w /

* .

A?
 INTRODUCTION

TO THE

S1UDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

BY

JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., PH.D.

ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLUMBIA COLLEGE

;o

X
.

V
NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
 COPYRIGHT, 1896. Bt

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

EGBERT'S LAX INS

w. p. 3
 PREFACE

IT has been generally recognized by classical scholars of the present

day that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the

equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has
become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary
form at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies. Not-
withstanding this general recognition, however, no work in the
English language which would serve as an introduction to the study
of Latin inscriptions has up to the present time been published. It

is want that the following pages have been written.

to supply this

The purpose determining the plan of the work has been to com-
bine abundant introductory and explanatory matter with numerous

examples for illustration and for practice in .reading. The inscrip-

tions,with the single exception of those from movable articles,
have been printed in the type ordinarily used for Latin texts, since
this form has been considered more satisfactory than any attempt

at a typographical imitation of the original letters. Numerous

photographic reproductions have been made from the fac-similes of
Ritschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica and from the
exempla in Hiibner's Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, in order to

impress in some degree upon the student the original form and
appearance of the inscription.
The debt of the author to the works of other writers is of necessity

very great. Whenever another's writings have been directly used.

iv PREFACE

acknowledgment has been made in the footnotes but for assistance ;

obtained from many other sources not noted, the author wishes here
to express himself as deeply grateful.

The Cours Lot hie of Professor Rene" Cagnat has been

d? Epigraph ie

of the utmost service and has, in fact, formed the basis of this work in

many particulars. The author has also relied for much of his infor-

mation upon the Prolegomena of Professor Emil Hilbner's Exempla

Scripturae Epigraphicae and upon the same scholar's article, Romische
Epigraphik in I wan Muller's Handbuch der Klassischen Altertums-
tvissenschaft, vol. i., 1892. To Professor Hermann Dessau the
author is indebted for material obtained from his Inscriptiones
Latinae Selectae, vol i., and also for his kind words in regard to
the preparation of this volume.
In passing this book through the press the author has been greatly
aided by his friends and associates.
Professor Harry Thurston Peck has read much of the proof and

has made possible the author's task by his encouragement and by

his advice, so valuable because of wide experience.

Dr. Nelson Glenn McCrea has read the entire proof and has
in many instances, in connection with this kindly service, given
renewed proof of his scholarship. Mr. George Olcott, a Fellow of
this College, has been of most valuable service, inasmuch as he has

prepared and verified the Chronological List of the Roman Emperors.

The index is also the work of Mr. Olcott.
The author earnestly hopes. that this volume will prove to many
the open door to a subject so remarkable in its influence upon classi-

cal and archaeological study and at the same time so interesting

and attractive in its pursuit.
JAMES C. EGBERT, JB.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE, December, 1895.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
PAGE
Bibliography ;
Periodical Literature j Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . 1

PART I

CHAPTER I

THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL)

Phoenician and Greek Alphabets ; Etruscan, Umbrian, Oscan, and Latin

Alphabets Modifications
;
in the Latin Alphabet Double Consonants ;
;

Double Vowels 17

CHAPTER II

THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL)

Archaic Alphabet Monumental Alphabet of the Kepublic Monumental

; ;

Alphabet Perfected Documentary Forms Cursive Letters Uncial

; ; ;

Letters Methods of Making Inscriptions

;
Individual Letters Liga-
; ;

tures Sicilicus, Apex, Marks of Punctuation

;
. . . 31

CHAPTER in
NUMERALS

Numerals ;
Fractions 72
V
 COX TEXTS

PART II

CHAPTER IV

THE ROMAN NAME

PAGE
rraenomen ;
Nomen ; Cognomen ;
Names of Women ; Reduplication of
Names; Signa Additional Elements; Names of
; Slaves; Names of
Freedmen Naturalized Citizens Inscriptions for
; ;
Practice . . 82

CHAPTER V
NAMES AND TITLES OK THE EMPERORS

Elements of the Imperial Name Title of the Emperors Titles of Mem-

; ;

bers of the Imperial Family Chronological List of the Roman Em-

;

perors Inscriptions of Emperors and their Families

;
.114 . . .

CHAPTER VI

OFFICIAL TITLES

Cursus Honorum Senatorial, Equestrian, after Constantine Official Po- ;

sitions of the Third Class Inscriptions of the Senatorial Order, of

;

the Equestrian Order, of Officials of the Third Class .... 164

PART III

CHAPTER Vn
TlTFLI

Dedicatory, Sepulchral, Honorary Inscriptions ; Inscriptions on Public

Works; Inscriptions on Movable Objects ; Inscriptions for Practice . iiii">

CHAPTER VIII

Don ME NTS
Laws and Plebiscites ;
Decrees of the Senate ; Imperial Documents De- ;

crees of Magistrates; Public and Sacred Documents; Military Docu-

ments Documents of the Municipalities
;
: Documents of the Collegia ;

Private Documents ;
Wall Inscriptions ; Inscriptions for Practice . 348
 CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER IX
RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS. ABBREVIATIONS
PAGE
Restoration ; Dating
Imperial Relationships
;
Table of Archaisms
;
Abbreviations
;

......
Table of Legions ;
Table of
399

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS . . > . . . .417

INDEX .....,.,... ... 461

TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS . 465

 INTRODUCTION

To a beginner in the study of Epigraphy, the most important

matters for consideration are the works which provide material for
research, and the method which should be followed in approaching
hhis material.
The great storehouse of Latin inscriptions is the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinannn, which is indispensable for advanced study in this
1

subject; but notwithstanding the importance of this great work,

certain minor collections of inscriptions are more useful to the

elementary student and for class-room use.

The first of these is the valuable Collectio of Orelli and Henzen :

Inscriptionum Latinarum Amplissima Collectio. lo. C. Orellius.

2 vols. Zurich, 1828. Vol. III. is by W. Henzen :

Volumen Tertium Collectionis Orellianae supplementa emenda-

tlonesque exhibens. Ed. Cluil. Henzen. Zurich, 1856.
The last volume contains indices to the entire work.

The most serviceable collection of inscriptions for general use is :

Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum in usum praecipue academi-

cum. Gustavus Wilmanns. 2 vols. Berlin, 1873.
This work contains inscriptions conveniently classified, with
Latin notes ;
also excellent indices.

1
C. I. L. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Consilio et Auctoritate Academiae
Litterarum Regiae Borussicae Editum. See page 6.
LATIN INSCEIP. 1 1
2 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

For those who are unable to consult the Cm-jut* /ii*<-,-!jitfi>,mm, a.

more recent work will provide well-selected inscriptions in greater
number than the collection just mentioned. This collection is based
upon material gathered by William Hen/en.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Ed. Hermannus Dessau. Vol. I.

Berlin, 181 L'.

For the study of early Latin, the following will be found to be

serviceable :

Dialectorum Italicarum Aevi Vetustioris Exempla Selecta in usum

scholarum. Vol. I. Dialect! Latinae Priscae et Faliscae

Exempla Selecta. Pars 1. Engelbertus Schneider. Leip-

zig, 1886.

Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin. J. Wordsworth.

Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1874.
Remnants of Early Latin. F. D. Allen. Boston, 1880.

For a presentation of the inscriptions themselves the student is

referred to two great works, one of which gives inscriptions in fac-
the other "
simile, by exempla."
The first of these is the large folio of F. Ritschl, containing
inscriptions from the earliest period down to the beginning of the
Empire. It is regularly denoted by the letters P. L. M. E.
Priscae Latinitatis Jfon amenta Epigraphica ad arclieti/jiornnt

Jidem exemplis lithographis repraesentata. Ed. Fr. Ritsche-

'lius. Berlin, 1862.
There are five supplements, which were originally published at
Bonn in 1862. They are also found in Ritschl's
Philologica, vol. IV. 1878.
The second of these is :

Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae a C<i<'x<n-;*

morte ad aetatem .///..//// nm Ed. Aem. Hiibner. Berlin. 1 SS.">.
i.

In this book there is a complete introduction in Latin, and over

twelve hundred inscriptions with commentary. As the
title indicates, this /',>"//////</ is a complement to the work

of Ritschl, just mentioned.

 INTRODUCTION 3

As introductory to. the study of Inscriptions, the student is re-

ferred to two short works of Eniil Hubner: (1) The article entitled
"Roman Inscriptions" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. XIII.
9th ed. This will form excellent preliminary reading. A resume
of the subject is presented in a form easily understood. (2) The
article "Romische Epigraphik" in the Handbuch der Klassischen

Altertumsivissenschaft, I wan Miiller, vol. I. 1886, 2d ed. 1892. This

provides a bibliography of the collection of inscriptions and an
introduction to the subject more complete than the article in the
Britannica.
This last work is also published separately.

The only complete introduction to Latin Epigraphy is :

J Cours d'Epigraphie Latine. Rene Cagnat. 1st ed., Paris, 1886.

2d ed., Paris, 1890.
This is an exceedingly useful book.

A little book abounding in excellent suggestions, containing in-

scriptions in illustration, is :

Anleitung zum Lesen, Ergdnzen und Datiren Romischer Inschrif-

ten. Karl Bone. Treves, 1881.
This work refers in the main to Rhenish inscriptions.

For the study of Christian Inscriptions :

Manuel d'Epigraphie Cliretienne d'apres les Marbres de la Gaule.

Edmond Le Blant. Paris, 1869.

Also, by the same author :

L'Epigraphie Cliretienne en Gaule et dans PAfrique. Paris, 1890.

For historical inscriptions, illustrating the history of the early

empire :

Latin Historical Inscriptions. G. McN. Rushforth. Oxford,

1893.
4 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PERIODICAL LITERATURK
To study inscriptions properly, one must keep pace with the growth
of the subject, as new material is constantly being added. To accom-
plish this purpose, familiarity with periodical literature must be
maintained. The following are the principal periodicals bearing
upon this subject :

1) A running supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum is

published at intervals.
Ephemeris Epigraphica (Ephem. Ep.). Vols. I.-VIII. Berlin,
1892.

2) Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen J/ixti-

tuts, Romische Abteilimg. Loescher Co. Rome, 1886. &
This is known also as :

Bullettino dell' Imperiale Istituto Archeologico Germanico.

3) Hermes, Zeitschrift fiir Klassisclie Philologie. Kaibel and Kobert.

Berlin, 1866.

4) Rheinisches Museum fiir Philologie. Ribbeck and Bilcheler.

Frankfurt, 1833. Neue Folge, 1842.

5) Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande.

Bonn, 1842.
6) Die Westdeutsche Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Kunst. Treves,
1882.

7) Archdologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Oesterreich-Ungarn.

Vienna, 1877.

8) Revue Epigraphique du Midi de la France. A. Allmer. 7 vols.

Vienna, 1878-92.
1
9) Revue Arclieologique. Paris, 1884.

10) Melanges d'Archtologie d'Histoire Publies et par VEcole Francaise

de Rome. Paris, 1881.

1 For recent Revue des publications epigraphiques relatives a

discoveries see

Vantiquite romaine. R. Cagnat. This forms an appendix to the Revue

Archeologique ;
also appears annually as L'Annee Epigraphique, dating from
the year 1888.
 INTRODUCTION 5

11) Bulletin de Correspondance HelUnique. 1877.

This is the organ of the French School at Athens.

12) Notizie degli Scavi di Antichitd, Comunicate

alia Reale Accademia
1
dei Lincei. Rome, 1890.

13) Museo Italiano d' Antichitd, Classica. By Domenico Comparetti.

Rome, 1885-90. Vols. I.-III.
This publication was discontinued with vol. III., and was suc-
ceeded by the Monumenti Antichi.

14) American Journal of Archaeology, and of the History of the Fine

Arts. Baltimore, 1885.

15) For Christian Inscriptions :

Bidlettino d' Archeologia Cristiana. G. B. de Rossi. Rome, 1863.

16) Dizionario Epigrafico di Antichitd. Romane. Hector De Ruggiero.

Rome, 1886. Thirty -two fasciculi have appeared.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE COLLECTIONS OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

To obtain a knowledge of the history of Latin Epigraphy, the
student is referred to the following :

J. C. ORELLI Index Praecipuorum Libforum Epigraphicorum

:

aliorumque inscriptiones Latinas continentium.

This isfound in the first volume of the Inscriptiones Latinae of

Orelli, page 21, and in the third volume by Henzen, page xv.
R. DE LA BLANCHERE : Histoire de VEpigraphie Romaine, redigee
sur les notes de Leon Renier in the Revue Archeologique,
nouv. ser. VIII. 1886, page 46. Also in a separate volume,
Paris, 1887.

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Prefaces to vols. II.-XIV.

G. B. DE Rossi :
Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae Septimo
Saectdo Antiquiores. Prefaces to vols. I. -II.

1
Inscriptions of the city of Rome also appear in the Bidlettino della Com-
missione Archeologica Comunale di Boma from 1872. (Bull. Com.)
6 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

EMIL HUBNER: 1. Bibliographic der Klassischen Altertumswis-

senschaft. Berlin, 1889. Part II., page 354.
2. Article " Romische Epigraphik " in the Handbuch der Klass-
ischen Altertumawiasensckaft, Iwan Muller. Vol. I. 1886.
2d ed. 1892.
J. P. WALTZING: Reciieil General des Inscriptions Latines, et

V Epigraphie Latine depuis 50 ans. Louvain, 1892.

This work gives an account of the Cot-pus Inscriptionum, and a
bibliography of Latin inscriptions.

CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM

This great collection of Latin inscriptions, published under the
supervision of the Royal Prussian Academy at Berlin, is arranged on
a geographical basis in fifteen volumes. Each of these volumes with
the exception of the first, in which are published the inscriptions
dating before the death of Caesar, is assigned to the inscriptions
derived from a certain portion of the Roman world. The general
plan may be seen from the following :

VOLUMEN I. Inscriptions dating before the death of Caesar. Editio

prima. 1863 (out of print). Editio altera, Pars prior, 1893.
Tabulae Lithographae. Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epi-
graphica, 1862.
VOLUMEN II. Inscriptions of Spain, 1869.
SUPPLEMENTUM, 1892.

VOLUMES III. Inscriptions of Asia (Egypt), of the Greek Provinces

of Europe, of Illyricum.
Pars Prior : Inscriptions of Egypt and Asia, of the Greek Prov-
inces of Europe, of Illyricum. Parts I.-V. 1873.
Pars Posterior: Inscriptions of Illyricum, also Monumentum
Ancyramun, Edict of Diocletian de Pretiis Rerum, J )i pla-
in ata Militaria, Wax Tablets of Dacia. Parts VI.-VII.
1873.
 INTRODUCTION 7

SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Primus: Inscriptions of the Greek

Provinces of Europe. 1892.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Secundus: Inscriptions of Illyricum.
Parts I.-III. 1892.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Tertius: Inscriptions of Illyricum.
Edict of Diocletian. Constitutions of the Emperors (Diplo-
mata militaria). Parts IV.-VII. 1893.

VOLUMEX IV. Inscriptiones Parietariae of Pompeii, Herculaneum,

and Stabiae. 1871.
SUPPLEMEXTUM (in preparation).

VOLUMEX V. Inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul.

Pars Prior: The tenth regio of Italy, Venetia and Istria.
1872.
Pars Posterior: The eleventh (Liguria) and ninth (Gallia
Transpadana, Alpes Cottiae et Maritimae) regiones of Italy.
1887.

VOLUMEX VI. Inscriptions of the City of Rome.

Pars Prinia 1876, Pars Secunda 1882, Pars Tertia 1886, Pars
Quarta (1895), Pars Quinta, containing inscriptiones falsae,
1885, Pars Sexta, Indices (in preparation).

VOLUMEN VII. Inscriptions of Britain. 1873.

VOLUMEX VIII. Inscriptions of Africa.

Pars Prior: Proconsular Africa, Numidia. 1881.
Pars Posterior : Mauretania. 1881.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Prior. 1891.
SUPPLEMEXTI Fasciculus Alter. 1894.

VOLUMEX IX. Inscriptions of Calabria, Apulia, Samnium, Sabini,

Picenum. 1883.

VOLUMEX X. Inscriptions of Bruttium, Lucania, Campania, Sicilia,

Sardinia.
Pars Prior: Bruttium, Lucania, Campania. 1883.
Pars Posterior: Sicilia, Sardinia. 1883.
8 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

VOLUMEN XI. Inscriptions of Aemilia, Etruria, Umbria.

Pars Prior: Aemilia, Etruria. 1888.
Pars Posterior: Umbria (in press).

The Accademia dei Lincei publishes supplemental volumes of

inscriptions of Italy under the title Corporis I. L. Supplementa

Italica, consilio et aiictoritate Academiae regiae Lynceorum edita :

Fasc. Additamenta ad
I., vol. V. Galliae Cisalpinae. Ed. Hector
Pais, Rome. 1888.

VOLUMEN XII. Inscriptions of Gallia Narbonensis. 1888.

VOLUMEN XIII. Inscriptions of the Three Gauls and Two German-

ics (in preparation).

VOLUMEN XIV. Inscriptions of Ancient Latium. 1887. _

VOLUMEN XV. Inscriptions of the City of Rome, Instrumentum
Domesticum.
Pars Prior : Lateres. 1891.
Pars Posterior (in press).

The contents of the several volumes may be considered under

three divisions.
L, Introductory Matter; II., Inscriptions; III., Indices and
Tabulae.

I. INTRODUCTORY MATTER

At the beginning of each volume there is an Index Auctorum,

which an alphabetical list of the authors referred to throughout
is

that volume, with more or less extensive biographical and biblio-

graphical comment.

II. INSCRIPTIONS
'

A. False Inscriptions (indicated by an asterisk) are placed at the

beginning of this division, and are arranged topographically, accord-
ing to cities and towns, with a paging and numbering of their own.
The falsae of vol. VI. are collected in Pars Quinta, and are arranged
according to the names of the authors.
 INTRODUCTION

B. Valid Inscriptions are classified in three divisions.

1. Inscriptions in general.
2. Those connected with Viae Publicae.
3. Instrumentum Domesticum.

The main body of inscriptions is arranged on geographical and

topographical principles, by provinces as in vol. II., or by regiones
as in vols. V., IX., X., with subdivisions according to the cities and
towns. The several more important sections capita, e.g. those
assigned to provinces, are introduced by historical notes, and by a
chronological list of manuscripts and other works containing the
inscriptions of the district, together with biographical comment and
estimates of the epigraphic authority of the various editors. The
character of the inscriptions under the title Instrumentum Domesticum,
can be seen from the following subdivisions from vol. XII. :

Tegulae, Lucernae, Amphorae, Dolia, Pelves, Vascula, Aequipondia, Statun-

culornm formae cretaceae, Signacula ex acre, Sigilla medicorum oculariorum,
AmtJi, Gemmae, Pundera, Tesserae, Vasa vitrea, Supellex aurea argentea, etc.,
Massae plumbeae, Fistulas plumbeae.

III. INDICES AND TABULAE

The Indices contain a classification of the contents of the texts

of the inscriptions, the scope of which may be appreciated by the
following specimen index from vol. XII. :

Nomina virorum et mulierum. Provinciae, civitates, pagi, vici, fluvii,

Cognomina virorum et mulierum. monies, praedia, rivi, similia.

Tmperatores. Res municipalis.

Reges. Collegia.
Consules aliaeque anni determina- Artes et officia privata.
tiones. Carmina.
Honores alii publici populi Romani. Litterae singulares notabiliores.
Res militaris. Grammatica quaedam.
Dei Deaeque et res sacra. Notabilia varia.
Populus Romamts, Tribus Romanae. Eecensus locorum recentiorum, by
Kiepert.

Indices are at this time provided with vols. I., II., III., IV. ; V.,
VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV.
10 LATIX IXSCIUITIOXS

Tabulae.

Maps prepared by H. Kiepert, giving the localities from which

the inscriptions arc derived, with names both ancient and modern,
are placed at the end of vols. II., 111., IV., V., Vll., V11I., IX.,

X., XII., XIV.

GENERAL ECONOMY
Inscriptions Admitted.

All Latin inscriptions engraved upon durable materials, such as

stone and bronze, and also those cut or impressed upon small movable
articles instrument nut, no matter of what character or purpose,
are included in this work. Coins, however, are given u place in

the first volume, but are elsewhere excluded.

The work, as indicated by its title, is limited in its scope to
inscriptions, those of other languages, however closely related
Lilt-in

to Latin antiquities, being as a rule excluded.

Bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Latin, however, are given in

their complete form, and certain Greek inscriptions appear among
those of Pompeii (vol. IV.), and of England (vol. VII.). The limit
of time as set by Mommsen in his letter to Borghesi (vol. X.. p. vii).
is the end of the sixth century, inasmuch as the Fasti Consulares
reach almost to that period (541). In all cases of uncertainty as to
date the inscriptions are accepted.
( 'hristian inscriptions
1
are admitted, and are marked in the indices
with a cross.

Criticism, of Inscriptions.

The great object in the criticism, of inscriptions has been to

determine their authenticity, for it early became known that false
inscriptions had been composed, so closely resembling those of an-
tiquity that even the most skillful critics were deceived.

1
Christianos titulos appello iux<Tii>ti<>iii-x <</>
qua< "
causa positae stint. De Rossi. Inxcriptiones Christian" e Urbis Itomac. Vol. I.

p. xxxvii. See bibliography for special works on Christian Inscriptions.

 INTRODUCTION H
The first consideration in determining the validity of an inscrip-
tion which exists only in a copy is the standing of the
copyist,
or of the author publishing it. The names of Ligorius and Pratilli
are in themselves sufficient to condemn the inscriptions published
by them alone.
The standing of the various authors can be learned from the Index
Auctonim attached to each volume. 1 In the C. I. L., when the unre-
liableness of an author has been the reason for the rejection of an

inscription, the fact is indicated by some statement; as quamquam for-

tasse genuina, suspecta tamen utpote a tali auctore solo relata II. 432*,
or inter titulos suspectos releganda erant necessario propter auctorem

fide omnino indigmim II. 454* also by simply attaching to an inscrip-

;

tion the name of a well-known falsifier, e.g. Ligorius or Pratilli,

X. 406*.
The science of palaeography is useful in the criticism of inscrip-
tions as defining certain rules and usages, a violation of which leads
to a suspicion as to the validity of the inscription. This method of
criticism has to do with the external presentation, and is concerned
with the types of letters, the marks of punctuation, the forms of nu-
merals, etc. also, ;
if the inscription can be seen, with the nature of
the engraving.
Such a criterion of criticism is indicated in the G. I. L., thus :

puncta rotunda pessime facta ad imas litteras apposita sunt, XII. 145* ;

also titidum recentem esse cum litterarum forma turn spatia inter
vocabula relicta punctis defaientibus demonstrant, XII. 305*, or vidi
ego et medio aevo incisam intellexi X. 143*, or descripsi et damnavi
V. 75*.
The last method of criticism has to do with the text itself. Vio-
lations of epigraphic laws, of established principles of the Latin

language, or of well authenticated theories as regards Eoman antiqui-

ties, should arouse suspicion as to the authenticity of the inscription
or any portion of the same.
In X. 52*, for instance, the tribus does not hold its proper place ;

in X. 565* there is irregularity in the use of the nomina and prae-

1
Non tarn inscriptianes singnlas in indicium vocavi quam singulos auctores.
Mommsen, C. I. L. IX. and X. p. xi.
12 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

/HUH inu; in. V. 40* a munus senatorium is inserted among the eques-
trian munera, thus violating rules of the cursas honorum; in X. 629*

Sylvanus is termed divus, and not deus, and in X. 506* appears

the irregular expression sacra aedes.
Inscriptions have been invented to prove certain statements of
classical authors, to account for the name of a town, or determine
some disputed point in Roman antiquities or mythology, e.g. XII.
188*, where the comment reads ficta nifallor ad Annecy nomen expli-
candum. Antonini held that Paestum had been a municipality, and
based his theory on two inscriptions, X. 109*, 110*. Pratilli declared
that amphitheatres were consecrated to Hercules Victor, and used for
this theory an inscription of the amphitheatre of Teanum X. 607*.
The unreliability of the source determines at once the authenticity
of the inscription, when such striking support to a chosen theory is
so readily supplied.
Other inscriptions, containing historical names and allusions to
events of history, were undoubtedly composed for various purposes.
Cyriacus shows an inscription from a statue in honor of Cicero,
dedicated by the people of Arpinum, X. 711*. Antonini publishes
an epitaph of a tomb raised to a son by M. Lamponius, general of
the Lucanians in the Social War, X. 91* the comment here is tit M.
;

Lamponii in bello sociali Lucanorum duds gens in lapidibus quoque

reperiretur.

Methods of Presentation.

Preliminary to the text of the inscription, information is given as

to where itwas found, its location in antiquity, and at the present
time. In some cases the nature of the monument is described, as
'

basis statuae, tabula The text itself is printed in Roman

marmorea.
capitals, the original was in cursive letters.
even if Imperfect let-
ters are represented by type broken in such way as to indicate
what remains. Ligatures are shown, also accents and punctuation
marks of various forms. The lines of the inscription are repro-
duced in the text, but the words are always separated, even if they
are united in the original. With the text is also given a brief
 INTRODUCTION 13

description, printed in small script, of any design appearing on the

monument. Thus with the inscription on a sarcophagus,

C. I. L. XII. 1537. mulieris imago pueri imago

cum volumine cum tunica
in manibus laticlama
in clipeo et volumine
qutin duo
genii sustinent, pastor cum grege.

Special characters are employed as follows :

I. Roman capitals inclined indicate

1) Letters added after the first cutting.

x. 6051. M T R E B I

N I G R I

IN F P XII IN AG .
P XII
C M A M I L I S P
F PR I M I G E
Note : v. 4-5 post tempns adiecti sunt.

2) Letters seen by an early editor, but afterwards missing.

vi. 1098. MARC/AE.OTAC/L\kE.SEVERbE

SANCT/SS/MAE.bVG *
M/17/?/.CASTRORVM *
SENATES AC- PATRIAE
Note :
Quae inclinatis expressi desumpsi ex Maffei.

3) Letters substituted in antiquity in place of erasures

vi. lose. SENATVS ET PATRIAE ET

Note : Litteris inclinatis expressi quae in litura reposita sunt.

The above was substituted for

FVLVIAE-PLAVTILLAE-AVG.
14 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

II. Italics with points beneath indicate letters erased in antiquity

which can be replaced. Capitals with points beneath indicate letters
erased, but partly visible.

xiv. 1007. D M S
q u i n t o B E ^ i
F E L I C I S S I

MO QVI VIXIT- AN XXIII

V. 1 et v. 2 ex parte erasi sunt.

III. ///// indicate letters erased which cannot be replaced.

The number of dashes depends upon the number of letters.

vi. losi. IMP CAES M AVRELLIO

ANTONINO -
PIO FELICI
A V G V S T

n\V M I N I E I V S/

v.
I
...
S S I M
IV. VIII. 6806.

ET SVPER OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES INVIC

TISSIMI

Letters thus enclosed have been substituted in antiquity for earlier

erasures.

V. ////// indicate illegible or imperfectly copied letters.

The number is regulated by the number of letters.

XIV. 2150. D M
S C R V M A

Q//// SYNiLESI
H E R E D E S

VI indicate the same as V., but are used only when an

early editor has adopted this form.
 INTRODUCTION 15

VII. FECIT. This kind of type indicates letters barely visible.

VIII. Small italics are used to fill out what is known to have
formed part of a mutilated inscription also to indicate when a new
;

reading replaces an old. The old reading is given in the commentary

accompanying the inscription.

VI. 926. \ IN H Cl n o r e m
neronllS-CLAVDlJcaes a u g germ
pont. l^MAX .
TRIR/p o t

IX. When there is any break in the stone, it is indicated by lines

which trace out the fracture.

Any confusion which might arise through the use of similar

characters for different purposes is obviated by suitable information

in the commentary.
After the text of the inscription there follows the testimonium
of the eyewitness and the editor, e.g. descripsi et recognovi, vidit I. B.
de Rossi, Holstenius descripsit; next the principal authors and
reviews providing the inscription; and finally the lectiones variae,
with authorities for the same.
If the abbreviations are difficult to understand, or if the inscrip-
tion is much mutilated, a transcript is often given in cursive letters.
In this transcript square brackets indicate where substitutions are
made for letters erased or corrected, while parentheses show the fill-

ing out of abbreviations. Where nothing can be supplied, the lacuna

is indicated by points equal in number to the missing letters.
Vertical lines show the limits of the lines of the text.
THE DTENOS INSCRIPTION.
 CHAPTER I

THE LATIN ALPHABET (HISTORICAL)

FOR Rome was greatly indebted to the Greeks. Its

its civilization

philosophy was transplanted from Greece its literature was an imi-

;

tation of the literature of the same people. The resemblance between

the alphabets of the people of Italy and those of the Greeks proves
that for the source of the Italic alphabets we must look in a similar
direction. A careful study shows that it is to the Chalcidian colo-
nies, such as settled Cumae on the west coast of Italy and Naxos in
Sicily, that the Italic alphabets are to be traced.
The origin of the Greek alphabet is the Phoenician. Tradition, of
however authority, supports this theory.
little Herodotus, V. 58-59,
states that letters were introduced into Greece by Cadmus, a Phoeni-
cian who came to Boeotia. Pliny, N. H. VII. 56 (57), 191, repeats a
similar tradition, adding that Cadmus introduced sixteen letters,
a fi> 7> ^> e l *> ^> /
> >
v jt
"""f 'P>
' ">
T > v an(l that Palamedes and
> > )

Simonides each supplied four more. Tacitus, Annales, XI. 14, offers
an interesting theory, tracing Greek letters through the Phoenician
back to the Egyptians, assigning their introduction to Cadmus or
Cecrops or Palamedes, but the addition of new letters to Simonides.
The early Greek and Phoenician characters show a marked re-
semblance in form, and stand in similar alphabetical order. Knowl-
edge of the order of the Phoenician letters is obtained by a reference
to the order of derived alphabets, such as Hebrew. The order of
the Greek alphabet is known from an abecedarian scratched on a
LAT. INSCRIP. 2 17
18 PLATE I
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 19
1
vase found at Formello near Veil in 1882. The civilization of the
Greeks is younger than that of the Phoenicians, and the names of
the letters are Semitic, not Greek hence the inference that the
;

Greek alphabet is Semitic in its origin, derived from the Phoenician.

The Phoenician alphabet was not in all respects adapted to the

phonetic requirements of the Greek language. First of all, there

were no letters to represent vowel sounds. This want was supplied
by the use of aleph, he, yod, ayin to represent a, e, i, o. Van F may
have supplied the M, the semivowel, but a new sign was invented to
provide the vowel u, V or Y. There appears to be a resemblance
between the Van of the Mesha (Moabite) stone and the Greek Y
upsilon, but Kirchhoff believes this likeness
merely accidental.
The abounded in the Phoenician alphabet, and were
sibilants

beyond the needs of the Greeks. In consequence of this, much con-

fusion has arisen as to the history of the Phoenician sibilants in
the blending of the two alphabets. These Phoenician letters were
zayin=dz, samekh=s, tsade=tsof ss (lingual), and shin=sch (palatal).
Of these, tsade appears to suggest the name zeta, while zayin re-
sembles it in form and holds a similar place. Some declare that zeta
obtains its name through analogy owing to its proximity to rjra and
Orjra. Samekli seems to have supplied the sound of s and perhaps
1
The Formello alphabet is given on Plate II., column I. See Roberts's
Greek Epigraphy, p^ 17.

PLATE I.

COLUMN I. Names of Hebrew letters corresponding to the Phoenician characters in the next two
columns.
COLUMN " Baal Lebanon "
II. Early Phoenician letters traced from the inscription as shown by
fac-simile inCorpus Inscriptionum Serniticarum. This inscription is dated by some as early
as the tenth century B.C.
COLUMN III. Early Phoenician letters traced from the fnc-simile of the Mesha Stone as found in Die
Inachrift des Ki'migs Mesa von Moab. R. Smend und A. Socin. Freiburg, 1886. This
inscription is placed by scholars in the ninth century B.C.
COLUMN IV. Greek alphabetic characters from representation of the Abu Simbel Inscription as
found Insert ptionen Graecae Antiquissimae, Roehl, No. 482. This inscription represents
in
the Ionian and so the Eastern Greek alphabets and may be placed in the early part of the sixth
century B.C.
COLUMN V. Letters taken from Euboean inscriptions of Styra and Chalcis, as shown in Inscrip-
tiones Graecae Antiquinxiniae, Roehl, pp. 8T-103; and from Kretschmer's Griechinchen
Vaseninschriften, pp. 62-72. This Euboean alphabet represents the West Greek alphabets.
20 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

its name, while sJiin has given the form or 2 of the Greek sigma.
In some Ionic inscriptions samekh is found equivalent to i. Again,
there are inscriptions in which the sign for sigma is M, the Phoe-
nician tsade, and it has been suggested that the Greeks had in some
alphabets a fourth sibilant san of this form M equal to s, while
others had sigma 5, 2.
Another difference between the Greek and Phoenician alphabets
consists in the use, in the former, of additional characters to repre-
sent ps or pits, Teh and ph. In the early inscriptions, such as those
of Thera, Melos, and Greta, these phonetic values are expressed

by the actual combination of the already existing letters. The 1

appearance of the new characters X (+), $, ^ (Y) in the alphabets

of Chalcis and the Chalcidian colonies leads to the belief that they
1
were introduced before the eighth century B.C. Various theories
have been proposed as to the origin of these letters, but none has
been found worthy of acceptance. W. Deecke 2 considers them
Cypriote, arguing from the phonetic values of Cypriote syllabic
characters, Y = w, ^ = pu and pliu, ^ = ku and khu, |\u, Y,
V= se.

Kirchhoff has classified the Greek alphabets prior to 403 B.C. (the
archonship of Eucleides) in two divisions,
1) The eastern alphabets, which are those of the Aegean Islands,
Asiatic coast towns, and certain places in the mainland of Greece, as
Corinth, Argos, Attica.
2) The western alphabets, which belong to the Euboean cities
Chalcis and Eretria, to Sicily and the Greek colonies in Italy also, ;

on the mainland of Greece, to Boeotia, Locri, Thessaly, Western

Peloponnesus.
The order and value of the purely Greek letters, those newly added,
determine the difference between these two classes. The eastern
alphabet shows the order 4>, X, -1-,
with X = ch and *l> = ps. The
sound ks () is expressed by I or hH samekh seen between N and 0.
The eastern alphabet became the recognized Ionic alphabet after
certain changes had taken place. The cheth H used at first as spir-
itus asper became long e. The was differentiated to produce Q= 6,

1 2
Kirchhoff, Studied, p. 172. Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 61.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 21

and placed in the last position. The use of the F digamma and
the 9 koppa as letters had ceased, and the F 6, and the 9 90. = =
The western division retained the I Formello alpha-
(or EB in the
bet) as a numeral in the same way that F and 9 were used as numer-
als in the Ionian alphabet. The order of the
letters was X, 4>, !-,
with X = ks, 4>ph, For ty=ps, TT<T or <j>a- was used.
-\, cli.

Besides these peculiarities, C, D, V are found for f, A, A, also H

with the value of spiritus asper, also the older form of mu, /w.
The different Greek colonies entering Italy brought with them
their own alphabetic forms, but the Chalcidian colonies provided
the alphabets for the people of Italy probably previous to 600 B.C.
The proof of this derivation rests on the similarity in the forms
V and C (gamma) in the Italic and Chalcidian alphabets, for the

appearance of these characters in the same alphabet marks it as

Chalcidian.
The Italic alphabets arrange themselves in two classes. The one
class contains the Etruscan, the Umbrian, and the Oscan ;
the other
the Latin and the Faliscan. The distinguishing character is the form
8 found in the first class with sound of F. The Latin and Faliscan
1

not possessing this letter used F (van) in place of 4> disregarded.

The Etruscan alphabet was found north of the Tiber, the Oscau
in Campania, the Umbrian east of the Apennines, the Latin and
the Faliscan between the Etruscan and the Oscan.
Etruscan. Thisevidently a Chalcidian alphabet, since it shows
is

the use of <J and 0. The

X, which in the Chalcidian alphabet ks, =
is in the Etruscan a numeral. The tenues were originally all in use.
K at first found, then disappears, while D supplies its place, giving
is

up the value of g, media. The other mediae, B and D, are not found
in the oldest inscriptions. The 9 is found only in the earliest
remains, and soon falls out of use. There are two forms of the
sibilant, M and ^ or 3,used side by side. The prevailing form
in the inscriptions is 8 ;
^ seldom occurs. Two forms Q and S with
For the / sound, the bilabial spirant, the Italic nations seem at first to have
1

used FH, the aspirated digamma. Cf. fhefhaked on the Praenestine fibula and
the Etruscan vhulxenas = Fulcinius, Fabretti C. I. I. Suppl. III. 306. The 8 is
a modified 0.
22 PLATE II ALPHABETS OF ITALY
GUKKK
IN
ITALY.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 23

value r are found. The vowels are a, e, i, u, with o wanting. The

Etruscan always found
is written from right to left.
Umbrian. All the aspirates are wanting save one, O, which is
itself rare, and does not differ in value from the T. Of the mediae
C and D have disappeared, and in consequence the K is still in use.
The 9 is not in use, perhaps was never adopted. The Umbrian,
like the Etruscan, has no o, but possesses the other vowels, a, e, i, u.
The peculiarities of the alphabet are B appearing as 0, and the new
letters S and d, which, with 8 found in Etruscan, have been added
to the Greek alphabet. The first, S, is a by-form of the Etruscan Q,
but it does not have the same value, being equal to rs. Hence it 1

takes a different place in the alphabet. The d serves for the sound,
peculiar to this dialect, of k before the vowels e and /. The Umbrian
is, as a rule, written from right to left.

Oscan. In this alphabet there are wanting the vowel o, X = ks,

M = s, and 9. The d was at first disregarded, and the form Q was
assumed by the r sound; so that when the need of a media was
felt, a modified S, i.e. R, was used, which may have taken the place
of d in the alphabet. Need of was felt at a later date, hence
the modified u, i.e. V, changed to v . The letter next to the last is

a modified form of I, i.e. h, which, with

V naturally assumes a place ,

after 8, as neither appears on the older Oscan coins. The order of

writing is from right to left.

1
See Bucheler, Umbrica, and von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch- Umbrischen
Dialekte, p. 48.

PLATE II.

COLUMN I. The Greek Alphabet as found on the Formello Vase. This is the Greek Alphabet
as it was written in Italy, and is the link between the Western Greek Alphabets of Euboea,
particularly of Chalcis, and the Italic Alphabets. These letters have been traced from Plate 6
of Melanges de r^Jcole frangaiM cle Rome, vol. II., Breal.
COLUMN II. Etruscan alphabetic characters traced from representations given in Die Etrusker,
C. O. M filler andMuller-Deecke.
COLUMN III. Umbrian letters traced from Les Tables Eugubines. Michel Breal.
COLUMN IV. Oscan letters from fac-simile inscriptions, in Inscriptiones Oscae (Tabulae). J.
Zvetaieff.
COLUMN V. Latin archaic letters.
COLUMN VI. Faliscan letters from Inscriptiones Italiae Mediae Dialecticae (Tabulae). J.
Zvetaieflf.
24 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Faliscan. This alphabet possesses peculiarities that lead to a

classification with the Latin. It differs from the Latin in the disap-
pearance of the B and 9. The K also is wanting. The vau F is
represented by the form T. The old form : and the position of
the Z show the early adoption of the alphabet. The order of writ-
ing is from right to left.
All these alphabets, together with the Latin, are evidently derived,
directly or indirectly, from the same Greek alphabet. The test
characters are >t = ch, X = ks, C gamma and V lambda. The Oscan
and Umbrian people obtained their alphabets through the Etruscans,
while the Latins took their letters from the Chalcidian colonists. 1
Latin. The following peculiarities mark the Latin alphabet as
distinct from those mentioned above. It has a complete vowel sys-
tem, so that is found as well as A, E, I, V. It employs vau F for
the sign 8, which does not appear at all. The V serves the purpose
of both vowel and consonant. The K has really disappeared from
use, except in a few words and abbreviations, and C has taken its
place. To provide the gutteral media, C is made into G by a mark
of differentiation, and the new letter assumes the position of I (Z),
which early goes out of use. In the time of Cicero, I, the old zeta,
md Y, upsilon, were taken from the Greek alphabet and placed after
X (ix), and the former appeared in the shape Z. The Greek aspirates
did not become letters in the Latin alphabet, but were used as
numerals, V or >l, the Chalcidian ch, = 50, O = 100 (probably),
2

= 1000. The ? remained in use, but gradually lost ground in

later days. The mark of differentiation was added to the P to form
R when the letter P began to have a form nearly closed.
The original right to left direction of the writing is found gener-
ally in the dialect alphabets of Italy, save those of the Romans and
Volsci, a fact which assigns the adoption of these alphabets to a
period prior to the change in direction in the Greek parent alpha-
bet. The medium of change from the original order to the left-
" "
to-right is the boustrophedon method, which combines the two
1
Von Planta, Osk. Umbr. Dialekte, I. 44.
2 For adifferent origin see Zangemeister " Entstehung der romischen Zahlzei-
chen" (Sitzungsber. d. k. Preuss. Akad., 1887).
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 25

systems. With, a very few exceptions, the writing of the earliest

Latin inscriptions is from left to right. The " boustrophedon " order
is found in the inscriptions on the bronzes from Lake Fucinus, but
1

the language of these inscriptions cannot be said to be pure Latin.

The Duenos Inscription 2 (Vascula Dresseliana) is written from right
to left, but, being on a vase, the order of some lines may be due to
economy of space. The inscription on & fibula from Praeneste, 3 which
is regarded as perhaps the oldest Latin inscription, is written from

right to left, an order which may be due to an attempt at concealing

the meaning, as in charms. It is reasonable, however, to believe
that this last inscription is a trace of the early retrograde direction
of Latin writing.

Modifications in the Latin Alphabet.

C.This letter is the curved form of the gamma of the Greek

alphabet. Its value at first was that of the Greek letter, but after-
wards it had the sound of k (surd guttural), a value it assumed in
the period preceding the decemviral legislation (451 B.C.).
G. This letter finds its origin through the process of differentia-
tion in the letter C. The modification was due to the confusion
arising from the use of C as the sharp guttural Jc and as the flat g.
In the Duenos Inscription virgo is spelled virco (some read vir
cosied), while in the word feced an attempt has evidently been made
to change a K into a C, but the K still remains in pakari. Plutarch,
Quaestiones Romanae, 54 and 59, declares that Spurius Carvilius'
Ruga, who opened a school in Rome about 523/231, invented this
letter. Mommsen (Unterital. Dial., p. 33) shows that Spurius Car-
vilius did not invent the letter, for it appears in inscriptions before
his time. He may, however, have been the first to teach its use
at his school, or he may have given it the position it still holds in
the alphabet.
The letter G is first seen on the as libralis of Luceria, dating

1
H. Jordan, Hermes, vol. XV., 1880, p. 5; F. Bticheler, Rhein. Mus.
XXXIII., 1878, p. 989.
2 8
See page 16. . See page 265.
26 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

before 485/269, then in inscriptions in the epitaph of Scipio Bar-

batus, who was consul in 298 B.C. The epitaph appears to be less
archaic than that of his son, who was consul 259 B.C. Ritschl has
set the date as not later than 234 B.C. The words in the Scipio
epitaph in which G appears are Gnaivod, prognatas, subigit. It is
found also on paterae from Tarquinii in the name Gabinio, the
date of which is supposed to be about the same as that of the Epi-
1 "
taph. Again it is found in the decree of the Senate de Bacchanali-
"
bus of 186 B.C., in the words magister, magistratud, magistratum,

agro*
gnoscier, figier, The letter G does not appear, however, in
the inscription of the Columna Rostrata, which, though dating
originally in the time of the Epitaph, was renewed, with a com-
bination of modern and archaic forms
in the Empire, perhaps under
3
Augustus. This character probably did not come into general use
until a period much later than the time of its introduction, for the
archaic form C is found long after the invention of the G. A trace
of the early use of C is found in the abbreviations C for Gains and
Cn for Gnaeus.

This letter served as both vowel and consonant (semi-vowel).

I.

In the time of Cicero a double is found indicating the semi-vowel

I
;

thus Aiiax, Maiia, Troiiam, are mentioned by the grammarians

aiio,

Quintilian, I. 4, 11, Velius Longus VII. 54, K, ana others, and in the
inscriptions are found cuiius, eiius, plebeiius.* This doubling of the
vowel for such a purpose did not come into general use. In in-
scriptions of the imperial period the tall letter stood between I

vowels as the semi-vowel, though ATElO and ElVS are already

found in inscriptions of the late days of the Republic. 5
It should be remembered that J was not specialized as a letter
until the fifteenth century A.D. At first the letter I, initial, was

1
Corssen, Aussprache, I. p. 10.
2
See page 359.
8 It
may, however, be an inscription of the days of Augustus, with imitation
of archaic forms.
4
C. L L. II. 1953, 1687, 1129. Seelmann, Die Aussprache des Lateins, p. 236.
8
C. L L. I. 750, 1418. Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 29.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 27

changed to J by being curved to the left, the original shape still

serving as the medial letter. As the initial I was usually the semi-
vowel, the initial shape became identified with the letter J.

K. This letter, in the earliest period, served as the sharp guttural

(ft),
but was afterwards replaced almost absolutely by the letter C,
which, at first equal to the sonant g, was relieved of this double

service by the use of the differentiated C, i.e. G. K is found in

"
"fhefhdked on the Fibula Praenestina, which probably belongs to
the sixth century B.C., and is apparently altered to C in the Duenos
Inscription, dating about the beginning of the fourth century B.C.,
so that its disappearance from general use must have taken place
at a comparatively early period. Its appearance in Latin orthog-

raphy is confined to a few words for which it was the common

1
abbreviation, as Kalendae, Kaeso.

