New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Chapter 4

Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

Chapter 4 Enzymes and metabolism

Multiple-choice questions

[1A04101]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagrams below, which
show the set-ups for investigating the effectiveness of washing powders on stain
removal.
(1) (2)

protein stain lipid stain

cloth cloth
Non-biological powder at 25oC Non-biological powder at 25oC

(3) (4)

protein stain protein stain

cloth cloth
o
Biological powder at 25 C Biological powder at 35oC

* Which two set-ups are compared to show the effect of temperature on stain
removal?
A (1) and (2) B (2) and (3)
C (2) and (4) D (3) and (4)
D

[1A04102]
* Which factor is being investigated by comparing (1) and (2)?
A temperature B type of washing powder
C type of cloth D type of stain
D

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Chapter 4
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[1A04103]
* Which property of enzymes can be explained by the lock-and-key hypothesis?
A Enzymes are reusable.
B Enzymes are proteins.
C The actions of enzymes are specific.
D Enzymes are biological catalysts.
C

[1A04104]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows an enzyme molecule. (The diagrams are not drawn to scale)

active site

enzyme

* Which of the following molecules is the substrate for the enzyme?

A B

C D

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Chapter 4
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[1A04105]
* Which of the following molecules is a non-competitive inhibitor to the enzyme?
A B

C D

[1A04106]
* The graph below shows the relationship between the substrate concentration and
the rate of reaction.

rate of reaction

Key:

no inhibitor present

substrate concentration

Which curve shows the effect of the presence of a competitor inhibitor?

A B

C D

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B
[1A04107]
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of pH on the activity of
enzyme X. Equal amounts of enzyme X and starch were mixed, and the
temperature of the mixture was maintained at 30oC. The time taken for the
digestion of starch into glucose at different pH is shown in the table below:
pH Time taken for the digestion of starch into glucose (min)
3 10.0
7 3.5
10 8.5
12 15.0
Which pH is optimum for the activity of enzyme X?
A pH 3
B pH 7
C pH 10
D pH 12
B

[1A04108]
Which of the following statements about inhibitors is not correct?
A Inhibitors can slow down or stop the activities of enzymes.
B Non-competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for the active sites of
enzymes.
C The effect of non-competitive inhibitors cannot be reversed by increasing
the substrate concentration.
D Competitive inhibitors have a similar structure to substrate molecules.
B

[1A04109]
Which of the following statements about enzymes is not correct?
A Being produced by living cells, enzymes are proteins that can catalyse
biochemical reactions.
B Enzymes are formed at ribosomes.
C Enzymes are specific in action.

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D Enzymes are killed in high temperatures.

D
[1A04110]
An enzyme is only required in a small amount because
A its shape is specific.
B it speeds up both forward and backward reactions.
C it is made of proteins.
D it is not consumed in the reaction.
D

[1A04111]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the experiment below, which is
designed to investigate the action of an unknown enzyme.

fresh enzyme boiled enzyme

starch-agar
blocks

In order to investigate the action of an unknown enzyme, a starch-agar block was

incubated at 37C in a tube of fresh enzyme and another in a tube of boiled
enzyme for one day. Then, iodine solution was added to both tubes. The blocks
were then taken out and the colour was observed. The table below shows the
results:
Enzyme used Colour of the agar block after adding iodine solution
Fresh Brown
Boiled Blue-black

* From the results, we can come to the conclusion that

A the enzyme digested starch.
B the enzyme dissolved starch.
C the enzyme digested agar blocks.

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D the enzyme dissolved agar blocks.

A

[1A04112]
* The enzyme might be a(n)
A lipase.
B amylase.
C catalase.
D protease.
B

[1A04113]
In very hot water, the enzymes in biological washing powder
A evaporate.
B are killed.
C are the most active.
D are denatured.
D

[1A04114]
* Which of the following is a catabolic reaction?
A hydrolysis of lipid molecules
B synthesis of glycogen
C polymerisation of glucose molecules
D synthesis of proteins
A

[1A04115]
Enzymes are
A proteins in nature.
B steroids in nature.

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C minerals in nature.
D lipids in nature.
A

[1A04116]
In the following enzymatic reaction, X and Y are
enzyme
X + Y  Z
A catalysts.
B conditions.
C substrates.
D products.
C

[1A04117]
Which of the following is/are possible substrate(s) for enzyme X?
enzyme X

active sites

(1)

(2)

(3)

A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
D

[1A04118]
The enzyme activity is usually extremely slow at 0oC because

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Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

A the enzymes are denatured.

B the enzymes are destroyed.
C the enzymes are inactivated.
D the enzymes are frozen.
C
[1A04119]
Amylase can help in the digestion of
A starch into maltose.
B starch into glucose.
C maltose into sucrose.
D maltose into glucose.
A

[1A04120]
Which of the following are the properties of enzymes?
(1) Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
(2) Enzymes only work inside the cells.
(3) Enzymes are reusable.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
B

[1A04121]
Which of the following are examples of catabolism?
(1) amino acid --> protein
(2) glucose --> water + carbon dioxide
(3) lipid --> glycerol + fatty acid
A (1) and (2) only

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B (1) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C

[1A04122]
Test tubes containing starch solution and/or amylase solution were incubated at
25oC. After 30 minutes, iodine solution was added to each test tube. In which test
tube(s) did a blue-black colour appear?
(1) (2) (3)

starch amylase starch + amylase

water bath at 25oC water bath at 25oC water bath at 25oC

A (1) only B (1) and (2) only

C (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only
A

[1A04123]
* In which of the following mixtures can enzyme activity not be detected?
Substrate Enzyme Temperature (oC) pH
(1) maltose pancreatic lipase 37 10
(2) protein pepsin 25 2
(3) starch salivary amylase 30 7
A (1) only B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3)
A

