12 + 8 = -4 V
23 12 34
v = v + v = -4 – 8 = -12 V
24 23 34
b. v = 6 V. v = v + v = 6 + 8 = 14 V
14 13 14 43
v = v – v = 14 – 12 = 2 V
23 13 12
v = v + v = 2 – 8 = -6 V
24 23 34
c. v = -6 V. v = v + v = -6 + 8 = 2 V
14 13 14 43
v = v – v = 2 – 12 = -10 V
23 13 12
v = v + v = -10 – 8 = -18 V
24 23 34

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SOLUTION:

We may combine the 12-A and 5-A current sources into a single 7-A current source
with its arrow oriented upwards. The left three resistors may be replaced by a 3 +
6 || 13 = 7.105 Ω resistor, and the right three resistors may be replaced by a 7 + 20 || 4 = 10.33
Ω resistor.
By current division, i = 7 (7.105)/(7.105 + 10.33) = 2.853 A
y
We must now return to the original circuit. The current into the 6 Ω, 13 Ω parallel combination is
7 – i = 4.147 A. By current division
y
i = 4.147 . 13/ (13 + 6) = 2.837 A
x
2
and p = (4.147) · 3 = 51.59 W
x

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SOLUTION:

a. ix= v /10 + v /10 = 5

1 1
2v = 50
1
sov = 25 V.
1
By Ohm’s law, we see that iy= v /10
2
also, using Ohm’s law in combination with KCL, we may write
ix= v /10 + v /10 = iy+ iy= 5 A
2 2
Thus iy = 2.5 A
b. From part (a), ix = 2 v / 10. Substituting the new value for v , we find that
1 1
i = 6/10 = 600 mA
x
Since we have found thatiy= 0.5 ix, iy= 300 mA.
c. For any value of is this is not possible.

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SOLUTION:

a. To cancel out the effects of both the 80-mA and 30-mA sources, i must be set to is = -50mA.
S
b. Let us define a current is flowing out of the “+” reference terminal of the independent
voltage source
Summing the currents flowing into the top node and invoking KCL, we find that
-3 -3 3
80×10 - 30×10 - v /1×10 + i = 0
S S
Simplifying slightly, this becomes
3
50 - v + 10 i = 0 [1]
S S
We are seeking a value for v such that v · i = 0. Clearly, setting v = 0 will achieve this.
S S S S
From Eq. [1], we also see that setting v = 50 V will work as well
S

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SOLUTION:

a. vy= 1(3vx+ iz)

vx= 5 V and given that iz= –3 A, we find that
vy= 3(5) – 3 = 12 V
b. vy= 1(3vx+ iz) = –6 = 3vx+ 0.5
Solving, we find that vz= (–6 – 0.5)/3 = –2.167 V.

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SOLUTION:

a. By KCL at the bottom node: 2 – 3 + iz– 5 – 3 = 0

So iz=9A
b. If the left-most resistor has a value of 1 Ω, then 3 V appears across the parallel network.
Thus, the value of the other resistor is given by
R = 3/-(-5) = 600mΩ

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SOLUTION:

By KCL we may write;

5 + iy+ iz= 3 + ix
a. ix= 2 + iy+ iz= 2 + 2 + 0 = 4 A
b. iy= 3 + ix– 5 – iz
iy= –2 + 2 – 2 iy
Thus we find that iy=0
c. 5 + iy+ iz= 3 + ix
5 + ix+ ix= 3 + iz
ix= 3 – 5 = -2A.

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SOLUTION:

In the first step, the current source of 5A is converted to equivalent voltage source as shown,

In loop abef, using KVL,

20 = (i1 – i2) 10 or, i1– i2 = 2 (i)

In loop bcde, using KVL,

25 i2 + 100 + (i1– i2 ) 10 = 0 or, 35 i2 – 10 i1= -100 (ii)

Solving (i) and (ii) for i2 we get,

i2 = -3.2 A ( i.e. actually i2 flows from terminal c to terminal b)

=> The power loss in the 5 Ω resistor is (i22 x 5) W

i.e. p = (3.2)2 x 5 W

or, p = 51.2 W

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SOLUTION:

The current sources are transformed to voltage sources as shown in the figure below,

In loop abcd,

-50 + 15 i1 + (i1 – i2 ) + 5 = 0 => 16i1– i2 = 45 (i)

In loop befc,

-5 + (i2 - i1 ) + 5i2 + (i2 – i3 ) 10 = 0

=> 16i2 - i1– 10 i3 = 5 (iii)