V. This letter, originating in the Greek upsilou of the form V,

served the purpose of, both vowel and consonant (semi- vowel). The
differentiation of the vowel and the consonant did not occur until
about the tenth century A.D.

X. This letter, which Quintilian

nostrarum ultima, was the last
calls
letter in the early Romans. In inscriptions of all
alphabet of the
periods after the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus 568/186,
which has, e.g., the form EXSTRAD for extra, xs are found for x,
perhaps because the X is regarded as equal to Greek X (ch), and
then naturally s is needed. The attempt to express the sound of c
followed by s led to such irregular orthography as ucxor, vicxit C. I.

L. V. 5735, iuxcta C. /. L. VI. 14614, and visxit C. I. L. VIII. 67.

Y.This letter, in reality the Greek upsilon, was employed in the

days of the Republic to represent the Greek v, for the Latin V cor-
responded more nearly to Greek ov. Before the use of Y, the Greek
v was represented by Latin V or at times I.
(Cf. Cic. Orator, 48. 160,

1
Quintilian, I. 4, 9 ;
I. 7, 10; Vel. Long., 2218 (Keil, G. L., p. 63); Ter.
Maur. 2400 (Keil, Q. L. , p. 349).
28 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

where Ennius is said to have written Burrus for Pyrrhus and Bruges
for Phryges.) Ritschl, P. L. M. E. 124, states that, with one exception,
there is no instance of the use of this letter until the seventh century
of the City.

Z. This letter belonged to the earliest Latin alphabet, in which

it probably had the place which the letter G afterwards assumed,
since this is the position of the in the Greek alphabet.
In the Duenos Inscription it is believed by some to occur in the
word dze for die, although the letter may be I, or a V forming part of
the word Duenoi. It is found in a fragment of an old priestly prayer,
1
Carmen Saliorum, given by Varro, L. L. VII. 26 (M). It appears
2
on a coin of Cosa dating after 273 B.C. taking the place of S in the
word Coza(no), and is also seen in the transcription of an Oscan
Law of the time of the Gracchi. 3 After this we have no trace of
the letter until the time of Sulla, when it reappears as representing
the Greek for which, when initial, S had been used, or, when
,

4
medial, SS. Cicero (Orator, 48. 160), Nec"enim Graecam litteram
adhibebant, mine autem etiam duas, probably referred to Y and Z.
It should be remembered that Z, when reintroduced, was a Greek

letter, and was so recognized in the first century A.D. Z took the
last place in the alphabet.
Various attempts were made to add to the Latin alphabet. Ver-
rius Maccus, of the Augustan age, suggested a mutilated M, i.e.
to take the place of M when final. No trace of this has been
5
K/ ,

found, so that it evidently did not come into use.

The Emperor Claudius invented three letters the Greek :
digamma
inverted, to provide the consonant V, the antisigma for the soimd

word is cozeulodoizeso (some read cozeulodorieso} Velius Longus, p.

.

2217 (Keil, G. L.,p. 52) wrote :mihi videtur nee aliena sermoni fuisse (z littera),
cum tnveniatitr hi Carmine Saliari.
2
C. L L. I. 14 ;
P. L. M. E. VII. 40. a, b.
C. L L. I. 197.
4 between
Jordan, Kritische Beitrage, p. 161, states that Z once stood for s
" Rhotacism."
vowels, but lost its usefulness in consequence of
6 Velius
Longus, p. 2238, Keil, G. L., p. 80.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 29

of bs and ps, and the Greek spiritus for the sound intermediate
\-

between i and u. Claudius wrote a book discussing the need of these

letters, and,when emperor, ordered that they should be introduced.
This done in state documents, as senate decrees, such as Tacitus
\vas
saw (Annales, XI. 14), also in the mandates of magistrates and of
priests. The most common of these letters is the inverted digamma
to indicate the consonant V. There is no certain example of the use
of the antisigma 0. The letter \- for the middle sound between i and
u found in inscriptions of the time of Claudius to express a Greek
is

upsilon in the words Aeg\-pti, Bath^-llus, C\-cnus, Gl[-conis, M\-ro,

N\-mphius, P\-lades, Zop\-rus. It also occurs in B\-bliotlieca and
once in G\-bernator. It answers to the i or u before labials, which
occurs in the superlative terminations, as opt[-mus and max\-mus.
This letter may have had the value of the French u or the Ger-
man ii.
1

In the early period, to represent the Greek <, ^, and 8, the Latin
employed P, C, and T just as S and SS had been used for and V ,

or more rarely for Y. IAbout the close of the second century B.C.
the aspiration begins to appear, and for the following fifty years
the usage varied between the aspirated and unaspirated letters, until
2
finally the aspirated form prevailed. In inscriptions of the imperial
period, however, there are found P, C, and T, instead of the aspirates,
and in the later imperial period F for PH.

Double Consonants.

The introduction of double consonants is commonly assigned to

Ennius (239-169 B.C.). This usage, beginning about the end of the
sixth century of the City (150 B.C.), did not become common until
the middle of the seventh century of the City (100 B.C.). The double
consonant is seen first in the decree of Aemilius Paulus, dating 189
B.C. (See page 359.)
Marius Victorinus (p. 2456) and Isidorus (Orig. I.
26) refer to the

Lindsay, The Latin Language, pp. 25 and 79.

1

PH, CH and TH are seen in the dedicatory inscriptions of L.

2
Mummius,
dating 146 B.C. C. L L. I. 546.
80 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

sicilicus D, which was placed over letters to indicate double conso-

3 3

nants, thus SELA, AS E RES. The occurrence of this sign is uncom-

mon, the period of its most frequent appearance being the early days
of the Augustan age.

Double Vowels.

The tragic poet, Attius, 170-94, introduced the double letter to

1
represent the long vowel. Ritschl shows that this usage appears in
Latin inscriptions from the time of the Gracchi up to the Mithridatic
war (75 B.C.).
The first instance is in the word paastores on the
miliarium of Popillius, dating 132 B.C. This doubling was employed
in the vowels A, E, U, but not O. 2 Thus we find/aa/o, Jiaace, luulius.
Reference has already been made to the doubling of the I, not for
the purpose, however, of lengthening the vowel, but to indicate the
consonantal I.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Die Unteritalischen Dialekte. TH. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1850.
ijber Aussprache, Vokalismus und Betonung der Lateinischen Sprache. W.
CORSSEN. 2d ed., 2 vols. Leipzig, 1868-70.
The Alphabet. ISAAC TAYLOR. 2 vols. London, 1883.
Die Aussprache des Lateins. E. SEELMAKN. Heilbronn, 1885.
Studien zur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets. A. KIRCHHOKF. 4th ed.
GUtersloh, 1887.
The Latin Language. W. M. LINDSAY. Oxford, 1894.

1
Velius Longus, p. 2220.
2
C. I. L. I. p. 600. In a Faliscan inscription we find nootum. Zvetaieff,
Inscr. Ital. Inf. 70.
 CHAPTER IT

THE LATIN ALPHABET (MORPHOLOGICAL)

THE early writing of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, shows

a uniform style employed for both public and private use. Similar
forms are found on the various materials used, such as clay or wax,
and metal or stone, since there is only one form of writing. This
uniformity is at first interfered with by reason of the difference in
materials. made in soft substances naturally display curved
Letters
and easy lines, while stiff set forms are found on the hard surface,

as the cutting of letters on metal or stone demands greater and more

laborious toil. This difference in style is still more marked after
the introduction of outlining in crayon or chalk, and of drawing let-
ters in colors with a brush on such surfaces as walls and board

tablets, finally in the use of ink and pen on papyrus or parchment.

The Greeks appear have used, for the most part, similar styles of
to

writing for both public and private documents, and for inscriptions
on monuments, down to the time of the Macedonian supremacy. In
like manner the most ancient remains of Roman writing show a

style uniform even in its rudeness. This style was not changed
until the sixth cent11 ^ of the City, when there was introduced from
v
the Greeks t .ustom of adorning buildings and monuments with
inscriptions, the letters of which were made with regard for beauty
and elegance.

ARCHAIC ALPHABET

This early uniform writing of the Romans may be designated as

the Archaic Alphabet. We know from Dionysius of Halicarnassus
(Antiq. IV. 26 and 58) that the Romans used writing very early in
their history. The treaty of peace made by Tarquinius (Superbus ?)
31
 PLATE III ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC

A
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 33

with the Gabii was written on an ox-hide ypap.p.o.<nv ap-xaUois and

stored in the temple of Sancus.
1
A
treaty made by Servius Tullius
with the Latins is said to have been cut in bronze (ori/A^v xaA/oJv). 2
Cicero (pro Balbo 23. 53) refers to a treaty of alliance between
Rome and the Latins engraved on a bronze column, and Polybius
III. 22 mentions a commercial treaty made between Carthage and
Rome in the earliest days of the Republic, likewise engraved on
bronze in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
The oldest Latin inscription extant, that on the golden fibula of
3
Praeneste, dating possibly in the sixth century B.C., shows letters
which are really Greek in form, and which "bear witness to the Greek
parentage of the Latin letters, and to a period when the Latin alpha-
bet was in a transition state, not fully naturalized. Very old forms,
4
showing Greek influence, are also found in the Dueiios Inscription,
which dates perhaps in the early part of the fourth century B.C.
Besides these, there remain to us inscriptions on coins, mirrors, boxes,
and vases. This archaic alphabet is found in the inscriptions given
by Ritschl. P. L. M. E. plates I.-XVII. The marked characteristics
of this alphabet are, first and mainly, the near approach to the par-
ent alphabets, the Greek and the Phoenician the lack of uniform- ;

ity in the various forms of the same letter (see A), also the oblique
lines (as in N) together with general irregularity and unevenness.
;

Such archaic forms as A A

A, , t>, , l>, till, f,
II, I
9 ft, *, ?> indi-
1

cate a period prior to the Second Punic War.

MONUMENTAL ALPHABET OF THE REPUBLIC

The employment of inscriptions on great monuments led to an
improvement in the style of the letters. This can be seen by exam-
ining the monuments
of the last three centuries of the Republic.
The these are the dedicatory inscriptions from the
earliest of

grove of Pisaurum, and the most archaic of the tituli sepulcrales

from Praeneste.

1 2 IV. 26.
Dionys. Hal. Antiq, Horn. IV. 58.
8 See page 265. 4 See page 16.
LAT. IN8CRIP. 3
34 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

i A/O-A/E

On a cippus found at Pisaurum, fifth century A.TT.C.

P. L. M, E. XLIII. c.

Innone Re(ginae) matrona(e') Pisaure(ri)se(s) dono(m) ded(e)ro(n)t. G. /. L.

I. 173.

Epitaph from a sepulcretum at Praeneste, sixth century A.U.C.

Caltia M(arci) f(ilia). C. /. L. XIV. 3079.

It will be seen that the letters do not show particular elegance ;

their parts do not always join, and the lines of direction are not
straight.

Kpitiipli from Prai'iiu.ste, sixth century A.r.r.

Sta(tios) Cupio(s). C. 7. L. XIV. 3114.

 THE LATIN ALPHABET 35
g

In the epitaphs of the Scipios (see pages 232, 236) and in that
of M. Furius, tribunus militaris at Tusculum, we find great advance
made in the evenness and elegance of the letters.

!k I BVNO
PR A HA IVAA AV
I

"

Dedicatory inscriptions from Tuscuiuui, sixth century A.U.C.

P. L. M. E. XLIX. B.C.

(a) M. Fourio(s) C. f(ilios} tribunos militare(s) de praidad Maurte dedet.

(6) M. Fourio(s') C. /(i7ios) tribunos [milita]re(s) de praidad For[tunae] dedet.

C.I.L. XIV. 2577, 2578.

Monumental inscriptions of the seventh century of the City show

marked improvement in the forms and details of the letters, the
exactness and beauty of which increase with the growth of the cus-
tom of erecting, and likewise inscribing, large architectural monu-
ments, whether sepulchral, dedicatory or honorary. The fully
developed script ura monumentalis belongs to the days of Augustus
and to the earlv
^

On a small marble pedestal found at Rome, where it was probably brought from
some municipium, now in the Vatican Museum. The date is 710/44

Hubner's Exempla, No. 1.

Divo luiio iussu \ populi Eomani statutum

\
est lege \ Eufrena. C. I. L. VI. 872.
 PLATE IV ALPHABET OF THE EMPIRE

A\ K\

& I

D) m

P f P

D I
Q a

IF F f / S /

ill)
Y I T T
L I I

I IK ft
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 37

MONUMENTAL ALPHABET PERFECTED

The letters cut in stone and appearing on large and impressive
monuments represent the standard of this fully developed alphabet.
*
It is the script ura quadrata or lapidaria of Petronius (29. 58).
This standard scriptura monumentalis was mainly the work of the
professional stonecutter, who made the letters with exactness after
a pattern previously outlined in color or crayon. There is no adorn-
ment, such as extended or added lines, apices, corniia. The letters
are square and exact. Whatever variation is found in this alphabet
is due and care of the stonecutter, and is shown in the
to the skill

depth of the cut, gracefulness of form and exactness in detail. It

must be remembered that these forms were not confined to stone, but
were used on other material, such as bronze.

Sepulchral Inscription on the large tomb of Oaecilla Metella

on the Via Appla, Rome.

Hiibner's Exempla, No. 61.

Caeciliae \ Q. tretici f(iliae} Metellae Crassi.

\
C. I. L. VI. 1274. Caecilia
was the daughter of Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, consul 685/69, and
wife of the son of M. Crassus. 'Although it is not known when she died,
the inscription may with probability be assigned to the earlier part of the
reign of Augustus.

While this scriptura quadrata is strictly the alphabet of great

monuments during the early Empire, yet other forms more or less
ornamented, showing the influence of the lettering of the acta and
of the more ordinary alphabets, are found in monumental inscriptions

1
Allied expressions are saxa quadrata, lapis quadratus, opus quadratum,
opiftces quadratarii.
88 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

from the days of Augustus. The following will illustrate this ten-

dency to vary the standard forms.

* A TT^v TT*^ H \V J7 If \T*

lAR-DlVrF

SOLI-DONVMDEDIT
On an obelisk which formerly stood In the Circus Maxiinus ; now in tne
Piazza del Popolo, Home. The date is 744/10.

Hubner's Exempla, No. 52.

Imp(erator) Caesar divi /(Hilts') Augustus pontifex maximus, imp(erator)

\ \ \

XII, co(n)s(?<0 XI, trib(nnicia) pot(estate) XIV, Aegupto inpotestdtem \ \

populi Romani reddctd S6li ddnum dedit. C. I. L. VI. 701.

\

TVRCIANO-GAIIO
SlhlVD^RIBVNO'MlL'IIG'VIUI

From an inscription on a marble tablet in the tower of a

gateway of the Propylaea at Athens.

Hubner's JSzempla, No. 185.

L. Aquillio C. f(ilio') Pom(ptlna tribu} Fl6ro \

Turciano Gallo \
x vir(o)
stl(itibus} iud(icandis), tribimo mil(itum) leg(iunis) VIIII Hacedoni- \

c(ae), quavst(>r(i') imp(eratoris) Caesaris Aug(nsti'), pr6quacst(ore) \

provinc(iae~) Ctjpri, tr(ibuno) pl(ebi), proco(n)s(ule) Achaiae. |

C'. /. L.
III. 551.

This inscription belongs to the age of Augustus.

 THE LATIN ALPHABET 39

From an inscription on a pedestal of black marble found at Pompeii, now in the Museum of Naples.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 135.

tip. Ttirranhts L. f(ilius~) Sp. n(epos) L. pron(epos~) Fab(ia tribu) Proculus \

Gelllamts praef(ecttis) fabr(um) II, praif(ectus) curatorum alJei

\
Tiberis, \

praif(ectus) pro pr(aetore') i(ure)d(icundo') in urbeLaJinio, \

pater patratus
populi Laurentis, . . .
l(oco) d(ato) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum'). C.I.L.X,
797. The date is between 47-54 A. D.

LX^/QORITATE
IMP- CAESAR IS
On a cippus of travertine found at Pompeii, now in the Museum at Naples.
Hiibner's Esxempla, No. 335.

Ex, auctoritate imp(eratoris') Caesaris

\ Vespasiani Aug(ttsti) loca publica a
\ \

pricatis possessa, T. Snedius Clemens tribunus, cansis cognitis et men-

\ \ \

suris factis, rei \publicae Pompeianorum restituit. C. L L. X. 1018.

\

This inscription dates ^'tween 69-79.

An inscription on a pedestal found at Saguntum. where it still remains.

Hiibner's Exempla,, No. 434.
40 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

P. Scipioni Co(n)s(uli) imp(eratori) ob restitu\tam Saguntum

\ \
ex s(enatus)
c(onsulto) bello Pu\nico secundo. C. I. L. II. 3836.

HUbner assigns this inscription to either the age of Trajan or the close of the
second century.

PHOCAVG-DAOAEAPViENSIS-IM
AtPlWtWUCTIANAkEEPOENINAR

I
VESENNOEMEK1S
FlLI-EWHttVOtWIAVR?
From an inscription on a large marble tablet found at Falerio
in Picenum, now at Koine, in the Museum of the Vatican.
It may be assigned to the middle of the third century A.D.
Hiibner's JKrempla, No. 551.

T. Cornasidio \
T. f(ilio') Fab(ia tribu) Sabino, e(gregiae) m(emoriae) v(iro), \

proc(uratori) Attg(usti) Daciae Apulensis, proc(uratori) \ Alpium Atrac-

tianar(um) et Pocninar(um) \ iur(e) gJadii, subpraff(ecto') classes') pr(ae-
torice') Jtaven(natis), |
T. Cornaxidi Vesenni dementis \fili eius equo
publ(ico^) Lcmr(entmm) \ Lavin(atiuni) . . . C. I. L. IX. 5439, vv. 1-5 and
12-14.

From an inscription en a pedestal found at Aquincum,

dating in the year 270 A.D.
Hiibner's Exernpla, No. 598.

Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) M. \ Aurel(io) Claudia \

Germanico \ P(io) F(elici)
invicto | Aug(tiftto), pont(iftci) max(imo'), \ trib(iinicia) ptes(tate) \
III,

co(n~)8(uli), pro \ co(n}s(uli), p(atri) p(atriae'), leg(io} II \ Adi(utrix) VI

p() VI f(ideas') |
Constans \ Claudiana, \
numini ma\iestatique\eius \

dicatissima. C. I. L. III. 3521.

 THE LATIN ALPHABET 41

DOCUMENTARY FORMS OP THE LETTERS

Reference has already been made to the influence upon the forms
This is seen most clearly in the
of letters due to the materials used.
formative period before the alphabet has reached its full develop-
ment, but subsequently another principle supersedes the former.
The character of the subject-matter determines the style of writing,
and letters are made with a certain design and according to what

finally becomes a fixed custom. The effect of this influence may be

seen to some extent in the days of the Republic, as in the writing on
the bronze law plates, but in the time of the Empire the alphabets
as employed for various purposes can be plainly distinguished.
In contrast, then, to the letter system of the great architectural
monuments, the letters of which were carefully outlined and deeply
cut, a more simple style was employed for the more ordinary
inscriptions. This style, differing at first merely in size from that
of the monumental, gradually assumed its individuality, and finally
developed along two general lines, namely, the forms of writing em-
ployed in public documents, scriptura actuaria ; and again, but more
widely, the cursive writing used in ordinary life, as on wax tablets.
In the early days of Rome public announcements were made by
painting letters with ink on the walls or on white board tablets.
Such were the declarations of the priests as to the feriae and pro-
digia, also the publication of the names of the magistrates, and the
historical notices known as Annales Maximi. By the same method
advertisements of various kinds and information as to contracts and
sales were later on placed upon the walls of buildings. This use of
the brush had its influence upon the forms of the letters, and a style
which was an approach to the alphabet of the pen, and which after
became the book-hand, was used for public documents, acta, cut in
bronze. The curving of the oblique lines of the letters A, M, N, and
of the transverse strokes as in A, E, F, H, I, T, the extending of the
tails of L, Q, R, and the diminution in the size of the upper part of
the B and R, mark this writing of the acta.
No exact or set lines can be drawn defining the use of this alpha-
bet, but its letters are found in stone inscriptions also, and this form
42 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

of writing, scriptura actuaria, became the system used in

inscriptions
in general after the fourth
century A.D.
The following inscriptions will illustrate the alphabet of the acta
as engraved first of all on metal and then on stone.

A portion of the Lex de Imperio Vepaniani engraved on a large bronze tablet

found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum. The date is 69 A.D.
Hubner's Eitempla, No. 802.

.
foedusve cum qnibus volet facere liceat ita uti licuit divo Aug(usto), Ti. \

lulio Caesari Aug(usto) Tiberioque Claudia Caesari Aug(usto)

Cfermanico]
. . .
e.q.s. titique, quaecunque ex usu reipublicae, maicstntf <livinarum\
. . .

lntm r^ari]arum pnblicarum privatarumque rernm ess<> [p.] censebit, ei agere \

facere ius potestasqite sit e.q.s. (7. /. L. VI. 9oU.

. . .

A portion of the Lex Collf.gi Aexeulapi et Hygiae engraved on a large marble tablet found
at Koine, where it is now preserved in the Palace of the Barberini,
dating 153 A.D.
Hubner's Exempki, No. 1044.

Lex collegi Aesculapi et Hygiae \

Salvia C. f(ilia) Marcellina ob memoriam
Fl(ami) Apolloni proc(uratoris') Aug(usti), qui fuit a pinacothevis, et

Capitonis Aug(tisti) l(iberti') adiutoris \ eius, mariti stii optimi piissimi,

donum dedit collegia Aescttlapi et Hygiae ... C. I. L. VI. 10234.

A portion of a diploma mttitarium engraved on a bronze tablet forming part

of a diptych found near Mantua, where it is still preserved, 208 A.D.
Iliibner's Esrempla, No. 861.

Imp(erator) Caes(ar) dim M. Antonini Pii Germ(anici} Sarm(atici) \fil(ius'),

divi Commndi frater, divi Antonini Pii nep(os), divi Hmlriani
pronep(os), \

dim Traiani I'arthi\ci abnepos, dim Nervae [adne^pos, L. Septimitis Severus \

Pius PertinaxAu(j(ustus) Arabic(us)Adiab (emeus) e.q.s. C. I. L. III. 890.

 THE LATIN ALPHABET 43

CURSIVE LETTERS IN THE INSCRIPTIONS

Naturally letters made without any regard for elegance or even

moderate adornment or clearness of outline present the same varia-
tions which are found in the rapid and inartistic writing of common
life. Early Roman
capitals made rapidly and carelessly are the
predecessors of the cursive letters of the first three centuries of
the Christian era. In the early vulgaris 1 lettering we find such
forms as A, 1, ', C}, K, which, in modified form, are prominent in
1 I

the cursive alphabets shown on pages 44 and 46.

Cursive writing 2 is that found on wax or on clay before it is
baked. It appears on the wax tablets of Pompeii and Dacia, on
the wall inscriptions of Pompeii and other cities, on tiles marked
by children, and on vessels for domestic use made of gold, silver,
and clay. As, with the writing of the acta, this cursive style cannot
be set within well-defined limits, for it is found in the laws and
invades the dignified inscriptions of the monuments. Even as early
as the first century of the Christian era, cursive letters are found in
the monumental inscriptions, and in the course of time some of its
forms supplant the more regular types.

UNCIAL LETTERS IN THE INSCRIPTIONS

A form of script used upon papyrus and parchment, consisting ofl

rounded forms with vertical strokes somewhat curved is known as
uncial. From the close of the fourth century these letters appear in
inscriptions cut in stone, mainly in the acta and in carmina of a
dedicatory character.
A few inscriptions, however, have been found in Africa, which
may be assigned to the close of the third century, of which all the

1
See page 52.
2
Cursive letters from wall inscriptions and wax tablets of Pompeii as given
in C. I. L., vol. IV., are shown on Plate V., those from the wax tablets of
Dacia, as given C. I. L., vol. III., on Plates VI. and VII. The former date no
later than 79 A.D., while the latter range from 131-167 A.D.
X X X X
1- *<"

C2- ^ <
( i C.

<r o ^. ^/ o

44
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 45

letters are uncial in character. The following is a portion of one

of these.

On a pedestal found at Thaimigudi, Afiica.

Hubner's Exemphi, No. 1147.

Vocontio. \
P. Fl(avio) Pudenti Pompo\niano c(larissimo) w(iro), erga \
civets

patriamque \ prolixe cultori, exercitiis militaribus

multifari\am \ effecto,

loquentes lit\teras amplianti, At \ticam facundiam adlaequanti Romano \

nitori, ordo incola fontis \patrono oris uberis et fluentis nostr[o~\ alteri
\ \

fonti. C. I. L. VIII. 2391.

METHODS OF MAKING INSCKIPTIONS l

To study properly the forms of letters, and appreciate the changes

which they undergo, it is very essential to consider the methods by
which these forms were imparted to the various materials used.
Statements of ancient writers, also terms used in literature and in
the inscriptions, as well as a careful examination of existing remains,
provide us with information as to the art of engraving letters.
The exactness with which letters were inscribed on stone and
bronze bears witness to the existence of a custom of outlining in
crayon or chalk, or of painting in black, red, or white color, as pre-
liminary to the work of the stonecutter or engraver.
There is every reason to believe that the practice of giving exact-
ness to lettering in stone by means of patterns prevailed generally at
1
Prolegomena, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae. Aem. Hiibner.
 PLATE VI CURSIVE OF DACIA

A^CC^^f/^)*- V
J^ ^_/V-
>l O TP u

^ } (Y < > )f *
*? 1 1,
jr.
/* )*
^ o

^^ IX t <N \\ Ji "^ Yt ">

K. )_^^ tf^H ^^ U '\) x ;'^"
x N
\ b PK")1 t^.iN
j l ~*
A\ H o'^'^iN/^
* X <f > ^ f H ^
5 ^\ v 7^ "^
T 'N r / f
^ \
t C ^ >v/- K )1 ^nvTv
o I A
//
x_ -> i
vr X \ v A-

A. -\ /
...x^ ^ ^
^ ^ ( ^V v C^" H \ A\. 0' > o t <."N \f f
\~S X ^< 6- V.\
)~ )) \*\'ht:*^^'fc{

A > "Js f > v^

x'*" 3 j" .(
^ Vi i^ l^ t\ !7\
/-" t

^> ^\
; ^v
j
c<r
t < -s.
i> ^
tx
'
) 1^ \X
r
v/ T\ 1 1 C \ >\ -^ t

^ "JX rt
'

"> vx 1 I A^ A. c p ^ V^ i T-

4fi
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 47

all periods. The effect of cutting after a pattern made with the
brush is seen in the later tendency to imitate painted letters in the
inscriptions.
The custom just referred to originated in the earlier usage existing
among the Romans of painting inscriptions, a practice derived, in all

probability, from the Phoenicians and Greeks, and found also among
other people of Italy, such as the Etruscans and Samnites, who
made sepulchral inscriptions in this manner.
Some of the earliest of the Roman tituli sepulcrales on the
Scipio sarcophagi show letters painted in minium. Reference is
made in the Lex Acilia Itepetundarum 631/123 to the custom of
painting on board tablets.
1
Fasti have been found at Rome painted
in red or black colors on the walls of buildings. In like manner
registers of officers of the year 707-708 A.U.C. were painted in black
upon buildings of Pompeii built of light colored tufa. Amphorae
of various kinds show many instances of this custom. How widely
the practice extended can be appreciated by considering that a num-
ber of painted inscriptions exist to-day, though such a preservation
2
is remarkable.

Letters Cut in Stone.

The next operation in the preparation of inscriptions, after out-

lining or painting of patterns, was the work of the stonecutter (mar-
morarius, lapidarius), which consisted in the cutting (scufypo, scalpo,
insculpo) letters out of stone with the use of tools, .principally the
chisel (scalpruni), and the hammer (malleus'). Other tools of which
we have knowledge from representations in the inscriptions 3 were the
regula, compasses (circinus), used also in the pattern-making, square
(norma), level and plumb-line (libella et perpendicidmri), the scatyellum,
dolabra, and ascia. The form of the cut is that of an inverted
isosceles triangle hence angular and not oblong
nor curved. This shape has been useful in determining the genuine-

1
C. I. L. I. 198. verse 14. in tabula in albo atramento scriptos.
2
Hiibner, Exempla, p. xxviii.
8 C. /. L. VI. 16534.
48 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
l
ness of inscriptions, for it is an evidence of antiquity
and the addi- ;

tions of modern hands can thus be recognized. The smoothness and

evenness which it displays testify to the perfection attained in this art.
As we infer from the perfect and exact form of the letters that
they were outlined before being cut, so the evenness and regular
order of words lead us to believe that lines of direction were marked
upon the stone, probably by means of a cord covered with minium.
Naturally these have disappeared. In one of the Scipio inscriptions
lines are plainly seen which were marked in the stone (see page 240).
After the letters were cut in the stone they were frequently colored
with minium, litterae rubricatae, a practice which belongs to the more
recent inscriptions, as well as to those of the most ancient period. 2
In addition to these methods, it became common in the days of
great architectural designs and ornamentation to form letters out
of some material such as bronze or lead, and insert them in the stone
by means of rivets set into holes previously prepared, or to fasten
them upon the surface. The architraves of temples, gates, porti-
coes, and public buildings, particularly in the Province of Africa,
were adorned by these letters in relief (litterae incrustatae or caelatae).
Pavements were inlaid with bronze and lead, and bronze plates
were inscribed with letters of silver; on vases of silver letters of
gold appear, while bronze weights were thus marked with silver.

Letters Engraved on Metal.

As was the material used for monumental inscriptions (tituli),
stone
so bronze was employed for documents (acta), such as leges, senatus
consulta, edicta, etc.
The cutting of letters in bronze was the work of the aerarius or
caelator. This operation is-referred to by ancient writers under
3
the word incidere. The difference in material required different

Ritschl, Opusc.. IV. 694, note.

1

2
Pliny, .V. H. XXXIIf. 122 minium in voluminum quoque scriptura usurpa-
:

tur clarioresque litteras vel in auro (Mommsen t'n muro, Hiibner in acre') vel in
marmore etiam in sepulcris facit.
Cic. pro Balbo 23, Phil. 1. 10. 26 j Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 19 ; Pliny the
Younger, Epist. VIII. 6, 13.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 49

methods of treatment, lighter and smaller tools, and work more

minute in detail. Hence we find a style of writing related to
that employed on board and wax tablets.
As can be seen from the bronze plates given in facsimile by
Kitschl (P. L. M. E.~), in the laws of the Eepublic the style of the
letters is that of the early cursive writing with space between lines,

giving evidence of a rapidly moving scalprum. Later documents

(acta), show that great skill and facility were attained by those who
prepared bronze tablets in the time of the Empire (see page 42).
In addition to the documents which were engraved on bronze,
inscriptions appearing on various objects of various materials show
the use of a similar tool (scalprum), and a similar style of lettering.
Such are the thin bronze plates (laminae), placed on the bases of
and altars and attached in different ways to votive offerings.
statues

Bronze lamina found in Rome, now in the Kircherian Museum.

Hiibner's Exempla, No. 893.

Neptuno \
ex voto \
Cn. Domitins \
Gelasus. C. I. L. VI. 534.

Bronze vases and figures, likewise ivory and bone tesserae, and, in
a more recent period, consular diptychs, were engraved with a tool
similar to that used in making the acta, and show, in consequence,
letters of the same or similar character.
In addition to the ordinary methods of engraving or scratching
letters upon metal or other materials, at times the lines were made

by a succession of points cut in the surface. Letters of this char-

LAT. INSCRIP. 4
50 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

acter are found to some extent on gold and silver, but frequently on
bronze paterae, /n/W/w, and shields.

A tubella aitstita of bronze found between Niebla and Moguor in Spain, dating 'JT A.H.

Hiibner's Exempla, No. 869.

Celer Erbuti f(ilius) Limicus Borea Cantibedoniesi\

muneris \ tesera(m)
dedit anno M. Licinio co(n)s(?/?e).
|
C. I. L. II. 4963.
This is regarded as a tessera gladiatoria and is explained by Hiibner thus Celer, :

Erbuti filius, natione Limicns, nmnerarivs Boreae yladiatori, nati<if

Cantibedoniensi, muneris gladiatorii tesseram dedit anno M. Licinio
consule.

Written Inscriptions.

The two forms of inscriptions described above, namely, those on

stone and those on metal, show letters deeply cut with a graving tool
by professional workmen.
Although not the technical term, the word scribo was used in
reference to this engraving on stone and metal, but applied more
exactly and consistently to inscriptions which may be said to have
been " written," inasmuch as they were made without the formal,
artistic work of the lapidarius or aerarius, but as the writing of

ordinary daily life.

These inscriptions show a style of writing of the character of that

looked for on wax tablets or -on papyrus. Of such a nature are the
inscriptions cut with a large stihis (yr<i/>liitini in such material as the ),

lime or clay of house walls, or on earthen vessels used for various

purposes.
The inscriptions parietariae of Pompeii were scratched with a
1
graphiuvn before the cement had become hardened. Inscriptions
1
C. I. L. IV. See page 386.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 51

in cursive style cut or scratched with a graphmm are found also at

Rome, as, for example, on the walls of the guard-house of the

seventh cohort of the Vigiles. 1
On clay vessels lettering was made either before or after baking.
In the former case, as the material was soft, the lines are curved,
while in the latter they are angular, as cut in hard material with a
sharper stilus. Tiles were also thus marked with cursive lettering
before or after the material had been hardened, and were used for
educational purposes, often containing alphabets and verses, also for
memoranda of various kinds, such as directions to workmen in the
2
brickfields. Very early examples of these scratched tiles have
been found in Etruria, containing sepulchral inscriptions with
Etruscan words written with Latin letters. 3
It is not upon such surfaces alone that these scratched (scarijyho),
or written letters, are found, but metal which was soft enough for
the purpose was also used as material for what may be termed
" written There exist to-day vessels of silver, such as
inscriptions."
drinking goblets, and patellae, inscribed thus in cursive style with
the names of the maker and the weight. Bronze tablets were thus
inscribed with maledictory inscriptions (devotiones), written in a
cursive or semi-cursive style. Lead, as being a softer metal, was
freely used for these devotiones and for sepulchral inscriptions,
but specimens are rare, as the material was easily destroyed. A
very early example of the use of lead for inscriptions is the dedi-
catory lamina given C. I. L. I. 196.

Pl(autios') Specios Menervai donom port(af).

P. L. M. E. II. c.

1
C. 7. L. VI. 3061. 2
C. L L. V. 8110 (176).
s
C. I. L. 1. 1347, 1354-1356.
52 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Unscientific Cutting in Stone.

The different methods of making inscriptions described above do

not include the unscientific cutting (sculpo) of large letters with a
scalprum by those ignorant of the art of engraving or careless in
their work.
A peculiar style of lettering, which approaches the cursive, resulted
from this amateur inscribing. It has been termed the script m-a /-//-
2
garis.
1
has shown that traces of this style are found in the
Bitschl
most ancient inscriptions. The imperial period, however, provides
much more numerous illustrations of this rulyaris writing, which may
be regarded as the epigraphic cursive style. Inscriptions with this
lettering were cut without the assistance of outlines, in a careless and
hasty manner.
Hence we should place under this classification inscriptions found
in quarries and on blocks of stone which were inscribed before their
removal to the place for which they were designed.

From an ancient limestone quarry situated between

Birdoswald and Castlesteads, England.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1185.

I(unius?) Brutus \ dec(urio} al(ae) Pet(rianae). C. I. L. VII. 872.

The above inscription was made by cutting holes along the out-
lines of the letters, and afterwards rudely joining them.

From an inscription on a block of Carystian marble found at the Emporium

in Koine, now in tin- I.utcran Museum. Date, 187 A.D.

2
1
HUbner Ex., p. xlvi. P. L. M. E., p. Ill ; Opusc. IV., pp. 511, 687, 725.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 53

L. Aelio |
Caesare n(ostro) II et Bal\bino co(n}s(ulibiis) rationis urbicae sub
cur(a') Irenaei \ Aug(iisti) lib(erti) procurator is) caesura Tulli Saturnini \

i/(= centurionis) leg(ionis) XXII Prim(igeniae). (Hiibiier's i'x.,No. 1160.)

Inscriptions are also found cut in the natural rock which show an
irregularity due in some measure to the hardness of material and in-
convenience of location. A very early illustration is the sepulchral
inscription from Pescina, dating about the time of Sulla, which is
given below. The letters are monumental, but show in some partic-
ulars a cursive tendency.

Sepulchral inscription cut in the natural rock over the entrance to a vault near Pescina.

N(umerius) Vibidainf! V(ibii} f(ilius) \

Barbo \ G(aio~) Pansa 0(lo) Irtio \
con-
s(ulibtis), pri(die} non(as) \ Febr(uarias). C. I. L. I. 625 = IX. 3771.

The work of the amateur and unskillful stonecutter is seen very

commonly in the votive inscriptions, appearing on public or private
altars of the different gods, and on marble tablets.

VIUCVS HOATOJIVAX
From a votive inscription on a marble tablet, now in the Capitoline Museum,
Rome, probably of the second century A.D.
Hiibner's Ka-emplfi, No. 1155.

Silvano sacrum \ Tycfiicus Glabrionis n(ostri) ser(vus) viliciis hortorum \

\(otum} s(olvit). C. L L. VI. 623.

54 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Again, parts of the fasti mcujistratuum and of the ccdendaria, also

of registers of various kinds which were added from time to
time, show a form of lettering evidently made without the care
and skill of a professional workman.

A portion of the fasti anni luliani engraved on a

marble tablet, dating between 74f>/3 and 757=8
A.D., and running from March 23-31st.

Hubner's Exempla, No. 971.

The Roman year was marked off into sets of eight days denoted by the letters

A-H, litterae nundinales. These appear column.

in the first
The Tubilustrium is the fixed festival assigned to March 23d and May 23d.

Q(uandoc) rex c(omitiavit) /(as), March 24th nefastus dies and

;
also hP =
C = comitialis dies, are the notae indicating the character of the days. The
occasion of the feriae on March 27th is given as Caesar Alexandream recepit.
C. I. L. P. p. 223.
For complete account of the. Kalendaria see page 366.

In like manner miliaria, upon which names or other inscriptions

were cut without the stone being taken to the domain of a pro-
fessional engraver, particularly when names of later emperors have
been added to the original inscription while the stone was in posi-
tion, show letters carelessly and hurriedly made, often of small size,
and with shallow cut.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 55

1MPDKI
M-AV R-
VALE RIO
MAXENTIO
PIOfELICHNVIC
TOAOPERPETVO
AVC
On the fifth milestone of the Via Appia at Rome, dating between
806 and 312 A.D., now in the Vatican Museum.
Hiibner's Ertmphi-, No. 700.

Imp(eratore) d(omino) n(pstro} M. Aur(elio) Valeria Maxentio

\ \ \ \
Pio Felici
invic\to ac perpetuo Aug\usto V. C. I. L. X. 6816.
\

Inscriptions showing similar irregularity were cut on the seats of

the theatres or circi giving names of the bodies of officials or of the
collegia, as well as of individuals who had the privilege of certain
1
portions.
Inscriptions made by soldiers are found in the remains of camp
fortifications.

Inscribed on a eippus militaris, once inserted in the wall of a Roman fortification on

Mt. Taunus (Hoheburg), Germany, now in the Museum of Wiesbaden.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 1181.

Pedat(ura) Treveror\um p(edum} LXXXXVI\sub cw(am) agents, Cres-\

centi:io Respecto '/ (
= centurione} \ leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae).
1
0. I. L. VI, 1796 d; also p. 857, 1-82, 97-100.
56 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Tituli sepulcrales of all kinds and from various places form the
great body of these inscriptions, often monumental in size and pre-
tension, but ordinary in form and arrangement.

loco-T DOX/XTOAXXX/
a PXTO
ir \ /*\
*

-
H
From a sepulchral inscription on a marble tablet found at Rome,
now in Vatican Museum.
Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1167.

Loco donato man\cipato a Publicia \

Sabastonice et \
ab Arrio Trophi\mo
herede \ eius, in /(route') p(edes) XVI s(e.mis'), \
in ag(ro) p(edes) VIIII.
C. L L. VI. 25165.

Another method of making inscriptions which is different from

any mentioned above, and which was employed in the main upon
the smaller articles classed in C. I. L. under Instrumentum, given
at the close of each volume, is that of impressing inscriptions upon
a soft substance by means of stamps of hard material.
The greater number of these inscriptions stand forth from the
surface in relief, and were produced by stamps upon which letters
were deeply cut. There have also been found inscriptions pressed
into the softer substance, which are distinguished from cut inscrip-
tions by the shape of the impression, which is curved or square
rather than triangular.
These letters in relief appear on various remains. Such are the
lamps made of clay or terra-cotta upon which the names of the
potters are pressed, also vessels of every kind, such as large Eoman
a, it/>/tora<>, upon the handles of which these stamped letters are

found.
Household utensils of metal are also marked in relief with the
names of the maker. So arms, metal ornaments and equipment show
the name of the uci-nriiift imprinted upon them when in the mold.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET

On the handle of a bronze patera found at Evaux, France.

Vimpuro Firmi \ lib(ertus~) Suav (...?) | v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens~) m(mto),

(In litterae punctatae,.}
[Ari]si(i) Epap(h}rod(iti}. (In litterae impressae.) Hubner's Exempla,
No. 933.

In addition to these, pigs of silver, bronze, and lead, found in the

mines of England, also the lead water pipes (fistulae plumbeae) and
lead missiles (glandes plumbeae), lead tabellae or tesserae which have
been cast, show these letters in relief (litterae prominentes).
The most interesting of these inscrlptiones impressae are those
made upon tiles from the numerous tile and brick kilns (Jiglinae).
See page 269.
These inscriptions in relief which have been imprinted by means
of stamps are seen also on glass vessels.
Gems cut with a graving tool show inscriptions of a similar
character.

INDIVIDUAL LETTERS
A

The various forms of the letter A may be classified with reference

to the three following types :

1. A, with transverse. 2. A, without transverse. 3. A A, with

pendant. A. This is found' in the earliest remains with the position

of the transverse varying in its relation to the height of the letter.

58 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

It is also the monumental form, but with the position of the trans-
verse fixed midway between the top arid bottom of the letter. Little
ornamentation is attached to this standard letter.
.A -A AA
J^. J\. In the imperial period ornamented forms
showing additions (cornud) and extensions of certain lines become prev-
alent. It is noticeable that the extensions are regularly to the left.
A. This form is due at first to the negligence of the graver. It

appears in the smaller letters of the instrumenta of the Republic and

Empire, but belongs to the cursive writing of inscriptions of all peri-
ods. A A A, more rarely A, are of Latin origin, and belong in the
earliest period to the vulgaris, and later to the cursive writing, both
of the Republic and Empire.
B
The rounded formof this letter is the one in ordinary use in all

periods. the angular shape, is rarely found in early inscriptions,

,

but occurs in letters cut in lead in time of the Empire, the form
being due to the material. The variation in the forms of this letter

depends upon the relative sizes of the lobes. Inscriptions in vulgaris

lettering on pages 53 and 56 show a form in which the upper lobe
has entirely disappeared. Compare with this the cursive letters, in
which further modifications are seen.

C
<( f In early inscriptions the only
are the archaic forms.

point of difference is the breadth, but the full rounded form belongs
to the best period.
D
t> D are the archaic forms, the first recalling the letter of the
old Chalcidian alphabet. Like C, this letter varies merely in its
breadth, and the form of the best period is full and round, b D D
occur on the metal plates containing leges of the republican period.

E
E E || are the archaic forms of this letter. The monu-
mental form of the best period has three equal parallel horizontals.
A similar shape belongs to the days of the Republic, though it is
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 59

very narrow in the leges on the bronze plates, but the letter of the
Augustan age is well proportioned. A diminution in the length of
the central horizontal gives evidence of a period later than the
Augustan age.
II. This form is very general in its occurrence, appearing in the

archaic alphabet and among the cursive forms of the Eepublic and
Empire. It is not a form belonging to the City either in origin or

use, although in the imperial period it is familiar in all regions and

is found in stone inscriptions. Zangemeister suggests that Ir, I: are
from E to II. Hilbner supposes that II = E is analo-
transition forms

gous to F, and
I
=
that the latter
'
is developed from F through the
I
'

medium of V or some one of the numerous cursive forms in which

one transverse is wanting.

6 This curved form, due to Greek influence, appears on a coin

.

and on a jar of Praeneste of the republican period, and about the

beginning of the second century A.D. is found in inscriptions which
have cursive letters.
F
/^ F F I
'

are the archaic forms of this letter. The monumental

form of the best period has two horizontals equal and parallel.
Narrow shapes are seen in the law plates.
F. This form with the second horizontal shorter than the upper is

rare in monumental inscriptions until the fourth or fifth centuries.

K r are the vulgar is and cursive forms which appear in
l
T / I
'

inscriptions of the later Empire, particularly those of Gaul and Ger-

many. has been referred to in the account of II under E, with
I
1

which its history is connected.

Like T and P, F often overtops other letters, particularly when it
is initial in the line. This custom dates from the second century
A.D., being found mainly in inscriptions of Italy and the provinces,
and becomes prevalent in Rome after the third century.

G
The earliest form of which the line of differen-
this letter is G, in
tiation rises perpendicularly from the right-hand corner of the letter
and terminates in a head scarcely perceptible. This is the general
form up to the second century, although cj is occasionally found.
6. This curved form is found at times in the first century, but
becomes more common in the second and third centuries, particularly
where smaller letters are used or where patterns have been drawn
before the cutting of the inscription. It is very general in its use
in City inscriptions of the third, fourth, and fifth centuries.