[1A04124]
* The enzymes in biological washing powders are extracted from the bacteria
living in an alkaline and hot environment. Under which of the following
conditions would the biological washing powders perform the best?
pH Temperature (oC)

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A 7 40
B 7 60
C 10 40
D 10 60
D

[1A04125]
What is anabolism?
A It refers to all the chemical reactions that take place within an organism.
B It refers to all the slowing-down reactions that take place within an　
organism.
C It refers to all the building-up reactions that take place within an organism.
D It refers to all the breaking-down reactions that take place within an　
organism.
C

[1A04126]
Which of the following statements about enzymes is not correct?
A Their activities can be affected by temperature and pH.
B They are usually non-biodegradable and may lead to pollution.
C Their specificity can be explained by the lock-and-key hypothesis.
D They help speed up reactions inside organisms.
B

[1A04127]
The diagram below shows a bottle of contact lens cleaner. Substance X in this
product can remove the proteins on contact lenses.

What is/are the property/properties of substance X?

(1) It is a lipid.
(2) It is reusable.

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Chapter 4
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

(3) Its actions are specific.

A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C

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Short questions

[1A04201]
* The cell walls of fruit, like apples, contain a chemical called pectin which holds
the cells together. An enzyme called pectinase can break down the pectin,
causing the cell walls to break down. Pectinase is used in the commercial
production of apple juice because it speeds up the extraction of clear fruit juice
from the fruit.
The following sequence of diagrams show some of the stages of an experiment
using pectinase:
- Pectinase was added to equal masses of pulped apple at 3 different
temperatures.

pulped apple
and pectinase
o o o
45 C 55 C 65 C

- After 30 minutes the pulped apple / pectinase mixture was poured into a filter
funnel.

pulped apple
and pectinase

clear apple
juice

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Question Bank Short questions

- The volume of clear apple juice collected in the measuring cylinder was
recorded every 5 minutes for each temperature.
- The results were plotted on a graph which is shown below.

a i At which temperature was the greatest volume of clear apple juice

produced? (1 mark)
ii Explain why 65°C produces a low volume of apple juice. (1 mark)
iii The optimum temperature for pectinase is 55°C. The 55°C line will
eventually level out. Explain why. (1 mark)
iv Apart from the mass of pulped apple used, state one other factor that
must be kept constant during the experiment to make it a fair test.
(1 mark)
b State one other commercial use of digestive enzymes. (1 mark)
WJEC GCSE Biology 3 Higher Tier 2008 Q4

-- ans --
a i 55ºC 1m
ii Enzymes are denatured. 1m
iii The substrate / pulped apple is used up. / All juice is extracted. / All pectin is
broken down.
1m
iv pH / volume / concentration of enzyme / variety or type of apple 1m
b Pre-digestion of baby foods / biological washing powders / cheese making /
lactose-free milk 1m

-- ans end --

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[1A04202]
Explain the meaning of the following.
a Active transport (1 mark)
b The primary structure of a protein (1 mark)
c Enzyme-substrate complex (1 mark)
WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jan 2008 Q1
-- ans --
a Transport against a concentration gradient and requiring energy input. 1m
b The order / sequence in which amino acids are linked in the protein. 1m
c The compound formed by a substrate joining the active site of an enzyme. 1m
-- ans end --

[1A04203]
* Three discs of filter paper, treated as shown below, were placed on agar jelly
containing egg white.

filter paper soaked in

Petri dish
boiled enzyme +
hydrochloric acid
mixture of agar jelly and
egg white

filter paper + water filter paper soaked in

enzyme + hydrochloric
acid

After 30 minutes the area under each disc was tested for amino acids, glucose
and fatty acids. The results are shown in the table below.
Filter Amino
Glucose Fatty acids
paper disc acids
X - - - Key:
Y + - - + = present
Z - - - - = absent
a Suggest, with a reason, the name of the enzyme. (2 marks)
b On which class of food is the enzyme acting? (1 mark)
c Why is disc Z included in the experiment? (1 mark)
d In which part of the alimentary canal does this enzyme normally work?

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(1 mark)
WJEC GCSE Biology Foundation Tier 2006 Q16
-- ans --
a Protease / Pepsin 1m
Egg white (protein) has been digested into amino acids. 1m
b Protein 1m
c Disc Z shows it is the enzyme that causes the result. / It acts as a control. 1m
d Stomach 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04204]
The diagram below shows the front of a packet of washing powder.