From (iii) , i3 = i2 – 1 (iv)

Using (iv) in (ii),

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16i2 - i1 – 10 (i2 – 1 ) = 5

=> i1– 6 i2 = 5 (v)

Solving (i) and (v),

i2 = -0.37 A and i1= 2.79 A

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

a. By KVL, -2 + vx+ 8 = 0
So that vx= -6 V.
b. By KCL at the top left node
i = 1 + I + vx/4 – 6
in S
i = 23 A
in

c. By KCL at the top right node,

I + 4 v = 4 - v /4
S x x
I = 29.5 A.
S

d. The power provided by the dependent source is 8(4v ) = -192 W

x

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SOLUTION:

Beginning from the left, we find

p = -(20)(4) = -80 W
20V
2
v = 4(1.5) = 6 V therefore p = (v ) / 1.5 = 24 W.
1.5 1.5 1.5
2
v = 20 – v = 20 – 6 = 14 V therefore p = 14 / 14 = 14 W
14 1.5 14
i = v /2 = v /1.5 – v /14 = 6/1.5 – 14/14 = 3 A
2 2 1.5 14
2
Therefore v = 2(3) = 6 V and p = 6 /2 = 18 W.
2 2
2
v = v – v = 14 – 6 = 8 V therefore p = 8 /4 = 16 W
4 14 2 4
i = v / 2.5 = v /2 – v /4 = 3 – 2 = 1 A
2.5 2.5 2 4
2
Therefore v = (2.5)(1) = 2.5 V and so p = (2.5) /2.5 = 2.5 W.
2.5 2.5
I = - I , therefore I = -1 A.
2.5 S S
KVL allows us to write -v + v + v = 0
4 2.5 IS
so V = v – v = 8 – 2.5 = 5.5 V and p = -V I = 5.5 W
IS 4 2.5 IS IS S

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SOLUTION:

a. By KVL, –40 + (–110) + R(5) – 20 = 0

R = 34 Ω
b. By KVL, -V - (-110) + 40 = 0
G
V = 150 V
G
Now that we know the voltage across the unknown conductance G, we need only to find the
current flowing through it.
KCL provides us with the means to find this current: The current flowing into the “+”
terminal of the –110-V source is 12.5 + 6 = 18.5 A.
Then, Ix= 18.5 – 5 = 13.5 A
By Ohm’s law, Ix= G · V
G
So G = 13.5/ 150 or G = 90 mS

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SOLUTION:

Define a voltage v , “+” reference on the right, across the dependent current source.
x
Note that in fact v appears across each of the four elements. We first convert the 10 mS
x
conductance into a 100–Ω resistor, and the 40–mS conductance into a 25–Ω resistor

a. Applying KCL, we sum the currents flowing into the right–hand node:
5 – v / 100 – v / 25 + 0.8 i = 0
x x x
This represents one equation in two unknowns. A second equation to introduce at this point
is
i = v /25 so that above becomes
x x
5 – v / 100 – v / 25 + 0.8 (v / 25) = 0
x x x
Solving for v , we find v = 277.8 V. It is a simple matter now to compute the power absorbed
x x
by each element:

P5A = –5 vx = –1.389 kW
P100Ω = (vx)2 / 100 = 771.7 W
P25Ω = (vx)2 / 25 = 3.087 kW
Pdep = –vx(0.8 ix) = –0.8 (vx)2 / 25 = –2.470 kW

a. Again summing the currents into the right–hand node

5 – v / 100 – v / 25 + 0.8 i = 0
x x y
wherei = 5 – v /100
y x

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Thus, above becomes

5 – v / 100 – v / 25 + 0.8(5) – 0.8 (i ) / 100 = 0
x x y
Solving, we find that v x = 155.2 V and i = 3.448 A
x y

P = –5 v = –776.0 W
5A x
2
P = (v ) / 100 = 240.9 W
100Ω
x
2
P = (v ) / 25 = 963.5 W
25Ω
x
P = –v (0.8 i ) = –428.1 W
dep x y

5 – v / 100 – v / 25 + 0.8(5) – 0.8 (i ) / 100 = 0

x x y
Solving, we find that v x = 155.2 V and i = 3.448 A
x y

P = –5 v = –776.0 W
5A x
2
P = (v ) / 100 = 240.9 W
100Ω
x
2
P = (v ) / 25 = 963.5 W
25Ω
x
P = –v (0.8 i ) = –428.1 W
dep x y

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