Cj Q C, G are the cursive forms which consort with All I

'

^
and later appear with uncials. In the latter part of the second
century they appear on the smaller monuments with monumental
letters, and become common in the fourth and fifth centuries.

H
B. The earliest form of this letter, coinciding in fact with the early
letter in the Phoenician and Greek alphabet, is seen on the Fibula

Praenestina A similar form

is seen in the other Italic alphabets.

The main points of variation in the different forms of this letter

are the breadth and the position of the transverse.
The standard monumental form of the early part of the first

century broad, and the transverse occupies a position at half the

is

length of the shaft, but in almost the same period the letter is found
narrow and with transverse higher up.

I. This, the most ancient form of the letter, in which there is

neither head nor foot, was the prevailing shape even in the early
part of the imperial period but during the first century the orna-
;

mentation of head and foot was added, particularly where painted

patterns were followed. From the time of Sulla a tall is found I

taking the place to some extent of the more ancient El which had
been used to denote the long vowel. Thus in P. L. M. E. we find

CHlLO, MAGISTRl, PRlMVS. It occurs very commonly in the

word DlVVS, in the genitive case DlVl, again in the dative
also

case, third declension, CAESAR I, in dative and ablative plural of

the second declension although more rarely, GRATIS, also in
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 61

MElS, HlS, and in the accusative plural of the third declension

SAECVLARlS.
The tall letter is also used in certain positions as an additional
form, and as representing merely a custom in writing. Thus it
appears as an initial letter at the beginning of words and lines, from
the Augustan period. The words ITEM and IN have a tall initial
letter of which there appears to be no explanation save that it is a
mere custom, originating in the tendency to ornament an inscription
by the simple modification of certain letters. The form I MP
(= imperator) is common in inscriptions from 10 B.C. At the
1
close
of the second century the tall letter denoting the long vowel dis-
appeared from use, but the graphic tall seems to have been very I

common during the second and third centuries. 2

The form J
found at the end of words in the latter part of the
second century is due merely to the caprice of the graver and has

no additional value.
The point over the I is not of ancient origin, but appears about the
fifth or sixth century A.D.
K

K. The
ancient form of this letter belongs to the time of the
Republic and Empire as well. In the earlier period the transverse
lines are very short after the first century, however, letters are
;

found with one or both lengthened. In case of one being lengthened,

the preference in favor of the upper.
is

Occasionally K overtops its fellows.

L
^ |-
L These are the archaic forms of this letter. The most
J. k.
ancient form the same as the Chalcidian prototype, gave way, by
]/,

degrees, to the rectangular shape, and disappeared from use about

200 B.C.
1
Ritschl. Opusc. IV., p. 570, reverentiae sensu imperatoris personae atqne
maiestati debitae. Hiibner declares, however, that in the majority of instances
in his Exempla the word imperator with tall initial stands as the first word of
the inscription or line. See Christiansen, De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 37.
2 For
the tall letter used as the semivowel, see page 26.
62 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

L. The standard letter of the best period is rectilinear and rec-

tangular, with transverse measuring a little over one half of. the
length of the shaft. The transverse varies in length in later periods,
being very short in painted letters, even approaching the simple
shaft as in I. The letter L is at times taller than other letters.

M
The oldest form of this letter consists of five parts, /w. This is
found on the Fibula Praenestina, also in the Duenos Inscription. It
gives rise to AA' A/0, which in the days of the Republic stands as the
abbreviation for Manius, as distinguished from Marcus with abbre-
viation M. The prevailing form under the Republic, and the stand-
ard letter of the best period is that made with oblique lines reaching
to the base of the letter.
M
and M are very rare in the republican period, the former occur-
ring only on coins and small articles, and the latter on coins only
because of lack of space. The former appears in the instrumenta of
the Empire, but as an exception, while it is not seen in the monu-
mental inscriptions until after the second century, and then very
rarely until the close of the fourth century.
M. No instance of the rectilinear form with angle reaching to
the base occurs in inscriptions until the middle of the first century
A.D. It does not become a familiar letter until the close of the
second century, when it is found in Germany, but in the third and
fourth centuries it becomes so common as to equal in frequency of
occurrence the oblique forms, especially in Gaul and Germany.
The oblique form M, however, continued in use as the more ele-
gant letter, particularly in the fourth and fifth centuries, when the
monumental alphabet approached the style of lettering found in the
instrumenta, for the rectilinear form never prevailed in the instru-
menta, being merely a chance occurrence.
The standard type of the best period suffers modification only as
regards its breadth and ornamentation. The earliest shape of this
normal letter is very broad and unornamented, its top being the

simple angles without cornua. It is not obsolete even in the second

 THE LATIN ALPHABET 63

and third centuries. The ornamented letter M. appears in inscrip-

tions of the time of Trajan, and becomes common in the period of
Diocletian.
1
belongs to the old cursive writing, and may be classed with
1 1 1

11, G\ It does not occur in the imperial period, save in the

I
1

scratched inscriptions of Pompeii.

AX- This is a cursive form in the best period, but appears later
on monuments of the lower class, and in inscriptions of Germany,
Spain and Africa.
/vJ. This five-part letter, denoting Manius, belongs rather to the
time of the Republic. It exists in a few examples during the Empire,
and is retained in marking the praenomina of the Consuls.

N
N. The earliest form of this letter is that in which all parts are
oblique. This was maintained during the Republic, but disappeared
entirely under the Empire.
N. The rectilinear form is the normal type of the best period,

being atfirst unornamented, afterwards having partial ornamentation,

N, and finally, from the second century, becoming fully ornamented,

N. The N varies in breadth just as the M, the quadrate form
appearing in the early part of the best period, while the slender
found in painted inscriptions.
letter is
A/ is a cursive letter having a history coordinate with the similar
form of the m, AX.

<>. These are the archaic forms of this letter. In the

early part of the best period the form of the like that of other
round letters of the same time is quadrate, that is with height and
breadth equal. In the earliest period it is noticeable that the is

very often smaller than the other letters. This peculiarity lasted
through the imperial period, especially after the letter C, which
could envelope the in its curve. This is very common in the
abbreviation < S from the Augustan age down to the end of the
third century.
64 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

H
P P P. These are the archaic forms, the first being due to the
retrograde direction found in earliest inscriptions and, like the
second, recalling the Greek prototype.
The standard letter of the monumental alphabet is the curved
and open form. The closed letter is a chance occurrence in republi-
can days, appearing on glandes plumbeae and tesserae. It is rare in
the imperial period until the second century but from the third ;

century it is found in inscriptions of the City and provinces. In

Germany, however, it appears as early as the close of the first
century and afterwards with greater frequency than elsewhere.
Sometimes P rises above other letters, particularly at the begin-
ning of the line.

Q
This letter originates in the Greek koppa, hence its earliest form
is 9. Q Q < Q are other archaic forms.
The types of the Republic and Empire vary merely as to the tail,
which is either short and straight or long and curved. The short
and nearly straight projection belongs to the latter part of the
Republic, while in the first century A. D. the tail is lengthened and
curved, the abridged form becoming rare.

S . The oldest form of this letter as found in the Duenos Inscrip-

tion is like the Greek original.
P K. P P are other archaic forms. After the R attained its
normal curved shape, its form depended upon the relative sizes of
the upper and lower parts, as in B, also upon the length and shape
of the tail and the manner of its union with the upper part.
The early letters have a full circular form with the end of the
circle at times withdrawn from the shaft, while the tail originates
at the shaft or close to it. The standard letter of the monumental
alphabet of the Republic and Empire was marked by the fully
rounded circular portion whose circumference terminated at the
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 65

middle of the shaft. A diminished circle with circumference end-

ing above the middle of the shaft and with a tail somewhat curved
are later modifications. In this standard letter the tail either
originates at the shaft, or in the circular portion at some distance
from the shaft. The former the earlier shape.
is

R. Often the tail begins at the end of an incomplete circle to the

right of the shaft. This is found in the provinces both in the early
period and in some monumental inscriptions of the second and
third centuries.
S
$ S ^ are the archaic forms of this letter of which the angular
shape is found in the days of the Republic, but not of the Empire.
S, the standard letter of the best period, shows the upper and lower

portion equal and fully rounded. Inequality in the sizes of these

two portions gives evidence of an inferior alphabet.
/. Very
slender letters approaching the straight line are found
in inscriptions of the lower class, particularly of the provinces.
C. This is found in inscriptions showing Greek influence, as those
of Naples and Sicily. It is a form of the Greek %.. The original
four-stroke Greek ^ appears in Latin as an indication of value to
denote the semuncia.
In rare instances S is taller than other letters when standing at
the beginning of the line, and more rarely still when medial.

T
f T T T are the archaic forms of this letter.
In the early period of the Empire the standard letter was plain,
with transverse at right angles to the shaft, not very short, but unor-
namented.
A form with transverse slightly curved T appears in inscriptions
of the first century, and is very common in the second, third and
fourth centuries. It belongs originally to the documentary writing
and the cursive letters.
Very often this letter rises above others, for reasons of space.
Examples of this are found from the beginning of the seventh century
of the City, and in the imperial period the usage is very common.
LAT. INSCRIP. 5
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

V. This is the early, and at the same time the regular form of this
letter in the Republic and Empire.
At times the apex of the angle is placed a little to the right, and
as a consequence the right side becomes perpendicular and the left
side is lengthened.
The curved form U belonging to the uncial writing is found in

City inscriptions of the last part of the second and the first part of
the third centuries. It afterwards appears frequently in inscriptions
with uncial letters.
X
The early form of this letter is unornamented and exact, with
lines equally divided. In the imperial period the quadrate form is
the more elegant, but the ordinary shape is narrow and graceful.
Many instances occur of a form marked by the broadening of the
transverse X. This is seen not only in the plain letter, but also in
the more recent and more elegant forms.

This well as the Z which follows, was introduced in the

letter, as
later days of the Republic, to aid in transliterating Greek words.
Alphabetic forms were then attaining the perfection which marked
the Augustan letters, hence both Y and Z are well proportioned in
their early history.
The regular letter is a plain rectilinear figure, with the two sides
of the angle equal. Even in the best period, however, letters with
curved lines are common.
Z
The letters of the best period show equal angles and equal hori-
zontals.

J \-

These are the two letters of Claudius that appear in inscriptions.

The former, denoting the consonant V, is the more common.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 67

LIGATUKES
The necessity for economizing space in engraving" letters led to the expedient
of joining them in monograms. This custom first appears in the lettering of
coins about 200 B.C., and in inscriptions about 150 B.C., particularly at the end
of the line, where other devices, such as the use of small letters and their
insertion in curved letters, mainly C, e.g. G, , and superposition, as Mi were
also employed.
The use of ligatures did not become very general in Rome or Italy, but
they are common in Gallic inscriptions from the first century A.D., and in those
of Germany after the second century, while they abound hi African inscriptions
of the third century.
The ligatures of the cursive alphabet of the Dacian wax tablets are given in
Plate VII. These present peculiar difficulties, while those of the capital letters,
a few of the most common of which are given below, are more readily inter-
1
preted.

LIGATURES or Two LETTERS

M=am, M=ma, >f = an, >R=ar, A/ =- an, )R au, /ft = ar,
C1=-ch, B =de, N)^=nd, f
= ne, At me, M> mp, \ ve.
Tl-th, fe -ib, I li, M~mi, ff,hf-ni, fc -ir, T ti,

A. al, VI ul, Nt nn, ]T nt, J( er, CR-or, e

R'=pr,
"ft = tr, 'K = ta, *E te, W ur, R/ ru.

LIGATURES OF THREE LETTERS

A? aur, 3^ = ent, 3l~eri, -"fe-ite, At= mae, ri

In some cases a number of letters are combined, thus :

maxim, -o(ssa) h(ic) s(ita),

Inscr. Rhen. 1983.

-o(pto) t(erra) s(it) l(evis) t(ibi), C.I.L. III. 5577.

1
For a fuller list see Cagnat, Cours d Epigraphie,
1

p. 24, and Hubner's

Exempla, p. Lxviii.
 PLATE VII

<*
A. O -V^,

:^r

5 i- s

:T

.5.5 o s a S tc .= S o*s c.c P.-O

3* So>c. 010-. 5d>o-. c'ooooooooo

Ti. E, 'C

On

't a 48 l'll 2 c -a

fe

68
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 69

SICILICUS. APEX. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION

SICILICUS 3
This has already been referred to in the treatment of double con-
sonants.
The testimony of the Grammarians, that the sicilicus was used to
denote that the consonant should be regarded as a double letter, is
supported by a few instances of its use found in the inscriptions
of the time of Augustus. C. I. L. V. 1361 C. I. L. X. 3743.
;

APEX
From the period just after Sulla up to the second half of the third
century vowels long by nature were denoted by a sign termed the
apex. They appear most frequently in inscriptions of the first
century A.D., and of the first half of the second.
The form of this sign is > ~7 J
earliest but in the time of
/",

the Empire the usual form is the acute accent '. .

The apex is found over A, E, 0, V, El = f, but very rarely over I.

1

Its occurrence in the acta is decidedly less frequent than in the

monumental inscriptions.
Other methods of indicating the long vowel were :

(a) The double vowel introduced by Attius (see page 30).

(6) The use
of El, the spurious diphthong, to denote long a cus- I,

tom dating from the Gracchan period, 620/134.

(c) The tall
from the time of Sulla up to latter half of second
I,

century.
In the Augustan age both methods were still in use, as in the
Monumentum Ancyranum a number of words (twenty-two at least)
are found with tall I,
and three with El.

PUNCTUATION
From earliest times individual words in inscriptions were separated
by marks of punctuation, which regularly occupied a position mid-
way between the upper and lower limits of the letters. These {joints,
1
Christiansen De Apicibus et I Longis, p. 13, shows that out of 1119 instances
of the use of the apex, 415 were over d, 350 over 6, 169 over e, 147 over ,
4
over i, 32 over ae, and 2 over du.
70 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

as a rule, were not placed at the end of a line, and did not indicate
sentences or parts of sentences.
There are various forms of these punctuation marks. The round
form, which may be regarded as the primitive mark, belongs in its
general use to inscriptions in raised letters. Very rarely are round
marks found would be most
in inscriptions, as in stone this shape
difficult to Stone workers probably made a square with four
make.
blows of the chisel, hence we have |, in the more ancient
,

inscriptions. In the more elaborate inscriptions triangular shaped

points are found, ^ } j } 4 which
>
are made more ornamental by
the curving of the sides, >-.

These triangular points remained in use from the earliest times

down to the most recent periods.
The triangular shape finally passed into the form of an ivy leaf,
termed in an inscription (C. I. L. VIII. 6982) hederae distinguentes,
,
} . This form is very common in the latter part of the first
century, but is not found in the time of the Republic (see page 40).

Naturally in cursive writing the form of punctuation would be a

line. Hence in the "scratched" inscriptions of Pompeii we find
examples of this form, and from the close of the second century it
is found in the stone inscriptions. It has the following varieties :

r
, ', \, O.
These points of punctuation were regularly placed between the
letters, but in some cases, for lack of space, they are found above, or
in case of the round forms C, D, G, 0, Q, inside of the letter.
Punctuation was not confined to the separation of words, but may
be found between syllables, and in some cases between letters. In
sepulchral inscriptions of the lower class unusual punctuation of
this kind had a place, but it- is rare in great public and private

inscriptions.
In some instances the component parts of compounds were indi-
cated by punctuation, as sub legi, in perato, ad versus.

Rarely are points found at the beginning of lines, but more fre-
quently at the end.
In carmina the metric lines are marked, and when half-verses
are written this also is indicated by punctuation.
 THE LATIN ALPHABET 71

At times a long space takes the place of the punctuation mark.

In one of the Scipio "Elogia" the ends of the metric lines are
indicated by the spacing, while in another the punctuation mark is
1
used, in this case a horizontal line.
Like the ivy leaves referred to above, branches of palm are found
as early as the first century marking the more important divisions.
Under the Republic, punctuation marks were rarely omitted.
The leges of the seventh century of the City are an exception in
this respect, either because of Greek influence or the carelessness of
the engraver.
Still more rarely are points omitted in inscriptions of the best
period, from Augustus to Hadrian. In sepulchral inscriptions of
the lower class, however, they are quite often neglected.

In the more ancient inscriptions words were not, as a rule, divided

at the ends of lines, but were written entire. This is particularly
true of the older leges of the Republic, with some rare exceptions,
such as the Lex Rubria. 2 In the acta of the imperial period words
are frequently divided, the division following the usual law of sylla-
bles which generally holds in the inscriptions.

BIBLIOGKAPHY
Latin Alphabet (Morphological)

Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica Enarratio and Indices. FR.

RITSCHL. Berlin, 1862.
Opuscula Philologica. Vol. IV. FR. RITSCHL. Leipzig, 1878.
Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae Latinae Prolegomena. AEM. HUBNER.
Berlin, 1885.
Cours d? Epigraphie Latine. 2d ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography. E. M. THOMPSON. London, 1893.

1 2
See pages 232, 236. P. L. M. E. Enarratio, p. 120.
 CHAPTER III

NUMERALS
THE characters which served as Latin numerals are as old as the
and in some cases perhaps older. The original
letters of the alphabet,
numerals were the vertical denoting the large unit, the horizontal
I

or denoting the small unit, while V denoted 5, and X denoted 10.

The earlier system was probably decimal, the small unit being of ^
the large and, although in the later change to the duodecimal sys-
;

tem the small unit became equal to T^- of the large, the original
1
signs ,
were still used.

Upon the introduction of the alphabet two letters were adopted

as numerals, >L (later vL, JL, =
L), the Chalcidian ch, 50, and <b, ph
(later CIO)
= 1000, since they were not needed in the Latin alpha-
bet. A sign for 100 must have been adopted in like manner, and
its later representative, C, seems to indicate as its origin the
(tJi),

remaining aspirate. This appears from a comparison with Etruscan

numerals, which closely resemble the Latin, as = 1, A = 5, X = 10, I

T = 50. As the Etruscan alphabet retained the aspirates, we

would naturally expect some mark of differentiation, if such letters
were used as numerals. Hence -I- inverted, i.e. T = 50, $ becoming
^ = 1000, and or D, the Etruscan tli, becoming = 100. The
similarity existing between the Etruscan and Latin systems thus
1
supports the theory that expressed 100.
orig-inally
The remaining Roman numerals were formed by indicating multi-
plication by the doubling of the signs, as = 1000, @) = 10000,
HI = 100000, while the halves of these : D = 500, ^ = 5000, and
ra)
= 50000. In the more ancient times the Roman numerals did
not go beyond 100000, so that it was necessary to repeat the sign

1
Mommsen, Hermes, XXII. pp. 598, 599.
72
 NUMERALS 73

for 100000 to indicate higher amounts. In the inscription on the

Columna Rostrata (D is repeated some thirty times.
At a later period a sign Q_o, indicating quingenta milia, is found
as a substitute for the repetition of signs denoting 100000.
In the latter part of the Republic a custom became prevalent to
write simple numbers and indicate multiplication by lines above for
thousands, and with others on the sides of the signs for hundred
thousands, so e.g. V took the place of 100 5000, D took the place =
of Q-3 and fXl = 1000000. The earliest use of these lines
= 500000,
is found in the Lex Rubria of Caesar's time.
1
In the early Empire
the two systems are both in use. Thus in the Pompeian auction
tablets of the time of Nero the earlier system is found, while in
another of the same period the latter. In the later period the latter
form prevailed. 2
There appears to have been a tendency at first to assimilate num-
erals to letters. The original numerals V, X were identical with I,

three of the letters, and when 4> was divided the resulting form
became a D, C took the place of the 0, and -i- became L.
M for mille or milia appeared from the second century A.D., but
in the combination M P = milia passuum the use of M was much
older. The M was an abbreviation for the word mille or milia,, and
was never used by the Romans as a numeral. 3
The adoption of the C as 100 must have taken place after the
date of our earliest inscriptions, subsequent to the time when
fhefhaked and pakari were written, for centum at that time would
have been kentum.
Difficulty naturally arose from the employment of the same signs
as letters and numerals. In consequence of this we find a mark of
differentiation used, namely, a line crossing the numeral. This is
seen in [), which dates from the seventh century of the City; cf. also
3 denoting the denarius.

204, P. L. M. E. 23. 4, etc.

1
C. I. L. I.
2 M.
de Petra, Le Tavole Cerate di Pompei, Roma, 1876; No. 15,
G.
BS VCCCLII No. 16, >l XXXIX No. 39,JDO<x> XXXVIIII.
; ;

sMommsen, Hermes, XXII. p. 601, XV M N (133 A.D., Henzen 6086); H-S- L

M-N (153 A.I>., Orelli, 2417).
74 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

In the Augustan period the line was placed over the numeral,
perhaps coincident with the use of numerals of iteration in titles.
In the time of the Republic the number of iteration with official
titles was given in letters, but from the time of the battle of Actium
numerals were used. 1

To express amounts intervening between these numerals, the signs

were placed side by side until the next denomination was reached.
Two methods might be used 1) the addition method, when the
:

higher number preceded, 2) the subtraction method, when the

lower denomination preceded.
The former of these two methods is the older and more usual.
1st method, XVIII =
18; 2d method, XI IX = 18; so III! is more reg-
ular than IV, and Vllll than IX.
For the subtraction method Mommsen (Hermes, XXII. 603) gives
the following rules :

1) Not merely one number, but many in order, could be subtracted,

so that MX
just as correct
is or incorrect as IX.
2 3
2) Only the numerals I, X, C, were, as a rule, used in subtraction,
seldom the sign for 1000, and never V, L, D.
3) The number is subtracted, as a rule, only before V and X, and
I

only by exception before L and the higher numbers.

4) The subtract! ve method has the object of saving space.
It is therefore inadmissible unless room is gained, so, not MIX but
VII, not XXXC but LXX. It predominates in cases where an essen-
tial simplification is obtained, and, therefore, particularly in the
numbers 80 and 90, and occurs more in the carelessly made private
inscriptions than in the precise monumental writing.

5) The numeral or numerals to be subtracted were placed before

the last numeral of an addition series, so that X II X = 18 was writ-
ten, not IIXX; and CCCXXC = 380, not XXCCCC.
There are certain numerals which deserve special consideration.

1
In C.I. L. VI. 873, dating "25/29, cos. quinct., cos. design, sext., imp. sept.,

and C. /. L. XII. 3148, dating 729/25; but in C. I.

L._X.. 3826^ dating W/M,imp.
VI. cos. Ill and C. I. L. VI. 701, dating ?44/m, imp. XM cos.Mtrib. potest. X\V.
* C. I. L. I 1166. CCCXvi,; 1143. CXvb VIMS; 636, dating MT/ ls7 CCXXC.
C. I. L. I. 198, dating G3i/ 123 , CD1 ;
C. I. L. VI. 1243 e, /, Cool, OLX.
 NUMERALS 75

2. II. This numeral, with the earlier position of line of differen-

tiation, is regularly seen in I+S denoting sestertius. occurs very 1 1

frequently, particularly when indicating successive consulships and

denoting duumvir (I VI R). At the beginning of lines IT is also found.
I

4. Either IV or The former, the subtractive form, belongs to

1 1 1 1.

writing of the lower class, appearing first on the vessels of San

Cesareo, which date in the seventh century of the City.
III! is the more usual form, varying as follows :
I+H, -\\l\-, INI,

frequently denoting quattuorviri, III, II VIR. I I I

5. V. In Pompeian tablets it is found on its side. 1 1 1 1 1

appears
in African inscriptions.
6. VI, also iTTII. I

8. VIII. The subtractive form I IX is a rare occurrence.

9. V 1 1 1 1 is the more common form. I X is rare.

10. X. The transverse cuts the middle of the letter when the
lenarius is denoted, X-
14. X 1 1 1 1 is more common than X I V.

18. XVIII, but XI IX in C. I. L. III. 582.

19. XVIIII.
28. XXVIII, but XX I
IX, C. I. L. VI. 9934.
45. XLV, by exception VL.
In some inscriptions />^=20,
50. -I-the original form, J, appears down to the Augustan
is
^ = 25, >^=30, X&=35, ^=40.

period, _L is seen in the "Lex Repetundarum " (123 B.C.), and

during the first and second centuries A.D.
60-100. To represent numbers between 50 and 100, L with X re-
peated is the regular form. In some African inscriptions XXXXXX
(C. I. L. VIII. 1108) is found. T**x. and Txxy are worthy of notice.

500. D, originally half of was subsequently marked by trans- ,

verse B, as in the "Lex Repetundarum," and in many inscriptions

of the Empire.
1000. is the oldest form. This was not maintained, but appeared
in the more common form oo ,
which was also modified to oo or ex-.
Combinations of the preceding signs were used to denote higher
numbers, oo oo oo oo C = 4100. oo oo oo CCX X = 3220. ~>O<T DC LX I

= 21661.
76 THE LATIN ALPHABET

By exception, the additional thousands were denoted by the sub-

tractive form, thus oo L, =
4000 (C. T. L. X. 1273).

10000=0, or 4i/, (fa, (cb), "I".

5000= ),
or \y, k, 1)).

100000=, or
vj^.

50000= p),
or
^.
The use of a horizontal and verticals has already been referred to.

X = 10000. FXl = 1,000,000.

In the time of Hadrian the n, regularly denoting 10QOOO, was
strangely used to indicate 1000.
Naturally the variety of the uses for which these horizontal and
vertical lines were employed caused much confusion (Suetonius,
Galba. 5).
FRACTIONS
The Roman system of fractions is based upon a division of the
unit, as, into twelfths, unciae, the former being denoted by I, the lat-
ter by or The use of the nobler metals led to a division of
.

the uncia, thus ^, ^, ^, , y1^, -fa, and finally T | of the uncia.

All these fractions have special names, and can be^rranged in the
following table, showing the duodecimal sy stem.
TABLE A
As. Unciae.
As 1 12 I

Deunx }| 11 S
Dextans f 10 S
Dodrans f 9 S zi
Bes . .
,, f 8 S
Septunx ^ 7 S -
Semis 6 S
Quincunx
\
fa 6~~ or~ ~
Triens \ 4
Quadrans $ 3 n
~
Sextans $ 2
Sescunx $ 11 orS
Uncia fa 1 oro, ^, <>*>
 FRACTIONS

As. Unciae.
Semuncia ....... fa \ fc or S or
Binae sextulae or duella . .
-fa i 2JI
Sicilicus ....... fa
Sextula ........ fa |8
Dimldia .....
sextula T ^T fa -g-

Scriptulum ...... 2 T fa 3
ua ........
Sili(l
iA* TTT

The signs for the various fractions are derived from the initial
letters of particular words; thus, S for semis; 2, and later , for
semuncia and sembdla ; 2 for sextula ; which cor- T for terruncius,

responds to the sicilicus. The and the 3 of the

of the sicilicus
scriptulum are from the round forms of the Greek sigma. is
1
H
due to the repetition of the 2, the sign of the sextula.
With the introduction of the silver nummus (voC/i/nos), sestertius,
a new system of fractions appears.
The sestertius became the major unit corresponding to the old as ;

the became the minor unit corresponding to the uncia, but, as

libella

the system was decimal, the libella = of the sestertius. ^

The following table shows this fractional system with the signs,
which are adopted from the duodecimal system :

TABLE B
Sestertius = 1
Semis = | of sestertius, S
Libella = fa " "
,
as corresponding to the uncia.
= fa " "
(Singula) Sembella S, like semuncia.
" "
(Sicilicus) Terruncius = fa or T

With the sestertius equal to 2^ asses, the copper denominations

may be arranged in a decimal system with the sestertius as major
unit, and with signs adopted from the duodecimal system :

Dupondius..... 8
| or T 5 of sestertius, so S IE-, i-e- 1 + &.
Semis ...... "
^ " " " --
Quadrans ..... fa
"

The Greek C = s appears on Tarentine coins struck before the time of

1

Pyrrhus, and in Greece after the time of Alexander. Mommsen, Hermes,

XXII. p. 605.
78 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

In like manner if the denarius be taken as a major unit, with

value of 10 asses, the system stands :

Denarius
Quinarius denarius, so S
" "
Sestertius \ 2, i.e.
ft +
Dupondius
As TV
Semis S
Quadrans T or

The duodecimal fractional system, with the as serving as any

unit, was applied very generally, e.g. to land measure, to computa-

tion of interest, to weight, time, and money. The decimal system
was applied to money, to the denarius and as, then to the fractions
of the sestertius.
The final depreciation of the as brought it down to the value of
Y ^ of a denarius, and, as the sestertius
1 =
\ of a denarius, the as ^ of =
a sestertius.
The duodecimal fractional system of the denarius, when equal
l
to 16 asses, is set forth in the following table :

TABLE C
Denarius
Quindeciaere .
1* = TZ + 3*s
Quattuordeciaere -|-
= $ + ^,

Tredeciaere
 FRACTIONS 79

Septus[sis] . .
TV = 5
T2 + ?V s j -=- 3
80 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The coins were :

As = 12 unciao, marked I

Semis = 6 " S
Triens _ 4 ti
OOO
Quadrans = 3 " ooo
Sextans = 2 oo
Uncia = 1 uncia

In addition to these were :

Dupondius = 2 asses, marked II

Tressis or Tripondius = 3
Decussis = 10
When silver coinage was introduced, 485/269, the copper as
became a subordinate denomination of the superior metal, and sub-
sequently depreciated in value so as to be entirely distinct from the
old libral as, i.e. the unit of the duodecimal system.
The silver system may be shown by the following table :

r Denarius = 10 asses, later 10 asses 3

Silver = 5 u u g ..
y
-j
Quinarius
I Sestertius = " " 4 " Hf-S
2\
I Dupondius
*
= 2 H
Copper^ I

We might expect that in money calculations of ordinary life

the subordinate denominations would be expressed in terms of
copper coins, but it was customary to follow the silver fractional

system as far as possible.

Thus, in an African inscription of the days of Hadrian, Ephem.
Ep., VII. 426, we find :

[fecit stajtuam argenteam ex H-S ET CCCXXXV tribus libel (lis) sing(ula)

terr(uncio) et aeris quad(rante) cum rei p(ublicae) H-S L prom(isisset), ie.

51335 sestertii, 1 as, 1 semis, 1 quadrans, since -^ (tribus Ubellis) + s (singula)
.,
l

+ J6 (terruncio) = ^ + |, but ^ of a sestertius = 1 as, and | = semis. The word

aeris shows that quadrans is from the copper system.

In denoting money the various indications are : for copper money,

aeris gravis, or aeris, or A(sses~) ;
for silver, N = nummi, or
rfS N = sestertii nummi, rarely in the order N H-S, but later
 FRACTIONS 81

regularly hfS N, with the number placed between. With the

sums denoting denarii, j alone was used.
The duodecimal system served for measures of weight, also for
linear and surface measures when the foot was divided into twelve

parts; e.g. summa ped(iini) CXXVIIII S 13- = 129|J feet;

1
in

agr.pXXVS-- = 25 J feet. 2

In weight, PI denoted a pound, P being the abbreviation for

P(ondo), which was the indication of weight, and hence was regu-
larly used with the subordinate denominations, = 1^ e.g.
P I S3

pounds P 13-
; 3 111=3 unciae, 3 script ttla ;
3
P 13- 9 = 5 unciae,
8 scriptida; 3 P^
w = 5 unciae*
In expressing linear or surface measure, P(edes) or PED(es) is used
where the measure exceeds the foot. PED LXIII S 13- =
pedes sexaginta tres deunx semuncia, or 63 and ^-| + ^V (Wilmanns,
2875). In the building contract of Puteoli, C. I. L. I. 577, I. 14 :

latum p. \\ altum p. $*
,
and I. 15: crassos S\ altos p.
;
It is
,
I.

exceptional to find the exponent with the simple fraction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bomische Staatsverwaltnng, vol. II. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1876.
Griechische und Eomische Metrologie. F. HULTSCH. Berlin, 1882.
Manuel des Institutions liomaines (Appendix). A. BOUCHK-LECLERCQ. Paris,
1886.
Hermes, XXII. 1887. Article, Zahl- und Bruchzeichen. TH. MOMMSEN.

1
C. L L. VI. 2059. 2
C. 7. L XIV. 665.
8 C. I. L. XIV. 21. 4
C. L L. XII. 354.

UNCIA. SEXTANS. QUADKANS. TRIENS. SEMIS,

LAT. JNSCRIP. 6
 PART II

CHAPTER IV
THE ROMAN NAME

THE Roman name enters very largely into the composition of

inscriptions of all classes, and forms, therefore, the most important

element in their subject matter, often making up the inscription
itself. A
knowledge, accordingly, of its history and chronological
development, its formal arrangement and abbreviations, is essential
to a proper interpretation of the inscriptions, which, moreover, are
themselves the great source of information as to this subject, since
here the Roman name has its fullest use and most complete form.
It must be understood, first of all, that the name among the
Romans was not of fixed or abs ~lute form, but that it varied with
the history of the people, passing through a process of development
and reaching its complete form in the most prosperous period then ;

suffering modification and losing its regularity in the declining days

of the later Empire.
In the earliest times the individual, strictly speaking, was desig-
nated by one name, but as a member of society, and in relation to
the state, his name consisted of the personal element, with the
addition of certain determinatives. 1 The firstdeterminative was
the genitive case of the name of the one in whose possession or
In a fragment of uncertain authorship, entitled de Praenominibus, placed
1

as the tenth book of Valerius Maximus by Julius Paris of the fourth century
A.D., the statement Varro simplicia in Italia nomina fuisse ait is supported by
a reference to the names Romulus and Remus, but controverted by a reference
to Rhea Silvia, Silvius Numitor, Amulius Silvius.
82
 THE ROMAN NAME 83

under whose authority the person belonged, as of the father in the

case of a son or daughter, of the husband in the case of a wife, or
of the owner in the case of a slave. Thus Marcus Marci, Caecilia
Crassi. Later this genitive was followed by f(ilius) or f(ilia), uxor
or s(ervus). The second early determinative was the name indicat-
ing the family (gens). This at an early period was marked by the
suffix -ius. The early Roman name thus consisted of, a) the per-
sonal name, &) the family name, c) the name of the one in authority,
the father or husband, and at times the names of the grandfather
and great-grandfather. 1

Q. Fabius Q(uinti) f(ilius).

In the course of time an additional element, the cognomen, brought

the Roman name to its full development, so that free-born men pos-
sessed a triple name, praenomen individual name, nomen = name
of gens, cognomen =
name of family (stirps').

L. Cornelius Scipio.

Official usage required that with these three names there should also
be given the names of the father and of the tribe. These were both
2
placed before the cognomen. With the name of the father there
might also be given those of the grandfather and great-grandfather.
The inscriptions show that the regular order was praenomen,
nomen, cognomen. It was observed by the writers of the best prose
as Cicero and Caesar. 3 Any variation is due to the necessities of
the metre, as in the Scipio Epitaph, where the nomen precedes the
praenomen. or to Greek influence, or to the irregularity of rustic
1
The original order was I., individual name II., father's name III., family
; ;

name; so Mommsen, who refers to the order among the Greeks, Umbrians
and Volscians. The Romans and Samnites transposed the last two.
2 Lex
Julia Municipalis (709/45). C. T. L. I. 206, p. 122.
3
In prose of the good period the usage was M. Claudius, not Claudius Mar-
cus, even in Livy;
M. Claudius Marcellus, not M. Marccllns Claudius. With-
out the praenomen, according to older method (so Cicero), Marcellu* Claudius,
according to later method (so Caesar), Claudius MarceMus. G. Lahmeyer in
Philol. XXII. 1865.
84 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

usages, as Alfenos Louci(os) on a cinerary jar from the sepulcretum

near the church of San Cesareo (C. L L. VI. 8220).

PRAENOMEN
The praenomen, the strictly personal name, was conferred by par-
ents upon children on the dies lustricus, which was the ninth day
after birth in the case of boys, and the eighth in the case of girls.
This the opinion of ancient writers in general, but Q. Scaevola 2
is
1

is authority for the statement that the name was not conferred upon
a boy before he assumed the toga virilis, nor upon a girl before her
marriage.
It is probable that the informal conferring of the name in the

family took place on the dies lustricus, but the official recognition of
the same occurred at the time of tKe~ assumption of the toga virilis.
This opposition between theory and practice is set forth in the
inscriptions,where we find names of persons dying in childhood
both with and without praenomina. Frequently the word Pupus
(abbreviated PUP) took the place of the praenomen, thus indicating
an early death.
PVP .
PONTIO .
T F- V0(7?)
PROCVLO AN .
Xm_.
Pwp(o) Pontio, T. (Pontii) f(ilio), Vo[T\(tinia tribu), Proculo, an(norum)
tredecim. (Of the first century A.D.) C. L L. IX. 2789.

The number of inscriptions giving the praenomina exceeds that of

those without, particularly after the second century A.D.
The praenomen was regularly abbreviated when joined with the
nomen and cognomen. This was not a matter of choice, but an
established custom, indicating .Koman citizenship. In consequence
we do not find the praenomen written in full, unless standing alone
or in inscriptions in which Greek influence has been felt, or in those
of the lower class dating mainly after the second century A.D.

iFestus, p. 120; Macrobius, Sat.. I. 10. 30; Plutarch,.?<aes. Horn., p. 102.

2
De Praenominibus, 3, pueris non priuaqnam toyam virilem sumerent,

puellis non antequam nuberent, praenomina imponi moris fuisse Q. Scaevola

auctor est.
 THE ROMAN NAME 85

The following are the praenomina in general use, with their abbre-
viations. Kaeso, Manius, Servius, Spurius, are the most uncommon.
A Aulus. D Deciinus. /w (M') Manius. Q Quintus. S Spurius.
C Gaius. K Kaeso. M Marcus. SER Servius. T! Tiberius.
CN Gnaeus. L Lucius. P Publius. SEX Sextus. T Titus.

Aulus. Abbreviations: A, AV, or AVL (rare), O (very rare). Additional form,

Olus. Cf. the slave name Olipor.
Decimus. DEC (rare and late). Additional form, Decumus. This prae-
D,
nomen regularly found with the names of the Claudii (patrician), and
is

of the lunii and Laelii (plebeian).

Gaius. C with the primitive value, that of the Chalcidian P. 1

Gnaeus. CN, GN (very rare). Additional forms: Gnaivos (early), Naevus,

Naeus, Gneus (rare).
Kaeso. K. This praenomen is not common. It is found with names of the
Acilii, Duilii, Fabii, as shown in the Fasti Consulares, and the earlier in-

scriptions, such as those found at Praeneste.

Lucius. L, LV (rare).
Early form, Loucios.
Manius. /w The familiar form with an apostrophe M' is not found
or A/0.
in the inscriptions. This praenomen is common with names of the Aemilii
and Sergii.
Marcus. M. This is probably the most common praenomen.
Publius. P, PVP = Puplius (rare), PO appears in one instance for Poblio,
C. I. L. IX. 5699.

Quintus. Q. Additional form, Quinctus.

Servius. SER. This praenomen is found with names of the Cornelii and Sul-
picii ;
it is rare, and, for the most part, archaic.
elsewhere
Sergius the family name, having the same origin as Servius. a It is first
is

found as a praenomen in an inscription of- Salona, Eph. Epigr. II. n. 522,

referring to the Emperor Sergius Galba. S is a rare abbreviation for Ser-
gius, C. L L. XI. 2636.
Sextus. SEX, SX for reasons of space on a denarius of the City, of the sixth
century, SEXT (once, C. I. L. II. 1495), S appears in lists of Praetorian
soldiers and on tombstones of the second and third centuries A.D., and in
Africa.

Quintilian, Inst. Orat. I. 7, 28, Terentianus Maunis, De Metr., V. 890 ff.,

1

Priscian, I. 7, 28, are authorities for the statement that C and CN were abbre-

viations for Gaius and Gnaeus, with values G and GN.

2
"Sergius and Servius are related as ni(n)gere and m'tfes, vixi and vivere
(Corssen, Ausp. I. 44). They are merged in an older Serguius, as nig- and niv-
in ni(n)gtiis.^ (Mommsen, Bomische Forschungen, p. 8.)
86 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Spurius. S (archaic), SP after middle of the first century A.D.

Tiberius. Tl, later TIB.
Titus. T.

The three following, belonging to certain special patrician families,

also be added :

Appius. AP, APP (rare). This praenomen is the same as the Sabine Atta, and
was probably brought to Rome by the Claudii.
Mamercus. MAM, used exclusively with the names of the Aemilii as seen in the
Fasti Consulares of the third, fourth, and seventh centuries.
Numerius. N. Gk. Ne/x<?pios. This is Samnite in its origin. Festus, p. 170,
and the author of de Praenom. 6 inform us that through the marriage of Q.
Fabius Vibulanus with the daughter of Numerics Otacilius of Maleventuin
this name was brought into the Fabian family. Cf. Numasioi on the Fibula
Praenestina.

Of these eighteen praenomina certain only were selected by the

individual patrician families.
Mommsen has arranged these in a table (Rom. Forsch., p. 15).
Aemilii: C, CN, L, MAM, AV(M'), M, Q, Tl.
Claudii: AP, C, D, L (disregarded later), P, Tl, Q. (Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 218).
.
Cornelii: A, CN, L, M, P, SER, Tl.
Fabii: C, K, M, N, Q.
Furii: Agrippa, C, L, M, P, SEX, SP.
lulii :
C, L, SEX, Vopiscus.
Maulii :
A, CN, L, M (disregarded in 370 B.C.), P, T.

Still further restriction in the selection of names is shown in the

exclusive use of Tiberius and Decimus by the Claudii Nerones, and
Gfnaeus, Lucius, Publius, by the Cornelii Scipiones.
After a certain time the Claudii did not use Lucius, nor the Manlii,
Marcus, because, as Cicero and Suetonius inform us, certain men
1

bearing these names committed crime. Likewise, Marcus was not

used by the gens Antonio, after the downfall of the Triumvir. 2
In addition to the praenomina just discussed, which form the body
of those in general use, there are others worthy of mention, either

l
dc, Phil. I. 13, 32. Suetonius, Tiberius, c. 1.
2
Plutarch, Cic. c. 49 ; Dio, LI. 19 Tacitus, Ann. III. 17.
;
 THE ROMAN NAME 87

those which fell into disuse in early days, and are known from the

Fasti, orfrom statements of authors/ or those which are of foreign

origin and of rare occurrence.

Agrippa. AGRIPP is found in the Fasti Cons, with names of the Furii and
Menenii.
Faustus, with names of the Comelii Sullae. (Consuls 31 and 52 A.D.)
Hostus, with names of the Lucretii.
Lar, with names of the Herminii. This is an Etruscan praenomen.

Opiter. OPI or OPET, with names of the Verginii.

Paullus, with names of the Aemilii, Lepidi, and Regilli afterwards with those ;

of the Fabii and Postuuiii.

Postumus. POST, with the names of the Aebutii, Cominii, and Veturii, also
Umbrian.
Proculus. PR, with the names of the Geganii and Verginii.
Vibius. V (archaic), VI and VI B (rare), with the names of the Sestii. The old
form was Veibius. This is common in inscriptions from the district of the
Oscan dialect.
Volero. VOLER, with the names of the Publilii.
Volusus. VO, with the names of the Valerii.
Vopiscus, with the names of the lulii.
The following praenomina are, as a rule, of foreign origin, and
occur only in individual instances :

'Annius AN
Aruns AR Etruscan.
Atta or Attus ....
AT (so Attus Clausus is Sabine for Appius Claudius).
Ban," ? Oscan.
Caesar, originally a praenomen. Varro, de Praenom., 3.

Denter-, Denter Romulus, praefectus urbi under Romulus. Tacitus, Ann. VI. 11.

Epidius EP Oscan.
Marius Sabine.
Mesius Oscan.
Min(atius ?) or Minius? MIN Oscan.
Nero NER Umbrian.
Novius NO or NOV . . . Sabine.
Of? OF Sabine.
Ovius ....... OV Oscan.
Paquius or Pacuius . . PAC or PAQ . . Oscan.
1
Varro, nocording to de Praenom. 3, names fourteen of these Agrippa,
:

Ancus, Caesar, Faustus, Hostus, Lar, Opiter, Postumus, Proculus, Sertor,

Statius, Tullus, Volero, Vopiscus,
88 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Percfnnius ? or Petro ? . PE Sabine.

Petro PET Sabine.
Pfscennius or Percennius, PESC and PER . Sabine.
Plancus or Plautus ? . . PLA ? .... Sabine.
I'ompo or Popidius . . POP
llrtus R, perhaps Keltic (Htibner).
Salvius SA or SAL . Oscan, common as a praenomen
. .

and later as a cognomen.

Sertor SERT .... Sabine or Umbrian.
fftatins ST or STA . . . Oscan.
Ttmu TIR (C. I. L. XIV. 3110).
Trebius TR, later TREB Oscan, C.
. I. L. XIV. 3224.
Tullus TVL
'

The praenomina, when first used, evidently had a significance

1
suited to the circumstances of their original application. This
primitive meaning lost its force, so that words originally conveying
some reproach might be given to those of high birth.
Although the common praenomina were employed in naming the
first four sons, nevertheless the following were used, finally with
loss of original meaning :

Primus PR or PRI Secunflus.

Tertius (abbreviated in one instance), TERT. Qunrtus, QVAR or QVART
Quintus. Sextus.

Irregularities.

Cognomina as Praenomina.
a)
In certain countries, notably Gallia Cisalpina, cognomina were at
times used as praenomina.

So, Haximus C. 7. L. V. 5902, Bufus C. I. L. V. 7064, Firmus C. I. L. V. 7339.

In the Augustan period this transfer in use, so that cognomina

served as praenomina, is found in the names of members of the
imperial family, and those of the nobility.