RINSOWASH
Biological Washing Powder
Instructions for use
Add to water at 40oC
Do not use very hot water
Suitable for use with all delicate textiles
Warning
Contain enzymes which digest food stains
Can cause skin problems

Use the information above to answer all the following questions.

a i Suggest a type of enzyme found in this washing powder. (1 mark)
ii State two advantages of using biological powders. (2 marks)
iii State one disadvantage of using biological powders. (1 mark)
b State why enzymes will not work in very hot water. (1 mark)
WJEC GCSE Biology Foundation Tier 2006 Q7
-- ans --
a i Digestive enzyme / carbohydrase / protease / amylase / lipase 1m
ii Users can use water at normal temperatures / saves money on heating /
use on delicate fabrics / digest or remove food stains. (any 2) 1m x 2
iii It may cause skin problems. 1m

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b They are denatured by high temperature. 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04205]
** Potassium ions are essential for plant growth and are absorbed by root cells. Two
samples of the roots of a plant were placed in potassium solutions. The inhibitor,
malonate that prevents respiration, was added to one of the solutions. The
concentrations of potassium ions in the two solutions were measured at regular
time intervals. The results are shown below.

concentration of
P (with inhibitor)
potassium ions in
solution (arbitrary
unit)

Q (without inhibitor)

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
time (min)

a Explain the decrease in the concentrations of potassium ions between 0 to

15 minutes.
i Curve P (2 marks)
ii Curve Q (1 mark)
b Explain why there is no further decrease in the concentration of potassium
ions in the solution with the inhibitor after 30 minutes. (2 marks)
c The structure of malonate is very similar to that of glucose, which is an
substrate for the enzyme of respiration. Explain how malonate inhibits
respiration. (2 marks)
-- ans --
a i Potassium ions are absorbed by diffusion. 1m
As no energy is required, the inhibitor cannot slow down the rate. 1m
ii Potassium ions are absorbed by active transport and diffusion. 1m
b There is no concentration gradient between the solution and the cell. 1m

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There is no net gain of potassium ions into the cell. 1m

c Malonate acts as a competitive inhibitor. 1m
It blocks the active site of the enzyme. 1m
-- ans end --
[1A04206]
* The graph below shows the activity of enzymes X, Y and Z at different pH.

120
enzyme activity (%)

100
80 X
60 Y
40 Z

20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH

a Which enzyme could be the enzyme working in our mouth? (1 mark)

b Over what pH range would enzymes Y and Z both work? (1 mark)
c Describe the changes in the activity of enzyme X as the pH changes from 1
to 5. (3 marks)
d i Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Explain the meaning of ‘catalyst’. (1 mark)
ii Which substances are enzymes composed of? (1 mark)

-- ans --

a Enzyme Y 1m

b pH 6 to 9 1m

c The enzyme activity increases with the pH. 1m

It reaches maximum at pH 3. 1m

It then decreases. 1m

d i It speeds up chemical reactions. 1m

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It remains unchanged after the reaction. 1m

ii Proteins 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04207]
Enzymes are present in most metabolic reactions in living cells. The diagram
below shows the process of catabolism.

a Label the diagram using words shown below. (2 marks)

active sites enzyme products substrate
b Explain how the enzyme works. (5 marks)

-- ans --
a Correct labelling 0.5m x 4

substrate

products
active sites

enzyme

b The substrate fits into the active sites. 1m

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Then the enzyme-substrate complex is formed 1m

The substrate is broken down into two products. 1m
The enzyme remains unchanged throughout the reaction. 1m
The enzyme acts as a catalyst to speed up the reaction. 1m
-- ans end --
[1A04208]
a Define the term ‘metabolism’. (2 marks)
b Below is a list of major metabolic processes in an organism.
digestion cell respiration deamination
growth repair
synthesis of hormones and enzymes
i List two examples of anabolism. (2 marks)
ii List two examples of catabolism. (2 marks)
-- ans --
a It is the sum of chemical reactions that take place in an organism. 1m
It consists of catabolism and anabolism. 1m
b i Growth / repair / synthesis of hormones and enzymes (any 2) 1m x 2
ii Digestion / cell respiration / deamination (any 2) 1m x 2

-- ans end --

[1A04209]
* Peter investigated the effect of temperatures on enzyme activity. Amylase is an
enzyme that digests starch. He timed how long it took for the same amount of
starch to be digested at six different temperatures. The rate of digestion at each
temperature was then calculated.
The results are shown in the table below.
Time taken for starch to
Temperature (oC) Rate of digestion (1/min)
be digested (min)
10 5.5 1/5.5 = 0.18
25 1.9 1/1.9 = 0.53
30 1.2
40 0.9 1/0.9 = 1.11
55 2.2
60 10.0 1/10.0 = 0.10

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a Complete the table. (2 marks)

b Using the data above, plot a graph of the rate of digestion against
temperature. (2 marks)
c With the help of the graph, explain the effect of temperatures on enzyme
activity. (3 marks)
-- ans --
a 1m x 2
Temperature Time taken for starch to be Rate of digestion
(oC) digested (min) (1/min)
10 5.5 1/5.5 = 0.18
25 1.9 1/1.9 = 0.53
30 1.2 1/1.2 = 0.83
40 0.9 1/0.9 = 1.11
55 2.2 1/2.2 = 0.45
60 10.0 1/10.0 = 0.10
b

The graph s howing the rate of diges tion agains t temperature

1.2
rate of diges tion (1/min)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature (⁰C)

Correct axes and scale 1m

Correct graph 1m
c Initially as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. 1m
The enzyme activity reaches the maximum at optimum temperature. 1m
The enzyme activity decreases above 40 C because the enzyme is denatured. o
1m
-- ans end --

[1A04210]
Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic by-product of some metabolic reactions. An
enzyme called catalase can speed up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into

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Question Bank Short questions

harmless substances.
hydrogen peroxide → gas X + water
a i What is gas X? (1 mark)
ii How to test for gas X? (1 mark)
b Explain why catalase is able to catalyse this reaction but not other reactions.
(2 marks)
-- ans --
a i Oxygen 1m
ii It relights a glowing splint. 1m
b The active site of catalase has a specific shape. 1m
It allows the binding of a specific substrate only to form an enzyme-substrate
complex. 1m
-- ans end --