1
So, Manius (mane), born in the morning Tiberius, Tiberis, the god of the
;

river ; Titus, tata, used by children as papa Appius, atta, applied by children
;

to old men.
 THE ROMAN NAME 89

Cossus . . . Cossus Cornelius Lentulus. Consul, 753/1.

Ufusus . . . Drusus lulius Ti. f(ilius) Aug. n(epos) divi pron(epos)
Caesar
= Drusus, son of Tiberius.
. . . Drusus lulius Germanici f. Ti. n. Aug. pron. Caesar
=
Drusus, son of Germanicus.
Sisenna . . . Sisenna Statilius Taurus. Consul 16 A.D.
Taurus . . . Taurus Statilius Corvinus. Consul 45 A.D.

"
The designation of honor, imperator." which in republican days
followed a triumph, in the time of Julius Caesar became an actual
title, and finally in the days of Augustus took the place of the prae-
nomen. See page 115.
Koniina as Praenomina.
6)
From the middle of the second century A.D. the nomina Aelius,
Aurelius, Flavius, Ulpius were frequently used as praenomina, and
were abbreviated. 1

Praenomina of Women.
In the names of women as found in the inscriptions the praenomen
is of uncommon occurrence and
importance, compared with
little

the regular appearance and significance of the same element in the

names of men. The praenomen was all-important to a man in his
relation to the state and to society, while in a woman's name its

presence was by no means essential, and its abbreviation did not

imply what a similar abbreviation implied in the praenomina of men.
Nevertheless, from the earliest times, women had praenomina, and
during the republican period, this custom was maintained. This is
shown by the legendary names Acca Larentia, Gaia Caecilia, Quinta
2
Claudia, Quarta Hostilia, also from the testimony of the inscrip-
tions, such as those of the grove of Pisaurum (Cesula Atilia, C. I. L.
I.
168), which regularly give praenomina of women, also those from
1
In an inscription from Apulia, dating second or third century A.D., Aemilia
is referred to as a praenomen. C. I. L. III. 1228.
2 "
de Praenomin. 7 Antiquarum mulierum frrquenti in usu praenomina
fuerunt fiutilia, Carsellia, liodacilla, Murrula, Burra a colore ducta. Ilia
praenomina a viris tracta aunt Gaia, Lucia, Publia, Numeria, ceterum Gaia
usu super omnes celebrata es."
90 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

the tombs of Praeneste, e.g. Gaia H(e)r(enia ?) (C. I. L. XIV. 3149),

and with abbreviation, C. Comeniai, C. Usor(i) ? (C. L L. XIV. 3102).
In the case of two sisters the elder was known as Maio(r), the
younger Mino(r') -Maio Fabricia, Mino Cumia (C. I. L. XIV. 3111,
3133), Mino Ania C. f. (C. I. L. XIV.
3058). In some instances, at
a later period, the oldest sister had the praenomen Maxima.
Other praenomina of importance are Pola (oldest form) for
Paul(l)a, Polla (in country districts,), Pusilla, Pupa, also the num-
eral adjectives which were in use in all periods, Prima, Secunda,
Tertia.
In the imperial period praenomina of women are of little account,
and occur entirely as exceptions.

NOMEN
The second determinative in the early Roman name was the name
which belonged to all members of the same family, and which was

at first identified with a certain locality. Afterwards the women

denoted members of the same gens, men, women, clients, freedmen,
while the cognomen indicated the family of the gens.
The nomina of the ancient Roman families, both the patrician
and, for the most part, the plebeian, ended in -ius, and the closely
related terminations -aius, -eius, -eus, -aeus.

Ex. Aemilius, Cornelius, Furius, Manilas, Vibidaius, Arcaeus, Terraeus,

Cocceius, Pompeius.

In early inscriptions, such as those on the earthen vessels from

San Cesareo, nomina are found ending in -is, in place of -ios, so
Anavis, Clodis, Caecilis, and the Oscan Heirinnis.
In addition to these there are many with different endings, which
were once restricted to certain localities of Italy.
The terminations -arna, -erna, -enna, -ina, -inna, show Etruscan
derivation.

Mastarna, Perperna, Caecina.

-as, -anas, -enas, -inas, show Umbrian derivation.

Maecenas, Sentinas.
 THE ROMAN NAME 91

-acus, -avus, show Gallic derivation.

Avidiacus, Amnavus.

-enus shows Sabine and Oscan derivation.

Alfenus, Varenus.

-icus marks nomina from Illyria, Lusitania and Africa.

Abalicus, Boicus, Veronicus, Caturicus.

To these there should be added Latin, Sabine and Umbrian nom-

ina in -anus, mainly derived from names of places.

Acerranus (Acerrae), Aequanus (Aequum), Calpetanus, Norbanus

(Norba).

Also nomina in -inus, partly of Latin origin.

Pomptinus, Crastinus.

On the analogy of early names in -ius are formed the Greek names
of similar ending, as Eumachius, Aristius, Nymphidius ; and Proper-
tins of Umbrian, origin, also like formations from other languages.
After the second century A.D., in the provinces, there appear many
new nomina made from cognomina and other nomina.

Faustinius, Secuudinius.

The nomen Verres, 1 of Koman origin, stands by itself.

Nomina appear in the inscriptions, as a rule, in their complete

form.

Exceptions.

1) Nouns in ios or is drop the final s in early inscriptions :

Cornelio(s), C. I. L. 1. 31, about 250 B.C. Corneli(s), C. I. L. I. 36,

;

about 160 B c. ; Claudi(s), C. L L. 1. 196, of 196 B.C. ; L. Anici(s) V. 1,

C. L L. I. 75.

1
Hhein. Mus., XV. 1860, p. 172 and 207. Ritschl, Opusc. IV. p. 469.
Phil, XIX. 1868, p. 110
92 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

2) Abbreviations of nomina are found at times where the name

may be readily supplied, as in tomb inscriptions, where
many of the same nomen are mentioned. So A EL for
1

Aelius, CL or CLAVD for Claudius, IVL or I for lulius.

COGNOMEN
The cognomen, although the last addition to the actual Roman
name, identical in its origin with the praenomen, for it was first
is

applied as a strictly personal name, and had a meaning as a surname

or nickname appropriate to the individual. It differed, however,
from the praenomen in its early use in several respects, for it was
not an essential part of the name, neither was it given to children,
but to adults it was generally an adjective referring to some
;

body or mind, or derived from the name of the

2 3
peculiarity of

place of birth.
As to the time of the introduction of the cognomen, at least of
the recognition of its use, we can form an idea from the position it
holds in the name, in that it follows the word indicating the tribe.
The tribal division of the Roman people belongs to the days of Ser-
vius Tullius, hence the inference that the use of the cognomen does
not date back further than the Servian Constitution. It appears in
the oldest Scipio inscriptions of the fifth century of the City, also
on Roman coins from the time of the second Punic war, while in
the laws of the seventh century of the City of a less formal char-
acter (Lex Repetundarum, 631/123) its use is demanded. In im-
portant decrees, however, where conservative influences are likely to
prevail, it does not appear before the time of Sulla. It can be said,

then, that the custom of writing cognomina dates back to the fifth
century of the City, while its regular use may be assigned to the
latter part of the seventh century.
The cognomen, at first a strictly personal name, was soon recog-
1
See Cagnat Cours-., p. 52.
2
Albus, Barbatus, Calvus, Clandus, Longus.
3
Beniynus, Blandus, Catus, Severus, Screnus.
4
Gallus, Ligus, Sabinus, Siculus, Tuscus.
 THE ROMAN NAME 93

nized as a family possession, and became an heirloom for succeeding

generations. Two principles appear to have controlled its use first, :

itwas regarded as the indication of the family (stirps) of the gens,

so of the gens Cornelii there were the Cethegi, Lentuli, Scipiones,
and, with a subdivision, the Cornelii Scipiones Nasicae; again, it
was considered an indication of nobility, though not absolute, for,
though the patricians and most of the plebeians had cognomina, cer-
tain families of the plebeians, the Antonii, Duilii, Flaminii, Marii,

Memmii, Mummii, Sertorii, were without them. The specially

selected praenomina had once indicated nobility, but later the cog-
nomen served this purpose, so that the number of these names that
were not the property of the nobility in early republican times is
very small. In the later republican period, and in imperial times,
the cognomen was given to all freeborn citizens, and frequently to
freedmen. This change dates from about the middle of the seventh
century of the City.
The cognomen differed from the praenomen in another respect,

namely, in that more than one could be attached to the same name.
In the days of the Republic a second and third cognomen 1 might be
used. Such were
a) the cognomina ex virtute, as Caudinus, Fidenas, Achaicus.

Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus.

P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.

&) Names indicating the parentage of the adopted, formed from

nomina gentilicia by the use of suffix -anus.
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (son of L. Aemilius Paullus).

c) Special designations, as nicknames, in many instances retaining

their meaning.

Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer.

P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum.

1
Among later grammarians, beginning with those of the fourth century A.D.,
the second cognomen was erroneously regarded as an additional element, and
termed agnomen.
94 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Names of Women.
The early names of women probably consisted of an individual
name, praenomen, followed by the nomen of the father and genitive
case of his praenomen, or by the nomen of the husband and the
genitive case of his praenomen. Later the genitive case was followed
by the word f(ilia) in case of a daughter's name, and uxor in case
of the wife's. Of. Maio(r) Anicia O, f., C. I. L. XIV. 3057. The
changes in this form consisted in the disappearance of the prae-
nomen and the use of the nomen gentile of father or of husband,
1

either alone or accompanied, when more formal, by the genitive of

the praenomen of father or husband. 2 Other inscriptions show the
nomen of the husband in the gen. case added to the nomen of the
3
wife, accompanied in the imperial period by a cognomen.
Old inscriptions, such as those of Praeneste and San Cesareo,
show isolated instances of cognomina in the names of women. At
the close of the Republic, however, the evidences 4 of the introduction
of this custom are more numerous, and from the middle of the first

century A.D. women's names frequently contained cognomina. En-

8
tirely exceptional are the instances of triple names of women.

6
Reduplication of Names.

The custom of using more than one cognomen, beginning in the

period of the republic, became common in the early days of the

empire, and in the second and third centuries A.D. the number had

i Aemilia ; Tulia, C. I. L. XIV. 1517, 1176.

a Acilia C. f. Brasidia L. C. I. L. X. 5146, 721.
; f.,
8 Curtia Rosci (uxor) C. I. L. XIV. 3115; HeMdia C. f. Priscilla Marcelli

(uxor) C. I. L. IX. 3019.

* Caecilia Metella Cornelia Gaetulica, C. I. L. VI. 1274, 1392.
;

* Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, C. I. L. VI. 1095.

6 More than one praenomen, L. Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catellius
Celer. (C. I. L. VI. 2059, 43.)
More than one nomen, M. Valerius Antonius Antico, Borghesi Annali 1830,
p. 182. Magnus, C. L L. IV. 626.
C. Calventius Sittius
Fourteen nomina in one name, that of a Consul of 169 A.D., C. I. L. XIV.
3609. See page 197, no. 20.
 THE ROMAN NAME 95
'

increased in some cases to a wonderful degree. This reduplication

of names was not confined to cognomina; for from the time of Sulla
1
several nomina might, for various reasons, be adopted by the same
person. At the close of the first century A.D. instances occur of the
use of several praenomina. These, however, take the position of
cognomina, and are regarded as such, being regularly written in full.
This multiplicity of names raises the question as to the manner
of addressing a person so encumbered. In social intercourse chil-
dren, clients, and slaves addressed the master of the house by using
his praenomen, while strangers used the cognomen. In more formal
address the nomen and cognomen were used.
The consul of 71 A.D. had as full name C. Calpetamis Rantius
Quirinalis Valerius P. f. Pomp. Festus, but Tacitus speaks of him as
C. Valerius Festus or Valerius Festus.

Signa.
In consequence of the similarity of names, and their number as
well, certain persons were designated by nicknames (sobriquets),
termed signa (vocabulum, Tac. Ann. I. 41). These signa are found
in the inscriptions, and are, in general, preceded by the words idem,

idemque, sive, qui et =

qui et vocatur, or vocatus, or dictus est, also

signo or signum; cf. Gk. 6 KCH or </>ixra Sc.

L. Cornelius Cato qui et Caligatus, C. I. L. VIII. 2848; Aemilius Epic-

tetus sive Hedonius (Wil. 2483).

Additional Elements.
It has already been stated that the complete Roman name did not
consist alone of the tria nomina, but included certain other elements.
I. The first of these in importance is the indication of descent,
which was placed after the nomen and before the cognomen. This
showed the freedom of the person designated, hence is regularly
found in the inscriptions. It consisted, as a rule, of the praenomen
of the father followed by the word /(Urns'), but extended, in case of
nobility, to names of ancestors in order, since in this way aristocracy
of birth could be declared. The common abbreviations are for :

1
See names of adopted persons, page 98.
96 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

fili us or Jil ia, F, later FIL; for nepos, N or NEP; /</-o//f/>o.s, PRON;
abnepos, ABN; adn< {><>*. A DM.
j

C. Aetrius, C. f(ilius), C. n(ep_os), L. pron(epos), C. abn(epos), Maturus.

C. I. 1.. IX. 1 -'"-.

Sometimes the cognomen of the father is used in place of the

praenomen.

Q. Coelius Laeti f(ilius). C. I. L. Vin. '.:.'.

At times the name of the mother either takes the place of that of
the father or stands with it.

M. Porcius Aegriliae f(ilius). C. I. L. vill. 3996.

II. Another element was the name indicating the tribus to which
a person belonged.
The tribus, a territorial classification of the citizens of Rome for the
purpose of the census, dates from the time of the Servian reforma-
tion. The number was at first four, but increased until 513/241,
when it reached the limit, thirty-five, which was never passed.

Towards the close of the Republic it lost its early territorial value,
and became merely a personal and hereditary affair, while under the
Empire it lost its administrative and political importance, and be-
came, in the provinces, an evidence of Roman citizenship, while in
the city it was of advantage as a means by which certain privileges,
such as the distribution of corn, could be enjoyed by the citizens.
The word denoting the tribe regularly preceded the cognomen,
sometimes taking its place. In the inscriptions the names of the
tribes are, as a rule, abbreviated. When they are written in full,
they are regularly in the ablative case, rarely in the genitive.
The following are the names of the thirty-five tribes, with their
AEMilia, AN lensis, ARNiensis, CAMilia,
J
customary abbreviations :

CLAudia, CLVstumina, COLlina, CORnelia, ESQuilina, FABia,

FALerna, GALeria, HORatia, LEMonia, MAEcia, MEXcnia,
OVFentina (or VF), PALatina, PAPiria, POPlilia (or POB), POLlia
1
See Cagnat Cours., p. 61, for other abbreviations, also Indices of C. I. L.,
vols. II., III., V., VII., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIV.
 THE ROMAN NAME 97

(Momm. Ephem. Ep. V., p. 14), POMptina, PVPinia, QVIRina,

KOMilia, SABbatina, SCAptia, SERgia, STELlatina, SVCusana,
TERetina, TROmentina, VELina, VOLtinia, VOTuria (or VET).
1

III. In inscriptions of certain classes, particularly of soldiers,

there occur names which have words indicating the country, prov-
ince, city, or town to which the person designated belonged. The
position of such words is regularly after the cognomen, although at
times they are placed between the tribe and cognomen.
L. Cassias L. f.
Trom(entina) (tribu) Martialis Aq(uae) Sta(tellae).
C. I. L. III. 2883.

C. Cornelius C. f. Pom(ptina) (tribu) Dert(ona) Verus. C. /. L. III. 4057.

These words assume various forms, and in some instances are made
more definite by the addition of civis, natione, genere, domo, or natus in.
The name of the city is in the ablative case, or, if it is singular
of thj first or second declensions, in the genitive. Ethnic adjectives
are also found either standing alone or accompanied by the word
o/r/s or natione. In combination with the word natione the 'adjective
either agrees with the name of the person or stands in the nomina-
tive Case.
If the word domo occurs, it is either followed by a noun in the
ablative, or, if singular of first or second declension, in the genitive,
or is used with an adjective agreeing with the name of the person.
See Wil., vol. II., p. 409.
M. Valeric M(arci) fil(io) Gal(eria tribu) Aniensi (tribu) Capelliano
Damanitano. c. I. L. II. 4249.

Capellianus = Cognomen. Damanitanus = Adj. from Damania.

M. Liberius Victor cives Nervius. Brambach C. I. Rhen. n. 71.

C. lulio Silvano . . . natione Bithyno. C. L L, X. 3492.

L. Valerius L(ucii) f(ilius) Vol(tinia) (tribu) Domo Philippis.

C. 1. L. III. 2717.

Names of Illegitimate Children.

Illegitimacy of birth is indicated in the inscriptions by the abbre-

viations SP F, standing for S(purii) f(ilius).
2
In some inscriptions 3
Hiibner, in Handbuch der Klassischen Altertumswissenschnft, vol.
1 2
I' ., p. 680.
2
C. Asinius, Spurif(ilius'), spurius, C. I. L. IX. 269U ; V. 3804.
8 C. /. L. X. 3790, V. 2009, 4145.
LAT. INSCRIP. 7
98 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

the SPstands for the prn<-i>n'n Spin-ins, which belonged to a few old
patrician families, but in various ways the inscriptions prove that
SP F was regularly the indication of illegitimacy. In some inscrip-
tions the father's JI^H-HOHICII is given, and thus shown to be different.
1

D. Avianus Sp. f. Rufus, D. Aviano Salvio patri. < : i. /.. x. 2135.

Again, SP F is denned by the expression filio naturali,

C. Mamercio Sp. f. . . . filio naturali. a I. L. X. 1188.

or spurius is used as a designation.

T. Aretio Proculo spurio Modestae libertae filio. C. I. L. V. 2528.

Names of Adopted Persons.

The usage as regards the names assumed by adopted persons
varied with different periods. According to the early system, the
one adopted received the name of the adoptive father, and added
thereto his own nomen, changed to a cognomen, with termination in
-anus. The son of L. Aemilius Paullus, adopted by P. Cornelius
Scipio,became P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. After Sulla's time
one of the original names could be used unchanged. The natural
son of L. Licinius Lucullus became M. Terentius M. f. Varro
Lucullus, Cos. 681/73. So a famous cognomen of the old family
could be joined with the entire name of the new, thus :

Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Cos. 702/52.

From the time of Augustus two nomina are found in one name, as
the result of the use of the nomen of the natural father, so,

P. Sulpicius Quirinius. Cos. 742/12,

and
Sex. Papinius C. f. Allenius. Cos. 36 A.D.,

and finally at the close of the first century the entire name of the
natural father might be added to that of the adoptive father, 2

.C. Marius Marcellus Octavius Publius Cluvius Rufus. Cos. 80 A.D.

C. I. L. III. clipl. XL, p. 854.

1
Momrnsen, 8taattreehtUl.,p. 72 n. Htibner, Mtiller'slfandbuch, vol. I., p. 657.
Mispoulet, Etudes (V Institutions Romaines, p. 253. C. I. L. V., p. 1213, X., p. 1187.
2 See
examples under Reduplication of Names, page 94.
 THE ROMAN NAME 99

Later on there appears to have been a choice made in the selection

of the praenomen either of the natural or the adoptive father, also
in the retention of any other part of the original name.
Antoninus Pius had originally the name T. Aurelius Fulvus
Boionius Arrius Antoninus, but after his adoption by P. Aeliiis
Hadrianus he received the name T. Aelius Hadrianus Aurelius
Antoninus. 1

Names of Slaves,
The slave did not originally have more than one name, which con-
sisted of the name of his master in combination with the word puer,
so Marcipor = Marci puer, Olipor = Auli puer, Lucipor, Publipor.
In the republican period the slave was known by an individual
name, often of foreign origin, derived from the circumstances of
capture or purchase, followed by the nomen, and afterwards the
praenomen of his master as well, both in the genitive case. This
was followed by the word servus, abbreviated S or SER in case of
male slaves, and s(erva) or ancilla in case of female, so,
Helenus Hosti Q. s. Date 656/98. C. I. L. x. 3789.

Felix Popil(ii) L(ucii) s(ervus). C. I. L. x. 3790.

In the time of the Empire the name of the owner is given in full
in the genitive case, so

Martialis C. Oli(i) Primi (servos). C. I. L. X. 826.

When a slave came under, a new master, either by purchase or

inheritance, it was customary to give to him an additional name,

^B
formed from the coqnomen of his former owner with the termination
-anus, so,

Epitynchanus Caes(aris) n(ostri) ser(vus) Candidian(us). C. I. L. X r6977.

This is clearly set forth in the following, from a Spanish inscription :

[ 7V]ophhnus, C(olonorum) C(oloniae) P(atriciae) ser(vus), [e]mptu

Gerinanianus. C. I. L. II. 2229.

1
See Mommsen, Hermes, III., p. 70.
100 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
I

Names of Freedmen.
The status of the freedman in early days was similar to that of
the slave, hence his name differs at first but little from the name
of the latter. In the early period the freedman received the nomen
of his patron, but selected his praenomen, which might be his early
servile name,
Cratea Caecilius M- l(ibertus). C. I. L. I. 840.

His former state was indicated by the word servus following the
genitive case of his patron's praenomen :
C. Sextio(s) V(ibi) s(ervos). Ann. dell' hi. LIT. 1880.

Servio(s) Gabinio(s) T(iti) s(ervos). C. I. L. x. 8054. 7.

In the seventh century of the City (150-50 B.C.), however, a freed-

man received his patron's nomen, a Roman praenomen regularly
that of his master, and used his former slave-name as a cognomen,
while he indicated his former status by the word libertus, abbre-
viated L or LIB.
Thus the form, in many examples, is P. Helvidius P. 1. Hermes,
(C. I. L. VI. 975).
In inscriptions of the earlier part of the seventh century the <<;-
nomina are not always found (Wil. II., p. 404). The cognomen of
the patron, in some instances, took the place of the nomen.
When freedmen were liberated by the emperor, the expression
Aug^isti) l(ibertus) or Caes(aris) n(ostri) l(ibertus) took the place of
the praenomen of the patron.
In special instances a patron, when naming a freedman, might,
out of regard for a friend, name him after that friend, so Cicero
named Dionysius, M. Pomponius Dionysius. Slaves
his son's tutor,
freed by women took the nomen of their patroness and the prae-
nomen of her father.
M. Livius Aug(ustae) l(ibertus) Menophilus. C. I. L. VI. 8989.

Livius is from the name Li via ; M(arcus) is from name of Livia's father, M.
Livius Drusus.

A. Postumius Postumiae l(ibertus) Heraclida. C. I. L. VI. 9Sfii.

 THE ROMAN NAME 101

The fact that a slave has received his freedom from a woman is

indicated in the inscriptions regularly by an inverted C, thus 0. L

stands for G(aiae) l(ibertus) or l(iberta), i.e. mulieris libertus or
liberta. Other methods of indicating this are the word mulieris
written in full or abbreviated MVL, also inverted W, 2 or placed 1
M
on its side ^,
3
or "WV = MV inverted. 4

Q. Atisius l(ibertus) lucundus. O. L L. V. 8500.

The names of those who have been freed by more than one person
testify to the fact as follows :

a) When the nomen is the same, but the praenomina are different,
the freedman receives the common nomen and the one or the other
of the praenomina.

L. Cocceius C. L. M. l(ibertus) Papa. C. L L. X. 3808.

b) When the nomina are different, and the praenomina as well,

the freedman takes the praenomen and nomen of one, or the prae-
nomen of one and the nomen of the other.
M. Varenus et M. Laitidi libertus. C. I. L. x. 1333.

Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini 1. C. L L. XIV. 2090.

Freedrnen of a colonia or a municipium formed a nomen either out

of the word publicus, since they had been servi publici, or from the
name of the colonia or municipium.
Sextus Publicius Bathyllus. C. L L. x. 1889.
M. Publicius coloniae l(ibertus) Philodamus. C. I. L. X. 4984.

Sex Venafranius coloniae l(ibertus) Primogenius. C. I. L. x. 5012.

Cf. also Pollentius from Pola, C. I. L. V. 83, Veronius from Verona, C. I. L.

V. 3470.

The additional names, which belong to certain towns, supplied

names to the liberti in some instances.
Claudia Suavis colonor(um) lib(erta). Henzen ill. 6399.

Claudius was a cognomen of Lugdunum, where the inscription was found.

Ti. Claudius Municipii Celeian(i) lib(ertus) Favor. >''. T. L. ill. 5227.

This inscription was found at the Municipium Claudium Celeia, Noricum.

1 3 * V. 358.
C. /. L. V. 7017. II. 558, 1449. XII. 4364. V. 7107.
102 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The freedmen of a collegium obtained names from the profession

of themembers of the ruUcyinni as the /'//////<// Ci-nloni! in Urixia,
named from the fabri ccntoniirii, C. I. L. \ 111'!'. .

If the slave possessed two cognomina, these were retained after he

had become a freedman ;
cf the names in -anus referred to above.
.

Ti. lulius Aug. l(ibertus) Fuscus Cornificianus. Wil. 890.

Naturalized Citizens.

Foreigners who were naturalized, on a similar principle to that

observed in the naming of freedmen, received their names from the
one who obtained for them the right of citizenship, or the one
1
through whose interposition the favor was granted. This will
account for the Cornelii in Sicily, the lulii in Gaul, the Pompeii in
Spain, and the Claudii and Flavii in the provinces in general. Hence,
under the Empire, the names of the Emperors were used thus, not
only for persons so favored, but for towns which were raised to the
rank of cities.

Foreign kings, allies of the Roman Empire, frequently adopted

names of the emperors, so as to show them respect.
Ti. Claudius Cogidubnus. King of Britain. C. /. L. VII. 11.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
De Cognomine et Aynomine Bomano. F. ELLENDT. Konigsberg, 1853.
Quaestiones Onomatologicae Latinae. AEM. HUBNER.
Bonn, 1854. Also
Ephem. Ep., I., pp. 25-92.
Bomische Forschunyen. Article, Die Bomischen Eigennamen. TH. MOMMSEN.
Vol. I. Berlin, 1864.
Das Privatleben der Homer. 2d ed. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1886.
Coitrs
1
d tfpigraphie Latine. 2d ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Handbuch der Klassischen Altertumsieissenschaft. Vol. I. 2d ed. Article,
Bomische EpigrapMk. AEM. HUBNER. Munich, 1892.
Indices of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
Indices of Imcriptiones Latinae. Vol. III. ORELLI and HENZEN.
Indices of Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. II. G. WILMANNS.

1
Ex. C. Valerius Caburus obtained citizenship from C. Valerius Flaccus.
Caes. B. G. I. 47.
 THE ROMAN NAME 103

INSCRIPTIONS IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE FORM OF THE

ROMAN NAME*

1. d. m. D. luni D. f. |
D. n. D. pron. Attiani Agrippini, |
vix.
mens. IIII d. XV, |
Probus et Agrippina filio.

C. I. L. XIV. 1204. On
a sarcophagus found at Rome. The enumeration
of ancestors in an inscription of so young a child indicates high birth.
For form of sepulchral inscription, see page 235.

2. C. Cuspius C. f. Pansa pater d. v. i. d. |

IIII quinq., 1 praef. i.
d.,
2
ex. d. d. lege Petron. 3

C. I, L. X. 858. Inscribed on travertine in the porta of the amphitheatre

l
at Pompeii. d(wo) v(ir} i(ure) d(icundo~) q(nartum) quinq(uennalis).
2 s
ex d(ecreto) d(ecurionum). Petron^iana) Momuisen conjectures .

the date to be between 63-70 A.D.

1
3. C. Cuspio C. f. f. Pansae | pontifici, II vir. i.
d., ]
ex. d. d. pec.

pub.
C. I. L. X. 791. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pompeii in the forum.
1
f(ilio). For date see preceding inscription.

4. Atilia A. 1.
|
Lais.

C. I. L. XIV. 3068. On the pedestal'of a cone-shaped monument found at

Praeneste.

5. Aciliae Gavinifae Frestanae c. q., 1 Cl. Acili Cleobolis fil., 1VT.

| [

Acili Faustiui cos. 2 nepti, Acili Gla|brionis bis cos. 3 II vir |

4
q q. pronep., Tib. Claudi Cleobolis [s]en. cos. nep. |

C I. L. IX. 2334. Inscribed on a large pedestal found at Allifae (Allife)

~ 210 A.D. 3 186 A.D.
Samnium. l
c(larissimae) p(uellae). *sen(ior~).

* As the
following inscriptions are selected for practice in reading, they are
arranged without consideration of chronology or development. Such arrange-
ment and selection should be made as far as is possible by the student.
104 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The stem is

M'. Acilius Glabrio cos. (186 A.D.). H

Ti. Claudius Cleoboles sen., cos. M'. Acilius Faustinas cos. (210 A.D.).

Cl. Acilius Cleoboles.

Acilia Gavmia Frestana.

Cl. Acilius Cleoboles had two fathers, one natural, one adoptive.

6. IT. Dojmitio T. f. Vol. Decidio [///] viro capital! | [elect] a

Ti. Claudio Caesare \_Augus~\to Germanico, qui priiu.u[s]
|

\_quaes~\im per triennium citra [sortejm praeesset aerario

Saturni, | praetori.
C. I. L. VI. 1403. A
fragment discovered at Rome preserved in copy.
Domitius the father of Domitia Decidiana, wife of lulius Agricola,
is

Tac. Ag'f. 6. In the year 44 A.D. Claudius intrusted the aerarium to the
quaestors. From this the date of the inscription can be approximately
determined. Note the name Decidius due to adoption.

o^-^vi^v^>. .V ^"i*/1
7. M. Livius Aug. 1.
Menophilus calc. ollam dat |
Liviae Chloe. 2
1. suae.

C. I. L. VI. 3939. Found in the Columbaria of Livia at Rome. l

cal-

Chlo(a)e l(ibertae). The name of the libertus

'
2
c(iator). is obtain* >d
from that of M. Livius Drusus, father of Livia.

8. d. m., T. Allio T. f.
Profuturo, |
vixit ann. VIII |
mens. V
dieb. V hor.
7
[7], [T ] Allius |
Adinetus et |
Aufila lusjta
parentes.
C. I. L. VI. 11484. From Rome. For form of sepulchral inscription see
page 237.

9. L. Valeri Laeti M. Valeri Vetusti

|
|
libertus Verna, |
M. Valeri
Vetusti Prima Vernae ux. v. m. Saluti, posita 1
s. 1. |
k.
2
Mart., |
Cn. Cornelio Gaetulico j
C. Calvisio Sabino cos.

C. I. L. II. On
a pedestal found near Granada (Iliberris), Spain.
2093.
Verna is libertus of the two Valerii, L. Laetius and M. Vetustus. lie
and his wife Prima, a slave of M. Valerius Vetustus, have thus paid their
vow to Salus. l
Sc. statua.
'
2
26 A.D.
 THE ROMAN NAME 105

10. dis manibus |

T. Flavi Capitolini, |
Hermeros Aug. lib. a libel-
lis et |
"Flavia Irene [ parentes filio dulcissimo, vi. ann.
VIII m. V.
C. L L. VI. 8614. Found at Rome, but now at Florence.

11. Q. Fulvio Q. |
Fulvi Attiani f. Q Fulvi Rustici n. Gal. Carisi-
2
ano | patrono et | pontifici obmerita, ceiituriae
l
\ Ores., Man-
ens., |
Halos., Erques., Beres., Arvabores., Isines., Isurgut.,
| j

3
in locum quern ordo m,. m. F. A. decrevit posuerunt d. d. ]
|

. I. L. II. 1064. Inscribed in letters of age of Trajan on a pedestal found

near Arva (AlcolSa del Rio), Spain, now in museum at Sevilla. 1 cen-
turia some collegium of owners of property; 2
designates Omf(z's),
Manens(is), Halos . . .
, Erques(is), Beres(is}, Arvabores(is), Isine-
Isurgut(ana) are the names of the centuriae. s
s(t's), m(unicipum)
m(unicipii) F(lavii) A(i~vensis}.

1
12. Sex. Afranius Lautus Sp. f. vix. an. X. mens. VIII |
dies

IIII, Afrania Prote mater et Herma pater filio j

piissimo.
C. I. L. VI. 11206. Inscribed on a marble urn found at Rome, now in
Castle Pawlowsk, near St. Petersburg. 1
Sp. f. here denotes illegitimacy
of birth.

13. Sp. Carvilius Sp. Eros,

1. Carvilia Sp. f. Basla fecit
|
sibi et |

suis parentibus, Carvaia Sp. 1. Agathemeris.

C. f. L. VI. 7593. From the Vinea Randaninia on the Via Appia, Rome.
Sp(urius) is here a praenomen.

^
14. Dama Pup. Agrippae,
1
Manlianus Lucreti, 1 Anteros Stai |

1 l 2
Run, Princeps Mescini
|
niinistri pagi Aug Fel. suburban. 3 \ |

primi posierunt, Ti. Claudio Nerone iter. Cn. Calpurnio j

Pisone. cos. 4
C. I. L. X. 924. Found at Pompeii, existing only in copy. l
Sc. semis.
~Aug(usti). Pupus Agrippa Agrippa Postumus, is five years of age.
z
Fel (ids} suburban(i). 4 747/7.

15. L. Manlius L. f. L. n. Acidinus Fulvian., Q. Fulvius Q. f. M.

n. Flaccus, hei fratres germani fuerunt.
C. /. L. I2 ,
p. 25. From the Fasti Capitolini, of the year 575/179. The
first of these brothers was adopted into the Manlian gens.
 106 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

16. C. Neratio C. C. n. C. pron. C. abn. Cor.

fil.
|
Proculo Betitic |

Pio Maximilliaiio, quui'stor., II vir. quinq., p. c., namini 1

divi Hadriani, curator! operum publ. VenusiAe dato ab divo

|

2 3
Hadrian!, curat. kal. Nolanorifhi dato ab imp. Anton ino
Aug. Pio, | Ephapliroditus et |
Conventa lib., 1. d. d. d.
O^f . #"
1
C. I. L. IX. 1160. Found at Mirabella, near AecftfivuTn ? existing now in

copy.
l
p(atrono) c(oloniae). Read Hadriano. ka!(endarii*). The 2 3

father was C. Betitius C. f. Cor. Pietas (IX. 1132), the mother Neratia
Procilla (IX. 1132).

17. L. Nonius Quintili|anus L. f. Sex. n. C. Sosi |

cos. triumphal.
1
pro nep., |
augur, salius Palat. |
vix. ann. XXIIII.
C. L L. IX. 4855. Inscribed on a small marble cippus found near Boc-
chignani, between Foruin Novum and Cures, in Sabine territory. Note
the irregular order. C. Sosius triumphed 720/34, was consul 722/32.
1
Palat(inus).

18. T. Aretius T. C. L. 1.
| Apiolus Iiml vir |
idem Augustalis |

sibi et |
Aretiae Modes |tae lib. suae et |
T. Aretio Proculo
spurio Modestae |
lib. fil., |
v. f., |
h. 1. s. h. n. s.

C. I. L. V. 2523. Found at Montagnana, now in museum at Ateste (Este).

T. Aretius Proculus is spurius filius of Modesta.

19. menti bonae d. d. Surus Tettieni | |

s., |
Philonic 1 Marciae s., |

Nicomac. Albi. M. s.
gat***
C. I. L. I. 1168. Found near Celanos, in territory of the Marsi. For form
1
of epitaph see page 236. Philonic(us) .

"20. Sex. Aemilio Paullo patri, |

Aemiliae Q. f. Regillae matri, Sex. |
,

Aemil. Paullino fratri, |

T. Aemil. Burro fratri, C. Aemil. |
V
Vastus |
suis.

C. I. L. XII. 537. Engraved on a cippus found at Aquae Sextiae (Aix),

new in the museum of Aix. It belongs, probably, to 2d century A.D.

21. Antoniae M. f.
|
Tertullae |
Valeriae |
Asiniae |
Sabinianae.

C'. /. L. X. 6704. On a marble altar found at Antium, Latiura.

 THE ROMAN NAME 107

22. [Fa/]eriae Mar|[?'e] Hostiliae Crispinae Moeciae | |

Corneliae |

C. Brutti Pra esentis pro cos. uxori, 1. d. d. d.

C. I. Engraved on a pedestal found at Capsa (Gafsa),

L. VIII. 110.
Africa' Valeria and Bruttius are the parents of Bruttia Crispina, wife
of Commodus. C. Bruttius Praesens was consul in 153 and 180 A.D.

23. Secunda Bullatia |

P. f .
filia,
Paulla Bullatia P. f. mater.
Mater de sua pecunia sibi et filiae fecit.

C. I. L. VI. 13661. Found at Rome, now in Villa Albani.

1 2
24. M. Briti[tw] Spuri f. miles |
de I. VII p., o. h. s. s.
|

C. I. L. X. 3884. Found at Capua. 1

l(egione).
2 The name of legion
unknown. *~~~- -M. ~
is xo. *,
^ **y>
25. Sextiae |
T. fil.
|
Asiniae Pollae |
M. Noni Arri |
Muciani,
1
Col-

leg. |
iuvenum Brixiaii. |
ob merita.
C. I. L. V. 4355. Found at Brixia (Brescia) in the forum, where it still
l
exists. Consul 201 A.D. Sc. uxori.

26. L. Catellia | Dioiiysia |

sibi et suis.

C. I. L. IX. 2710. Found at Aesernia, Samnium.

-27. a) Curiatia obit a. d.

eid(?) Ap.
6) Fouria |
a. d. Ill k. De.
C. I. L. VI. 8253. 8265. On cinerary ollae, from the vineyard near the
church of San Cesareo, Rome.

28. d. m. Gaiae luliae |

C. luli Celeris | filiae, vixit |
annos XVI
dies II, |
C. lulius Flaccus |
coniugi pientissimae ac de se
bene merenti item- C. lulius Cejler pater filiae pijentissimae
fece runt.

C. I. L. VIII. 3664. From Lambaesis, Africa.

29. d. m. Ostoriae Spujri filiae Quar|tae, Calpurnia |

Ostoria pia
ma[tri piissimae bejne merenti fecit.

C. L L. X. 5947. Found at Anagnia, in Marsian territory.

 106

108 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

1
.".<. d. m. s., Fulvia C. f.
Boni|fatia | p. v. a. | XLV, |
h. s. e.

C. I. L. VIII. 1595. Found at Must is (Hr. Ain. Gaeliaen) in Africa, 'p(te).

.'I. Maxima Nasia Cn. f.

Apolme dat.

C. I. L. IX. 5803. On
the upper surface of a cylindrical block of tufa, 18
inches in circumference and diameter, 4 inches high, provided with a
cavity which indicates that it served as a receptacle for money. Found
at Cluentum (Civitanuova) in Picenum. Note the dative in e.

1
.'!-.
a) Curtia Kosci b) [^/"]uintoriai ;
M. Opi Albi 1
; c) Geminia
C. f. Cn. Vatroni uxor d) Luscia ;
M. uxor.
C. 7. L. XIV. 3115, 6) 3178, c) 3143, d) 3156. Sepulchral inscriptions of
Praeneste. l Sc. uxori.

33. L. Cocceius L. f-
C. Postiuni 1. Auctus arcitect.

C. L L. X. 1014. Inscribed on the wall of an ancient temple at Puteoli.

A freedman of L. Cocceius and C. Postumius.

34. a) Fannia L. f.
&) La villa M. f .

C. I. L. XI. 3653, 3663. Sepulchral inscriptions from Caere.

.">r>. L. Caesius L. f. |
Cam 1
Bassus |
domo Pisauri |
vet. leg. VII C.

p. f.
2
an. LIII stip. XXXIII h. s. e., t. f. i., h. p.,
3
in. f. p.

VI, in a. p. X.

C. I. L. III. 2014. Found at Salonae in Dalmatia. l

Cam(ilia') (tribu*).
2 a
C(laudiae) p(iac.) f(iddis). h(ic) situs') e(s), t(itulum) f(ieri)
i(ussit), h(eres) p(osuit).

36. d. m. ; |
Fabia Sperata, |
Sallustis |
Acathocles o cae Rodios |

1
atois epoesan.

C. L L. X. 11. Found at Regium Julium (Reggio di Calabria), Bruttium.

1 6 Kal 'P65ios

37. mur. 1 |
Columbus Serenianus XXV 2
j
nat. Aediis 3
|
hie adqui-

escit, Sperata coniux.

C. I. L. XII. 3325. Inscribed on a column found at Nemausus (Nismes),
now in the museum in the same mur(millo}.
city.
l
(pugnarum')
'
2

XXV. 3
nat(ione) Aedu(u)s. Note the apex. This is an instance of a
slave possessed of two names.
 THE ROMAN NAME 109

38. M. Maecio M. f. Oceano; |

Numisiae PL 1 1.
[Pjrivatae; C.
Maecio Ingenuo j equiti leg. X. Gem.
C. I- L. XII. 4304. Inscribed on a large stone serving as a support for
cinerary urns, found near Narbonne, where
J
it still exists. m(ulieris').

39. a) Camelia; 6) Opia; c) Roscia.

C. /. L. XIV. 3083, 3197, 3227. Sepulchral inscriptions of Fraeneste.

1
40. Mercuric Aug. sacrum, L. Cordius C. f.
Pap. |
Thevestinus |

2
v. s. 1. a.

C. 7. L. VIII. 10644. Found at Theveste in Africa. J

Aug(usto~).
2
v(otum)
s(olvit) l(ibens) a(nimo).

41. Tatilius Priscianus |

Rufinus |
matri | piissimae et unici
exempli.
C. I. L. XII. 2464. On a tablet found at Gre"sy-sur-Aix, Gallia Narbonensis.
The letters are of "the first cerftury A.D. For names ending in -amis, see
page 99.

42. C. Suestidius M. f.
|
Ani. 1 Frege., 2 Pola Suestidia sor[or] sep.
:

C. I. L. XIV. 3453. From Treba Augusta (Trevi nel Lazio), Latium.

1 2 in Etruria is referred tp.
Ani(ensi tribu}. Perhaps Fregenae

43. bono j
eventui, leg. I. Ital. M. Maesius Geminus Bononia
p. p. |
d. d.
2
M[am]
3
et Rufo. 4
C. I. L. III. 6223. Inscribed on a pedestal of uncertain origin, assigned to
- 3
Moesia Inferior. 1
p(rirmts') p(ilus). d(omim~) d{edit} .
31[am(ertino')].
4 182 A.D. Note abl. case of noun denoting the domus.

1
44. d. m. T. Aelius Aug.
s., j
Libycus adiut. tabul. ab men.
lib. .

Thisiduensi 2 vix. arm. LXX VIII, h. s. e.

C. L L. VIII. 13188. Found at Carthage. 1 The officer is adiutor tabulan
'

ab mensa Thisidtiensi. 2
Of Thisiduo, a town in Africa.

45. d. m., M. Naevio Pri|migenio do|mo Naristo 1 ann LXXV;

|

fili|a Creusa pajrenti pientissimo et Naevia con|iunx posuerjunt

et ceteri sui.

C. I. L. III. 4500. Found near Carnuntum, Pannonia Superior.

1
ex
Naristis, cf. Dio, LXXI. 21.
HO LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
1
46. M. Holconio M. f. Kufo, N. Curtio Vibio Salasso quinq.
C. I. L. IV. 1886. One of the graffiti of Pompeii. qninq(ueniialibus).
'

Ilufus was quinqitennalis in 752/2. Note the second nomen, due prob-
ably to adoption.

1
47. d. m. s., |
L. Rufinius Primus |
Italicus |
d. Reginerisis |
arm.
2
XXXX, |
Fabia Campana |
uxor |
m. m. f., |
h. s. e., &. t. t. 1.

C. I. L. II. 1038. Assigned to Regina (Reyna) Baetica, Spain, existing in

a copy. 1
d(omo). *m(arito) m(onumentum) f(ecif).

l
48. Festo Serviai \
Eutactiano, |
amicus |
merenti.
C. I. L. X. 4134. Found near Capua, now in museum at Naples. 1
Sc.
servo. For slave names in -amis see page 99.

49. L. Valerius M. f.Ouf. Giddo, 1 L. Calpurnius |

M. 1.
Menophil. |

2
Valerianus, |
Valeria L. 1. Truphera.
C. L L. VI. 28021. Found at Rome on -the Via Appia, near the Porta
Capena, where it still exists. The letters belong to the period of Augustus.
1
Name of patronus. 2 Freedman of father of the patronus, named by
him from some L. Calpurnius.

50. dis manibus sac., |

Calamus |
Ti. Claudii Caesaris |
Augusti Ger-
manici 1 \ Parnphilianus |
vilicus ex horreis Lollianis |
ex. d. d.,
d. s. d. d.

C. I. L VI. 4226. Found at Rome in the Columbaria of Livia, now in

the Capitoline Museum. 1
Sc. servus.

51. L. Ampudius |
L. et 0. 1. Philomusus |
modi. 1
C. L L. VI. 11595. From Rome, existing in copy.
]
modi(us') 1 or modi-
(arms), regarded as a signum.
1
52. d. m. |
L. Taurini Aure"li |
civi |
Eleusensi |
ann6r. XXIII, |

parentes.
C. I. L. XII. 3361. Inscribed in letters of the second century A.D., on a
cippns found at Neinausus (Nismes), where
l
it still exists. cm(s)
Eleusensify.

Felici, Septu|mia Sp. f. Sexta Q. Pub-

1
53. Q. Publicio Tergest 1.
| |

licius Felijcis Ingenuus v. f.

1.
|

G. L L. V. 628. Found at Trieste, existing now in a copy. 1 Tergest (inorum).

 THE ROMAN NAME 111

1
54. C. Petroiiius C. f.
| harispex | Crispinia natus.
C. I. L. I. 1351. On an urn of travertine, now in the Museum at Florence.
1
This form is found where Etruscan influence prevailed, see p. 97.

1 2
55. d. m. |
Tertii Pompei |
Materni j
civis Rei., j
lulia Artieill. |

marito optimo |
et sibi viva | posuit.
C. I. L. XII. 3360. Found at Nemausus (Nismes), existing in copy.
'
1 2
Bei(ensis). Articill(a).

56. d. m., |
Terentia Lucidae iiepos | | | lucundujla v. a. XXVI |
h. s.

e., |
C. lulius Mar|tialis coniu.

C. T. L. VIII. 7804. Found at Cirta, later Constantina, in the Province of

Numidia, Africa, where it still exists in the museum.

57. Q. Fabius Q. f. Quirina Fabianus Ilurconen|sis idem Patrici-

en|sis ann. XXXXIII pius |
in suis h. s. e., s. t. t. 1.

C. I. L. II. 1200. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it still exists in

the museum.

58. Sex. Venafrani |

>^
col. 1.
Primogeni j
sibi et suis, Q. Venafranio
|

col. 1.
|
Felici sibi et suis |
in fron. p. XII, in agro p. XII. 1
C. I. L. X. 5012. Found at Venafrum, where it still exists.

1 2
59. Luciae |
Vitelliae | q. et Senecill. ]
L. Vitelli Materni |
V leg.
X Geminae fil, | [$] empronius Stella, [V l]eg. X Geniinae, |
con-

iugi piissimae et castissimae.

C. I. L. V. 950. Found at Aq'uileia, now at Verona. l
quae.
2
centurionis.

1
60. d. m. | Pupi Paterni fil., Paternus pater. | |

C.I. L. XII. 1659. From Lucus August! (Luc-en-Diois), Gallia Narbonensis,

1
existing in copy. fil(ii).

61. d. m., Aurelio Fe|lici Aug. lib

| | qui vixit annis V diebus
XXXIII horis VIIII, M. Aur. |
Caricus Aug. lib. filijo
dul-
cissimo bene merenti fecit. |

C. I. L. VI. 7778. On a marble cippus from the Vinea Randaninia on the

Via Appia.
112 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

62. Nieomacus Saf.

1
L. s., | Paapia Atiedi L. s., |
Dorot. 2 Tettien.
7
[T .] s., menti bonae j
basim don. dant.
C. I. L. IX. 3910. Found near Alba Fucens, near Lake Fucinus, in terri-

tory of Marsi.
'
Unknown women, perhaps Saf(ini).
2
Durutheus.

1
63. Q. Caesius Q. P. 1.
Setus, j
Bacis |
Caesiai.

C. I. L. IX. 4251. Found at Arniternum, in the Sabine territory. 1

Bac(ch~)is
Caesiai (liberta ?).

64. d. in. |
Aeliae luliae Celsae, |
Aelius Feli|cianus et Va'ria
Emerita | filia[e] fecer.

C. L L. XII. 191. Found at Antipolis, Gallia Narbonensis, existing in copy.

65. Valeriae Atticae |

signo Amantiae, |
L Tertinius Sextus |
coniugi
1
et s. a. d.

C. I. L. XII. 2021. Inscribed in letters of the first or second century A.D.

upon a sarcophagus found at Vienna (Vienne)^ where it exists to-day
in the museum, d. m. are also engraved, one on each side of the

inscription.
l
sub ascia dedicavit, see inscription no. 285, p. 2-2.

66. Nicenis Pupae, P. Alfi P. 1. Dionysi |

Duiliae L. 1.
Apiclae |

delicium vixit annos sexs. I

C. I. L. X. 5500. From a sepulchral urn of Aquinum preserved only in a

copy.

67. d. m. s., | Stabirjia Monjnica qu i et Gus|ura vix. |

annis XXV
me. |
V. d. IV.

C. I. L. VIII. 4406. Inscribed on an altar found atSeriana, in the province

of Numidia, where it still exists.

68. Fl. Anthus Maximia|nus in fas.

1
dulcis|simus vix |
annis XVI
mens. Ill dieb. XVIIII. |

C. /. L. X. 2420. Inscribed on a marble urn found near Puteoli, existing

1
in copy. infa(n)s.
 THE ROMAN NAME 113

1
69. Martialis C. 6li Primi, |
M.' Salarius Crocus | Primigenius C.
6li.Primi min. Fortunae Aug., 2 | |
iussii Q. Postumi Modesti
C. Vibi Secundi d. v. i. d.,
3
C. | |
Memmi luniani Q. Brutti
4
Balbi aedil., | \_L. Z>]uvid P. Clodid cos.
C. I. L. X. 826. Found at Pompeii, now in Museum at Naples. l
Sc.
2 3
servus. min(istri) Fortunae Auyustae. d(iio}v(irorum)i(ure)
4
d(ictmdo). A.D. 56. Note the apex.

70. d. m. Aeliae Priscianae, vix. aim. 1

|
mens. II d. II, |
V |
P. Aelius
Prisons et Manlia Cleopatra filiae dulcissimae.
1 |

C. I. L. VI. 10957. From Rome. 1

aw(os) or ann(is).

71. M. Pinari P. 1.
| Marpor.
C. I. L. I. 1076. Found at Rome on the Via Latina. Note Marpor from
Marci puer.

1
72. d. m. s., T. lulio Mauro
sive Ruzerati, v. a. XVIII,
|
h. s.,

leg. XXII Prim. liberto optimo.

2
lulius Bassus 7
C. L L. VIII. 2888. Found at Lambaesis, in Numidia. l
Ruzeratis is

a signum. 2
Prim(igeniae).

Rheno, Danuvio nepotibus et

l
73. d. m., | Pomponis \
Crescenti, | | |

Euphrate patri eorum, filio homini simplicissimo, Pomp. | |

Rhenus pater fecit |

qui me non merentem procupaverunt. 2 |

C. I. L. X. 2872. Found at Naples, existing now only in copy.

l
Pom-
ponius Crescens, Pomponius Ithenus, Pomponius Danuvius are the
2 For
grandsons. praeoccupaverunt.

74. regem Ti. lul. Sau|romaten ami|cum imp. popujli q. R. prae-

1
stanjtissimum, C. I. F. S., [e]x d. d.

C. I. L. III. 783. Inscribed on a column upon which a bust formerly stood,

found town
of Kertsch (Panticapaeum), Moesia Inferior, preserved
in the

to-day at Odessa.
l
C(olonia} I(ulia) F(elix) S(inope') cf. C. I. Gr. ;

>
2123 /JaeriX^a jSaariXewv n^yav TO[) 7ra]in-dj fioffiropov Tiptpiov Ioi^Xto['
Zaupo/^Jdrijc, vlbv j3a<7iX^ws 'Pr;(rKoi;7ro'/3t[5os]. He reigned from 92 to
124 A.D.
LAT. INSCRIP. 8
 CHAPTER V
NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS
THE names of the emperors, as they occur in the inscriptions,
deserve special and individual mention, for although in general plan
they are similar to the ordinary Roman name, yet they differ in
certain marked respects, mainly in the use of titles as additional
elements, and in the adoption of some of these titles as fixed parts
of the imperial name.
The following names of emperors taken from inscriptions will
illustrate the various forms which they assume :

Augustus. C. I. L. III. 6070. 749/5.

IMPerator CAESAR DIVI Filius AVGustus COnSul XM TRibunicia

POTestate XVIII PONTIFEX MAXIMVS

Tiberius. C. I. L. III. 2972, A.D. 17.

Tiberius CAESAR DIVI |

AVGVSTI Filius .
AVGVSTVS |
PONTifex MAXimus
IMPerator TRIB|unicia POTESTate XVIII COnSul DESIGnatus TERTium

Claudius. C. L L. III. 6024, A.D. 47-8.

Tiberius CLAVDIVS CAESAR |

AVGustus GERMAN ICus PONT| ifex MAXIMVS
TRIBunicia POTESTate -
VM |
COnSul *V IMPerator XV Pater Patriae

CENSOR.

Domitian. C. I. L. III. Diploma XIII, A.D. 86.

IMP CAESAR DIVI VESPASIANI F DOMITIANVS |

AVGVSTVS GERMANICUS PONTIFEX MA |

XIMVS TRIBVNIC POTESTAT V IMP XT CENSOR |

PERPETVVS COS XlT P P

114
 NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS 115

Hadrian. C. I. L. III. 5733, A.D. 132.

IMP CAESAR DIVI |

TRAIANI PARTHCI F .
|

DIVI .
NERVAE NEPOS |
TRAIANVS HADRIANVS |

AVG PONtF MAX TRB |

POT XVI COS III P .
P .
PROCOS .

We will now consider each of the elements found in these names.

I. Imperator. IMP
A must carefully be made between the use of this word
distinction
as a praenomen and as a title of honor. It regularly appears in
both uses in the same inscription.
The original title imperator of republican days was conferred by
acclamation upon a victorious general. This the Dictator Caesar
assumed continually during the latter part of his life, and it became
1
virtually a cognomen of his name. In 714/40 Octavius rejected
his former praenomen Gaius and substituted IMPerator. Neverthe-
less the use of the word as an honorary title was still continued,
and hence it appears again in the latter part of the name. Tiberius,
Gaius, and Claudius did not use the word as a praenomen, but Nero
renewed the custom, employing it at times, while his successors used
it regularly. In some instances, especially among later emperors,
-the word imperator (IMP) occurs in company with the ordinary

praenomen.
Imp. T. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus.

In the names of Vitellius the word imperator frequently occurs

among the cognomina.

II. Nomen.
It will be noticed that in the names of the early emperors, with
the exception of Claudius, Nero, and Vitellius, the nomen is omitted.
This custom continues in use until after the time of Hadrian, when
the ordinary form is resumed.

Imp. T. Aelius Caesar Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius.

C. I. L. ill. 3007.
1
Mommsen, Staatsr. II. 767, note 1.
116 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

III. Caesar, C, CAES (Kcuo-ap).

This word was the inherited cognomen of the Julian family, and
indicated its
patrician origin. It belonged, by inheritance, to all
the agnati of Caesar, but, at the death of Gaius Caligula, was trans-
ferred l to the Claudian family, and became the distinguishing mark
of the reigning house, being used, not only by the emperor, but by
the sons and grandsons. From the time of Hadrian the name was
restricted to the emperor and his designated successor. It was

placed immediately after the praenomen or women, if the latter were

given, a position, however, which was not steadily maintained, as at
a later period Caesar is found even at the end of the name. 2

IV. The next element is that which indicates descent. If the

father were a deified emperor, his name was marked by the addition
of the adjective divus. The name of Augustus contains the formula
divif(ilius) inasmuch as Caesar was the first to receive apotheosis.

V. Coynomina.
The names of the Flavian emperors, as well as of those succeed-
ing them, show the insertion after the designation of ancestry, or
after the word Caesar, if the former is omitted, of certain personal

names, cognomina, such as Vespasianus, Domitianus, Nerva, Traianus,

Verus, Severus, Pertinax.

VI. Augustus, A, AV, AVG (Se/3aoros).

The last word in the name of the emperor, strictly speaking, is

the honorary title Augustus. It was conferred upon Octavianus by

the Senate, Jan. 16, 727/27.
Being really honorary, and implying that a person was sacred and
3
deserving of reverence, it was "not legally an heirloom. Neverthe-
4
less it was adopted by the successors of Augustus after it had been

1 The last descendant of Augustus on the throne was Nero, but he belonged
to the cognati, not to Augustus' own family. Momm. Staatsr. II. 770.
2 Index C. I.
Z,., vol. III.
8
Mommsen, Staatsr. II. p. 773, note 3.
*
Vitellius at first refused the title. Tac. Hist. II. 90.
 NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS H7
decreed by the Senate, and became a name associated strictly with,
the principate, for it was held by no one but the reigning emperor
until the middle of the second century, when it appears as a cognomen
with the united names of Marcus Aurelius and L. Verus, indicating
that both had a share in the imperial power. After this time the
title was conferred upon other members of the imperial family, and a

participation iu the powers of the emperor was thus implied. The

abbreviation AVGG indicated two Augusti, AVGGG, three.
From the latter part of the second century the word Augustus is
1
preceded by additional honorary surnames, such as Pius Felix, Pius
2
Felix Invictus, while, from the beginning of the fourth century, it is
strengthened by the use of perpetuus, semper, victor ac triumphator
3
semper. Thus, also, optimus was conferred upon Trajan.
the title

The word Augustus really completed the name of the emperor,

nevertheless there were added in certain instances cognomina, such
as cognomina ex virtute, either inherited, as in the case of Gaius,

Claudius, and Nero, who obtained the title Germanicus from Drusus,
or received, because of some victory, as in the use of the same word
Germanicus in the names of Vitellius, Nerva, and Trajan. Other
cognomina of this kind are Dacicus, Parthicus as belonging to
:

Trajan, Armeniacus, Medictis, Sarmaticus as belonging to Marcus

Aurelius. These surnames are of great importance in determining
the date of an inscription. 4

TITLES OF EMPERORS
These are given in the order .in which they are generally found.
I. Pontifex Maximus. P M or PONT -MAX (apxtepevs /xe'yto-ros).

This indicated that the emperor, as the president of the

title

collegium of pontiffs, was supreme in all matters of religion. It was

assumed by Augustus after the death of Lepidus, and was thereafter
held by the emperor, who was always chief pontiff. It regularly

occupied the first place.

1
From the time of Commodus.
2
From time of Septimius Severus on coins, from Caracalla in inscriptions.
3
C. L L. II. 2054. *
See page 123.
118 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

II. Tribunicia Potestate, or Tribuniciae Potestatis, TRIB P, POT,

PT (numeral) (8i//*apxiK?s

This formula, derived from the early tribunus, represented the

supreme civil control, and formed the distinctive title of the princi-
pate. Augustus, in 731/23, laid aside the consulate and added its
character as an annual office to the tribunician power which had
already been conferred upon him for life. Tribunicia Potestate, fol-
lowed by the numeral of iteration, indicated both a perpetual and an
annual magistracy, for it was conferred, without limit, and yet
served to indicate the length of the emperor's reign by measuring it
1
off in tribunician years.
The form is regularly the ablative case followed by a numeral
used adverbially, indicating years of tenure. At times the genitive
case is found, perhaps from Greek influence.
The position of this title, in time of Augustus, is, without excep-
tion, after the consulate, and generally after the title imperator.
From Tiberius the tribunicia potestate assumes the position after
;he PON ..MAX.

III. Imperator, IM, IMP, IMPER (numeral)

This the acclamatio imperatoria, and must be distinguished from
is

the praenomen imperator referred to above.

Under the Empire this title was conferred upon the princeps,
either because of a victory won by himself or under his auspices.
The number of the imperial salutation was increased by one on the
occasion of each victory.
Upon the first victory the titlewas imperator II., not imperator
primum, for the first salutation was given at the time of the
assumption of power. The position, 2 in the time of Augustus and
Tiberius, generally after the consulate, so COS
is IMP TR P,
and where the tribunicia potestate stands directly after the consulate,

imperator follows that also, so COS TR P IMP. In the inscrip-

1
This difficult subject of the tribunician year is treated by Mommsen, Staatsr.
II. p. 796, and Stobbe, Philologus, XXXII. (1873), p. 1-91. See also, pp. 123 ff.
2
Mommsen, Staatsr. II., p. 784.
 NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS H9
tions of the City relating to Augustus, however, it stands, as a

rule, at the head of the titular list, so IMP COS P. TR

From the time of Claudius, imperator comes after tribunicia potestate
and before the consulate. Caracalla is the last emperor whose monu-
ments regularly give the imperial salutations. They appear after
this time only in the inscriptions of certain emperors, as Gordian,

Gallien, Diocletian.

IV. Consul, COS (numeral)

As a result of the treatment of the consulship by Caesar and
Augustus, became a matter entirely within the control of the
it

emperor whether he himself should be consul or permit the office to

go to some other of senatorial rank. Thus an emperor could be
repeatedly elected to the consulship, and this is indicated by the
numeral of iteration placed after the title. The office was held by
the emperor at pleasure, and so might be laid aside, after a month or
two, in favor of consules suffecti. The election of the emperor to the
consulship took place at various times in the year preceding the
year of office. The emperor, as consul elect, was designated by the
title COS DESIGN (vTraros aTT-oSeSay/At'vos) followed by a numeral
one greater than that of his last consulship. The position of this
title, consul or consul designates, was at first before the tribunicia

potestate, where vied with imperator for first place. In time of

it

Tiberius it gave way to the tribunicia potestate, and from the time of
Claudius it gave way to imperator, and took generally the fourth place.

V. Censor, CEN, CENS, CES

This title was held only by Claudius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian.
The last named received the title censor perpetuus. 1 Its position
varied, since it stood at times before, and again after the consulate.

VI. Pater Patriae, P P (irar^p Tr

This had been conferred by acclamation upon Cicero and

title

Julius Caesar, and was accepted by Augustus at the request of all

the senate, knights, and people (Mon. Ancyr. VI. 35).

i L. 4721.
C. I. II.
120 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

A similar honorwas conferred upon other emperors some time

after their power, but was in several instances
assumption of
1 2
declined, as in the case of Tiberius, Nero, Vespasian, and Hadrian.
It must be remembered that this is simply an honorary title, indi-

cating no official power. Pertinax was the first emperor to receive

it upon entrance to office.
Its position in the time of Augustus is either at the beginning or
at the end of the list of titles. From Augustus to Titus it stood, as
a rule, before the consulate, but from Domitian it followed the con-
sulate, and might conclude the list.

VII. Proconsifl, PROCOS or PROC (dvfluVaTos).

Although the proconsulare imperium was as important as the

tribunicia potestas, yet it was not represented by its own title until
the close of the first century. In all probability the word imperator,
which had become a part of the name, supplied its place, and hence
an additional title was not given in the official list. In the time of
Trajan, proconsul is assumed as a title when the emperor is out of
Italy, and it appears with this restriction until the third century.
In the diploma of Trajan (A.D. 116), where it first appears, it is
placed before the consulate. In the time of Hadrian it ends the
titular list, and regularly occupies this position from that time on.

TITLES OF MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY

Among the titles that were borne by members of the imperial

family, the following are of most importance :

Caesar.

After the adoption of M. Annius Verus (Marcus Aurelius) by the

Emperor Hadrian, this title, which had been borne by members of
the families of Julius Caesar and Augustus, and afterwards by the
reigning emperors and their sons and grandsons, came to designate
1
Mommsen, Staatsr. II., p. 779, notes.
2
Tacitus, Ann. I. 72; II. 87.
 NAMES AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS 121

the heir to the throne, and so was conferred upon the monarch and
his successor as well.
From the time of the Emperor Geta (209-212 A.D.) the word
Caesar was accompanied by nobilissimus, and later, as in the name
of Galerius Maximianus, by perpetuus nobilissimus, and, as in the
name of Constantius, by nobilissimus ac jlorentissimus or beatissimus
ac felix.

Princeps luventutis, PR IV, I WEN (jrpoKpiros T^S VCOTT;TO?).

At the instance of Augustus, this title was conferred by the

upon his grandsons Gains Caesar and Lucius Caesar,
1
knights
whom he had adopted. It indicated the entrance of the young men
to the equestrian order.

Although it was afterward conferred upon other princes of the

reigning house who did not

in the senate,
sit it belonged, naturally
and originally, to the heir to the throne.

Augusta.

This title was first conferred upon Livia by the will of Augustus,
and probably implied a share in the governing power, though any
purpose of this kind was thwarted by Tiberius. It was next offered
as an honorary title to Antonia, the grandmother of Gains, but was
refused. Agrippina, the last wife of Claudius, accepted it, probably
with the purpose of sharing in political power. 2 After the political
meaning was lost, it became merely the most exalted title for females
of the imperial household. After Domitian it became customary
to confer this name upon the wife of the reigning prince.
Nevertheless, it was conferred as a title of honor upon other rela-
tives of the emperor, as upon the mother, Julia Soaemias, and
grandmother, Julia Maesa, of Elagabalus, and upon Claudia, the
1
Mon. Ancyr. III. 5, equites Romani universi principem iuventiitis ntrumque
eorum (Gains and Lucius) parmis et hastis argenteis donatum appellaverunt.
Cf. Tacitus, Ann. I. 3, 2.
2
Tacitus, Ann. XII. 26.
122 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

daughter of Nero, and upon Marciana, the sister of Trajan. It was

by the senate at the suggestion of the emperor, but
at first conferred
afterwards the senate took the initiative.
Tacitus (Ann. 14) tells us that an attempt was made to confer
I.

upon Livia the parens or mater patriae, but the proposition

title

came to naught through the opposition of Tiberius. Nevertheless,

coins of African and Spanish colonies are in existence, giving to
1
Augusta the title mater patriae and genetrix orbis.
In like manner the wife of Marcus Aurelius, the younger Faustina,
is called mater castrorum. From this time similar titles were not
rarely given to women, so the wife of Severus, the mother of Cara-
calla, Julia Domna, was given the title mater castrorum et senatus et

patriae, so Julia Mammaea is styled mater castrorum et senatus et

patriae et universi generis humani, C. L L. II. 3413.

Erasures and Substitutions.

In many inscriptions it is evident that names of certain persons

have been erased, while in others the names of other persons, or
substitutions of a varied character, have taken the place of what has
been obliterated. The erasures are due to a decree of the senate
abolishing thememory of the emperor or member of the imperial
family. The names of Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus,
Albinus, Geta, Macrinus, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander, Maximus,
etc.,are thus erased; also of Valeria Messalina wife of Claudius,
Julia Agrippina mother of Nero, Fulvia Plautilla wife of Cara-
calla,P. Fulvius Plautianus father of Fulvia Plautilla, Julia
Soaemias mother of Elagabalus, and others. 2

i
Eckhel. Doct. Num. VI. 164-156 ;
VII. 196.
a See page 411.
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 123

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS

THE DATING OF IMPERIAL INSCRIPTIONS

While the official method of recording dates in Rome was always

by the names of the eponymous consuls of the year, another method
grew up under the changes brought about by the assumption of
imperial power by Augustus and his successors. Its basis was the
tribnnicia ^>otestas. In inscriptions in which the name and titles of
the emperor occur the indication by a numeral of the annual renewal
of the tribuniciaii power affords a means of determining the date,
and, with the aid of certain other elements of the name, it is often

possible to decide, not only upon the year, but upon the month, or
part of the month, as well.
The principal elements by which the date may be determined are :

(a)the tribunician 'renewal,' (6) the imperial salutations, (c) the

number of the consulate, and (d) the assumption of such titles,
or cognomina, as P(afer) P(atriae), P(ontifex) M(axhmts), CENS(or),
PERTINAX, OPTIMVS, GERMANICVS, SARMATICVS, etc. The
method to be employed, in connection with the table below, may
be illustrated by examples :

(1)
t\ I. L. II. 4721.

IMPERATOR CAESAR |
DtVl -
VESPASIANI F |
DOMITIANVS AVG |

GERMANICVS PONTIFEX |
MAXSVMVS TRIBVNICIAE |
POTESTATIS
Vim IMP XXI |
COS XV CENSOR |
PERPETWS |
P P, etc.

(a) TRIBVNICIAE POTESTATIS VMT. By reference to the table, p. 130, this

is found to be September 13, 90.

(6) IMP. XXI, received, as the table shows, during 89.

(c) COS. XV, January 1, 90-91.

(d) GERMANICVS in 84; CENSOR PERPETWS in 85..

124 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

By the examination of these dates, we find that the inscription

was set up between January 1 (COS. XV) and September 13 (TR
P VTTTJ), in the year A.D. 90.

(2)

(7. /. L. XIV. 106 : A fragmentary inscription of Lucius Verus.

I, aurel
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 125

731/23 January 1. COS XT

734/20 IMP VUTT

739/15 IMP X

741/13 January 1 Tiberius COS

742/12 IMP-XT P(ater) P(aJriae)

743/11 IMP XII

745/9 IMP Xfff Tiberius IMP

746/8 IMP XTTfl Tiberius IMP If

747/7 January 1 Tiberius COS M

748/6 Tiberius TR P
749/5 January 1. COS XN

752/2 January 1. COS XTTT PONT MAX

A.D. 2 IMP XV
" 6 IMP Tiberius IMP
XVII, (XVIII) III, (III!)
" 9 IMP XWTf Tiberius IMP V
"11 IMP XX Tiberius IMP VI

"14 IMP -XXI Tiberius IMP- VI]

" 14 19. Death of Augustus.
August

TIBERIUS (14-37)
Ti. Claudius Nero ;
after his adoption : Ti. lulius Caesar ; designated in inscrip-
tions: Tl CAESAR AVG.
He received the Tribunician Power on June 27, 748/6, during the reign of
Augustus, and renewed it always on that month and day but whereas his ;

TRIB POT V fell on June 27, 752/2, he did not receive his TRIB POT VI
untilJune 27, A.D. 4. In reckoning his Tribunician dates, therefore, one must
remember that TRIB POT V covers the years from June 27, 752/2, to June 27,
A.D. 4 ;
and for any higher number, deduct two from the Tribunician date,
which will give the date Anno Domini. Thus, TRIB POT XXX = A.D. 28-29.
A.D. 14 August 19. Princeps.
" 15 March 10. PONT MAX
" 18 COS
January 1. FlT

IMP VTTT
" 21 COS
January 1. TTTI

" 31 COS V
January 1.

" 37 March 16. Death of Tiberius.

126 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

CALIGULA (37-41)
C. lulius Caesar; designated on the monuments: C CAESAR GERMANICVS
(Caligula is a nickname.)
He received the TRIB POT at his accession, March 18, 37, and renewed it on
the same month and day of 38, 39, and 40.
A.D. 37 March 18. IMP .
PONT MAX
" 37 COS Claudius COS
July 1.

" 38 January. P(ater') P(atriae)

" 39 COS
January 1. IT

" 40 COS
January 1. TIT

" 41 COS
January 1. TTfl

" 41 24. Death of Caligula.

January .

CLAUDIUS I.
(41-54)
Ti. Claudius Nero Drusus Germanicus designated on the monuments
;
: Tl
CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS
Claudius received the TRIB POT on January 25, 41, and renewed it regularly
on that date ;
so that at his death, October 13, 54, lie was in the course of his
TRIB POT XTTTT

He took the name Britannicus after his victories in Britain, but the title
seldom appears on the monuments.
A.D. 41 January 25. IMP PONT .
MAX
IMP- IT

" 42 1. COS
January IT

January 5. P(ater) P(atriae)

IMP- TIT

" 43 COS
January 1. FlT

IMP IV, V
" 44 IMP-VTIT
" 45 before January 25. COS DESIG HIT 1

IMP VTTTT, X, XT

1
Although Claudius did not enter upon his COS TTTT until 47, he is called
COS DESIG Illl on inscriptions of 45, and already before January 25, of this
year. (Cf. C. I. L. V. 3326, Verona TRIB POTEST TUT, COS UT, DESIGNATO
:

Illl and see Momms. Staatsr. L, p. 587.)

;
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 127

A.D. 46 IMP-XTT
" 47 COS-TTTT
January 1.

CENSOR (DESIGNATVS),
1
IMP XfflT, XV
" 48 . CENSOR, IMP- XVI
" 49 IMP- XVII, XVIII
" 50 IMP XXI Nero adopted.
" 51 COS V
January 1.

IMP XXII, XXlTTT

" 52 IMP.XWU
" 54 October 13. Death of Claudius.

NERO (54-69)
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ;
after his adoption : Ti. Claudius Drusus Germanicus
Caesar; designated on the monuments, at first: NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR
AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS, and afterwards (65) IMP NERO CLAVDIVS :
.

CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS

The tribunician dates of Nero are very difficult to determine, for the inscrip-
tions show seeming contradictions. The whole matter may best be simplified as
follows' 2 Nero ascended the throne October 13, 54, and his TR P was renewed
:

on that date each year until 59, when he appears to have adopted a new system.
It is TR P VI, and thereafter counted the years
supposed that he shortened his
of his tribunician power from December 10 (the old date under the Republic),
or December 4 (on which the comitia tribunidae potestatis were held). It is
impossible to decide which, for the inscriptions suit both. His TR P VI began,
under the old system, on October 13, 59, coinciding with COS JTT, DES FIJI, M P VI I
;

but on December 10 (or 4) of the same year 59, he took TR P- VII, and renewed
the tribunician dates regularly on that day so that at his death, June 9, 68, he
;

was in the course of his TR P XV

1
Cf. a /. L. '
IX. 5959 : TR P VM, CENSOR DESIGNAT, and C. I. L. V. 8002 :

TR P VI CENSOR
2
the theory of Mommsen (Staatsr. II., p. 798, note). The difficulty is
This is

that it with certain coins (Eckhel VI. 264, Cohen No. 29, 30, Argelati
conflicts

p. 93), which have TR P VI, COS Mil, and that it makes necessary the

assumption of a TR P XV, of which there is apparently no evidence. Stobbe's

theory (Philologus, XXXII., 1873, pp. 23 sq.), that the tribunician dates of Nero
begin always on Dec. 4, similarly conflicts with C. I. L. III., p. 845, and VI. 2042,
which have TR P VII, IMP VN, COS Till
.
128 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

A.D. 64 October 13. IMP PONT MAX

" 55 COS
January 1.

" 65 (late in the year) P(ater) P(atriae').

" 57 COS
January 1. fl

67 IMP HI, fill, V

" 58 COS
January 1. ill"

" 58 IMP- VI
" 60 COS
January 1. Till

" 60 IMP.Vll
" 61 IMP- VIII, Vllll

" 65 IMP-XT
" 66 IMP XTT
" 68 COS V
(in course of year)
" 68 June 9. Death of Nero.

GALBA (June 9, 68-Jaimary 15, 69)

Ser. Sulpicius Galba; designated on the monuments: SER GALBA IMPERATOR
CAESAR, or IMP SER SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVG

OTHO (January 15-April 17 (?), 69)

M. Salvius Otho ; designated on the monuments : IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG

VITELLIUS (January 2-December 20 (?), 69)

A. Vitellius ;
monuments IMP A VITELLIVS CAESAR,
designated on the : or
A VITELLIVS IMPERATOR GERMANICVS, or VITELLIVS GERM IMP
.

A.D. 68 June 9. Galba, IMP CAES AVG P M TR P

" 69 COS M
January 1. Galba,
"69 " 2. Vitellius declared IMP by the army in Germany.
" " AVG TR P
69 15. Death of Galba ; Otho, IMP CAES
"69 " 30. Otho, COS
" 69 March 9. PONT MAX
Otho,
" 69 Death of Otho.
April 17.
" 69 " 19. Vitellius, IMP CAES GERM COS PERP
" 69 July 1. Vespasian declared M P by the soldiers at Alexandria.
I

" 69 December 20. Death of Vitellius.

 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 129

VESPASIAN (69-79)
T. Flavius Vespasianus designated on the monuments
;
: IMP CAESAR VESPASI-
ANVS AVG, or IMP VESPASIANVS CAESAR . AVG
Although not legally emperor until December 20, 69, Vespasian counted the
years of his reign from July 1, 69, when he was proclaimed emperor by the
soldiers. His TR P was renewed each year on this day. On July 1, 71, Titus
was made his associate in the empire, and their tribunician dates run parallel,
Titus being always two years behind his father. Vespasian, at his death, was in
the course of his TR P X, and Titus in the course of his TR P VIII
130 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

TITUS (79-81)
T. Flavius Vespasianus; designated on the monuments: IMP TITVS (or T)
CAESAR VESPASI ANVS AVG and M P-TITVS (or T) VESPASI ANVS CAESAR AVG
, I

For the tribunician years of Titus, see above, under Vespasian.

A.D. 79 July 23. Sole Emperor, AVG PONT MAX

" 80 COS VUI Domitian, COS V7l
January 1.

IMP XVT, XVlT

" 81 13. Death of Titus.
September

DOMITIAN (81-96)
T. Flavius Domitianus ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR DOMITI-
ANVS AVG ;
more rarely IMP DOM ITI ANVS CAESAR AVG
The tribunician dates of Domitian are regular, from the day of his accession,
September 13, 81 (TR - P), to his death on September 18, 96.

A.D,
11
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 131

NERVA (96-98)
M. Cocceius Nerva designated on the monuments
;
: IMP NERVA CAESAR AVG,
or IMP CAESAR NERVA AVG
The monuments of Nerva's short reign are not always in accord.
dates of the
His TR P extends from September 18, 96, to September 18, 97, when he
received TR P II. From a few inscriptions it seems that a TR P TIT was
reckoned from December 10 of the same year, 97. The majority of inscriptions
fail to compute this TR P III, and carry his TR P II down to his death,
joining it with COS III!
(98). Those in which TR P ill figures unite it with
COS (97), or COS -INI
-III (98). For convenience the tribunician dates are
here included in the table.

A.U. 96 September 18. IMP- CAES-AVG- PONT- MAX- TR P- P(ater) .

P(atriae)
" 97 1. COS UI
January
IMP .IT

September 18. TR P M

October 27. Trajan, CAES IMP TR P

GERMANICVS " GERMANICVS
(December 10. TR P Ml)
" 98 -January 1. COS ffiT " COS M

January 25. Death of Nerva.

TRAJAN (98-117)
M. Ulpius Traianus designated on the monuments
;
: IMP -CAESAR- NERVA -TRA-
IANVS AVGVSTVS

With Trajan the customof computing the tribunician years from December
10 becomes general. Invested with the tribunician power by Nerva on October
27, 97, he counted his TR P M from December 10, 97, or September 18, 98 1 ;

and his TR P Ml on December 10, 98, after which the tribunician year began
regularly on this day.
A.D. 98 January 25. AVG PONT MAX
P(ater) ?(atriae)
" 100 COS
January 1. Til

" 101 COS

January 1. J7Tl

IMP ll, Ml, MM

1
The former the date of the comitia tribuniciae potestatis ; the latter the
date from which Nerva counted his tribunician years. Probably the latter.
132 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

102 (late in the year) D AC CVS

I

103 January 1. COS- V

104 (IMP V) .

105 IMP- VT
112 January 1. COS- VT

114 OPTIMVS cognomen)

(as
. IMP VH
IMP vm, vTm
115 IMP- X, XJ

116 (between April and August) PARTHICVS

IMP- Xll, Xfil

117 August 11 (?) Death of Trajan.

HADRIAX (117-138)
P. Aelius Hadrianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS
HADRIANVS AVG
Hadrian received the TR P at the death of Trajan. He counted his TR P II
from December 10, 117, and the renewal occurred each year on that day.
In 136 he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus Verus as his successor, under the
name L AELIVS VERVS CAESAR but Aelius died in 138. ;

A.D. 117 August 11 (?). IMP-CAES-AVG-PONT.MAX-TR-P-[P(ater)-P(ariae)]

OPTIMVS, GERMANICVS, DACICVS
" 118 COS
January 1. TT

" 119 COS HI

January 1.

" 122
1
(IMP.VD
" 128 April 21 (?) P(ater) ?(atriae).
" 135 IMP U
" 136 COS
January 1. Aelius,
CAES TR P PONT
137 " COS
January 1. FT

138 January 1. Death of Aelius.

February 25. Antoninus, CAES TR P IMP
July 10. Death of Hadrian.

1
Found on C. I. L. II. 2014 (Baetica), but certainly a mistake.
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 133

T. Aurelius Fnlvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus; after his adoption: T. Aelius

Hadrianus Antoninus Pius ; designated on the monuments: IMP CAESAR
T AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS .
AVG PIVS

He received the TRP on February 25, 138, renewed it (TR P Tl) on

December 10 of the same year, and thereafter regularly on that day. He died
in the course of his TR P XXI 1.
1 1

On February 25, 147, he adopted as his successor M. Annius Verus Catilius

Severus, under the name M AELIVS AVRELIVS VERVS. M. Aurelius received
the TR P, which he renewed regularly on December 10, so that, at the death of
Pius, Aurelius was in the course of his TR P XV.
134 LATTX INSCRIPTIONS

after 147, when he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, as L. Aelius Aurelius Corn-
modus. After he was given a share in the imperium by his brother Marcus
Aurelius, he received the cognomen Verus. He is styled on the monuments:
L AVRELIVS VERVS. He received
IMP CAESAR theJR P on March 7, 101 ;

his TR P II began December 10, 161, his TR P III a year from that day,
and so on regularly.
For the names and iribunician dates of Commodus, see below.
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 135

COMMODUS (176-192)
L. Aurelius Commodus variously designated on the monuments
; L AELIVS :

AVRELIVS COMMODVS at the beginning of his reign; then L AVRELIVS

COMMODVS until late in 180 then, as sole emperor, M AVRELIVS COMMO-
;
.

DVS- ANTON NVS until 191

I
;
and lastly again L-AELIVS-AVRELIVS-COMMODVS
His TR P extends from November 27 to December 10, 176 ;
and yearly
thereafter. See under Marcus Aurelius.

A.U. 180 March 17. Sole Emperor.

" 181 COS
January 1. TlT

" 182 IMP -V

" 183 1. COS
January TTTT

IMP VI .
PIVS .
PONT MAX
" 184 IMP Vll .
BRITANNICVS
" 185 FELIX
" 186 January 1. COS V
IMP .
VTTT
" 190 COS
January 1. VI
" 192 COS VTT COS M
January 1. Pertinax,
December 31. Death of Commodus.

PERTINAX (193)
P. Helvius Pertinax; designated on the monuments: IMP CAES P HELVIVS
PERTINAX AVG
A.D. 193 January 1. IMP CAES AVG PONT .
MAX TR .
P P . P
March 28. Death of Pertinax.

JULIANUS (193)
(Designated, on coins only: IMP CAES M DIDIVS SEVERVS .
IVLIANVS AVG
He reigned from March 28 to June 1, 193).

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS *
(193-211). CAKACALLA (198-217). GET A
(209-212)
L. Septimius Severus ; styled on the monuments : IMP CAESAR L SEPTIMIVS
SEVERVS AVG

Usurpers like Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger are omitted, as being
1

of no epigraphical importance.
136 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

TR P, June 1 to December 10, 193 ;

TR P II, December 10, 193-194, etc.
On June Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla) was made joint emperor, under
2, 198,
the name IMP CAESAR M AVRELIVS 1 (SEVERVS) ANTONJNVS AVG. His .

TR P extends from June 2 to December 10, 198; TR P II, December 10,

198-199, etc.
In 209 (day uncertain) P. Septimius Geta also received the TR P. He is styled
on the monuments IMP CAESAR P SEPTIMIVS GETA AVG. His TR P ll
:

extends from December 10, 209-210, and is renewed regularly.

 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 137

CAKACALLA (198-217). GETA (209-212)

For the names and tribunician dates of Caracalla and Geta, see above, under
Septimius Severus.

CARACALLA. GETA.

A.D. 211 Feb. 14 PONT MAX BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS

" 212 Feb. 27 Death of Geta
" 213 Jan. 1 COS Mil
GERMANICVS (MAXIMVS)
IMP III INVICTVS
214 IMP TTTT

" 217 Death

April 8 of Caracalla

MACRINUS (217-218)
M. Opellius Macrjnus; styled on the monuments: IMP CAES M OPELLIVS
SEVERVS MACRINVS P F AVG .

M. Opellius Diadumenianus, his son styled on the monuments: M OPELLIVS

;

ANTONINVS- DIADVMENIANVS- NOBILISSIMVS-CAES TR P, April 11, 217, to

early January, 218 (?) TR P IT to June 8, 218.
;

A.D. 217 April 11. IMP CAES AVG PONT MAX P(ater) ?(atriae)

(Diadumenianus, CAES)
" 218 COS
January 1.

(Diadumenianus, (IMP) AVG)

June 8. Death of Macrinus and Diadumenianus.

ELAGABALUS (218-222)
Varius Avitus Bassianus l
; styled on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS
ANTONINVS -P.P. (INVICTVS) AVG
TR. P. 218; TR. P- TT.219; TR P Ml, 220 ;
TR P Mil, 221 ; TR-P-V.222. 2

Elagabalus, a nickname given to him as priest of the Syrian sun-god El

1

Gabal.
2
The exact date of renewal is uncertain.
138 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

A.D. 218 May 16. IMP .

CAES AVG .
PONT- MAX COS P(ater) ?(atriae)
" 219 COS
January 1. IT

" 220 COS Ml

January 1. .

" 221 Severus Alexander, CAES PONTIF

" 222 COS Severus Alexander, COS
January 1. IJTT

March 11. Death of Elagabalus.

SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222-235)

Alexianus Bassianus ; designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M AVRELIVS
SEVERVS ALEXANDER P F AVG

His TR P beginning March 11, 222, seems to have been renewed each year
early in January.

A.D. 222 March 11. IMP AVG PONT MAX TR P P(ater) P(atriae)
" 226 COS
January 1. IT

" 229 COS TR

January 1.

" 235 January, February, or March, Death of Severus Alexander.

MAXIMINUS (235-238)
Styled on the monuments: IMP CAES C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS P F

(INVICTVS) AVG

The tribunician dates of Maximinus are for convenience included in the table.
His son, as Caesar, appears on the monuments as C IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMVS
NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR
Maximinus being declared an outlaw by the senate in 238, the following

emperors ruled, and fell in rapid succession :

I Gordianus I: IMP-CAES- M-ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG

I.Gordianus II: IMP-CAES- M-ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG

|
Balbinus: IMP CAES- D CAELIVS-CALVINVS-BALBINVS-P- F- AVG
IPupieniusi Maximus : IMP- CAES- M-CLODIVS-PVPIENIVS-MAXIMVS-P.F- AVG

Spelled PVPIENVS on coins.

i
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 139

A.D. 235 Jan., Feb., or March. Maximinus, IMP CAES AVG -

P M TR P P- P

Maximus, CAES
" 236 " COS
January 1.

" TR P
January 16 (?) M

[
GERM- MAX,
"
jSARM-MAX,
I DAC MAX
IMP Ml, MM
" 237 " TR P
January 16 (?) TIT

" IMP V, VI Maximus, GERM .

MAX,
SARM -
MAX,
DAC MAX
" " TR P
238 January 16 (?) Mil

IMP VTI

" 238 Gordianus IMP CAES AVG P M TR P P P -

February. I.,

Gordianus II., IMP .

CAES AVG TR P PONT
March. Death of Gordianus I and II.

Balbinus, IMP CAES AVG P M Gordianus III., CAES

TR.P-P.P
CAES AVG P M " AVG
Pupienius, IMP
TR-P-P.P TR-P
Middle of May. Death of Maximinus and Maximus.
June. Death of Balbinus and Pupienius.

GORDIANUS III. (238-244)

Designated on the monuments : IMP CAES M ANTONIVS GORDIANVS P F

(INVICTVS) AVG
He seems to have renewed the TR P early in January ;
the date is uncertain.

A.D. 238 Middle of June (?) IMP PONT MAX P(ater) P(a*nae)
" 239 COS
January 1.

" 240 IMP Ml

IT,

" 241 COS

January 1. IT

" 242 IMP VI

" Death Gordianus
244 February or March. of III.
140 LATIN INSCIM1TIOXS

PHILIPPUS (244-249)
The elder Philippus appears on the monuments as IMP CAES M IVLIVS
PHILIPPVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG. His son is called
.
IMP CAES M IVLIVS
(SEVERVS) PHILIPPVS P F AVG (FILIVS). The elder Philippus received the
TR P in March, 244, and renewed it early in January (?) each year. For his
son there are two methods of counting the TR P (1) as coinciding with that
:

of his father, (2) as commencing in 247, when he became joint emperor. Both
methods are employed in the inscriptions.

PHILIP THE ELDER. PHILIP THE YorxcKit.

A.D.
244 March (?) IMP- CAES- AVG PONT- MAX NOBILISSIMVS CAES
P(ater) ?(atnae)
PARTHICVS MAXIMVS, PERSI-
CVS MAXIMVS
245 January 1 COS
246 August (?) AVG
247 January 1 COS- 17 COS
IMP- CAES. AVG- PONT- MAX

P(ater) ?(atriae)
248 January 1 COS Ill cos- IT
GERMANICVS. MAXIMVS, CARPI- GERMANICVS CARPICVS
CVS- MAXIMVS
249 Sept. or Oct. Death of Philippus and his son

DECIUS (249-251)
IMP CAES C MESSIVS QVINTVS -'TRAIANVS DECIVS P F- (INVICTVS) AVG

His sons
f Q- HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS MESSIVS DECIVS- NOBILISSIMVS CAES
\

I C-VALENS-HOSTILIANVS- MESSIVS- QVINTVS- NOBILISSIMVS-CAES

There are two methods of counting the tribunician dates of Decius (1) from :

248, when he was saluted emperor by the troops, (2) from the death of Philippus,
September or October, 249. Both methods are found in inscriptions. The sons
received the TR P in 250. The date of renewal for this reign was January 1.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 141
142 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

VALERIANUS (253-259). GALLIENUS (253-268)

IMP CAES P LICINIVS VALERIANVS .

P F (INVICTVS) .
AVG
His son Gallienus, who shared the empire, is styled IMP CAES P LICINIVS
(EGNATIVS) .
GALLIENVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG
The tribunician dates are the same for both TR P, September to December
;

10 (?), 253 ; TR P IT, December 10 (?), 253-254 TR P JIT, December 10 (?),

;

254-255, etc.

VALERIANUS. GALLIENUS.

A.D.
263 Sept. (?) IMP- CAES- AVG- PONT- MAX IMP CAES AVG PONT MAX
P-P P P
254 Jan. 1 COS-Tl COS
IMP VfT

255 Jan. 1 COS IN" COS M

256 GERMANICVS MAXIMVS GERMANICVS- MAXIMVS,DACICVS

MAXIMVS
IMP-TTT
267 Jan. 1 COS MM cos- in
259 Capture of Valerianus by Sapor

GALLIENUS (253-268). POSTUMUS, Emperor in Gaul (258-267)

For the name and tribunician dates of Gallienus, who died in the middle oi
March, 268, see under Valerianus. Postumus was never recognized as emperor
at Rome, but reigned in Gaul, where he formed a senate and government of 1m
own, and assumed the consulship at pleasure. He is styled on the monuments :

IMP CAES M CASSIANIVS LATINIVS POSTVMVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG

. .