[1A04211]
a Complete the table below to show the applications of enzymes in daily life.
(5 marks)
Enzyme Application Explanation
Amylases Making syrup and fruit juice

Washing clothes

Softening meat

b Why is the biological activity of enzyme-containing washing powder

reduced in hot water? Give an explanation with reference to the active sites.
(2 marks)

-- ans --
a 1m x 5
Enzyme Application Explanation
Amylases Making syrup and fruit juice The amylases digest
starch into sweet sugars.
Proteases Washing clothes The proteases digest
protein stains such as
blood stains.
Proteases Softening meat The proteases digest

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certain proteins in the

meat.
b The enzymes in the washing powder are denatured at high temperature. 1m
The shapes of active sites are changed and the substrates cannot fit in. 1m
-- ans end --

[1A04212]
The diagram below shows the action of an enzyme on its substrate.

Q Q

X Y Z

a Identify the substrate(s), enzyme(s) and product(s) in the diagram. Give a

reason in each case. (3 marks)
b Enzymes are specific in their action. What does it mean? (1 mark)
c Why enzymes are specific in their action? (2 marks)
d Name a hypothesis that can explain enzyme specificity. (1 mark)

-- ans --

a X is the substrate. 0.5m

X is changed after the reaction. 0.5m

Q is the enzyme. 0.5m

Q remains unchanged after the reaction. 0.5m

Y and Z are the products. 0.5m

Y and Z are formed after the reaction. 0.5m

b Each enzyme acts on only one or a few chemically related substrates and catalyses
only one kind of reaction. 1m

c The active sites of enzymes are of specific shapes. 1m

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Each active site can only combine with one or a few chemically-related substrates that
fit into it. 1m

d The lock-and-key hypothesis 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04213]
* A student did the following demonstration to simulate an enzyme-controlled
reaction.

a Was the reaction a catabolic or anabolic one? (1 mark)

b What did the pin represent? How do you know? (2 marks)
c The student then used the same pin to burst another balloon. Which property
of enzyme was demonstrated? (1 mark)
d State two ways in which the demonstration cannot represent an
enzyme-controlled reaction accurately. (2 marks)
-- ans --

a A catabolic reaction 1m

b Enzyme 1m

It is not consumed at the end of the reaction. 1m

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c Enzyme is reusable. 1m

d The enzyme-controlled reaction is reversible. /

The enzyme-controlled reaction can also be an anabolic one. /

Rate of the enzyme-controlled reaction depends on temperature. /

Rate of the enzyme-controlled reaction depends on pH. (any 2) 1m x 2

-- ans end --

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Chapter 4
Question Bank Structured questions

Structured questions

[1A04301]
* An enzyme experiment was carried out using tubes which were labelled A to H.
An equal volume of an enzyme was added to each tube along with the same
volume of substrate.
The tubes were placed in a water bath at constant temperature.
One tube was removed from the water bath every five minutes and the
concentration of substrate remaining was measured.
These results were used to calculate the rate of reaction during the five minute
period before the removal of each tube. The reaction rates are shown in the table.

Tube A B C D E F G H

Time 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 30–35 35–40

period
(minute)

Reaction 24 24 24 0 0 0 0
rate (mg
ml-1 min-
1
)

a i Apart from temperature, what other factor would need to be kept

constant? (1 mark)
ii How would this be achieved? (1 mark)
iii How could the enzyme molecule be affected if the other factor in a i
was not kept constant? (1 mark)
b The concentration of substrate after 15 minutes was 360 mg ml–1 and after
20 minutes it was 300 mg ml–1. Calculate the missing value for the reaction
rate under D and show your working. (1 mark)

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c i At the start of the experiment was the enzyme concentration

greater
less
the same
when compared to the substrate concentration? (Circle your choice.)
(1 mark)
ii Explain your choice. (2 marks)
d The substrate concentration was doubled and the experiment was repeated.
All other factors were kept constant. In the open boxes on the table fill in
the reaction rates you would expect to see. (3 marks)
WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jan 2008 Q6
-- ans --

a i pH 1m

ii Adding the same volume of buffer solution to each tube. 1m

iii Changing the pH might change the active site / distort the shape of the active
site. 1m

b (360-300)/5 = 12 mg min-1 1m

c i less 1m

ii Any two from: 1m x 2

Enzyme working at full capacity. / All active sites in use.

There are spare / excess substrate molecules / The enzyme is a limiting

factor.

The rate of reaction is constant for 15 minutes.

d The starting value will still be 24 (no increase in active sites). 1m

The first six boxes should be 24 (double the concentration of substrate means it will
take double the time to come down to enzyme concentration). 1m

The seventh box should be 12 and the last one zero (The fall will be just as rapid as
in the first experiment once the concentrations have reached equality). 1m

-- ans end --

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Question Bank Structured questions

[1A04302]
* Glucose oxidase is an enzyme, shown below, the normal substrate of which is
glucose.
The molecule arabinose acts as an inhibitor for the glucose oxidase.

glucose

arabinose

glucose oxidase

a i Name the class of molecule to which enzymes belong. (1 mark)

ii On the diagram, label the position of the enzyme’s active site.
(1 mark)
iii Explain why you chose that position. (2 marks)
b Explain how arabinose inhibits the activity of glucose oxidase. (4 marks)
c If a person drinks methylated spirits (meths), blindness can result because
the body turns the meths into formaldehyde, which is highly poisonous. One
form of hospital treatment is for the patient to drink alcohol (ethanol) which
is a molecule of a similar structure to meths.
Suggest how this treatment will reduce the toxic effects of the meths.
(3 marks)

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WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jun 2007 Q3

-- ans --

a i Protein 1m

ii

1m

iii Any two from: 1m x 2

The site has complementary shape to glucose / similar shape to the substrate.