We know nothing of the tribunician dates of Postumus, which can be assigned

only to years as follows TR P = 258, TR P II = 269, TR P flT = 260 and
:
;

so on until TR P X = 267.
Victorinus, who reigned with Postumus in Gaul (266-267), is called IMP CAES
M PIAVONIVS VICTORINVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG -
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 143

GALLIENUS. POSTUMUS.

A.D,
268 Sole emperor (at Rome) IMP- CAES- AVG.P.M-TR.P
COS-P-P
259 COS- IT

260 cos .
m
261 January 1 COS- III!

IMP -X
362 January 1 COS- V GERMANICVS MAXIMVS
264 January 1 COS- Vl
265 COS FiTI Victorinus, TR P
COS .
Vil Victorinus, TR P IT

COS V Victorinus, TR P ITT

CLAUDIUS II (268-270). TETKIC us, Emperor in Gaul (268-273)

Gallienus at Rome was succeeded by Claudius, who is styled on the monu-
ments IMP CAES M AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS P F (INVICTVS) AVG
:
.

In Gaul, Tetricus and his son succeeded Postumus ;

both appear on the
monuments as IMP CAES C PIVS ESVVIVS TETRICVS
. P F INVICTVS AVG
The tribunician dates can be classified only by years ;
for Claudius, TR P
= 268, TR P . IT = 269, TR P ._llT = 270. (He died before Aug. 20, 270.) For
Tetricus, TR P = 268, TR P M = 269, etc., until TR P VI 273. =
144 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

QUINTILLUS (August, 270)

IMP- CAES- M AVRELIVS-CLAVDIVS-QVINTILLVS- INVICTVS -P- F- AVG, son of
Claudius II., reigned less than a month.

AURELIAN (270-275)
IMP CAES L DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS P F (INVICTVS) .
AVG
The chronology of this reign is most uncertain
; inscriptions and coins alike
show the greatest irregularities, especially in the consulates, and are not reliable.
Each inscription must be dated approximately on its own merits, and a table ot
dates is useless. It is supposed that Aurelian became emperor in August, 270.
The tribunician dates are usually roughly assigned as follows TR P, 270 ; :

TR P IT, 271, etc., to TR P V7, 275 but this is complicated by the appear-
;

ance of a TR P VII, which is absolutely inexplicable. According to the Fasti,

Aurelian was COS in 271, COS M in 274, COS Hi in 275. The inscriptions
show the following titles :

GERMANICVS MAXIMVS (270 or 271).

GOTHICVS MAXIMVS (272 ?).
PARTHICVS MAXIMVS (271 or
.
272).
ARABICVS .
MAXIMVS (271 or 272).
CARPICVS MAXIMVS (271 or 272).
PALMYRENICVS MAXIMVS (272 or 273).

Aurelian died in 275, perhaps in March.

TACITUS (275-276)
IMP CAES M CLAVDIVS TACITVS P F AVG

A.D. 275 September 25. IMP CAES AVG P M TR P COS DES U P P

-

" 270 COS IT

January 1.

TR P IT GOTHICVS MAXIMVS
April (?) Death of Tacitus.

FLORIANUS (276)
IMP CAES M ANNIVS FLORIANVS -
P F INVICTVS AVG
Florianus reigned a few months.
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS 145

PROBUS (276-282)

IMP CAES M AVRELIVS PROBVS P .

F (INVICTVS) AVG

The day on which the TR P was renewed is uncertain ;

but it was not Janu-
ary 1. We may approximately call TR P 276, TR P U 277, etc.

A.D. 276 April. IMP CAES AVG P M P P- GOTHICVS

" 277 COS GERMANICVS
January 1. (?)
" 278 " " COS .
IT

" 279 " " COS Ml

" 281 " " COS MM
" 282 " " COS V
September. Death of Probus.

CARUS AND HIS SONS (282-285)

IMP CAES M AVRELIVS CARVS INVICTVS P F AVG

IMP CAES ..M AVRELIVS CARINVS INVICTVS P F AVG
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG

CARUS. CARINUS. NUMERIANUS.

A.D.
282 Sept. (?) IMP-CAES-AVG-P.M CAES (?) CAES (?)
TR.P-P.P
283 Jan. 1 COS -H COS
PERSICVS- MAX- GER- AVG TR P AVG TR P
MANICVS. MAX
Dec. Death of Cams IMP-P. M-P-P IMP- P. P
GERM- MAX
284 Jan. 1 COS M COS
Sept. Death of Numerianus
285 Jan. or Feb. Death of Carinus

LAT. INSCRJP. 10
146 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN (284-305)

IMP CAES C AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS P F -
INVICTVS AVG
IMP CAES M AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS P F INVICTVS AVG
FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES
GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES

Diocletian received the TR P on September 17, 284, and renewed it regularly

each year (March 1 ? ?) ; May 1, 305, he was in the course of
at his abdication,
his TR P XXII. Maximian counted his TR P from 285, so that the renewal
number was always one less than that of Diocletian. 1 The tribunician dates of
the two Caesars are in doubt.

DIOCLETIAN. MAXIMIAN. CONSTANTIUS. (iAI.KRIUS.

A.D.
281 Sept.17 IMP CAES AVG,
etc.

285 Jan. 1 COS -Tl

BRIT- MAX, GERM CAES- BRIT-MAX,

MAX GERM -MAX
28(5 April 1
(GERM- MAX- IT?) IMP AVG, etc.

287 Jan. 1 COS-lTT COS

288 Jan. 1 COS -Tf

PERS- MAX- GERM PERS- MAX- GERM

MAX-iUjTll MAX- Ml, Mil

289 SARM MAX SARM MAX

290 Jan. 1 cos .TJTT COS- Ml

291 - SARM MAX M SARM -

MAX IT

292 Jan. 1 COS COS

Mch. 1 CAES-TR-P(?) CAES-TR-P(?)
293 Jan. 1 COS V COS -1111

SARM MAX- lTl(?) SARM-MAXTiT(?) SARM MAX SARM MAX

1
The TR P of Maximian is counted sometimes from 285, when he became
CAES sometimes from 286, when he was made AVG. (See Dessau, No. 617,
;

note 2.)
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE ROM AX EMPERORS 147
148 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

1. [(7. /wZJio Caesari im[_p]., dictat. iteru[m, | ponf]u&ci max[wmo, |

Aug., c]os., patrono mu[?izcipi], d. c.

C. I. L. I. 620 IX. 2563. From Bovianum
;
Caesar was
in Samniuui.
made dictator iterum in the autumn and entered upon his
of 706/48,
third dictatorship on the kalends of Jan. 709/45. These dates form the
limits in the age of the inscription.

2. C. lulio C. f. Caesari imp., triumviro

r. p. c.,
| patrono, d. d. | |

C. I. L. IX. 2142. From

town of S. Agata de' Goti (Saticula) in Sam-
the
nium. Caesar (Augustus) was made triumvir rei publicae constituendae
by the Lex Titia, Nov. 27, 711/43. He was called imp. Caesar in 714/40.
1 2
3. imp. Caesar divi f. Augustus cos. XI, trib. | potestate dedit, |

M. Appuleius Sex. f. leg. |

iussu eius fac. curavit.
C. I. L. V. 5027. Found
at Tridentum, where it exists to-day in the church
of S. Apollinaris. Determine the date from those of Cos. XI and Cos.
1

XII given in table, page 125. 2 Tribunida potestate was first counted,
as some (Eckhel) believe, June 27, according to Hirschfeld, June 25,

731/23, according to Mommsen, on the kalends of July, the day on

which he resigned his eleventh consulship, 731/23. The number of
the tribunicia potestate may have been omitted, although this is rare.

4. imp. Caesar divi f.

|
Augustus pontifex maximus, | | imp. XII,
1
cos. XI, trib. pot. XIV, Aegupto in potestatem
| | popuji Ro-
mani redacta, Soli donum dedit.

C. I. L. VI. 701.At Rome on an obelisk in Piazza del Popolo. A similar

inscription (VI. 702) appears on another obelisk standing in Piazza di
Monte Citorio. These were erected by Augustus in the Campus Martius,
and are described by Pliny, H. N. XXXVI. 71. Determine date from
table, page 125.

5. imp. Caes[ar] divi f. August. pontif. maximus, cos. XI, tribu-

| |

nicia potest. XIIII, ex stipe, quam populus Romanus

|
k. |

lanuariis apsenti ei contulit, 1 lullo Antonio 2

Af ricano Fabio
3
cos., |
Mercurio sacrum.
Bull. Com. 1888, p. 228. On an altar found among the remains of a chapel
on the Esquiline. l
Cf. Suet. Aug. 57. Kal. Jan. ittrc^ffm. in Capitolio,
etiam abxenti, ex qua summa pretiosissima deorum simulacra mercatus,
vicatim dedicabat. 2 The son of the Triumvir. 3 744/10.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 149

6. imp. Caesari Augusto divi f.

|
pontufici max., trib. potest. XIIX,
cos. XI, patri patriae, d. d.

C. I. On a stone which supports the arch of an Arabian cistern

L. II. 2107.
in Arjona (Urgavo), in Baetica, Spain. This inscription is one of those
in which Augustus was termed pater patriae before the year 752/2, when
the title was formally conferred upon him a senatu popnloqne Romano.
Cf. C. I. L. I. p. 386.

'.
imp. Caesari Livia[e]
divi f. Augusto Drusi f.

pontific. niaximo uxori Caesaris Aug.

patri. Patriae, Aug., XV yir s. f ., VII vir. epulon
cos. XIII, imp. XVII, tribunic. potest. XXX *

4
Ti. Caesari [C.] Caesari
Augusti f .
Augusti f.

divi nepot., pont. divi nepot.

2 3
cos. [fjter.. imp. ter, augurique pontific., cos.
- 4
tribuniciae pot. VIII [/] imperatori
3 8
Germanico \_L.~\
Caesari
lulio [T]i. f. Augusti f.

August! nepot. divi nepot.

6 5
divi pron. Caesari auguri. cos. design.
principi inventutis
9

T)[ruso lulio Tt] f. Druso lulio

Augusti nepoti Germanici f.
divi pron. Caesari Aug. pronepot.
7
pontifici Germanico.
1 10
Neroni lulio Ti Claudio
Germanic! [/] Drusi Germanici f.
Aug. pronepot. Neroni Germanico
Caesari
150 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I.L. V. 6416 VI. p. XV. These inscriptions of Augustus and his family
;

were placed beneath their statues, which adorned the triumphal arch at
Ticinum (Pavia). They exist in the MS. of the tenth century, known as
Anonymus Kinsiedlensis of the Abbey of Einsiedeln, and are from a copy
made between 750-850 A.D., by the compiler of the original of the MS.
There appear here inscriptions of Augustus (5), his wife (0), his grandsons,
recently adopted, C. and L. Caesar (7 and 8), of Tiberius (4), adopted
son of Augustus, together with the former's sons (3 and 2) and grand-
sons (1 and 9). Claudius, the brother of Germanicus, is also named
(10). Julia and Agrippa Postutnus do not appear, since at the time
when the arch was completed they were in banishment. l 760-1 (7-8
adopted by Augustus, June 2(5, 757 (4 A.D.), and
2 Ti. Nero was
A.D.).
was called Ti. Caesar, and was made the associate of his adoptive father
in the tribunicia potestate at the same time, a title which he had held,

however, for five years. His tribunicia potestate should therefore be

numbered VIIII, and his title of consul should also be numbered iterum,
not ter. 3 The que may be due to error in copying for qu\_indecemviro
./.].
4
C. Caesar was styled imperator 756 (3 A.D.) at capture of

Artagiri.He probably laid aside his equestrian title princeps inrentutis

when he became consul. 5 L. Caesar died 755 (2 A.D.) as consul desiyna-
tus. 6 Germanicus had not held
any office save the quaestorship. He
was adopted by Tiberius 4 A.D. 7 Drusus had not held any office when the
inscription was set up. The date of the completion of the arch is deter-
mined from the tribunicia potestate XXX
of Augustus, 7-8 A.D., June
27. Tiberius is here shown by the imperium and tribunicia potestate to
be the successor of Augustus, and the other inscriptions, save that of
Claudius, are of those connected with him regularly or by adoption.

8. lunoni Liviae Augusti sacrum, L. Passieno Eufo l imperatore

| |

Africam obtinente, Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Cor..Rufus et Maria

| |

C. f. Galla Cn. 2 conservati |

vota 1. m. solvont.
Ephem. Ep. V. 640. On
a stone set in the wall of a building at El-Lehs, in
the province of Africa. ] Consul 750/4, proconsul of Africa 766 (3 A.D.).
2
Gn(aei) (uxor.).

9. Cereri luliae Augustae divi Augusti, matri Ti. Caesarig Au- |

1
gusti, Lutatia C.
|
f. sacerdos Augustae (imp. perpet.), uxor j | |

M. Livi M. Qui. Optati flaminis (i[a]ul.

|
f. luliae August!

(imp. perpet.),
1
cum 2
liberis s. V
p. consacravit.
1

(7. /. L. X. 7501. Found in Insula Gaulus (Gozzo), now Malta, where it

may still be seen. l These words, imp(eratoris) perpet(ui), have been
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 151

inserted in place of others erased. 2

cum quinque liberis or cum v[iro et]
liberis. Livia is called Ceres, according to Greek custom.
*' ,

10. Ti. Claudius Ti. f. Nero pont, cos. II,

[imp J]I, trib. potest. V, |
^*
Nero Claudius Ti. f. Drusus Germ^anicus] augur, c[os], imp.
... muruni portas turris
|
d. [s. p.] f. c.

C. 7. Found in fragments at Saepinum (Altilia, near Sepino),

L. IX. 2443.
in Samnium, where it still exists. In 4 A.D. Tiberius was adopted by
Augustus, and ceased to be called Claudius Nero. Determine the date
from table, page 125.

11. pleps urbana quinque et | triginta tribuum Druso Caesari Ti.

|

Aug. f. divi Augusti n. divi lulii pronepoti

| pontifici, |

1
auguri, sodal. Augustal., j
cos. iterum, tribunic. potest. iter., 2
1

acre conlato.

C. I. L. VI. 910. One of two marble tablets of same size found at Rome,
near the Tiber, still in existence. a Cf. Tac. Ann. I. 54. 2 Drusus was
consul iterum 21 A.D., received tribunicia potestate in 22 (Tac. Ann. III.
56). This inscription was set up in 23 A.D., just before or just after the
death of Drusus.

12. ossa Agrippinae M. Agrippae [/] divi Aug. neptis, uxoris

| |

Germanici Caesaris, matris C. Caesaris Aug. |

Germanici |

principis.
(7. /. L. VI. 886. a large marble urn now in the Palazzo dei Conser-
On
vator! at Rome. When
Caligula, son of Agrippina, became emperor,
37 A.D., he brought the ashes of his mother from the island of Panda-
*eria, and placed them in the mausoleum of Augustus (Suet. Cal. 15).

13. Neroni Caesari |

Germanici Caesaris f.
|
Ti. Caesaris Augusti n. |

divi Augusti pron. flamini Augustali,|

sodali Augustali, | |

sodali Titio, fratri Arvali, fetiali, quaestori, ex s. c. |

C. 7. L. VI. 913. Engraved in large letters on a marble tablet found at

Rome, near the amphitheatre of Flavius, now in Capitoline Museum. The

date of the inscription lies between his quaestorship, 27 A.D. (Tac. Ann.
III. 29), and the decree of banishment, 29 A.D. (Tac. Ann. V. 3).

Although Tac. (Ann. III. 29) says t^at he was made pontifex maximus
in 20 A.D., there is no evidence of this in the inscriptions.
152 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

14. C. Caesar Germajnicus Germaiiici Caesaris f. Ti. Aug. n. divi | |

2 1
Aug. pron. divi lull abn. Aug. pat. patr., cos. II, imp.,
| |

2
trib. potentate II, pontif. max., a Baete et Jaiio Augusto j |

ad Oceaniuu |

C. I. L. II. 4716. On a milestone found at Cordova (Corduba), Spain, still

in existence. larger letters, and was probably

l
pat. pair, is in somewhat
a later addition (Hiibner). According to Eckliel, Doct. Num. VI. 22.'!.
Caligula seems to have taken this title in the early months of 38 A.I>.
Dio LIX. 12 relates that he assumed all the honores of former emperors
except this one, which he received somewhat
2
later. Determine these
dates from page 126.

15. [Ti. (7]laudio Drusi f. Caesari Augu[sto | Cr]ermanico pontif.

1
maximo, tribu[m'c] potest. Ill, cos.
|
Ill, imp. V, patri
patri[ae, | socii} publici libertatis et XX XXV venal[mra].
C. I. L. Found at Rome, existing only in copy. l See table,
VI. 915.
page 12(5. The
inscription was set up by the farmers of the two taxes,
vicesima libertatis (5% of the value of a manumitted slave) and quinta
et vicesima venalium mancipiorum.

16. pro salute |

Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici pout, max., trib.
1
pot. VTI, imp. cos.
p. p., im, / /
XV, censoris / / / / / / / /
2
2
/ / / liberorumque / / / / / ex voto suscepto C. lulius
/ / / /

Sex. f. Cor, Postumus, praef. Aegf-pti Ti.^ Claudi Caesaris |

Aug. Germanici, ex auri p. XVI.

C. I. L. VI. 918. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome. l
See page
Probably the words et Valerias Messalinae Aug. and eoruni have
126. 2

been erased. According to Tacitus (Ann. XI. 38) the name of Messalina
was erased from public and private monuments.

17. Nero Claudius |

divi Claudi f. Germarmanici (?) Cae[s]. |
n.

Ti. Caesaris Aug. pro nep. divi AUJ?. abnepos

!

Caesar Aug. |

1
Germanicus pontif. I

max., tr. pot. IIII, imp. IIII, cos..| III,

p. p. restituit.

C. I. L. XII. 5471. Inscribed on a milestone of the road leading from

Forum luli to Aquae Sextiae, in Narbonensis. See page 127.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 153

18. Nero Claudius Caesar Aug. Germanicus imp., pont. max., trib.
|

imp. VIIII, pat. p., Cn. Domitio Corbu-

1

pot. XI, 1
cos. IIII, |

2 3
lone leg. Aug. pro. pr., T. Aurelio Fulvo leg. Aug., leg. |

Hi Gal.
4

G. I. L. III. Suppl. 6741. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ziata (Charput),

Armenia Maior, with two others similar to it. 1
See page 127. 2 For the
account of Corbulo's occupation of Armenia, see Tacitus, Ann. XV. 25-26.
8Aurelius Fulvus, grandfather of Antoninus Pius (Tac!. Hist. I. 79).
4
legione tertia Gallica, or perhaps gen. or nom. forms. The name of
the emperor is subject of fecit, to be supplied. Impe-
injthejianx-case,
rator after the cognomina is extraordinary, and probably an error.

19. a) imp. Neroni Claudio divi Claudi f. Germ. |

Caesaris n. Ti.
Caesaris Aug. pro n. divi Aug. ab Caesari Aug. Germ. p. in., n.
1
tr. pot. XIII, imp. XI, cos. IIII, L. Titinius L. f. Gal. |

Glaucus Lucretianus flam. Romae et Aug., II vir 2 IIII, p. c.,

sepc eq. R., curio, praef. fabr. cos..
3
tr. mil. leg. XXII Primig.,
praef. pro legato insular. Baliarum, tr. mil. l[e]g. VI Vic-
tricis, ex voto suscepto pro salute imp. Xeronis quod Baliari-
bus voverat anno A. Licinio Nerva cos.,* II viris L. Saufe[i]o |

Vegeto et Q. Aburio Nepote, ub[f] vellejj] poneret, voto com-

pos, posit lovi Iuno[w] |
Minervae Felicitati Eomae divo
Augusto.
6) divae Poppaeae Augustae imp. Neronis Caesaris August.,
L. Titinius L. f. Gal. Glaucus Lucretianus (for the remainder
|

see a).
C. I. L. XI. 1331. This inscription is on a marble tablet found in the
neighborhood of Luna, now at Rome, in Capitoline Museum.
l
See page
'
2 3
127. duovir quartum, p(atronus) c(oloniae) (Lunensis). praej'ectus
fabrnm consularis. 4 65 A. D. The colleague of Licinius Nerva, M. Vestinus
Atticus, is not mentioned, because he was killed by command of the empe-
ror during his consulship. Tacitus, Ann. XV. 68, 69. Sueton. Nero 35.

Sergio | Sulpicio |
Galbae imp. Caesar.
Ephem. Ep. II. 522. From
a portion of a cippus found at Spalato, near
Salonae, in Dalmatia, where it exists in the museum, dating 68-69 A.D.
The diplomata given to veterans of the legio prima Adiittrix show that
the emperor preferred the form Ser. Galba imp. Caesnr Augustus. Note
Sergius for Servius, probably the earliest instance of this spelling.
154 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

21. A. Vitellius L. f.
| imperator, |
cos. perp.

(7. /. L. VI. 929.The only known inscription relating to Vitellius from

the city ofRome, now existing in a copy. It was originally engraved on
a pedestal which was afterwards hollowed out so as to serve as a sepul-
chral urn. Cf. Suet. Vitellius, 11, ( Vitellius) comitia in decem annos
ordinavit seque perpetuum consulem.

1
22. imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug. | pont. max., tr. pot. Ill, | imp.
2
IIX, p. p., cos. Ill, des. IIII, |
s. c., quod vias urbis | negte-
gentia | superior, tempor. | corruptas injpensa sua restituit.

C. L L. VI. 931. Found at Rome, existing now in copy.

l
Determine date
'
2
from table, page 129. s(enatus~) c(onsulto).

1
23. imp. Caesar Vespasia|nus Aug. ponti[/] max., trib. pot. VIIII, |

8
imp. XIIX, p. p., cos. IIX, design. VIIII imp. T. Caesar ; |

Aug. f. cos. VI, desig. V[II], Domitianus Caesar Aug. f. cos. |

4
V, desig. VI, vias |
a_novo muuierunt | per L. Antonium
Nasonem proc/ eorum.
C- L L. III. Suppl. 6993. Found at Prusa (Brussa), Bithynia. 1 See page
2 A coin with the head of
129. Vespasian gives the name of the same
8 Note the
procurator (Eckhel, II., p. 404). praenomen imp(erator)
possessed by Titus before having the name Augustus (Mommsen, Wiener
Numism. Zeitschr. III., p. 458 ff., 1871. T. imp. Caes. Aug. f. appears in
another inscription (Arch. Ep. Mitth. V., p. 216) and on some coins. The 4

date of the sixth consulship of Domitian is uncertain. The coincidence

of three coss. designati is remarkable.

24. senatus populusq. Eomanus | imp. Tito Caesari divi Vespasiani

1
f.
Vespasian[o] Augusto pontif. max., trib. pot. X, imp.
|

1
XVII, [c]os. VIII, p. p. ppincipi suo, quod praeceptis patr[w] |

consiliisq. et auspiciis et urbem

gentem ludaeorum domuit
Hierusolymam, omnibus ante se ducibus regibus gentibus aut |

frustra petitam aut onmino intem[p]tatem, delevit.

|

C. I. L. VI. 944. From an arch in the Circus Maximus at Rome. It is

preserved in a copy, the original of which was made before the ninth
century, and is given in the Codex Einsiedlensis. See page 129.
J
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS A XI) THEIR FAMILIES 155

25. imperator Caesar divi Vespasian! f. Domitianus Aug. Ger- | | |

manicus, pontifex maxsumus, tribuniciae potestatis VIIII, |

imp. XXI, cos. XV, censor perpetuus, p. p., ab area, imde

| | |

JvA^t $ fy
.
incip_it_Baetica, viam Aug. 2
| [restitutf] \

C. I. L. II. 4721. A miliarium now

at Cordova (Corduba), in Spain. x
See
Augusta via as made by Augustus.
2
page 130.

26. Domitiae Cn. f.

|
Domitiani Caesaris j
d. d.

C. I. Found at Herculaneum in the theatre, now in museum

L. X. 1422.
at Naples. Domitia'was the daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo, and
married Domitian in 70 A.D. The inscription dates between 70 A.D. and
the time of the destruction of the city, 79 A.D.

27. imp. Caesar Nerva Aug. Germ. pontif. max., trib. potest. Ill,
| | j

cos. IIII, p. p.,viam a Tripontio ad Forum Appi ex glaa

| | |

silice sternendam sua pecunia incohavit imp. Caes. Nerva |

; ] |

divi Nerv[ae/] .Trai[a]nus Aug. Germ. p[o/tf. w]ax., trib. |

potest., cos. Ill, p. [j>.],

consummavit.
C. I. L. X. 6824. A miliarium of the Via Appia, near Forum Appii,
where it still exists. Determine date from page 131.

28. senatus populusque Eomanus imp. Caesari divi Nervae f. Ner- [

vae Traiano Aag. Germ. Dacico pontif. maximo, trib. pot.

| |

XVII, imp. VI, cos. VI, p. p., ad declarandum quantae |

alti-
l
tudinis mons et locus tant[/s ope]ribus sit egestus.
|

C. I. L. VI. 960. On the pedestal of Trajan's Column in the Forum of

Trajan, inRome, still in existence. l Another reading is tantis mribus.

Dio, LXVIII. 16. See also Jordan, Topog. L 2, p. 454. Middleton's
Remains of Ancient Home, vol. II. 30 ff .

29. s. p. q. R. |imp. Caesari divi Traiani Parthici |

f. divi Nervae
nepoti Traiano Hadriano Aug. pont. max., | tr[i&.] pot. II,
cos. II, qui primus omnium principum et solus remittendo
| |

sestertiiun novies milies centena milia n. debitum fiscis non | |

">

praesentes tanturn cives suos sed |

et posteros eorum praestitit
hac liberalitate securos.

C. 7. L. VI. 067. From the Forum of Trajan in Rome. The letters were
once formed of bronze set in the stone. Only a small portion exists
156 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

to-day, the remainder being obtained from a copy made before the
ninth century, preserved in the Codex Einsiedlensis.

30. imp. Caes. divi Traiani Part. f. divi Nervae n. Traianus| |

Hadrianus Aug. pont. max., trib. pot. XX, cos. Ill, p. p., I.
| |

1
S. m. r. statuam ex donis aureis et arg. vetustate corruptis |

fieri et consecrari iussit |

ex auri p. Ill ~ 2
et arg. p. CCA' I ~
C. I. L. XIV. 2088. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Lanuvium, now
at Rome, in the Capitoline Museum. l
lunoni Sospiti matri reginae.
2
ex auripondo (libris) tribus uncia una.
1
31. Matidiae |
divae Marcianae [yljug. nepti divae |
Matidiae
2
Aug. f . divae |
Sabinae Aug. sorori imp. Ant6nini
| Aug. Pii |

3 4 5
materterae, bule et civitas |
Efesidrum, |
c. a. Successo lib.

proc.
C. L L. III. Suppl. 7123. Found at Ephesus among the ruins of the temple
2 Mother-in-law of
of Diana. 1
Sister of Trajan. Hadrian. 3 Matidia is
called the aunt of Antoninus, inasmuch as she was the sister of his
4 5
adoptive father's wife, Sabina. c(uram) a(gente'). lib(erto) pro-
c(uratore').

32. imp. Caesar divi Hadriani fil. divi Traiani Parthici nep. divi
[Nervae] pronepos T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Aug. Pius
\

1
pontif. max., trib. potes[. //, cos. II,] \
therm as, in quarum
exstructionem divos pater suus -HS |XXj 2 polli[c#ws erat], \

adiecta pecunia, quanta amplius desiderabatur, item marmori-

bus ad omnem o[iiiatum perfedf].
(7. I. L. XIV. 98. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Ostia, now in the
Vatican Museum. J Mommsen assigns this inscription to 139 A.D., since
there is no room for imp. II, which belongs to Antoninus Pius from 143
A.D., nor p. p., the use of which dates from the middle of 139 A.I>.
2 Sestertium vicies (centena milia). Cf. Minucius Felix, Octavius 4.

33. M. Aurelio Vero |

Caesari imp. Cae|saris Titi Aelii Ha|driani
Antoni|ni Aug. Pii p. p. filio, |
cos. II, | scaphari qui Komulae |

negotiantur |
d. s. p. d. d.

C. I. L. II. 1169. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, preserved only in copy.

It was probably set up in company with a similar inscription of Antoninus
Pius, II. 1168, and dates with that in tribunicia potestate VIIII, 146 A.D.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 157

34. L. Aelio Aurelio Commodo imperatoris Caesajris T. Aeli

Hadrijani Antonini | Aug. Pii p. p. f., d. d. p. p.

C. I. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at El Djem

L. VIII. 00.
(Thysdrus), in Africa. This is the form of the name of Lucius Verus,
afterwards emperor, after his adoption by Antoninus Pius, and before
his brother Marcus Aurelius had conferred upon him the cognomen
Verus and a share in the imperial power.

35.
imp_._Ja,es.
divi Anjtgnini Pil_fil. divi Hadrian! nep. di|vi |

Traiani Parthi|ci pronep. divi Ner vae abnepoti L^Aurelio

Vero Aug. |
Armeniaco pont. maxiino, trib. pot. Ill, pmp. //,

c]os. II, d. d.
C. I. L. X. 17. Found at Locri (Torre di Gerace), Brutium, where it still exists.

36. Concordiae |
Augustor. imp. Caes. M. Aureli Anto|nini Arme-
|

niac. Medic. Par[thic. maximi

p. p. et imp. Caes. L. Aureli
1

Veri Armeniaci |
Medici Parthici maximi p. p., L. Gargilius
1

Q. Pap. Augustalis aed. statuam. quam pbjipnorem aed.

fil.

super_jgitim_.? ex -H-S IIII mil. num. pollicitus est, ampli- j

4
[ata~\ pec. anno suo posuit dedicavitq.
C. I. L. VIII. 8:100. Found at Cuicul in Province of Numidia. l
Marcus
and Verus appear to have been termed patres patriae in 166 A.D. after
the month of March. -
aed(ilitatis).,
z
legitim(am}.
*
pec(unia).

37. imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Aug. Germanicus Sarmat.

J |

et imp. Caesar L. Aurelius

|
Commodus Aug. Germanicus | |

Sarmatic. hos lapides constitui iusserunt | propter contro-

versias quae inter mercatores et mancipes ortae erant, uti
1
finem demonstrarent vectigali foriculari et ansarii pro- | |

mercalium secundum veterem legem semel dum|taxat exi-

|

gundo.
C. L L. VI. 1016 a. Found at Rome, where it exists to-day in Villa Albani.
A similar inscription, somewhat imperfect, was found near the walls of
the city, back of the Lateran Basilica (Epheni. Ep. IV. 787). Two
others are given in the Einsiedlensis MS., which aro there assigned, the
one to the via Salaria, the other to the via Flaminia, so that it is prob-
able that other stones were placed on other roads about the city. These
stones were set up between 177 A.D. in the year in which Commodus was
158 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

called Augustus, and the year in which Marcus Aurelius died, 180 A.D.

fonculari for foriculiari ; nothing is known as to the character of this

1

tax, but the ansarium-is mentioned in another inscription, VI. 8594,

thus : usnarium (i.e. intended for the use of the purchaser)
qxidijuid
invehitur, ansarium non debet. (Dessau.)

38. Faustin[a]e Aug. | imp. Caes. M. Aureli | Antonin[i] Aug. Ger-

1
niajniei tr. [j>o]t. XXVII, |
cos. ![//], p. p., C. Laberiu[s

Qjuartinus cos., VII [in']r epul.

C. I. L. X. 5824. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Ferentinum, a town
of the Hernici, where it exists to-day in the museum.

39. imp. Caes. |

M. Aurelius |
Commodus 1
|
Antoninus | Aug. Pius
2
Sarm. Germ, maximus |
Brittanicus | pont. max., trib. | pot.
3
VIIII, imp. VI, cos. IIII, | p. p. | pontem Hippi flumi|nis
vetustate cor|ruptum restituit, | sumptum et operafc |
submini-
strantibus |
Novensibus Delmi|nensibus Riditis, cu|raute et
dedicante |
L. lunio Rufino Procu|liano leg. pr. pr.
C. I. Found at Trigl in Dalmatia, now in the museum at Spa-
L. III. 3202.
lato. This word has been partially erased, but is still legible. 2 Com-
l

modus seems to have been called Britannicus in 184 A.D. (Eckhel VII. 112.)

40. imp. Caes. Lucio Septimio M. fil. Severo Pio Pertinaci Aug.
patri patriae Parthico Arabico et Parthico Adiabenico ponti- |

maximo, tribunic. potest. XI, imp. XI, cos. Ill, procos. et

fic.
|

imp. Caes. M. Aurelio L. fil. Antonino Aug. Pio Felici tribunic.

potest. VI, cos. procos., (p. p., | optimis fortissimisque principi-
bus), |
ob rem publicam restitutam imperiumque populi Romani
propagatum |
insignibus virtutibus eorum domi forisque, s. p.

q. K.
C. I. L. VI. 1033. Inscribed on both sides of the famous arch of Severus
hi the Forum Romanum, in large letters, which were originally filled

with bronze. When

Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta, he ordered
his name to be erased from all inscriptions, hence the words in angular
brackets have been cut over the erased name P. Septimio L. fil. Ci'tm 1

nobilisx. For date see page 136. It is curious that in a public

Caesar i.
inscription the praenomen is written in full also that Marcus Aurelius ;

is not termed divus, and that Parthici maximi does not appear with name

of Severus. (Dessau.)
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 159

41. imp. Caes. L. Septimio Severe Pio Pertinaci Aug. Arabic. Adia-
benic. Parth. max. fortissimo felicissimo pontif. max., trib. |

potest.XII, imp. XI, cos. Ill, patri patriae, et imp. Caes. M. |

Aurelio Antonino Pio Felici Aug. trib. potest. VII, cos. (Ill,
p. p.,v procos. fortissimo felicissimoque principi) et |
luliae

Aug. matri Aug. (11) et castrorum et (senatjus et patriae et)

imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini Pii Felicis Aug. (Parthici
maximi Brittannici maximi), argeiitari et negotiantes boari |

1
huius qui invehent), devoti numini eorum.
(loci
C. I. L. VI. 1035. On the Arch of Severus in the Forum Boarium. The
bracketed portions are substitutes for erasures, probably of the follow-
ing: cos. et P. Septimio Getae Qaesari, et luliae Aug. matri Augy. et
castrorum, ft Fulviae Plautillae Aug. imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini
l
Pii Felicis Aug. uxori, filiae P. Fulvii Plautiani. Substituted for
simply loci.

42. Concordiae | AuggQ/] |

dominorum | nn[?i]
J
impp. L. Septimi
| |

Severi et M. Au|reli Antonini (Pi(i) Fel. Aug. Parth. max. |

Brit. max. Ger.) 2 AuggQ/] et luliae Aug.

1
| |
L. Licinius Opta-

tia|nus ob honorem fl.

3
pp. statuas, quas | |
ex -&S XX
m. n.
cum |
basib. praeter le|gitim.
4
pollicitus |
est, ampliata pec. ex
SS XXXV m. n. | posuit casque J'sportulis decuri |
datis et

epul. curi[is, et ludis scae|nicis editis, de|dicavit.

Ephem. Ep. VII. 757. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Timghad (Thamu-
gadi), in Africa.
l
The third g and third n are erased as referring to .

'

Geta. 2
Substitution for name of Geta. A flamonii perpetui. 4 legitimam
summam, i.e. the amount allowed by law ob honorem flaminii.
*
43. M. Aurelio Antonino Caesari imperatori destinato imperatoris
Caes. |
L. Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Aug. Arabici Adiabe-
nici vindicis et conditoris Eomanae disciplinae filio divi M.
|

Antonini Pii Ger. Sarm. nepoti divi Antonini Pii pronepoti |

divi Hadriani abnepoti divi Traiani Paivthici et divi Nervae

adnepoti, decreto decurionum pecunia public., |

Q. Anicius
2
Faustus leg. Augustorum pro praetore patr. col. dedicavit.
Ephem. Ep. VII. 353. Inscribed on a tablet found at Timghad (Thamu-
gadi), in Africa. 1
197 A.D. 2
As Caracalla did not receive the title

Augustus until 198, we would not expect Faustus to be termed legatus

Augustorum in the previous year.
160 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

44. [P. Septimio Getae nobilissimo Caesari Aug.~\ \ imp. Caes. L.

Septimi Sever! Pii Pertinacis Aug. Arab. Adiab. Part. max.
| | |

fortissi[mi felicissimi pont. max., trib. potest. VII, imp. XI, |

cos. II, p. p., procos. f[il]

| imp. Caes. M. Aureli Antonini |

Aug. |
trib. potest. II, procos. \_fratri~\ \
divi M. Antonini Pii

Ger. Sarm. \_nep~\.

divi Antonini Pii pr[one/>] |
divi Hadriani

&\_bnep.~\ divi Traiajni

Part, et divi Nervae a[dnep]. coL Ae liat

Aurelia Mactaris, d. d. p. p.

Ephzm. Ep. V. 1174. Inscription on a pedestal found at Mactaris in Africa.

The name of Geta and words referring to him have been erased.

45. imp. Caes. M. Opellius Severus | |

Macrinus Pius Felix | Aug.
1
-,pont. max., trib. Pjjj, p. p., |
cos., procos. et M. | Opellius
^ Antoninus Diaduminianus nobiliss. Caes. | princ._mventut.,
| | |

2
providentissimi |
Augg., fecer. |
ab Ag. m. p. |
LVI.
C. I. L. III. 5708. A miliarium found at S. Lorenzen (Tyrol), on a road
leading from Aguontum (Lienz) into Rhaetia.
J
See page 137. 2 ab
Aguonto milia pasuum.
1
46. [/ton] or i im[j). | M.~] Aurel^i Anto|[w]ini Pii Felicis Aug., |

[sajcerd. amp[7.] invicti Solis Elagaba|[Z, j>]ont. max., trib.

2 3
pot. |
. . .
,
cos. Ill, p.p., [s.] p. q. F.
C. I. L. X. 5827. A marble tablet found at Ferentinum, existing in copy.
'
2 3
1
Aurelii. See page 137. Senatus popnlusque Fereniinas.

47. pro salute domini |

nostri imperator. |
Severi Alexandri 1 Pii

Augusti et |
luliae Maesae 1
et |
luliae Avitae Mameae 1
sanctissi :

marum Augustarum, Genio |

sancto castror. | peregrinorum T.
Fulvius Domitianus |
domo Nicomedia, quod speculator leg. |

Ill Parth. |
Severianae vovit, has|tatus leg. Fretensis X |

princeps peregrinorum reddgdit.

Bull, deir 1st. 1884, p. 27. Found in the Atrium of Vesta at Rome.
1
These names are partially erased, but are still legible.

48. imp. Caes. |

C. lulius |
Verus | Maxi[mmws P. F.~]
invictus Aug., |

Aquileiensium [
restitutor et conditor, |
viam quoque | gemi-
 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 161

nam a porta usque

|
ad pontem 1 per tirones J iuventut. | |

novae Italicae suae dilectus posterior., longi temporis labe

j | | |

eorruptam, |
munivit ac restituit.

C. I. L. V. 7989. Inscribed on stone found at Aquileia, Venetia, where it

still exists in Museum of Cassis. l
Mommsen considers this the bridge
over the Sontius, distant about fifteen miles from Aquileia, which is

referred to oy authors cf Herodianus, 8. 4. ;

.

49. [i??i]p. Caesari | \_M. Ant^omo Gordiano \_Pio~]

Felici invicto

Augusto pontif. max., |

trib. pot. II, |
c6s., procds., p. p. ;

Numisius Quintianus v. p., 1 |

ab epistulis Latinis, |
devotus
numini maiestatique eius.
|

C. I. L. VI. 1088. Found at Kome in the baths of Caracalla, existing now

l
in copy. v(ir) p(erfectissimus) .

50. Furiae Sabiniae Tranquillinae

| |
sanctissimae Aug. coniugi |

domini n. | imp. Caes. M. Antoni Gordiani Pii Felicis invicti

l 2
Aug., |
decuriales geruli et h. u., devoti numini maiestatiq. eor.
C. /. L. VI. 1096. On a marble pedestal found at Rome, where a part is
still tobe seen in the Vatican. l The carriers of letters and documents
who belonged to the Apparitores of Rome, and formed a decuria.
2
/t(onore) n(si).

51. Victoriae reducis dd. nn. | [imp. Caes. M. lulii Pkilippi ]

1
Pii

Felicis Aug. et \_0taci~\liae Se[verae] Aug. [cow]|iugi d. n.,

2 3
milites leg. II |
Parth. [Philippianae] p. f. f.
|
aet., q. m. c.

Oclatin[i]o Ad[vento cos., quorum nomijna cum tribus

4 5
et

patri is inserta sunt,

devo|ti numini maiestati|que eorum d. X
k. Aug. Pere grino et Aemiliano, 6 in his et evok. 7 Augg. nn., |

cura age [w]te Pompon. luliano E. 8 leg. eius.

C. I. L. XIV. 2258. Found at Rome, to which place it was probably brought
from the camp of the legion at Alba, existing in copy. a The name of
2
Philippus and his wife are wanting, probably because erased. P(iae)
z *
f(idelis) /(elicis) aet(ernae). q(ui) m(ilitare) c(oeperunt). 218 A.D.
"
5
Read tribu(bu}s.
6
consulibns, July 23, 244 A.D. In his (renturiones)
m
et evok(atus~) Aiig(ustorum)' n(ostrorum').
8
Not understood.

52. imp. Caes. C. Vibio Treboniano Gallo Pio Telici A[M^] pontif.
1
max., trib. potest. IIII, cos. II, p. p., procos., [ef] imp. Caes. \

LAX. INSCRIP. 11
162 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. Vibio Afinio Gallo Veldumniano V[olusiano~\ Pio Felici \

1
Aug. poiitif. max., trib. potest. IIII, cos. II, p. p., p[roeos], |

2
tribus Palatina corp. iuniorum iuvenal. hon |

client., devoti numini uiaiestatique eor[wm], |

homines num.
DCCCCLXVIII. 3
C. /. L. VI. 1104. Cf. p. 844. Found atRome. 253 A.D. 2 honor at i to
which clientes is opposed. 3 For this number see Mommsen, Staatsr. III.
265 n. 3.

53. imp. Caes. P. Licinius [

Valerianus Pius Fel. Aug. pon. |
max.
1
Germ, max., VII, cos. IIII, p. p., procos. et imp.
trib. pot! |

Caes. P. Licinius Gallienus Germ. Pius Fel. Aug. pont. max.,

trib. pot. VII, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et P. Cornelius Saloni-
|

nus Valerianus nobiliss. Caes., pont. Secul. 2 vi ignis consumpt.

|

indulg. sua restitui curaverunt.

|

C. I. L. XI. 826. Inscribed on a tablet of granite found near Modena

(Mutina), now in the museum
See page 142. of that place. 1 2
pont (em)
Secul(ae), where the Via Aemilia crossed the river, a place now called
Secchia.

54. Gallieno clementissimo principi, cuius invicta virtus sola pietate

superata est, et Saloninae sanctissimae Aug., Aurelius Victor |

v. e. dicatissimus numini inaiestatique eorum.

C. I. L. VI. 1106. On the Arch of Gallienus, which stands on the Esquiline
near the church of S. Vito, Rome. Cf. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Ch. X.

55. imp. Caes. |

L. Doinitio Au|reliano Pio Fe. j
invicto Aug. |
Ara-
bico max. |
Gothico max. |Carpico max., trib. p. Ill, cos. Ill,
| |

procos. Ill, princi|pi n., ordo Bare, numini maiestatiq. eius.

j

C. I. L. II. 4506. Found at Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain,

existing in copy. For date see pageJ44.

56. providentissimo principi, rectori orbis ac domino, fundatori

| | |

pacis aeternae Diocletiano P. F. invicto Aug. pont. max.,

| | | |

1
Ger. max., Pers. max., trib. pot. VII, cos. IIII, patri pat.,
| | |

2
procos., Sept. | [Fa?e]ntio v. p. P p. p. R., d. n. m. que eius d. |
d.

C. L L. III. 5810. Found at Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum), where it

exists to-day. J
See page 146. 2
vir perfectissimus, praeses provincias

JRaetiae, devotus numini maiestatique eius dedit dedicavit.

 INSCRIPTIONS OF EMPERORS AND THEIR FAMILIES 163

57. dd. nn. Diocletianus et Maximianus iiivicti |

seniores Augg., 1

patres impp. et Caess., et dd. nn. Constantius et Maximianus

invicti Augg., et Severus et Maximinus nobilissimi Caesares |

thermas felkes [Zh'ojcletianas, quas [Jfjaxiinianus Aug. re-

[diens] ex Africa sub L(j)/]aesentia maie [stop's] disposuit ac
[/]ieri iussit et Diocletiani Aug. f ratris sui nomini consecra-
vit, aedificiis
coemptis pro taiiti operis magnitudiiie omni
cultu perfectas Romanis suis dedicaverunt.
|

C. I. L. VI. 1130. Dessau 646. Inscription on a tablet from the baths of

Diocletian in Rome. It was seen in complete form by the author of the
MS. Anonymus Einsiedlensis, while authors of the sixteenth century
described two pieces of the same. Portions of another stone with simi-
lar inscription have since appeared ( C. I. L. VI. p. 845 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 794 ;

Notizie, 1890, p. 185).

l
Diocletian and Maximian, after their abdication
on the kalends of May, 305, were termed seniores Augusti before the
news was received of the death of Constantius at Eboracum a. d. VIII
kal. Aug. 306.
1
58. imp. Caes. Fl. Constantino maximo
P. F. Augusto s. p. q. R.,
quod instinctu divinitatis, mentis
magnitudine, cum exercitu suo
tarn de tyranno quam de omni
]
eius
factione uno tempore iustis
rem publicam ultus est armis,
arcum triumphis msignem dicavit.
2 3
liberatori urbis (t ^^) (th?^ fundatori quietis
4 5
sic. X sic. XX (^f ) e
(/ cf ) votis X votis XX
C. I. L. VI. 1139. On the celebrated Arch of Constantine, Rome. Some
have held that these words instinctu divinitatis were insertions in place
of an erasure of some other words nutu lovis o. m. de Ross, Bull, di ;

Arch. Crist. 1863, p. 58, refutes this. 1 The tyrant Maxentius was con-
quered in 312 A.D. The arch probably dates 315 A.D., as is indicated by
reference to the ten years of his reign, sic. sic. X
apparently means XX
" as he has
reigned ten, so may he reign twenty," while votis may refer
to the decennalia or vicennalia.'
 CHAPTER VI

OFFICIAL TITLES

CURSUS HONORUM

CORRESPONDING to the titles given with the names of the emperors,

there appear also in the inscriptions, after the names of those who
have taken part in public life, the designations of official positions
which have been held, arranged regularly in an order determined by
their importance and grade. This collection of titles sets forth what
is known as the cursus honorum, which may be denned as the suc-

cession of official stations through which a person must pass in order

to obtain the position of the highest rank.
In the early Roman Republic the principle of official promotion,
whereby eligibility for the various magistraciesdepended upon the
previous tenure of those of lower grade, and the intervention of a
certain period of time, was held in an informal way until B.C. 180,
when a certus ordo magistratuum was definitely established by the Lex
Villia Annalis. This consisted of the quaestorship, curule aedileship,
praetorship, consulship, with a preliminary military service of ten
years, and an interval of at least two years between the various
magistracies. The time of Sulla and the later days of the Republic
witnessed various modifications in the regulations governing this
cursus honorum. Under the Empire, however, it found its fullest
development and most important application.
Roman society, at the close of the Republic, may be classified in

three divisions the senatorial order, the equestrian order, the plebs.
:

This classification and partition of citizens on the basis of rank

already determined under the Republic was employed by Augustus
and his successors in establishing and developing the imperial
government.
164
 OFFICIAL TITLES 165

To those of senatorial rank were assigned the old republican

magistracies, while to the members of a select body of -the knights
were given the important praefecturae, such as that of Egypt, and
by degrees other offices of administration which were closely related
to the princeps.
Subordinate officers, both civil and military, also officials of the
various collegia, were selected from the plebs. Thus in the imperial
period there were in existence three careers of official service (cursus
honorum), open respectively to those of senatorial and equestrian
rank and to the commonalty.
The cursus honorum appears in the inscriptions arranged on the
generally applied principle of an ascending or descending series.
In the ascending series, the direct order, the lowest position is men-
tioned first, and the highest last, while in the descending series, the
inverse order, the highest is mentioned first and the lowest last.^1
This principle is found applied in various ways, as, for example,
when in the same inscription honores ordinarii are given in descend-

ing order, while others, extra ordinem, appear in ascending order.-

SENATORIAL CURSUS HONORUM

This career was open to senators and all of senatorial rank, namely,

those who
possessed the requisite property of one million sesterces,
and were either the sons of senators or had been raised to the sena-
torialrank by the emperor.
Before a candidate was qualified to stand for the quaestorship,
which was the key to the senatorial cursus, two preliminary forms
of service were demanded :

1st. The holding of one of a group of minor offices of annual

tenure, known as

Vigintiviri. XX VIRI
a) Triumvir capitalis, III V CAP, KAPIT. Function, Execution of
capital sentences.

1
Borghesi, (Euvres, IV., p. 103. As to the consulship and the sacerdotium,
see page 168.
2
See inscriptions, p. 170.
166 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

6) Triumvir monetalis, III V- MOM, auro argento aere flando feri-

undo III V A A A F F. Function, Coinage of copper money
struck by the senate.
c) Quattuorvir viarum curandarum, III! V V, VI AR CVR, CVRANDAR.
Function, Supervision of city streets and roads.
d) Decemvir stlitibus iudicandis, XV STL, STLIT IVD, IVDIC. Func-
tion, Member of court having cognizance in civil cases.
'The vigintivirate disappeared during the third century.

2d. The serving at least a year as

Tribunus (xtX*apx0 militum TR, TRIB M, MIL
1
laticlavius, L, LAT,
LATIC, LATICL

This office could be held either before or after the vigintivirate.

After the Flavian emperors, however, it regularly followed the pre-
liminary magistracies. In the time of the Empire the tribunate of
the soldiers had importance mainly as a tirocinium for young nobles,
and as introductory to the quaestorship. The appointment to this
position came from the emperor. Only in rare instances was this
service disregarded, but after the early part of the third century it
was no longer required.
The magistracies which followed were the quaestorship, tribunate
of the plebs or aedileship, praetorship, consulship. The age required
for the quaestorship was twenty -five years; for the praetorship,

thirty years. A
period of at least a year must intervene between
the firstthree of these, and of two years between the last two.
As a patrician was ineligible to the tribunate of the plebs or the
plebeian aedileship, he could pass directly from the quaestorship to
the praetorship. Both the tribunate of the plebs and the aedileship
disappeared during the third century.
The four magistracies were nominally of annual tenure, although
the consulship was no longer, as a rule, held through the year.
Consuls were either ordinarii, entering upon their duties on the first

Augustus at times made prospective senators praefecti alaf, as well as tribuni

1

militum, although later on the former position was held almost exclusively by
those of the equestrian order. Suetonius, Aug. 38. Veil. Pat. XI. 104. C. I. L.
XIV. 2105.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 167

of January,and giving their names to the year, or suffecti, from 1

whose number were selected the groups of two who should hold
office for portions of the year, v

TABLE or SENATORIAL MAGISTRACIES

(in ascending order).
I. Quaestor (Tafias, xvalffrup) Q, QVAE, QVAES, QVAESIT
"
pro praetore = provinciae ... - PRO, PR PR
" urbanus - - VRB
" -
candidatus -
K, CAND, KANDID
"
Augusti, Caesaris - - AVG, CAES
" - - DES
designatus
II. Aedilis (dyopd VOfj.os) AED, AEDIL, AID
" curulis - - CVR
(/covpotfXijs)
" -
PL
plebis (8rjfjt.oTt.K6s}
" cerealis - - CER
II. Tribunus plebis TR, TRIB PL
candidatus - - K, CAND, KANDID
III. Praetor wpairup)
(ffTpa.TT)y&s, PR
" candidatus .
- - K, CAND, KANDID
"
peregrinus - - PER
" urbanus - VRB
" tutelarius - - TVTEL
" aerarii or ad aerarium . . . .
-
AER
IV. Consul (o-Tparrxis iWoj) C, COS, CON, CONS

Adlectio.

This was an act of the eniperor by which elevation to a certain

rank might be granted through assignment to the performance of
the functions of one of the senatorial magistracies. The forms com-
monly found are adlectus inter tribunicios and inter praetorios, rarely
inter quaestorios. After the third century adlectus inter consulares
appears.

Although for a long time before the close of the second century the names
1

of consules ordinarii had been commonly substituted for those of the suffecti,
yet in the acta publica populi Bomani the custom prevailed of naming the con-
suls actually holding office. After Caracalla the names of the consules ordinarii
are given. Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. I., p. 136. Ordinarius appears first in an
inscription of the year 155 (C. I. L. VI. 2120), and again in one dating 214.
168 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Priesthoods of the Senatorial Order.

Certain religious offices which were held by those of senatorial
rank are given in inscriptions in connection with the cursus honorum.
The ordinary position of these titles is either at the very beginning
or at the close of the indications of office.
The consulship is regularly placed immediately after the name, so

that if the sacerdotium and consulship are both given, the general
order is :
name, consulship, sacerdotium / rarely name, sacerdotium,
consulship.
TABLE OP SENATORIAL PRIESTHOODS. *

Augur (avyovp) AVG

" - PVB
publicus populi liomani Quiritium . . P R Q
Fetialis (^naXis) F
Flamen Uialis FL, FLAM DIAL
" " "
Quirinalis QVIR
" " " AVG
Augustalis
" Claudialis " " CLAVD
Frater Arvalis FR ARV
Lupercus 2 . LVPERC
Pontifex (dpxtepeiis) PONT, PONTIF
'"'
Maximus PONT, P M, MAX
Quindeciiuvir sacris faciundis XV VI R S F
Salius SAL
Septemvir epulo or epulonum VII VI R EPVL
Sodalis Augustalis SOD AVG, AVGVST
" " " CLAVDIAL
Augustalis Claudialis CL,
" Hadrianalis
" Flavialis
" Titius

Virgo Vestalis V V

Titles of Honor.
3
Towards the close of the first century, titles of honor were given
to those of senatorial rank. These are found in the inscriptions in
1
Cagnat, Cours d fipigraphie
1

Lat., p. 99. Wil. Index, ii., p. 480. C. I. L.

Indices.
2 Wil. 1193, n. 1.

3 From time of Marcus and Verus, 161-180, Momm. Slnatsr. III. 1, 471.
" Im Laufe des 1. Jahrhunderts wurde vir clarissimus ailmahlich ein officielles
 OFFICIAL TITLES 169

abbreviated form immediately after the personal name. They are

as follows :

vir darissimus (av^p Xa/iTr/xSraTos), V C clarissimae memoriae vir, ;

C M V;
clarissimus puer, C P darissimus invents, C
;
darissima puella, I
;
C P, S ;

clarissima femina, C F

In addition to the four magistracies which form the senatorial

cursus honorum the inscriptions also show the official functions which
were .performed by those of senatorial rank. These functions, vary-
ing in importance, were arranged in grades corresponding to the
several magistracies, and hence were exercised, according to their
relative value, by those who had been either quaestors, quaestoricii,

praetors, praetorii, or consuls, consulares.

The following table contains the principal senatorial functions,
and the rank of the different officials by whom they were generally
performed.

Function.
Censitor = legatus August! censibus accipiendis, LEG AVG CENS ACC ;

assigned to consulares or praetorii.

Comes August!, COM AVG ; praetorii (generally), but also consulares, aedilicii,
quaestoricii.
Corrector, CORR ;
consulares or praetorii.
Curator (^ri/xeXTjrijs) actorum senatus or ab actis senatus, C, CVR, CVRAT AC-
TORVM SENATVS ;
ACT SENAT
AB ; quaestoricii.
Curator rei publicae, C, CVR, CVRAT R P (see logistae).
Curator alvei Tiberis et riparum et cloacarum urbis, C, CVR ALV TIB RIPA-
RVM ET CLOAC VRB ;
consulares.
Curator operum publicorum, OPER PVB, PVBL ;
consulares or praetorii.
Curator aquarum et Miniciae, AQV, AQVAR ET MIN, MIMIC, or
Miniciae, MIN ;
consulares.
Curator viarum, CVR VIAR praetorii or consulares. ;

ludex quaestionis aedilicii or quaestoricii.

;

luridicus per Italian! regionis . .

., IVR, IVRID; consulares.

und fest stehendes Pradicat der Manner von senatorischem Stande." "Im
Zeitalter der Antonine war die Anwendung des Titels vir clarissimus offenbar
allgemeiner Gebrauch, wie man aus Gellius sieht : I. 2, 1 ;
I. 22, 6 ;
XVIII. 10, 1."

Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., p. 398.

170 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

luridicus or legatus iuridicus provinciae . .

., per provinciam . .
., LEG IVR,
IVRID consulares or praetorii.
:

Legatus (irpr/3eur7)s) August! pro praetore provinciae . .

., LEG AVG PR PR ;

consulares or praetorii, according to province.

Legatus legionis (vpeff^fvr^, r)ycn&v Xtyiuvos), LEG LEG praetorii.
1
;

Legatus pro praetore provinciae (proconsul um), LEG PR PR PROV, or

legatus proconsulis, LEG PROCOS ; quaestoricii. 2

Logista, or curator liberarum civitatium; praetorii, also quaestoricii.

Praefectus (tirapxos} aerarii militaris, PR, PRAE, PRAEF AER MIL ; praetorii.
Praefectus aerarii Saturni, AER SAT praetorii. ;

Praefectus alimentorum praetorii or consulares.

;

Praefectus frumenti dandi ex senatus consulto, PRAEF F D EX S C ;

praetorii or aedilicii.
Praefectus urbi (urbis), VRB ; consulares.
Proconsul (ffrparriylx viraros), PRO, PROC, PROCO, PROCOS, PROCOSS con- ;

sulares (of Asia and Africa) praetorii (of other senatorial provinces).
,

Quaesitor iudex see iudex quaestionis.

;

*to.No.l. L N E R A T I C F
VOL PROCVLO
XVI R STLITI BVS I VDICAN
TRIB MILITVM LEGION
V GEMIN FELIC ET LEG
M
VIM AVG QVAEST AEDI L
PLEB CERIAL PRAET LEG
LEG XVI FLAVIAE FIDEL .

ITEM MISSO AB IMP

ANTONINO AVG PIO AD DEDVCEN
dAS VEXiLLATIONES IN SYRIAM OB
bELLVM parTHICVM PRAEF AERARI
MILITARIS
'

C S
MVNICIPES SAEPINAT
L. Neratio C. f(ilio} tribu~) Proculo (decem) vir(o) stlitibus iudi-
Volt(inia
can(dis~), trib(uno')militum legion(is) (septimae) Gemin(ae) felic(is) et
leg(ionis) (octavae) Aug(ustae), quaest(ori), aedil(i) pleb(is) cereal(i~),
1
For names of legions, see page 408.
2 Also those of higher rank, but this must not exceed the rank of the pro-
consul.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 171

praetor(i), leg(at<>) Jeg(ionis) (sextae decimae) Flaviae fidel(is) item misso

ab imp(eratore) Antonino Aug(usto) Pio ad deducendas cexillatiunes in
Syriam ob bellum Parthicum,j)raef(ecto) aerari(i) militaris, co(n)s(uli)
Municipes Saepinat(es) .

C. I. L. IX. 2457. Found at Saepinum, Italy.

The cursus honorum is in the ascending order. All designations between

praetori and cnnsuli indicate praetorian functions.

Ex. No. 2. L D A S V M I P .
F
STEL TVLLIO
TVSCO COS COMITI
AVGVST
AVGVRI SODAL H ADRI A
NALI SODALI ANTONI
N I ANO CVRAT -
OPERVM
PVBLICORVM
LEGATO PR -
PR PROVINCIAR
GERMANIAE SVPERIOR
ET PANNONIAE SVPERIOR
PRAEFECTO AER SATVRNI
PRAETORI TRIBVN PLEB
LEG PROVING AFRICAE
QVAEST -
IMP ANTONINI AVG PI I

TRIB MILIT LEG FlTT FLAVIAE

TRIVMVIRO .
A A A F F

P TVLL/VS CA L LI S T I

P OS VI T

L. Dasumio, P. f(ilio) Stel(latina tribu) Tullio Tusco co(n)s(uli), comiti

August (i).
Priestly functions: auguri, sodal(i) Hadrianali, sodal(i) Antoniniano.
Consular functions: curat(ori) operum publicorum, legato pr(o) pr(aetore)
promnciar(uni) Germaniae Superior (is) et Pannoniae Superior (is).
Praetorian functions praefecto aer(arii) Saturni, praetori, tribnn(o) pleb(is).
:

Quaestorian functions: leg(ato) provinc(iae) Africae, quaest(ori) imp(era-

toris) Antonini Aug(usti) Pii.
Preliminary service: trib(uno) milit(um) leg(ionis) IIII Flaviae, triumviro
a(uro) a(rgento) a(ere~) f(lando) f(eriundo).
C. L L. XI. 3365. Found at Tarquinium.
17:> LATIN IXSCKH'TIOXS

The cursus honor am is in the descending order. The consulship was held
between the tenure of the praefecture aerarii Saturni and the provincial adminis-
tration, but is placed first in the list of honores.
When the word
indicating the nature of two successive functions is the same
for both, it is usual to find it repeated, but here the title legato p(ro) p^ractun- 1

serves for both, being omitted with the second. The word item is used, as a rule,
to denote a succession of functions, while et commonly indicates the tenure of
two functions at the same time. This rule is violated here, since Dasumius
governed these provinces separately.

EQUESTRIAN CURSUS HONORUM

In the reorganization of the equites in the imperial period, the
most important feature, from an administrative point of view, was
the restoration and elevation of the old body of eighteen centuries,
known as the equites eq no publico (EQ.- P, PVBL). Admission to 1

this corps not onlydepended upon the original qualifications of free-

birth,and the possession of the requisite property of 400,000 sesterces,
but also upon the presentation by the emperor of the knight's horse,
which was in reality the investiture of a suitably qualified person
with membership in the equestrian troop. It was to this body that
Augustus and his successors looked for officials who were to serve
as superintendents (praefecti) and agents ^j>rocuratores) possessing

authority only as representatives of the emperor.

Consistently with the early theories of the Romans, and in imitation
of the senatorial career, the equestrian civil servicewas preceded by
a military apprenticeship. After the initial military service the can-
didate for the equestrian honores was eligible for one of the procura-
torships, which in themselves varied in dignity and importance then ;

followed the praefectures, which were the highest offices attainable.

The equestrian cursus honorum may be considered under three
divisions.
I. Preliminary service,
a) military, 6) civil.

II. Procuratores.

III. Praefecti.

1
Eques Komanus = l-n-ire^s /W/uuos, 'iirirtp Sr/yuocr/y n./j.r)6els.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 173

I.
a) Preliminary military service.

Under Augustus no set form of military service appears to have

been assigned to the knights, and it was not until the time of Clau-
dius that the militiae equestres were in any way clearly defined.
1
According to Suetonius, Claudius determined upon three forms of
service :
1st, praefectura cohortis; 2d, praefectura alae ; 3d, tribunatus
legionis. The
inscriptions, however, testify that these tres militiae
equestres did not become the usual course of preliminary training
until the beginning of the second century, but that omissions, such
as of the praefectura alae and substitutions of one or more tribunates
2 3
in the army, _or of the three tribunates in the city, were common.
In inscriptions dating from the time of Septirnius Severus the old
order of promotion from praefectura cohortis to praefectura alae rarely
appears, and other military positions form part of the preliminary
career. This now in reality loses its preliminary or introductory
nature, and becomes the main service for which the procuratorship
is the far-distant reward. The centurionate 4 is now the first eques-
trian military office, 5 and the primipilate and the praefectura legionis,
the old praefectura castrorum, are stepping stones to the procurator-

1
Claudius, 25 "equestres militias ita ordinavit ut post cohortem alam, post
alam tribunatum legionis daret." The order given is shown by the inscriptions
to be either incorrect or of short duration, for in the inscriptions the praefectura
alae regularly has the highest rank. Hirschfeld, Somischen Verwaltungsge-
schichte, pp. 247 ff.

2
tribunus cohortis vigilum, tribunus cohortis urbanae, tribunus cohortis
praetoriae.
8
See Hirschfeld's Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 248, note 2.
4 The " militiae " used above is first referred to
expression equestres by Pliny
the Younger, and afterward appears in inscriptions of the third century. So
omnibus equestribus militiis perfunctus, functus, or exornatus, or militiis eques-
perfunctus; again, militia prima, secunda, quarta ; more commonly, a
tribufi

a quattnor militiis, or quattuor

militiis tribus, or tribus militiis perfunctus,
militiarnm. The expression a militiis has aroused much discussion. Momm-
sen, Staatsr. III. 549, n. 2, believes there is an ellipsis of tribus or quattuor.
Hirschfeld (p. 250) explains it as merely an honorary title, given to those who
have not actually performed military service.
5
Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 249.
174 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

ship, while the higher positions filled by procuratores fall to those

who have held the three city tribunates. 1

6) Preliminary civil service.

Notwithstanding the gradually increasing importance of military

affairsand of service in the army from the beginning of the second
century, there was, nevertheless, established at that time a civil
career parallel to the military service as preliminary to the position
of procurator. This was accomplished by the reforms of Hadrian^
who recognized and emphasized legal education and training in state
affairs as equivalent to service in the army. Thus those who had
2
served as advocati jisci, or sexagenarii a consiliis sacris, or consiliarii
3 4
Augustorum, or ab commentaries praefecti praetorio, also in the lower
offices of
admjnistration, such as of alimentation, of the roads, of
taxation, were eligible for the procuratorship and praefectures with-
out military service.

II. Procuratores
This title, procurator, was applied to the imperial agents who per-
formed the lesser administrative duties throughout the Empire. It
was originally used in connection with the employees of the empe-
ror's household, who were generally f reedmen, but spread afterwards
to the offices ofgovernment closely related to the emperor, which,
becoming of great importance, were finally filled entirely from mem-
bers of the equestrian order. Thus the office of procurator became
the patent of equestrian nobility, and hence was not conferred upon
men of senatorial rank.
Any satisfactory classification of the various offices of the eques-
trian career is difficult, as it was not established upon such strict
lines as the senatorial cursus, and its restrictions were often violated
because of the nearness to the emperor, and his readiness to grant
1
See article by the author, "The Preliminary Military Service of the Eques-
trian Cursus Honorum," in Classical Studies in Honour of Henry Drisler.
New York, 1894.
2
C. I. L. VI. 1704. Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 561. Hirschfeld, Verwalt-
ungsgeschichte, p. 255, notes.
9
C. /. L. VI. 1634. C. L L. VI. 1564.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 175

special favors in promoting from low positions to those of high

degree. From
the time of Hadrian, however, it is possible to deter-
mine the rank of the various procuratorships by means of the salary
attached to each.
Thus there are four classes :

Trecenarii, CCC or AD H-S CCC, 300000 sesterces.

AD "
Ducenarii, CC" or H-S CC, 200000
Centenarii, C or AD H-S C, 100000
"
AD H-S 60000 "
Sexagenarii, LX,

The following may be classed as

TRECENARII. 1
Procurator a rationibus or rationalis, P, PRO, PROC A RATIONIB, RAT, or
Procurator rationis privatae, RAT PR IV
Procurator a censibus, A CENS, a cognitionibus, ab epistulis
latinis, AB EPISTVL LATIN, a libellis,
- a memoria, a
studiis ; magister summarum rationum, M, MAGIST SVM RAT

All but the first are ducenarii until the third century, at which period the title

magister takes the place of procurator.

DUCENARII.
Praeses or procurator provinciae (of certain provinces), procurator vice prae-
sidis, procurator stationis hereditatium, summarum rationum, ab
epistulis Cfraecis,
- - idiologus ad Aegyptum ; and in the later period,

procurator XX hereditatium.
CENTENARII.
Among those of the third class may be mentioned the procuratores alimentorum,
aquarum, - bibliothecarum (in the earlier period), hereditatium
patrimonii privati, Itidi magni, monetae, operum publicorum,
patrimonii, portus, summi choragii (later logista thymelae) ; the
subpraefecti annonae and vigilum, praefectus vehiculorum, consiliarius, magister
XX, procurator ferrariarum, aurariarum, procurator rationis privatae
(regionis privatae) ; procuratores Aegypti as iuridicus Alexandreae, pro-
curator Pelusii, Neaspoleos et Mausolaei ; also the praefectus classis (in
Italy) in the first two centuries.

1
Obtained mainly from Hirschfeld's Verwaltungsgeschichte, pp. 269-265.
176 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

SEXAGENABII.
Among those in the last class may be mentioned the advocatus fisci, subprae-
fectus classis (in Italy), subprocuratores (in the provinces), praefectus vehicu-
lontm (in the provinces), procurator ad Miniciam, adiutor praefecti annonae,
procurator ad annonam Ostiis, adiutores studiorum, also the lower offices of the
ratio privata, such as procurator ad bona damnatorum, and of the hrmli- XX
tatium, the promagister hereditatium at Rome,, and in the second century the
procurator bibliothecarum. ,

III. Praefefcti ("ETrapxoi)-

The
history of this title is similar to that of procurator in that
itoriginated in the imperial household, and then extended to the
important officials of state who discharged certain functions by
the delegation of the emperor. The important praefectures were
the highest official positions of the equestrian career.
These in ascending order are :

Praefectus classis (stationed at Ravenna and Misenum), P, PF, PR, PRAEF

CL, CLASS
Praefectus vigilum, PF etc. VIG, VIGIL
P,

Praefectus annonae, PF etc. ANN

P,

Praefectus Aegypti, P, PF etc. AEG

Praefectus praetorio, P, PF etc. PR, PRAET

Priestly Functions.
The inscriptions give also the priestly functions exercised by
members of the equestrian order.
Haruspex, HAR
Lupercits, LVPERC
(Sacerdos} Laurens Lavinas, L L; LAVR LAV, LAVIN
Tubicen sacrorum populi Romani Quiritium, TVB SAC P R Q

Titles of Honor.
From the beginning of the third century the title vir egregius

(avrjp /cpaTio-Tos),
which had earlier been in general use, became
V E,
!
the official designation of honor of the procurator. It differed from
the senatorial clarissimus in that it was given only in exceptional
i Wil. n. 667. Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, pp. 272-273, notes.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 177

instances to women and children. Note also egregiae memoriae vir,

E M V. The title vir perfect issim us (avrjp
Stao-r^oVaTos), V P, was
also officially recognized about the same time, as the title of the pro-
curatoresoi the highest grade, also of ihe praefecti, from the praefectus
classis to the praefectus annonae. Vir eminentissimus (dvr/p elo^wTaros),
V EM, was limited to the praefectus praetorio. The title splendi-
dus eques Romanus which appears in some inscriptions of Italy
seems to have been given to those equites who, not being magistrates,
could not receive the titles mentioned above. 1

Ex. No. i. M P E T R N I o m f
C. I. L. VI. 1625b. QVIR HONORATO
PRAEF- COM I RAETorum
TRIB MIL LEG MINERtuae I

P.P. PRAEF ALAE AVG P F thrac

PROC MONET PROC XX tiered

PROC PROV
-
BELG ET DVAR
GERMANIAR PROC ARATIOn
-

AVG PRAEF ANNON PRAEF

AEGYPTI PONTIF MINOR <
NEGOTIATORES OLEari
EX BAETICA PATRONo
CVRATORIBVS
CASSIO FAVSTO
CAECILIO HOnorato

M. Petroni[o M. /(tVfo)] Quir(ina tribu~) Honorato.

Preliminary military service: praef(ecto} coJi(ortis) (primae) Eaet[orum],
trib(uno} mil(itum) leg(ionis} I Miner[viae] p(ia<>) f(idelis), praef(ecto)
alae Aug(ustae^) p(iae) f(iddis} [ Thrac (iae)].
Procuratorship :
proc(uratori) monet(ae'), proc(uratori~) XX [hered(ita-
tfwm)], proc(nmtori) prov(inciae) Belgi(cae) etduar(wn) Grrrmaniar(um),
proc(uratori) a ration(ibus} Ang(usti).
Praefectures praef(ecto) annon(ae), praef(ecto) Aegypti.'
:

Priestly function: pontif(icl} minor[i].

Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 565. C. I. L. IX. 1006, 2232 ;

X. 22, 223.
LAT. INSCRIP. - 12
178 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Elevation of Equites to the Senatorial Rank.

By an act of the emperor (adlectio, see page 167) procuratores of a

certain grade were raised to the senatorial rank, and filled vacancies
in the senate. This change was not made, as a rule, after the
important praefectures had been reached, for these were as high in
rank as the curule magistracies; also adlectio inter praetor ios is more
common in the inscriptions than adlectio inter tribunicios. 1 There is
no evidence of any change to the lower order on the part of those
who had held curule offices. The title equites inlustres was applied to
those who, although of senatorial census, preferred to remain within
the equestrian order.
^. NO.*. T I C L A V D I

L L. V. 867. T PAL
SECVNDINO L
C. I F I

L STATIC M A C E D N|~
P P LEG in) F F TRIB COM
PRIM VIG TRIB COM XI
VRBAN TRIB COH Vllll PR
P.P. ITERVM PRAEF LEG iT TRA .

PROC XX HER PROC PROVN

.

LVGDVNENS ET AQV TA N icae I

ARATIONIB AVG PRAEF AN/now

L .
SAVFEIVS .
IVLIANV/s
A M I C P T I M oj

Ti. Claudia Ti.fil(io) Pal(antina) (tribu} Secundino L. Statio Macedon[i~\.

Preliminary military service p(rimi)p(ilo) leg(ionis) IIII F(laviae) f(elicis),
:

trib(uno^) coh(ortis) prim(ae) vig(ilum}, trib(uno) coh(ortis) XI urban(ae),

trib(uno) coh(ortis) VIIII pr(aetoriae), p(rimo} p(ilo) iterum, praef(ecto)
leg(ionis) II Tra(ianae) [/(o?'<is)].
Procurator-ships :
proc(uratori) XX her(editatiurn), procurator?) pro-
oz/i[c(far?/TO)] Lugdunensis et Aquttan[icae], a rationi(bus) Aug(usti}.
Praefecture :
praef(ecto} a?t[non(ae)].
Mommsen states that primipilatus iteratus, after other military service of a

higher grade, gave certain advantages which followed immediately upon the
primipilate.
1
C. I. L. II. 4114. In this inscription two cursus honorum are combined.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 179

CUKSUS HOSTORUM AFTER CONSTANTINB

The elaborate systems described above were not maintained after
the beginning of the fourth century. Evidences of disintegration
show themselves in the course of the third century in the abandon-
ment, after Caracalla, of the required military service preliminary
to the quaestorship, in the disappearance of the vigintivirate, and
from the time of Gallien in the final exclusion of members of the
senatorial order from the army. After Constahtine the equestrian
career disappeared entirely, and many of the former restrictions
of the senatorial cursus were disregarded.
The cursus honorum, as it existed after the early part of the fourth
century, was confined to members of the senatorial order known as
the darissimi. To these were allotted the official positions and
functions which, arranged in grades according to their importance,
were assigned on the basis of a threefold classification of those
eligible for office. These three classes, representing grades of pro-
motion, were:
1. Clarissimi, C,
2. Clarissimi et spectabiles, C ET S, SP, Trepf/SXeirrot.
3. Clarissimi et inlustres, C ET I, IN, INL, ec3oot.

The general class of the darissimi consisted of those who were

sons of senators, and so held their rank by birth, and again those
who were admitted to the senate through the operation of adlectio.
The former were expected to begin theirsenatorial career by serving
as quaestors and then praetors, but, as the quaestorship was often
disregarded, the praetorship became in reality the initial position
admitting to the senate.
The latter, those honored by adlectio, were made senators by the
conferring of the honorary consulship by the emperor sometimes
upon the vote of the senate. This was known as adlectio in consu-

lares, a phrase which, when strictly used, referred to the honorary

consulship, but was applied at this period to elevation to the rank

either of darissimi consulares, darissimi et spectabiles, or darissimi et
inlustres. The word consularis no longer has the signification of
ex-consul, but merely means an active member of the senate, and
180 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

one so entitled might be very far from the attainment of the consul-
ship, indeed might never reach this goal of the senatorial career.
Examples of the two forms of the cursus honorum are here
given.

Ex. 1. C. I. L. VI. 1739. H O N R I

MEMMIO VITRASIO ORFITO V C

NOBILITATE ACTIBVS PRAECIPVO
ET
PRAEFECTO VRBI ET ITERVM PRAE
FECTO VRBUPROCONSVLI AFRICAE
ET TERTIO SACRARVM COGNITIONVM
IVDICI COMITI ORDINIS PRIMi -
ITERVM
INTRA CONSISTORIVM LEGATO SECVN
DO DIFFICILLIMIS TEMPORIBVS PETI
TV SENATVS ET P R COMITI ORDINIS

SECVNDIJ EXPEDITIONES BELLICAS

GVBERNANTI CONSVLARI -
PROVINCIAE
SICILIAEVPONTIF DEAE VESTAE XV
VIRO S F PONTIF -
DEI SOLIS^t CONSVLI
PRAETORI Q k
CORPVS PISTORVM MAGNARIORVM
ET CASTRENSARIORVM STATVAM
SVB AERE CONSTITVIT

Memmio Vitrasio Orfito v(iro) c(larissimo) q(uaestori) k(andidato') , praetori,

consuli.

Priestly functions: pontifi(ci) dei solis, quindecemviro s(acn's) /(acfuHdj's),

pontifi(ci) dcae Vestae.
Functions as clarissimus : consnlari proviflciae Siciliae, expeditiones bellicas
gubernanti.
Functions as spectabilis : comiti ordinis secundi, legato secnndo difficillimis
temporibus petitu senatus et p(opuli) 7?(omani), comiti ordinis primi it'-nnn
intra consistorium, proconsuli Africae et tertio sacrarum cognitionnm
iudici.
Functions as inhtstris :
praefecto urbi et iterum praefecto urbi.

The consulship was held either before or after the praefecture of the City.
Orfitus was praefectus urbi 353-5 and itemm 35(3-9.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 181

Ex. a. <7. 7. Z. VI. 1717.

FABIO-TITIANO.V.C
CORRECTORI FLAM N AE I I

ET PICENI CONSVLARI
SICILIAE -iPROCONSVLI
PROVINCIAE ASIAE
IVO C I SAC R A R VM COG
I

N ITIONVM COMITI PRIMI

ORDINIS CONSVLI ORDI .

NARIO PRAEF VRBIS

PEREGRINVS
SERBVS .
DOMINO PRESTANTISSIMO

Fabio Titiano v(iro) c(larissimo').

Functions as clarissimns : correctori Flaminiae et Piceni, consulari Siciliae.
Functions as spectabilis : proconsuli provinciae Asiae, iudici sacrarum cogiii-
tionum, comiti primi ordinis.
Functions as inlustris : consult ordinario (337 A.D.), praef(ecto) urbis (339-
341 A.D.).

Note that the general title, V C, is given, even in cases where the
highest rank has been attained. This custom is observed in the
fourth century and in the first part of the fifth.

OFFICIAL POSITIONS OF THE THIRD CLASS

The inscriptions show us that the official positions open to men of
the third class of society were of great number and variety. The
enumeration of these various functions follows in general the same
principle of an ascending or descending series which regulates the
order of designations of the senatorial and equestrian cursus. It is
impossible, however, to obtain a knowledge of the exact grade of the
individual offices or to lay down the line of promotion, since, as
may be seen in the military cursus, there must have been different
starting points and different paths of advancement where apparently
subordinate and intermediate positions are disregarded. These omis-
sions may be due to unusual promotion on account of peculiar fitness
182 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

or through special favor, influences which ;vould have more power

in a cursus of the lowest grade. These inferior positions are classi-
fied in the Indices of the Corpus Inscriptionum, as follows :

I. Apparitores et Officiales Magistratuum et Imperatoris et

Vectigalium.
II. Officia Militaria et Classiaria.
III. Honorati et Principales Coloniarum et Municipiorura.
IV. Principales Collegiorum.

I. Thefirst class includes the apparitores and other aides of

magistrates and public officials also subordinate officers of the

;

imperial administration in Rome and in the provinces.

The most common in the inscriptions are :

Scriba decurialis, 1 SCR, SCRI, SCRIB DEC

Liclor (pa/JSoOxos).
Viator decurialis, VIAT DEC
Praeco decurialis, PRAEC DEC -

Accensus consults -f, ACCENS COS

. Accensus patroni -o, ACCENS PAT

Arcarius, ARK, provinciae, PROV, vigesimae hereditatium, XX HER

Commentariensis, COM, COMM, or a commentariis, A COMMENT
Contrascriptor, 0(7), OSC(7SC).
Dispensator, DIS, DISP, DISPES, annonae, fisci castrensis.
Tabellarius,TABELL, TABELLAR
Tabularius, TAB, TABVL, rationis fisci, vigesimae hereditatium, XX HER

II. Subordinate officers of the army and navy.

A. The principal titles of subordinate officers of the Roman army
are:

Actarius, A, ACT Adiutor officii corniculariorum, ratio-

Aquilifer, AQVIL, AQVILIF num, etc., ADI OFF CORN, RAT

1 The word decurialis indicates that these officers were members of decuriae,
the subdivisions of the organized corporations of scribae, etc. The terms
quaestorius, tribunicius, aedilicius might also be added to indicate assignment to
particular officials. The scribae were held in the highest honor, the lictores
were next, then the viatores, and finally the praecones. Mominsen, De Apptri-
toribus Magistratuum Romanorum, Rh. Mus. VI. 1848, pp. 1-64.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 183

Armorum cttstos, C A, ARM ;

CVS OP, OPT
ARMO principis PR I

Benejiciarius, B, B F, BF cohortis COH

consularis COS equitum EQ
legati
- LEG Princeps, PR, PR I, PR INC
procuratoris
- PROC Secutor tribuni, S, SE, SEC T, TR
praefecti
- PRAEF Signifer, SIG, SIGN, SIGNF
Centurio, 0, </, >, Z, CENT Singularis consularis, S, SING COS
Cornicularius, COR CORN praefecti PRAEF
Curator fisci, F, FIS, FISC C, CVR Speculator, SP, SPEC, SPECVL
Evocatus, EVOC, EVOK Strator, STR, STRAT
Frumentarius, FR, FRVM Tesserarius, T, TES, TESS
Imaginifer, IM, IMA, I MAG Tubicen, TVS
Immunis, IMM, IMMV Veteranus, VET
Librarius, LIB
WedJj'cus,

Miles, M,
MED
MIL Vexillarius,
honesta missione, VET

VEX
missus,
VEXILL
- H M
H M M

Although no complete cursus militaris can be drawn up, yet the

[inscriptions give evidence of an order of promotion of the principals,
which can be seen from the following series l
:

I. Secutor tribuni. 1. Curator fisci.

'2.
Singularis. 8. Cornicularius.
3. Benejiciarius tribuni. 9. Beneficiarius (praef. praet.).
4. Tesserarius. 10. Cornicularius praefecti annonae.
5. Optio. 11. Evocatus Augusti.
6. Signifer or Vexillarius (Coh. Vig.). 12. Centurio.

B. The principal titles associated with the Roman naval forces are :

Architects,ARCH IT Optfo, OP, OPT

Armorum custos, ARM CVST Praefectus classis, PR, PRAE, PRAEF
Benejiciarius, B, 6, B F CL, CLAS, CLASS
Centurio, 0, </ Praepositus classi, PRAEP CL, CLAS
Duplarius, or Ditplicarius, or Dupli- Principalis, PR, PR IN
ciarius. Signifer, SIG, SIGN
Gubernator, GVBER Trierarchus, TR, TRI
Librarius, LIB classis CL, CLAS
.Medicus, MED, MEDIC Velarius, VEL
MZes, M Veteranus, VET, VETt
Navarchus, N
1
P. Cauer, De Muneribus Militaribus, Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 355.
184 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

III. The magistrates of the coloniae and the municipia form a

third class of subordinate officials.
The internal administration of the coloniae and municipia was
similar to that of the superior goyernment at Rome.
We may arrange the municipes or Roman citizens of the municipia
in three classes or orders 1) ordo decurionum, 2) ordo Augustalium,
:

3) plebs (populus, municipes).

The ordo decurionum was the municipal senate composed
l
of life

members, generally one hundred in number,

2
who were either ex-

magistrates or persons selected from the people through the exercise

of adlectio by magistrates similar to the censor at Rome, termed
// viri or //// viri quinquennales. The persons selected were at
least twenty-five years of age, and possessed a certain amount of

property, generally 100000 sesterces. There were four grades of

senators which were indicated in the list of decuriones (album decuri-

onum) 1) the quinquennalicii, 2) the // virales or // viralicii, 3) the

:

aedilicii, 4) the quaestor icii.

The magistrates generally found in the municipalities were the
II viri or //// viri iure dicundo, the aediles, and the quaestores. Their
tenure was annual, and they were elected by the comitia. As in
Rome, these magistracies formed a cursus honorum, which was open
to those of the senatorial order. The // viri or //// viri quinquen-
nales elected every five years with special censorial powers were
considered of the highest rank. In certain places in Italy the highest
magistrates were termed dictator, praetor, magister, or praefectus i(ure)
d(icundo).
The titles duovir or quattuorvir, found respectively in the coloniae
and municipia, implied either that the two magistrates known as
aediles and the two iure dicun'do formed separate organizations, or,
on the other hand, were united in one body of four members.
The form IIII viri hire dicundo is generally found in the Italian
municipia, while // viri iure dicundo is seen in inscriptions of the
coloniae and of the provinces.
1
Also entitled senatus, ordo, decuriones D, DEC, DECC., curia, patres et

conscripti, cotiscripti, ordo splendidissimus or sanctissimus or honestissimus.

2
Cf. the centumviri of Veil and Perusia.
 OFFICIAL TITLES 185

The ordo Augustalium, like the equestrian order at Rome, held a

positionmidway between the decuriones and the plebs. It dates
from the reign of Augustus, and prevailed especially in the western
provinces of the Empire. The Aagustales seem to have had a semi-
official standing, and to have performed certain functions different

from those assigned to other magistrates. The municipal senate

named annually a college of six members, seviri Augustales, to whom
was entrusted the giving of public games and festivals.

MUNICIPAL MAGISTRACIES AND CIVIL FUNCTIONS

Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES

aerarii, AER
arcae publicae, ARK P, PVB

alimentorum, A, AL, ALIM

or pecuniae alimentariae, P A, ALIM
or pecuniae alimentorum publicorum, P. PEC A, ALIM P
sacrae pecuniae alimentariae, SAC P ALIM
rei publicae, REI P
Aedilis, AED, AEDIL
curulis, CVR (Ariminum, Ostia).
habens iuris dictionem quaestoris pro praetore, HAB IVR DIG
Q PRO PRAET (Cirta).
pro quaestore, PRO Q (Grumentum, Saporana).
v(iis) a(edibus) sa(cris) p(ublicis) p(rocurandis), V A S P P
(Pompeii).
iure dicundo, I IVR D, DIG
quaestoriae potestatis (Colonies of Cirta).
quinquennalis, Q Q, QQ
Tribunus plebis, TR, TRIB PL (Teanum, Venusia).
Praetor, PR, PRAET (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation, also in
Gaul, Spain).
iure dicundo, D, IVR DIG
I

Censor, CEN, CENS (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation).

Dictator, DIG, D1CT (in certain towns of the Latin Confederation).

Duovir (Duumvir), II .
V, D V, H VIR, D -
VIR
iure dicundo, I
D, IVR DIG
aedilis, AED, AEDIL (Aeclanum).
186 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Duovir aerarii, AER (Vienna).

ab aerario (Lugdunum).
quinquennalis, QQ
iure dicundo quinquennalis, D I
QQ, or at times QQ ID
viis aedibus sacris publicis procurandis, V A S P P (Pompeii).
Triumvir III V, VI R (common in Africa).
aedilicia potestate, AED POT (Ariminum).
praefectus iure dicundo, PR I D (Colonies of Cirta).
locorum publicorum persequendoruin, - LOG PVBL PERSEQ, or
L P P (Vienna).
quinquennalis, QQ (Tiddis, Mactar, in Africa).
Quattuorvir HIT VI R
aedilis, AED
aedilicia potestate, AED POT, POTEST
aerarii
ad aerarium \- AER (Vienna, Nemausus, Antipolis).
ab aerario
iure dicundo, I, IVR D DIG
viarum curandarum, CVR (Verona).
VIAR
quinquennalis, or iure dicundo quinquennalis, I D QQ, at times
QQ.I -D
Quinquevir, V VI R (in certain parts of Italy).
Octovir, .
VI R
VjiT
Decemvir, X VI R
(Ferentinum, Ostippo, Aquincum).
Undecimvir, XI R (Nemausus).
VI

Quinquennales, Q, QQ, Q Q, QVIN, QVINQ; see M vir, TIT vir, vir, aedilis,
praetor.
perpetuus, - - PER, P P
censoria potestate, C P

Actor, ACT Curator, CVR

publicus, PVB, PVBL aedium
Adlectus aerario, ADL AER, AERA aerarii, - AER
Advocatus publicus, ADVOC PVB annonae, - ANN
Agnotheta, AGNOTH (Alexandria, kalendarii, KAL
Ephesus). operum publicorum,
Alimentarius, ALIMENT OPER PVBL
Arcarius,ARK frumenti comparandi,
Centumvir, C VIR (Cures, Veil, etc.). FRVMEN COM PAR
Commentariensis, COMM Decurio, DEC
 OFFICIAL TITLES 187

Dissignator, DISSIGN (Pompeii). Praefectus aedilicia potestate,

Horrearius, HORR AEDIL POT (Brixia).
Legatus, LEG propraetore iure dicundo,
Librarius, LIB, LIBR - PRO PR -
I D
Magister, MAG vigilum et arinorum, VIGIL-
Minister (pagi), MIN ET ARM (Nemausus).
Munerarius, MVNER murorum (Tarraco).
Patronus, P, PAT, PAIR Princeps, PRI, PRINC
coloniae, C, COL Suffetes (Africa).
municipii, M, MVN Scribae, S, SCR SCR I

Praefectus, PRAEF Viatores, VI AT (Narbo, Ostia).

hire dicundo, I D

AUGUSTALES
Augustales, AVG, AVGVSTAL Triumvir Augustalis, V1R AVG
perpetuus, P P, PERP Sevir, VI -V, VI R
bisellarius, BIS iunior, IVN
Curator Augustalium, C, CVR AVG senior, SEN
Patronus Augustalium, P, PAT, PATR Augustalis, - AVG
AVG Augustalis .perpetuus,
Quaestor Augustalium, Q, QVAE AVG P P
Quinquennales Augustalium, Q, QQ, Octovir Augustalis, VTFF VI R .
AVG
QVIN AVG

RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS OF MUNICIPALITIES

Aedilis lustralis, AED LVSTR (Tuscu- Magister, MAG
lum). Larum Augustorum, etc.,
Aedilis sacris Volcano faciundis, AED LAR- AVG
SAC VOLKFAC Minister, MIN
Aedilis et praetor sacris Volcano faci- Monitor sacrorum, MON SAC (Tus-
undis, AED ET PR SAC culum).
VOLK FAC (Ostia). Pontifex, PONT
Aedituus, AEDIT maximus, MAX (Vibo).
Augur, AVG perpetuus, - - PER PET
Curator, CVR Rex sacrorum, REX SAC
Flamen, FL, FLAM Sacerdos, SAC, SACER
perpetuus, - - P P, PERP coloniae, C, COL
sacrorum publicorum muni- Sacerdotes Deorum, Divorum et Diva-
cipii, SAC PVB rum
Haruspex, HAR Salii.