The substrate / glucose will fit into / bind with the active site / the enzyme.

Glucose can form enzyme-substrate complexes.

Glucose cannot fit anywhere else.

b Any four from: 1m x 4

Arabinose has a complementary / similar shape to the active site.

Arabinose enters the active site / occupies the active site.

Arabinose blocks the active site.

No glucose can enter.

Less / No enzyme-substrate complexes are formed.

Glucose is not metabolized. / No products are formed. / Fewer products are formed.

Arabinose is a competitive inhibitor.

c Ethanol acts an inhibitor. 1m

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It is competitive. 1m

Meths cannot be converted to formaldehyde / converted more slowly. 1m

Thus no / reduced toxic effects result.

-- ans end --
[1A04303]
** The enzyme catalase is found in raw potatoes. It breaks down hydrogen
peroxide, releasing oxygen. Minced potato was placed in a buffer solution in a
3
flask. 5 cm of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution was run into the flask and the
oxygen given off was collected in a graduated flask. The volume of oxygen present
was noted every 30 seconds and the results are shown in the graph.
10
D
total volume of O2 produced (cm3)

C
8

6
B

A
2

0 2 4 6 8
time (min)
a i Calculate the mean value of the reaction rate (in cm3 O2 min-1) for the
period from A to B. (1 mark)
ii How much greater is this value than that for C to D? (1 mark)
b What is the limiting factor on the rate of reaction
i between A and B? (1 mark)
ii between C and D? (1 mark)
c i Draw a curve on the graph to show the effect of adding a small
quantity of a non-competitive inhibitor at the start of a similar
experiment. (1 mark)
ii Explain the position you have chosen for your line. (1 mark)
iii Explain why the inhibitor is referred to as non-competitive.
(2 marks)
d Suggest why the potato was minced. (1 mark)

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e Explain why the absence of a buffer solution would make it difficult to

obtain reproducible results. (2 marks)
f The flask was clamped in a constant temperature water bath. Explain why.
(1 mark)
g Suggest what might happen to the enzyme if the temperature was allowed to
rise above 60oC. (1 mark)
WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jan 2007 Q2

-- ans --

a i 12 cm3 O2 min-1 1m

ii Increase of 11.75 cm3 O2 min-1 or 48 times 1m b

i Concentration of enzyme 1m

ii Concentration of substrate 1m

c i A new curve is drawn more than half way up to original curve and is of the same
shape as the original curve. The new curve reaches a maximum of 5 on y-axis.

1m

ii It is because low concentration alters the structure of some of the enzyme

molecules, rendering them non-functional / lowers the number of active sites.

1m

iii Non-competitive because inhibitor molecules do not compete with the substrate
for active site.
1m

The inhibitor attaches elsewhere on the enzyme, distorting the active site. 1m

d To break tissue / cell walls to release the enzyme. / To increase the surface area for
substrate contact.
1m

e The pH changes may otherwise occur during the experiment. / pH changes alter the
shape of the protein and affect the efficiency of the active sites.
2m

f Reaction may take up or produce heat, causing changes in rate. / To avoid

fluctuations in external temperature.

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1m

g Denaturation / breakdown of active site 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04304]
* a Apart from the presence of inhibitors and substrate concentration, state
three factors that affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction.
(3 marks)
b The graph shows how the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction varies with
substrate concentration when affected by a competitive inhibitor and a
non-competitive inhibitor.

i Which line shows the competitive inhibitor? (1 mark)

ii Give a reason for your choice in b i. (1 mark)
iii Explain how a competitive inhibitor works. (3 marks)
WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jun 2006 Q2

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-- ans --
a pH 1m
Temperature 1m
Enzyme concentration 1m
b i A 1m
ii The increased substrate concentration reduces the effect of the inhibitor. / The
inhibitor allows the rate of reaction to reach maximum eventually. 1m
iii Any three from: 1m x 3
The inhibitor has similar shape as the active site / substrate.
It attaches to / occupies the active site.
It blocks the active site / prevents the substrate from binding to the active site.
There are no enzyme-substrate complexes formed.
No products are produced / released.
The effect is reversible.

-- ans end --
[1A04305]
** Catalase catalyses the reaction below.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
hydrogen peroxide water oxygen
An experiment was conducted to find out the rate of the above reaction in
different substances. Samples of different substances were added to hydrogen
peroxide in test tubes. The rate of reaction was determined by measuring the
volume of gases released in 10 minutes. The results are shown in the table below.
Tube Substance added Volume of oxygen released (cm3)
P Piece of liver 50
Q Ground liver and sand 80
R Sand 0
S Piece of cooled, boiled liver 0
a i Explain the results of tubes P and Q. (2 marks)
ii Explain the results of tubes P and S. (3 marks)
b What is the purpose of tube R? (1 mark)
c The graph shows the energy changes which take place during the reaction in
which hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen.

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Key:

without catalase

with catalase
energy

energy in substrate

energy in products

time

Explain, with the graph, why

i hydrogen peroxide breaks down at a lower temperature when catalase
is present than when it is not. (1 mark)
ii the temperature of tubes P and Q is higher when the reaction takes
place. (2 marks)

-- ans --

a i Ground liver has larger surface area for the reaction. 1m

Liver cells are broken down, so more catalase is released to catalyse the
reaction. 1m

ii Heating denatures catalase. 1m

The active site is changed, 1m

so the substrate cannot bind to catalase. 1m

b Tube R acts as a control. 1m

c i Catalase lowers the energy barrier of the reaction. 1m

ii Energy in products is lower than that in the substrate. 1m

Energy is given out as heat. 1m

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-- ans end --

[1A04306]
* Cellulase is an enzyme produced by some soil microorganisms. It breaks down
cellulose into simple sugars for nutrition of the microorganisms. Cellulose is
present in plant cell walls.

In an investigation, three different liquids were added to 10 cm3 samples of

cellulose paste and left for 12 hours. The time taken for 5 cm3 of each mixture to
run through a syringe was recorded. The results are shown in the table below.

Time for 5 cm3 to run through

Sample Liquid added to cellulose paste
(s)

X 1 cm3 cellulase solution 130

Y 1 cm3 water 380

Z 1 cm3 soil water 200

mixture of cellulose paste

and liquid

syringe

a i Using the results from samples X and Y, describe and explain the effect

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of cellulose on the thickness of cellulose paste. (2 marks)

ii Describe and explain the results of sample Z. (3 marks)
b i The mixtures were left in optimum conditions for the enzyme. Explain
what the optimum conditions are. (2 marks)
ii Cellulase is specific to cellulose. Explain what is meant by the term
‘specific’. (2 marks)
-- ans --
a i Cellulase reduces the thickness of cellulose paste. 1m
With cellulase, the time taken for the mixture to run through the syringe is less.
1m
ii The time taken in sample Z is less than that in sample Y. 1m
Soil water in sample Z contains cellulase. 1m
But the time taken in sample Z is more than that in sample X. 1m
The concentration of cellulase in soil water is less than that in sample X.
1m
b i The pH and temperatures that allow the enzyme to work at the fastest rate.
1m
ii It only acts on one substrate, cellulose. 1m
It only catalyses one reaction. 1m
-- ans end --
[1A04307]
** The diagram below shows how glucose is detected in urine using a test strip.
1 2

Plastic strip has a

blue band,
containing enzymes
and dye. The strip is put into a urine sample.

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The colour of the band

changes from blue to
brown if glucose is present
in the urine.

There are two enzymes on the strip: glucose oxidase and peroxidase. The
reactions catalysed by the enzymes are as follows:
glucose oxidase
glucose + oxygen + water 6-carbon acid + hydrogen peroixde

peroxidase
blue dye + hydrogen peroixde brown dye + water

a i Explain why only glucose, but not other sugars, is detected using the
strip. (2 marks)
ii Explain why one enzyme, glucose oxidase is not enough to detect
glucose in urine. (2 marks)
b Suggest two advantages of using the test strip attaching the enzymes, rather
than adding the enzymes into a urine sample. (2 marks)
c State two other applications of enzymes. (2 marks)

-- ans --

a i Glucose oxidase has the active site 1m

that only glucose can bind to. 1m

ii No colour change can be observed if only glucose oxidase is used. 1m

Peroxidase catalyses the colour change from blue to brown. 1m

b No laboratory equipment is needed. 1m

The test strip is portable. 1m

(or other reasonable answers)

c Biological washing powder / meat tenderizer / cheese making / bread-making (any 2)

1m

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x2

-- ans end --

[1A04308]
* A student read the ingredients listed on the packet of one brand of washing
powder:
Sodium carbonate 15%
Soap 50%
Proteases 5%
Antifoam agent 9%
Brightening compounds 12%
Oxidizing agents 9%
He told his mom that this is called biological washing powder.
a Do you agree with the student. Explain your answer. (1 mark)
b The washing powder contains only 5% of enzymes which is a very low
concentration. Explain why. (1 mark)
c Which type of stain can be removed by this washing powder? (1 mark)
d The instructions on the packet suggests ‘Wash at 40oC’. What will happen if
it is used at 70oC? (1 mark)
e Suggest two other applications of enzymes in industrial processes.
(2 marks)
f Give two advantages of using enzymes in industrial processes. (2 marks)

-- ans --

a Agree. Enzymes are added to this washing powder to remove stains. 1m

b Enzymes are reusable. 1m

c The stain that contains proteins. 1m

d The proteases will be denatured. 1m

e Meat tenderizers / milk coagulation / breaking down of plant cell walls in fruit juice
production / softening leather (any 2) 1m
x2

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f Reducing the production of unwanted products. /

Lowering the cost of production. /

Extreme and expensive conditions are not required. (any 2) 1m x 2

-- ans end --

[1A04309]
The following diagram illustrates the lock-and-key hypothesis about enzyme
actions.

R S P

R S

Q Q Q

a Which structures in the diagram represent the substrates, products and

enzymes respectively? (3 marks)
b Is this a catabolic or an anabolic reaction? (1 mark)
c How does the hypothesis explain the specificity of enzyme actions?
(2 marks)
d State and explain how temperature affects enzyme actions. (4 marks)

-- ans --
a P: product 1m
Q: enzyme 1m
R, S: substrates 1m
b Anabolic reaction 1m
c The enzyme combines with particular substrates only, 1m
like a key only fits in a particular lock. 1m
d Low temperature lowers enzyme activities because kinetic energy of enzyme and

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substrate molecules decreases with temperature and collision of molecules is less

frequent. 1m
High temperature increases enzyme activities because high temperature increases the
chance of collision between substrate and enzyme molecules. 1m
When temperature is too high, the shape of enzyme molecules is changed. 1m
The active site no longer fits the substrate molecule and there is no reaction. 1m
-- ans end --

[1A04310]
* David carried out an experiment to study the effect of temperature on enzyme
activity. He made 7 tubes of egg white of 6 cm long and put each one into a Petri
dish containing water, digestive enzyme and hydrochloric acid. The Petri dishes
were incubated at 0oC, 10oC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC and 60oC respectively for 4
hours. The table below shows the length of the egg white tubes remaining after
incubation.

Temperature (oC) Length of egg white tube (cm)

0 6
10 5
20 4
30 3
40 2
50 4
60 6

a Using the above data, draw a graph to show the relationship between
reduction in length of egg white tubes and temperature. (3 marks)
b Describe and explain the graph drawn. (6 marks)
c What is the use of hydrochloric acid in the experiment? (1 mark)

-- ans --

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Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

reduction in length of
egg white tube (cm)
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature (oC)

Correct labelling of axes 1m

Correct shape of curve 2m

b The curve is bell-shaped. 1m

From 0 to 40oC, the reduction in length of egg white tube increases with temperature.

1m

At 40oC, the reduction in length of egg white tube reaches its maximum. 1m

From 40oC to 60oC, the reduction in length of egg white tube decreases with
temperature. 1m

As temperature increases from 0 to 40oC, the digestive enzyme becomes more and
more active. 1m

At 40oC, the digestive enzyme begins to denature. 1m

c To provide an optimum pH for the digestive enzyme to work. 1m

-- ans end --

[1A04311]

* The table below shows the activity of an enzyme (a protease found in the

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Question Bank Structured questions

stomach) at different pH.

pH Activity of protease (% of maximum)

1.0 50

1.5 80

2.0 98

2.5 80

3.0 25

3.5 8

4.0 5

4.5 2

5.0 0

6.0 0

7.0 0

a Plot the data on a graph. (5 marks)

b What is the optimum pH for this enzyme? (1 mark)

c People suffering from ‘acid stomach’ may find antacid tablets useful in
relieving the discomfort. Antacid tablets work by decreasing the acidity in
stomach. How will the digestion of proteins be affected by the antacid
tablets taken? (2 marks)

d Besides pH, give two factors that affect enzyme activity. (2 marks)

-- ans --

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Activity of protease at different pH

100
90
80
activity of protease
(% of maximum)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH

Correct title 1m

Correct labelling of axes 1m

Correct scale of axes 1m

Correct curve 2m

b pH 2 1m

c It will slow down the digestion of proteins 1m

because the pH in stomach exceeds the optimum pH value of 2. 1m

d Temperature / substrate concentration / enzyme concentration (any 2) 1m x 2

-- ans end --

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[1A04312]
** The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen can be catalysed by
an enzyme found in various tissues. In an experiment, samples of liver tissues or
blood, either fresh or boiled, are added to test tubes containing hydrogen
peroxide.
Test Tube Content Gas evolved
No oxygen
P Hydrogen peroxide
evolved
Q Hydrogen peroxide + fresh manganese dioxide Oxygen evolved
Hydrogen peroxide + boiled manganese
R Oxygen evolved
dioxide
S Hydrogen peroxide + fresh liver tissue Oxygen evolved
No oxygen
T Hydrogen peroxide + boiled liver tissue
evolved
U Hydrogen peroxide + fresh blood Oxygen evolved
No oxygen
V Hydrogen peroxide + boiled blood
evolved
a How to test for oxygen in the gas evolved? (2 marks)
b What is the purpose of setting up test tube P? (1 mark)
c Explain why the results are the same for test tubes Q and R. (2 marks)
d Explain the results of test tubes S and U. (1 mark)
e Explain the results of test tubes T and V. (2 marks)
f State two parameters that should be kept constant in all the test tubes.
(2 marks)

--ans --
a Bring a glowing splint near the gas evolved. 1m
If the splint lights up again, the gas evolved is oxygen. 1m
b It is a control to show that no oxygen is released from hydrogen peroxide alone. 1m
c Manganese dioxide is a chemical catalyst but not an enzyme. 1m
Its catalytic property is not affected by boiling. 1m
d Fresh liver tissue and blood contain the enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 1m
e Biological enzymes are proteins in nature. 1m
They are denatured after boiling and their catalytic property is lost. 1m
f Temperature of the reaction materials / pH of the reaction materials / volume of the
hydrogen peroxide (any 2) 1m x 2

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-- ans end --
[1A04313]
* a For the following statements, state whether they are correct or incorrect.
Give reasons if you think they are incorrect.
i Enzymes are killed at high temperatures.
ii The optimum temperature for all enzyme is 37oC because this is the
normal body temperature of humans.
iii Enzymes are denatured at very low temperatures.
iv The reaction rate of enzymes decreases with time as enzyme molecules
are used up during the reaction. (6 marks)
b Explain why enzyme actions are specific. (2 marks)
c How do you think human life would change if all our enzymes worked at
half their normal rates? (2 marks)

-- ans --

a i Incorrect. At high temperatures, enzymes are denatured but not killed.

1m

ii Incorrect. Enzymes in other organisms may have different optimum

temperatures.
1m

iii Incorrect. Enzymes are only inactive at very low temperatures. 1m

Their shapes are not changed at low temperatures. 1m

iv Incorrect. Enzyme molecules are not used up during a reaction. 1m

The reaction rate decreases because fewer substrate molecules are available for
reaction as time goes by. 1m

b During an enzymatic reaction, the substrate molecule combines with the enzyme
molecule at the active site. 1m

The active site of a particular enzyme is of a specific shape and so can only combine
with a substrate of the right shape. 1m

c All metabolic reactions would slow down. 1m

And so all our daily activities, like movement, growth and thinking would slow down as

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well. We would not be as active as we are now. 1m

-- ans end --
[1A04314]
* To investigate the effect of pH on amylase activity, six shallow troughs were
made on a starch-agar plate and different mixtures of amylase and chemicals
were added to each trough as follows:

(1) fresh enzyme extract

(2) fresh enzyme extract + dilute HCl solution
(3) fresh enzyme extract + dilute NaOH solution
(4) boiled enzyme extract
(5) dilute HCl solution
(6) dilute NaOH solution

The plate was incubated at 35oC for two hours. The plate was then treated with
iodine solution and washed. The appearance of the plate is shown below.

(1) small ring of clear

area

(6) blue-black (2) blue-black

(5) blue-black (3) large ring of

clear area

(4) blue-black

a Explain the results. (8 marks)

b What is the purpose of setting up troughs (5) and (6)? (1 mark)
c Name the process by which iodine molecules get to the deeper region of the
starch-agar. (1 mark)

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-- ans --

a The fresh enzyme extract (1) contained an enzyme which broke down some starch
around the trough. 1m

The clear area around the trough indicates that there was no starch left after
incubation. 1m

The enzyme in the mixture with dilute HCl (2) did not break down starch and the starch
was stained blue-black by the iodine solution. 1m

The enzyme was denatured by low pH. 1m

The enzyme in the mixture with dilute NaOH (3) digested much starch around the
trough. 1m

The enzyme had higher activity at high pH. 1m

The trough with the boiled enzyme extract (4) appeared blue-black because the
enzyme was denatured at high temperature, so the starch could not be digested.
1m

The dilute HCl alone (5) did not break down starch. 0.5m

The dilute NaOH (6) did not break down starch. 0.5m

b They act as controls and are used to check whether HCl or NaOH has direct effect on
starch. 1m

c Diffusion 1m

-- ans end --

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Essays

[1A04401]
* Describe the structure of an enzyme molecule and explain how the properties of
enzymes are related to this structure. (10 marks)
Any diagrams included in your answer must be fully annotated.
WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jun 2008 Q7

-- ans --

Any ten from: 1m x 10

Enzyme is a protein.

It has 3D foldings that make the active site specific for the substrate.

At low temperature, the kinetic energy of substrate and enzyme molecules is very low,
i.e. the reaction rate is low.

At high temperature, the molecules collide with each other more frequently so the
reaction rate is high.

If the temperature becomes too high, the enzyme is denatured and the shape of the
active site is distorted.

pH changes the shape of the active site.

At optimum pH, the enzyme works at its fastest rate.

With competitive inhibitors, some of the active sites are occupied and the reaction rate
decreases.

The inhibiting effect is reversible. Increasing the substrate concentration reduces the
effects of a competitive inhibitor.

Non-competitive inhibitors attach to other parts of the enzyme molecules.

Increasing the substrate concentration does not increase the reaction rate.

-- ans end --

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[1A04402]

* Describe the structure and function of enzymes. Explain how their activity is
influenced by pH, temperature and inhibitors. (10 marks)

Any diagrams included in your answer must be fully annotated.

WJEC GCE (A/AS) Biology Module BI1 Jun 2005 Q9

-- ans --

Any ten from: 1m x 10

An enzyme is a biological catalyst / speeds up a chemical reaction.

It lowers the activation energy of a reaction.

It is a globular protein / a protein with a tertiary structure.

It has an active site which is of a specific shape.

It combines with the substrate with the specific shape and converts the substrate into (a)
product(s).

Effects of pH:

An enzyme has a narrow optimum pH range.

Large deviations from this optimum range may result in denaturation of an enzyme / a
change in the shape of an enzyme.

Small pH changes cause reversible changes.

Effects of temperature:

The rate of reaction increases with an increasing temperature.

It is because of the increased number of collisions of active sites and the substrate.

Enzymes are denatured by a temperature above 45oC while the optimum temperature for
most mammalian enzymes is 37oC.

Effects of inhibitors:

Competitive inhibitors bind reversibly to the active site.

Non-competitive inhibitors cause changes in the structure of the active site.

Correct examples of both types of inhibitors, malonic acid for competitive inhibitors and
cyanide for non-competitive inhibitors.

-- ans end --

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[1A04403]
* What is meant by enzyme inhibition? Describe in detail how each type of
inhibitors functions and the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the
rate of enzymatic reaction. (12 marks)

-- ans --

Enzyme inhibition is the slowing or stopping of an enzyme’s action by other substances.

1m

The competitive inhibitors are chemicals with a structure similar to that of the substrate
molecules. 1m

They compete with the substrates for the active sites of enzymes. 1m

They occupy the active sites and prevent the enzymes from combining with the substrate
molecules. 1m

Increasing the substrate concentration can reduce the effects of a competitive inhibitor.
1m

Non-competitive inhibitors attach to other parts of the enzyme molecules. 1m

This causes changes in the structure of the active site. 1m

The substrate molecules can no longer bind to the active sites. 1m

Increasing the substrate concentration cannot increase the rate of enzymatic reaction.
1m

Effective communication 3m

-- ans end --

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