NOTE. For titles of particular cults, see Indices of C. I. L.

188 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

IV. The official positions of the various Collegia whose organiza-

tion was similar to that of a strictly political body, form another
class of subordinate offices.

TITLES OF CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS OFFICES OF THE COLLEGIA

Actor, ACT Medicus, MED

Aedilis,AEDIL Mensor, MES
Aedituus, AEDIT Minister, MIN
Arcarius, ARC, ARK Patronus, P, PAT, PATR
Biseliarius, BIS Praefectus, P, PR, PRAEF
Centurio veteranorum, VET Praepositus, P P, PRAEP
Curator. CVR Princeps, PR I, PR INC
Decurio, D, DEC Quaestor, Q, QVAE, QVAES
Dispensator, DISP Quinquennales, Q, QQ, QVINQ
Flamen, FL, FLAM Sacerdos, SAC, SACER
Haruspex, HAR Scriba, S, SCR, SCR I

Honoratus, HON, HONOR Tribunus, TRIE

Immunis, IMM Triumvir, TIT VI R
Magister, MAG Viator, VIAT
Mater, MAT

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Romische Staatsverwaltung. '3 vols. J. MARQUARDT. Leipzig, 1876.
(Jntersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Romischen VerwaltungsgeKchichte. OTTO
HIRSCHFELD. Berlin, 1877.
Les Institutions Politiques des Eomains. 2 vols. J. B. MISPOULET. Paris,
1882-83.
Geschichte und System der Rom. Staatsverfassung. E. HERZOU. Vol. I. 1884,
Vol. 1887 and 1891.
II.

Manuel des Institutions Homaines. A. BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. Paris, 1886.

Romische Staatsrecht. 3d ed. 3 vols. Tn. MOMMSEN. Leipzig, 1887.
Le Droit Public Romain. 6th ed. P. WIM.EMS. Paris, 1888.
Darstellunyen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms; 6th ed. 3 vols. L. FRIEDLANDKR.
Leipzig, 1888-90.
Cours d^lZpigraphie Latine. 2d. ed. RENE CAGNAT. Paris, 1890.
Indices of Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, and of the Inscriptiones Latinae
of Orelli and Exempla Inscriptionum of Wilmanns.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 189

INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER

1. L. Caecilio L. f. Rufo q., tr. pi., pr. pro cos.

1

(On another side) dis inanibus sacrum L. Caecili Rufi.

C. L L. I. 639, XIV. 2464. Found at Marino in ancient Latium, existing
to-day in a copy. L. Caecilius Rufus seems to have been the brother of
P.Sulla tribunus plebis, 691/63, praetor, 697/57, frequently mentioned
by Cicero.
1
See note in following inscription.

2. M. Coelio M. f. Vinciano pr. pro cos.,

1
tr. pi., q., Opsilia uxor
fecit.

C. /. L. I. 641, XIV. 2602. An inscription on a tomb at Tusculum in

Latium. Coelius was tribunus plebis 701/53, and in 707/47 he was
placed by Caesar in charge of Pontus with two legions (Cic. Ad. Fam.
8, 4, 3).
l
It is Mommsen's theory that not two separate honorex, the

praetura and the proconsulatus, are referred to here, but merely the
honor pmctoris provincialis, with added appellation of proconsul.

1
3. L. Munatius L. f. Plancus cos., cens., imp. iter.,
L. n. L. pron.
2
VII vir epulon., triump. ex Raetis, aedem Saturni fecit de |

3
manibis, agros divisit in Italia Beneventi, in Gallia colonias |

deduxit Lugdunum et Rauricam. 4

I

C. L L. X. 6087.On a mausoleum near Formia (Formiae), Italy. 1 He

was consul 712/42 and censor 732/22. 2 Dec. 29, 711/43. Beneventum
was among the towns assigned to the soldiers in 712/42 by the triumviri
rei publicae constituendae. 3 i.e.
manubiis, cf. C. L L. VI. 1316. 4
In
710/44 or 7 1/43, when as proconsul he
1 was governing Transalpine Gaul.
On the founding of Lugdunum, see Dio. XLVI. 50.

2
4. L. Memmius C. f. Gal. 1 q., tr. p[/.], frumenti curator ex s. c.,
|

praefectus leg. XXVI et VII |

Lucae ad agros dividundos, 3
pontifex Albanus. |
Memmia filia testamento suo fieri iussit.

C. I. XIV. 2264. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Alba,

L. VI. 1460,
now in Rome. * The name of a man of senatorial order without cogno-
men, but with the tribus, Galeria tribu ; so on coins L. Memmi Gal.
and L. C. Memies L. f. Gal. (Momm. Rom. Milnz., pp. 575, 597). 2 This
office was held before the year 732/22, for at that time Augustus took
3
into his own hands the cura annonae. After the battle of Philippi or
Actium. Hermes XVI. 171.
190 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

5. Cn. Baebio Cn. [/.] |

Tampilo Valae |
Numoniano | q., pr. pro
cos., Ill vir. a. a. a. f. f., I viro.

C. I. L. VI. 1360. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found between the Via

Appia and Via Latina, near Koine, now on the Via Appia. The function
of the vigintivirate is here held after the praetorship.

6. Gives Romani qui | Mytileneis negotiantur |

M. Titio l
L. f. pro
cos., | praef. classis, |
cos. desig., patrono, |
honoris causa.

C. /. L. III. 455 Suppl. 7160. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at

;

l
Mytilene, preserved only in copy. consul suffectus, 723/29.

7. P. Paquius, Scaevae et Flaviae films, Consi et Didiae nepos,

Barbi et Dirutiae pronepos, Scaeva, quaestor, decemvir stliti- |

bus iudicandis ex s. c. post quaesturam, quattuorvir capitalis |

ex s. c. 1 post quaesturam et decemviratum stlitium iudicanda-

rum, tribunus plebis, |
aedilis curulis, |
iudex quaestionis, 2 |

3
praetor aerarii, pro consule provinciam Cyprum optinuit, j

4
viar. cur. extra u. R. ex s. c. in quinq., pro cos. iterum extra

sortem auctoritate Aug. Caesaris )

et s. c. misso 5 ad compo-
nendum statim in reliquum provinciae Cypri, fetialis, conso- |

brinus idemque vir Flaviae Consi filiae, Scapulae neptis, | |

Barbi proneptis, simul cum ea" conditus.

Flavia, Consi et Sinniae filia, Scapulae et Sinniae neptis, Barbi | |

et Dirutiae proneptis, consobrina eademque uxor P. Paquii

Scaevae, filii Scaevae, Consi | nepotis, Barbi pronepotis, |

simul
cum e6 condita.
C. I. L. IX. 2845-6. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histonium) on a large
double sarcophagus. l
ex s. c. gives the authority for the irregularity in
the holding this office post quaesturam. 2 iudex quaestionis is somewhat
inferior in grade to the praetor, and hence in the cursus honorum stands
8 Not before
regularly between the aedileship and praetorship. 731/23,
when Augustus placed the aerarium Satnrni in the care of two praetors.
4
viar(um*) cur(ator^) extra u(rbeni) R(omam} ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) in
quinq(uennium). Momm. Staatsr. II.,
3
p. 669.
5
missus.

1
8. Q. Vario Q. f.
|
Gemino | leg. diviAug. II, pro |
cos., pr., tr. pi., |

q., quaesit. iudic.,

2
| praef. frum. dand., X vir. stl. iudic., |

curatori aedium sacr. J

monumentor. que public. |
tuendorum. 8 j
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 191

Is primus omnium Paelign. senator |

factus est et eos honores
gessit. | Superaequani publice, patrono.

C. I. L. IX. 3306. Found at Castelvecchio Subrego (Superaequum), where

it is still
preserved. Varius Geminus, mentioned frequently by Seneca,
is probably the same person. 1
The names of the two provinces of which
Geminus was legatus are not given. 2 Quaesitori iudici is denoted in other
inscriptions by quaesitor and index quaestionis. See preceding inscrip-
tion and Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 586. Geminus probably held this
office between the tribunate and the praetorship. 8 It is noticeable that
the honores ordinarii are given in a descending order, and the honores
extraordinnrli follow in ascending order. Quaesitores indices were
aedilicii or quaestorii. Praefecti frumenti dandi were praetorii or
aedilicii, while the curatores operum publicorum were praetorii or
c-onsulares. Decemviratus litibus indicandis was undertaken generally
before the quaestorship nevertheless, in the time of Augustus,
;
it was
sometimes given to those of senatorial order extra ordinem.

9. P. Cornelio Dolabellae cos. 1 |

VII viro epuloni, sodali Titiensi,
| [

2
leg. pro. pr. divi Augusti |
et Ti. Caesaris Augusti civitates [

3
superioris |
provinciae Hillyrici.

C. I. Found at Ragusa, in Dalmatia, where a fragment still

L. III. 1741.
remains. consul ord., 10 A.D. 2 14 A.D. and subsequent years. The
l .

consulatus and the priestly functions may thus assume the first place, out
of their chronological position, and in the order consul, sacerdotium,
rather than in the reverse. The remaining honores may, however, imme-
diately follow the consulatus, and the sacerdotium be placed at the end.
If the honores ordinarii are given together, and in like manner the extra-
ordinarii, or if the important state magistracies appear by themselves,

and then those of a municipality, the priestly offices of the state may
be inserted between the two series of honores. This is true also of
province which was afterwards
3 This is the
municipal priestly offices.
called Dalmatia, termed maritima pars Illyrici, by Velleius II. 125.

10. Q. Caerellius Q. f. Qui., III vir cap., quae.

| | pro pr., tr. pi.,
2
pro pr. ter, pr., praef. fruin. ex
'

legato |
s. c. s., 1
leg. Ti.
Caesaris Aug., procos., ex testamento.
| |

Q. Caerellio M. f. Qui. patri, tr. milit.,

| quae., tr. pi., praetori, |

leg. M. Antoni, procos.

192 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. L L. VI. 1364. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in a cemetery on the

2 This letter is
Via Ardeatina, Rome. legatus. unnecessary. The name
l

of M. Antonius, although erased from the Fasti Capitolini and elsewhere,

nevertheless was afterwards restored in the same. It was given in the
fasti of 20 A.D., according to Tacitus, Annales, III. 18.
l
11. P. Plautius |
Pulcher | triumphalis filius |
augur, III vir a. a. a.

Aug. V consulis, tr. pi., pr. ad aerar.,

2
f. f., q. |
Ti. Caesaris |

7 comes Drusi fill Germanici, avonculus Drusi Ti. Claudi I I

Caesaris Augusti fili et ab eo censore inter patricios lectus, |

curator viarum sternendar. a vicinis lectus ex auctoritate | |

Ti. Claudi Caesaris Augusti Germanici, procos. provinciae |

Siciliae. Vibia Marsi f ., Laelia 3 nata, Pulchri.

| | |

C. L L. XIV. Inscribed on a marble tablet found near Tibur,

3607.

existing only in a copy. It refers to the son of M. Plautius Silvanus

consul 752/2. l Silvanus, the father of Pulcher, is termed triumphalis
because of his receiving triumphalia ornamenta. 2 31 A.D. 3 Laelia,
the ablative case of the name of the mother is given in addition to that
of the father, according to the Etruscan custom (Bormann).

12. C. Ummidio C. f. Ter. Durmio |

Quadrate cos., XV vir. s. f., |

Caesaris Aug. prov. Lusit., 1 leg. divi Claudi in Jllyrico,

leg. Ti.
2
eiusd. et Neronis Caesaris Aug. in Syria, procos.
| provinc. |

3 4
Cypri, q. divi Aug. et Ti. Caesaris Aug., aed. cur., pr. aer., |

X vir. stlit. iud., curat. |

tabular, publicar., praef. frum. dandi
ex s. c.

C. I. L. X. 5182. Found at S. Germane (Casinum, a Sabine town), where

2
it exists to-day. 51 A.D. and the years following (Tac. Ann.
l
37 A.D.
XIV. 26). 18 A.D. (C. L L. VI. 1496).
'

XII. 45 ;
14 A.D. Here the
consulship and sacerdotium are given first by themselves, then follow
the legationes provinciarum imperatoriarum and the proconsulship, next
the honores urbani ordinarii, and then the honores urbani extraordi-
narii, the various series being in ascending order.

13. a. Cn. Domitio Sex.-f. Volt. |

Afro Titio Marcello Curvio Lucano | |

1
cos., procos. provinciae Africae, legato eiusdem proviiu-iae
|

2
Tul[/t] |
fratris sui, septemviro epulonum, i[tem?] praetorio
3
legato provinciae Afr[t]c[ae] imp. Caesar Aug., praef. auxili-|

orum omnium |
adversus Germanos, 4 donato ab imp. Vespasiano
Aug. et T. Caesar Aug. f 5 coronis .
|
murali vallari aureis 6 hastis
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 193

puris III I
vexillis III, adlecto inter patricios, praetori, tr. pi., |

quaest. propraetore provinciae Afric[ae, tr.']

mil. leg.
J
Alaud., V
1III viarum curandar., patrono optimo
vir.
|
d. d.

6. [Cn. Domitio Sex: f. Curvio Tullo cos., procos. pro-

vinciae Africae' 1], fetiali, praef. a,u[xilior. omnium^ adversus
Germanos 4 qui cum esset candidatus Caesar, pr. desig.,
missus est ab imp. Yespasiano Aug. legatus pro praetore ad |

exercitum qui est in Africa 3 et apsens inter praetorios rela-

tus - donate ab [im]p. Vespasiano Aug. et Tito Caesare
,

5 6
Aug. f. coronis murali vallari aureis hastis puris III vexillis
III, adlecto inter patricios, tr. pi., quaest. Caesar/ Aug., | []r.
mil. leg. V Alaud., X vir. stlitib. iudicandis, patrono optimo |
d. d.

C. I. L. XI. 5210, 5211. Found at Fulginia, in Umbria. These inscrip-

two brothers, known from the Letters of Pliny, VIII. 18, 5,
tions refer to
Martial V. 28, 3, and from lateres of the gens Domitia (C. I. L. \V..
p. 266).
l
They were consules stttfecti in the last years of Vespasian or
Titus, or in early part of reign of Domitian, proconsuls of Africa under
2
Domitian, before 94 A.D. Lucanus was probably legatus provinciae
Africae in the proconsulship of his brother Tullus in the year following
his own proconsulship.
3 The was commonly
legatio exercitus Africani
*
given to praetorii, but Tullus received it as praetor designatus. They
were the praefecti of the auxiliarii of the army in Germany, not, how-
ever, before 73 A.D., after they had been placed among the patricii by
3 5
Vespasian, in 73 or 74 A.D. (Mom. Staatsr. II., 1101, note 4). They
were presented with the dona militaria after the German campaign.
Hence praefecto auxiliorum, etc., and donato, etc., must be read together,
for all the other honores are given in the descending order, save this
portion.
6
Aureis appears in both inscriptions where we would expect
aurea. The dona
militaria for soldiers, under-officers, and officers to and
including the grade of centurion, were armillae, torques, andphalerae, and
for the higher officers, coronae, hastae purae, and vexilla. Centurions
of a higher grade had a right to one corona and one hasta pura, the
tribunes and prefects to one corona, one hasta pura, one vexilhtm, or to
two insignia of the same kind. The legatus of the legion of praetorian
rank received three of each kind, while the legatus of consular rank
received four. The mention of the armillae, torques, and phalerae does
not occur after Hadrian. We then find only donis militaribns donatus.
The mention of military insignia does not appear at all in the inscriptions
after the time of Caracalla.
LAT. INSCKIP. 13
194 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

14. C. Plinius L. Ouf. Caecilius [Secundus cos., 1 ] augur, 2 l<-ic;it.

f.
]>ro

pr. provinciae Pon[t et Bithyniae] consular! potesta[^.] ii,

provinciam e[x s. c. missus ab] imp. Caesar. Nerva Tr
3 4
Aug. German[/co Dacico p. p., ] curator alvei Ti [/;]* i

5
riparian e[t cloacar. urb.,~\ praef. aerari Satu[r]ni, prari.'
aerari mil[#., pr., 6 trib. pl.?~\ quaestor imp.,
7
sevir equitum
\_Romanorum~], trib. inilit.
8
leg. [///] Gallica[e, X vir .s///]tib.

iudicand., ther[wa* ex H~S] adiectis in ornatum H-S

CCC . .
[et
eo arap]lius in tutela[m] H-S CC, t. f. i., 9 [item
. .

in alimenta] libertor. suorum homin. CrfS XVIII LXVI I I

10
[)CLXVI rei [p. legavit, quorum mjcreinent. postea ad epu-
lum[p/]eb. urban, voluit pertin[ere] [item vir~\s ....
dedit in aliment, pueror. et puellaf. pleb. urban. H-Sfi*, 11 item
u in tutelam bybliothecae H~S C.
bybliothecam et~\

C. I. L. V. 5262. Inscribed on four fragments of a large stone brought

originally from Comum
to Mediolanum, where it was found. Only one
of these now remains, the portion of the inscription on the others exist-

ing only in copies. The inscription refers to the baths established by the
will of Pliny at Comum, where he was born. Pliny, named P. Caecilius
Secundus, became C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus after adoption through
his uncle's will (Mommsen, Herm. III., p. 60). l consul sitffectus, 100
2
A.D. (Mornm., I.e., p. 91). According to Epist. 3, 8, this was shortly
after 103 or 104 A.D. 8 The mission to Bithynia dates 111. 4
105, and
6
In Epist. ad Traian. 3, Pliny
years following (Momm., Z.c., p. 47).
refers in the praefectura aerarii, which he held in 98-101. He held the
6
l>r<n'f(;ctura aerarii militaris 94 or 95. Pliny appears to have been
ir in '.'!, tribunus plebis 92. 7 In Epist. 1, 16, 2, Pliny says that he
has been quaestor imperatoris. He was quaestor Domitiani, as it appears,
Pliny says in Epist. 1, 10, 3 3, 11, 5, that he had been
in 89-90. 8
;

tribunus militum in Syria. 9 t 10 decies

(estamento) f(ieri) i(ussit).
octies centena et sexaginta 'sex milia cum sexcentis sexaginta sex (the
number 1866666) ; Mommsen, Herm. Ill, p. 102, suggests that the sign of
n This numeral is supplied from
bessis (2/3) has disappeared. Kjiist. 7,
12
18, 2. Pliny had dedicated a library for his fellow-townsmen in 97, or
a little earlier {Epist. 1, 8, 2). For the life of Pliny, see Momm. Hermes,
III., p. 59.

15. L. Min[i'ciws L.Jil. Gal. 2Va]talis cos., 1 procos. provinc. [Africae, |

sodalis Augus^taMs, leg. Aug. pr. pr. divi Traiajni Par [*//>''' '
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 195
2
imp. Traiani .Ha]driani Aug. provinc. Pan|nonia[e . . . .
,

curator a]lvei Tiberis et riparum et cloacar[rm urbis, | leg. divi

Trajiani Parthici leg. Ill Aug., 3 leg. di|vi Traia[?it Parthici

leg doni'js donatus expeditidne Dacic[a] |
prima
a[6 eodem imperatore~] corona vallari murali aurea | has[^V?
puris III vexillis III, Z]eg. pr. pr. provinc. Africae, pr.,
|
trib.

pi.,q.~pf>oy 7777 w]r. viarum curandarum, ,

4
et L. Municius L. f.
[Natalis Quadro^nius Verus f., augur,
trib. plebis desig., q. Aug.
|
et [eodem tempore leg. p~]v. pr. patris
provinc. Africae, tr. mil. leg. I adiut. p. f., l[eg XI Cl. p. /,
|

leg. XIIII Jifajrt. Vic., Ill vir monetalis a. a. a. f. f., balineum |

c[wwpor]icibus solo suo et | dn[ctus aquae] fecerunt.

C. I. L. II. 4509 Suppl. 6145. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at

;

Barcelona (Barcino, Tarraconensis), Spain. * consul svffectus, 106 A.D.

2 117 A.D. 3 104 or 105 A.D. XIV.
*Jilius, cf. C. 7. L. 3599.

16. P. Manilio P. f. Gal. Vopisco Vicinillian[o] L. Elufrio Severo

| | |

1 2 3
Iul[/o] |
Quadrate Basso cos., pontif., flamin., praet., | |

quaestori divi Traiani Parthici, trib. mil. leg. IIII Scythic.,

| |

Ill vir a. a. a. f. f., salio Collino, curat. fani Here. Viet.,

| | |

N. Prosius Platanu[s] cum Manilia Eutych[a] uxore et | |

Vibia Vicinill[a] |
et Manilis | Vopisciano et Attico libe[m] |

suis.

C. 7. L. XIV. 4242. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Tivoli

(Tibur) in 1887.
1
consul ordinarius, 114 A.D. 2 Dialis, Martialis, or
Vopiscus as a patrician passed directly from the
3
Quirinalis is omitted.
quaestorship to the praetorship.

1
17. L. Burbuleio L. Optato Ligariano cos., sodal. Aug.,
f. Quir. | |

leg. imperat. Antonini Aug. Pii pro pr. prov. Syriae in quo
| |

honor, decessit, leg. eiusdem et divi Hadriani pro pr. prov.

| |

Cappad., cur. oper. locor. q. publ., praef. |

aerar. Saturn., pro-
cos. Sicil., logiste | Syriae, legat. leg. XVI Fl. Firm., cur. rei p. |

Narbon. item Anconitanor item Tarricin., curat7viar. Clodiae

Cassiae | Ciminae, pr., aed. pi., q. Ponti et Bithyn., |
trib. laticl.
196 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

leg. IX Hispau., Ill vir kapit., | patr. col., |

Rasinia Pietas
nutr. 2 filiar. eius |
s.
p. p., 1. d. d. d."

C. I. L. X. 6006. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the ruins of Minturnae,

now at Naples. It is this inscription which formed the basis of Borghesi's

work on the cursus honorum, Oeuv. IV., p. 104-178. l Before 138, in

which year as consularis he was in charge of Cappadocia, probably
about 130, or the 2 8
years immediately following. nutr(ix). sua
p(ecunia) p(osuit), l(oco~) d(ato) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum).

18. L. Novio Crispino |

Martial! Saturnine |
cos. desig., leg. Aug. pr.
1
pr. | provinciae Africae, procos. Galliae Narbonensis, leg.
^ Aug. leg. I Italicae, |
leg. Aug. iuridico Astyriae et Gallaeciae,

praetori, trib. pleb., quaestori pro praet. provinciae Mace- |

doniae, trib. mil. leg. VIIII Hisp., IIII viro viarum curan- j

2
darum, seviro eq. Romanorum, |
veterani (leg. Aug., Ill) | |

3
qui militare coeperunt Glabrione j
et Torquato, item Asiatico
II et Aquilino cos. 4

C. I. L. VIII. 2747.Inscribed on a pedestal found at Lambaesis, in Africa.

1
It is known
that this legatus governed Numidia in 147 and 148 ( C. I. L.
VIII. 2542, 2652). 2 leg. Ill has been engraved over an erasure. 3 124
A.D. * 125 A.D. Since milites veterani commonly received dimissio after
twenty-five years of service, Wilmanns places the date of the inscription
as 150 A.D. The cursus honorum is given in inverse or descending order.
The functions between cos. design, and praetori were assigned to Cris-
pinus as being of praetorian rank.

19. L. Aemilio L. f. Cam. Karo 1

co[s.], | leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae
Cappadociae, | leg. provinciae Lugdu-
Aug. pr. pr. censitori

nensis, |
leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciae Arabiae, curatori viae |

Flaminiae, leg. leg. XXX U. V., 2 | praet., trib. pleb., quaest.

Aug., |
trib. militum leg. VIII Aug., |
trib. militum leg. VIIII
Hispanae, X viro stlitib. iudic.,
sodali Flaviali, viro s. f., |
XV |

('. lulius Erucianus Crispus praef. alae primae Ulpiae Daco- |

rum amico | optimo.

C. I. L. VI. 1333. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome, now
in the Capitoline Museum. l
He appears to have lived under Antoninus
Pius (Borghesi, Oeuv. IV., 2
p. 159). legatus legionis tricesimae Ulpiae
Victricis.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SENATORIAL ORDER 197

20. Q. Pompeio Q. f. Quir. Senecioni |

Roscio Murenae Coelio Sex.
TjilioJFroiitiiio Silio Deciano C. lulio Eurycli Herculaneo L. j

Vibullio Pio^Augustano Alpino Bellicio Sollerti lulio Apro

| |

Ducenio Proculo Rutiliano Rufino |

Silio Valenti Valerio |

Nigro Cl. Fusco Saxae [.c-lmjyntiano l Sosio Frisco pontifici,

\

sodali Hadrianali, sodali Antoniiiiani (sic) Veriani (sic), \

salio Collino, quaestori |

candidate Augg., legato pr. pr. Asiae, |

2
praetori, consuli, pro consuli Asijae sortito, praefecto alimen-
tor., XX viro monetali, seviro, praef. feriarum Latinarum; |

q. q., patrono municipii, salio,

|
curator! fan! H. V. 3 s. p. q. T. 4 |

C. I. L. XIV. 3609. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur).

1
Uryntiano is the reading of Borghesi, but the Pamphylian inscription
in Bull, de Corr. Hellen. 14 (1890), p. 643, gives authority for Amyntiano.
The name in other inscriptions appears as Q. Pompeius Q.f. Senecio So-
sius Prisctts, or Q. Sositis Priscus. The portion of his name, Q. Pompeius
Roscius . to. . Vibullius Pius he received from his father ; Senecio
. . .

and Sosius from his maternal grandfather Sex. lulius Frontinus ;

from his great-grandfather Augustanus Alpinus Bellicius Sailers from

;

Bellicius Sollers, consul in time of Trajan. 2 consul ordinarius, 169 A.D.

3 * The arrangement
H(erculis) V(ictoris). senatus popul usque Tiburs.
of the cursus honorum the priestly functions, then
is as follows :
first,

quaestor candidates, followed by legatus pro praetore, a quaestorian

function, then praetor, consul, proconsul Asiae, a consular function,
hence in ascending series. The functions performed in Italy follow
in inverse order, and finally the municipal honores and the municipal
priesthoods are given.

21.
[.Herjcul^'] |
Victor! P. Plotius
cos., sod. Aug. Cl.,
|
Romanus l
|

leg.Aug. pr. pr. prov. Arab, item Gal., praef. aer. Sat, leg. |

2 3 4
Aug. cens. ace. Hisp. cit., iur. per Aem. Lig., cur. viae Labic.,|

cur. Verc., 5 pr. urb., trib. pi., q. kand., VI vir eq. R. tur. II, |

trib. mi-1. legg. I Min. et II Adiut., IIII v. v. cur. ? aedem |

cum omni cultu coiisecravit.

C. I. L. VI. 332. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, outside of

the Porta Portuensis. l
Plotius Romanus was consul suffectus in an un-
known year, not however before the time of M. Aurelius, who instituted
the office of iuridicus 3 2
leg(atus) Aug(usti) cens(ilnts) acc(ipiendis)
.

* 5
Hisp(aniae) Cit(erioris'). Labic(anae} .
Verc^ellensiuiri) .
198 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

22. C. Caerellio Fufidio Annio Ravo C. fil. Ouf. Pollittiano sodali

| |

Marciano Aureliano Comniodiano Helviano Severiano, III | |

vir. monet. |
a. a. a. f. f., trib. laticlavio |
Ill Cyr., VI vir.
leg.

equit. Rom. turmae primae, quaestor.| |

candid. imp. Caesaris |

M. Aurelli Antonini Pii Felicis Aug.,

|
1
|
trib. pi. candid., pr.
2 3
hastar., c. v.,
|
Fufidii Amycus et Chrestina nutritores.

C. I. L. VI. 1365. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome,

now in Florence. l Between 212-217 A.D. ^pr(aetori) hastar(io).
Cf. Mommsen, Staatsr. II., 8 p. 225. 8
c(larissimo) v(iro).

23. L. lul. Apronio Maenio Pio Salamalliano l

\
trib. latic. leg. X
2
Gem., adjlecto inter qq., prae|posito actis senat., aed. curuli, |

praeto|ri, leg. Aug. vice quin[g]ue fascium prov. Belgi[cae, |

fe]g. leg. I Aduitric., leg. Au[#] pr. pr. provinc.

| | Ga[7a]|tiae
item I | pr. pr. c. v. . . .

Ephem. Ep. VII. 395. Inscribed on a pedestal found in the fornm at Lam-
baesis, Africa, where it still exists. 1
He is said to have lived in the
middle of the third century. The tribunatus militum and the legatio
legionis show that he did not live after the time of Gallien. 2 Note this
instance of adlectio inter quaestorios. 3
Mommsen, Staatsr. II., p. 941,
note 5, and p. 901.

24. M. Tineio Ovinio |

L. f. Arn. Casto Pulchro |
c. v., pont. maiori,
1
1

2
q. urb., pr. k., cos., |
s. p. q. T. |
filio patroni, | nepoti patro-
norum.
C. I. L. XIV. 3614. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Tivoli (Tibur).
1 If the pontifices were not termed maiores until after the establishment of
the pontificate of deus Sol, this inscription does not date before Aurelian,
270-275, who is believed to- have instituted the pontifices dei Solis
2
(Dessau). s^enatus) p(opulus~)q(ue~) T(iburs).

25. C. Gaelic Censori|no v. c., praet. candi|dato, cons., cur. viae |

Latinae, cur. reg. VII, |

cur. splendidae Carthagin., comiti d.
n. Constantini maximi Aug. et exactori auri et argen|ti
j |

1
provinciarum III, cons. pro|vinc. Sicil., cons. Camp., aucta in |

melius civitate sua et refor|mata ordo populusque Atellanus.

L. d. s. c.
 199

C. I. L. X. 3732. Found at Grumo, near ancient Atella, between Naples

and Capua. l
cons(ulari) . The three provinces are Sicilia, Sardinia,
Corsica.

26. Mavortii. Q. Flavio Maesio Egnatio |

Lolliano c. v., q. k.,

praetori urjbano, auguri publico populi Komani Quiritium,

|

cons, albei Tiberis et cloacarum, cons. ope|rum publicum, 1

|

cons, aquarum, cons. Campaniae, comiti Flaviali, comiti |

Orientis, comiti primi ordinis et | proconsuli provinciae

Africae, |
regio portae triumphalis patrono dignissinio.

C. I. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Puteoli, now in Museum at

L. X. 1695.
Naples. Lollianus was praefectus urbi in 342 A.D., and consul ordinarius
in 355 A.D. ! By an error for publicorum.

27. nobilitatis culmini, |

litterarum et eloquentiae lumini, auctori- |

tatis exemplo, | provisionum ac dispositionuui magistro, |

humanitatis auctori, |
moderationis patrono, devotionis anti-
1
stiti, |
Petronio |
Probo v.
proconsuli Africae, c.
praefecto |

praetorio | per Illyricum Italiam et Africam, consuli ordi-

2
nario, ob insignia erga se remediorum genera Veneti adque |

Histri peculiares eius, patrono praestantissimo. (On the side)

Dedicata VI idus Aug., dd. mi. Valente VI et Valentiniano ]

3
II Augg. cons.
C. /. L. VI. 1751. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome,
now in the Capitoline Museum. !358 A.D. 2 371 A.D. 3 Aug. 8th, 378.

28. Rufius Praetextatus |

Postumianus v. c., films magnifici viri
Mariniani praefecti praetorio et consulis ordinarii, 1 quaestor | 1

candidatus, praetor urbanus, tribunus et notarius praetori-

| |

anus, praefectus urbi secundo, consul ordinarius, 2 quos | |

tantos ac tales honores primo aetatis suae flore promeruit. |

C. 7. L. VI. 1761. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Rome, now in

Museum at Florence. 1 423 A.D. 2
448 A.D.
200 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER

PRAEFECTI PRAETOKIO
1
1. Vasiens. Vdc. patrdno, |
Sex. Afranio Sex. f.
|
Volt. Burro ,
trib.
2
mil., proc. proc. Ti. Caesar.,
Augu|stae, proc. divi Claudi, |

3
praef. pra[e]tori, ornajm[ewf]is consular.
' '. I. L. XII. 5842. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Vaison (Vasio), in
2 Livia. 3 Burrus
Xarbonensis. l
Vasienses Vocontii. was praefectus
praetorio from 51-62 A.D. Tac. Ann. XII. 42.
%

2. M. Bassaeo M. f.
St[e.] pr. pr.|
Rufo [*i]peratoruin M. Aureli
Antonini et Commodi Augg.,
Aureli Veri et L. Aureli
\_L.~]

[cjonsularibus ornamentis honorato [e]t ob victoriam Ger-

manicam et Sarmatic. [yl]ntonini et Commodi Augg. corona |

[wjurali vallari aurea hastis puris IIII [fo]tidemque vexillis j

obsidionalibus [aft iisdem~\ donato, praef. Aegypti, praef.

l
. .
,
.
proc. a rationibus, proc. Belg[7me]
. et
rfwjarum Ger-
maniarum, proc. regni [JVo|ri]ci, proc. Asturiae et Calleciae,
trib. | [co/i] . .
pr., trib. coh. X urb., trib. coh. V vigul., pp.
2
bis. [Huic se]atus auctoribus impp. Antonino et [Com- \

mjodo Augg. statuam auratam in foro [divi Traia~\m et |

aliam civil iamictu in templo {divi | Pii'], tertiam loricatam in

tern [plo Martis Ultoris? j?o]nendas [censuit~\.

C. I. L. VI. 1599. Found at Rome, existing now in a copy of the sixteenth

2
Supply either an n(onae), or my(ilum).
l
century. p(rimo)p(ilo) his.
Dio Cassius LXXI. 5. The order of the honores is descending. The
highest offices of the equestrian career are given from pr(aefecto)
pr(aetorio') to praef(ecto) [fljtn(onae) or t?igr(i7m)], those of the grade
of procurator from proc(uratori) a rationibus to proc(uratori) Asturiae
et Gallaeciae, and those indicating preparatory military service from

trib(uno) [coh(ortis) . .
.] to p(rimo}p(ilo) bis . . .

3. L. lulio Ve[M]io Gr[ato] luliano pra[e/.] pr., praef. |

ann., a
rationib., praef. chassis ^>]raet. Misenat., pra[e/.] |
classis

praet. Raven[wo<., proc.~\ Aug. et praep. vexil[^a]|tion. tempore

belli \_Britannici, pr~\6c,. Aug. provinciae Lusit[aniae] et

Vett[owi'ae, proc. ^.]ug. et praeposit[o] |

vexillationis per . . .
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 201

, prdc. Aug. et praef. classis Po[wto'c]a[e, proc. Augg.

e]t pra[ep.] vexillationis per Achaiarn et Macedoniam et in |

Hispanias adversus Castabocas et Mauros rebelles, praeposito |

vexillatio|nibus tempore belli Germanici et Sarmat., praef. |

alae Tampianae, praef. alae Her|culanae, trib. cohort, primae

Ulpiae Pan noniorum, praef. cohort, tertiae August, Thracum, j

donis militaribus donato ab impe|[rato]ribus Antonino et Vero

ob victoriam [belli Par/w]ci, item ab Antonino et [Commodo |

ob v/c]tor. belli Germ[a]nic. [...'.,

'Notizie degli Scavi, 1887, p. 536. On a pedestal found at Rome in the bed
of the Tiber. was praefectus praetorio of Commodus, and was
lulianus
slain by him; Dio Cassius LXXII. 14 Vita Comm. 7, 4. 11, 3. A state- ;

ment in Vita Marci, chap. 21, shows that the Moors ravaged Spain in
the time of M. Aurelius.

Sab. Tauro Volu|siano v. cos.

1
4. L. Petronio L. f.
|
ordinario, praef. |

2 3
praet. |
em. v., praef. vigul. p. v., coh. primae praet.
|
trib. |

trib. coh. XI
4
protect |
Augg. nil., item trib. coh. IIII praet.,

urb., trib. coh. Ill vig., leg. X |

et XIIII Gem. prov. Pannoniae
5
superiori. |
itim (sic) leg. Daciae, praeposito equitum sin|gu-
larior. Augg. nn., p. p.
6
leg. XXX Ul[piae, centurioni deputato,
eq. pub., ex V dec., Laur. Lavin. ordo Arretinorum patrono |

optimo.
C. L L. XI. 1836. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Arezzo (Arretium),
where l 2
it still exists. v(iro) co(n)s(ulari) ordinario, 261 A.D. em(in-
3 *
entissimo*)v(iro). p^erfeetissimo*) v(iro). protection) Aug(ustorum)
n(ostrorum}, the earliest mention of protectores ; cf. Momm. Ephem.
5 6
Ep. V. p. 126. leg(ionis) Daciae. p(rimo') p(ilo).

PRAEFECTI AEGYPTI, ANNONAE, VIGILUJI

5. M. Magio M. f. Maximo
praef. Aegypti, Tarraconenses.
|

C. I. L. IX. 1125. Found at Le Grotte di Mirabella (Aeclanum), still in

existence. Maximus was prapfectus Aegypti under Augustus (Philo. adv.
Flaccum 10. Pliny N. H. 36, 9, 69).

'i. Claudio Ti. fil. Pal. Secundino L. Statio Macedon[t] | p. p.

leg. IIII F. f.,
1
trib. coh. | prim, vig., trib. .coh. XT urban.,|

2
trib. coh. VIIII pr., | p. p. iterum, praef. leg. II Tra. [/.J, |
202 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

proc. XX
her., proc. provin[c.] Lugdunens. et Aquitan[/coe], | |

a rationib. Aug.,3 praef. an[?tow.], L. Saufeius Iulianu[s] |

amico optim[o].
C. I. L. V. 867. Found at Aquileja (Aquileia), where it still remains.
1
p(rimo) p(ilo) leg(ionis) quartae F(laviae) f(elicis). *p(rimo( p(ilo)
iterum. The return to this position or grade evidently looked to obtain-
ing some special advantage which fell to the primipilarii.
8
An inscrip-
tion on a lead pipe (<7. /. L. XIV. 2008), referring to this man, shows
that Secundinus was a rationibus for Antoninus Pius.

6. C. Iimio C. f. Quir. |
Flaviano | praefecto annonae, proc. a
rationibus, proc. provinciarum Lugdunesis et Aquitanicae,
| |

proc. hereditat., proc. Hispaniae citerioris per Asturicam et

| |

Callaeciam, proc. Alpium maritimarum,

|
promagistro |
XX
hereditatium, tr. mil. leg. VII Gem., pontif. minori, merca-
| |

tores frumentari et oleari Afr_ari. |

C. L L. VI. 1620. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Rome,

where a fragment still exists.

7. Cn. Marcio On. fi[T]io Kustio \_Rufino praef. cojhortium vigilum,

p[r]aeposito an[wonae imp. L. Septimi] Severi Pii Pertinac. |

e{_] M. Aurelii Anton [mi Augg., praef.'} classiuni praetori- \

a[rw]m Misenatium [et Ravennat., trib.

co]]hortium primae
prae[to]riae, XI urban., [VI vigil., prim. pil. legi^onuna. Ill
\

Cyrenaicae, III Gall[icoe, et Salinato^ri&e P. fil. Augustinae

ei[ws].
C. L L. IX. 1582. Found at Benevento (Beneventum), where it still exists.
Rufinus was praefectus vigilum from 205-207 A.D.

PROCURATORES

8. C. Baebio P. f. Cla. |
Attico |
II vir. i.
[d], primopil. leg. |
V
Macedonic., praef. civitatium Moesiae et | Treballia[e, pm]ef.
[cijvitat. in maritumis, t[r.] mil. coh.
Alpib. VIII pr., |

primopil. iter., procurator. Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Ger- |

2
manici in Norico, civitas Saevatum et Laiancoruin.
| | |

C. L L. V. 1838. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found at Zuglium (lulium

2
Carnicum), still in existence. People of Noricum.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 203

9. P. Besio P. f, Quir. Betuiniano |

C. Mario Memmid Sabino |

praef. coh. I Raetorum, trib. leg. X G. p. f., | praef. alae

Dardanorirm, procurator! imp. Caesaris Nervae Traiani Aug.

Germ. Dacici monetae, proc. provinc. Baeticae, proc.
|
XX
hered., proc. pro leg. provinc. Mauretaniae Tingitanae, donis
donato ab imp. Traiano Aug. bello Dacico corona murali
vallari hastis pur. vexillo argent., |
exacti exercitus.

C. I. L. VIII. 9990. Found at Tanger (Tingi), Mauretania, and taken to

Oxford, where it remains in the museum.

1
10. d. m. s.
|
P. Vibi P. f. Marian!
proc. et praesidi prov. e. m. v.,

Sardiniae, p. p. bis, trib. cohh. pr. XI urb. IIII vig., praef. X

leg. II Ital., p. p. leg. Ill Gall., J/^frument., oriundo ex Ital.
| |

lul. Dertona, | patri dulcissimo, |

et Reginiae Maxime matri |

karissimae, Vibia Maria Maxima c. f. fil. et her.

C.I. L. VI. 1636. Inscribed on a large sarcophagus found near the fifth
milestone of the Via Cassia, near Rome, where it still exists. ]
egregiae
memoriae viro.

11. T. Cornasidio T. f. Fab. Sabino e. m. v., | proc. Aug. Daciae

Apulensis, proc. |
Alpium Atractianar. et Poeninar. iur. glad.,

subpraef. class, pr. Raven., | praef. alae veter. Gallor., trib.

leg. II Aug., praef. coh I Mont., p. c., auguri, Laur. Lavin.,
1
aed., II vir., q., q. q. p. p., collegia fabrum centon. dendro- |

phor. in honorem|
T. Cornasidi Vesenni Clementis fili eius,
| |

equo publ., Laur. Lavin. patron! plebis et coljlegior., qui ab

ipsis oblatum sibi honorem statuae in patris sui nomen
| |

memo riamque transmisit.

C. I. L. IX. 5439. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Fallerone (Falerio,

in Picenum), now at Home in the Vatican Museum. l
aed(ili'), duovir(p\

q(uaestori\ q(uin*)q(uennali) p(er~)p(etuo) are municipal honores.

12. M. Aquilio M. f.
|
Fabia Felici a census equit. Roman., 1 |
praef.
2
cl. pr. Ravennat., proc. patrim. bis, proc. hered. | patrim.
privat.,
3
proc. oper. pub.,
4
praep. vexillat., p. p. leg. XI CL, |

5
V fr., patron, col., ob mer. eius Antiat. publ.
|
204 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

('. I.-L. X. 6657.Found at Nettuno (Antiuin), now at Rome in the

Capitoline Museum. 1
For a censibus equit(um) Roman(orum), as
Mommsen, Staatsr. III., p. 490, note 2, who identifies this officer of
the bureau for examining the demands of candidates for the equestrian
order with the officer of the bureau of petitions (a libellis) or for ;

(proc) a(d) census equU^um) Roman(orum), a special officer only

mentioned here, Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 18, note 4.
so,
2 3
proc(uratori) patrim(onii) bis, i.e. of two provinces. proc(uratori)
hered(itatium) patrini(o>iii) privat(i), was thS officer to whom fell the
charge of inheritances coming to the emperor on account of ius patronatus.
The duties of this officer afterwards devolved
upon the procurator ratiunis
This function, mention of which does not occur elsewhere,
*
privatae.
was held by Felix in 193 A.D. 5 c(enturioni) fr(iiinentarioruiri).

13. Tib. Faus|ti fil. Qtiirina Marci|ano domo Circina,

Antistio |

praef. coh. II His[p]anae, trib. leg. [^lpoZ]linaris piae

1
XV |

fideli[s, j>r]aefecto a[lae Sulpic[ta]e R., secun|duni man-

c.
1
data impp. do|minor. Augg. nn. inte|gerrim. abstinentis-
simoque procur., tres provinc. Galliae prinio umquam eq.
R. a censibus accipi|endis 2 ad aram Caesa]rum statuam
equestrem ponendam censu|erunt.
Musee de Lyon, I., p. 162. Found at Lyons (Lugdunum). Probably
!

Severus and Caracalla. 2

The meaning is that Marcianus was the first
censitor of the equestrian rank to be honored by the tres Galliae with an
equestrian statue.

14. M. Bassaeo M. Pal. Axiof. 1

patr. col., cur. r. p., IT vir.
| |

2 3
munif., Aug. viae Ost., et Camp., trib. mil. leg. XIII
proc. |

Gem., proc. reg. Calajbric., omnibus honorib. Capuae finic., |

patr. col. Lupiensium, patr. municipi Hudentinor., universus |

ordo municip. ob rem publ. bene ae fideliter gestain.

|
Hie |

primus et solus victores et aestim. paria

Campanijae pretis
gladiat. edidit. L. d. d. d.

C. /. L. X. 1795. Found at Naples, but probably belonging in origin to Pu-

1
teoli. patr(ono) col (oniae), cur (atari) r(ei publicae} 2 munific.o. 3 The .

charge of the more important roads was given to men of senatorial order
i.e. curatores viae, while those of less
consequence were given in charge
of equites known here as procurators, in C. I. L. VI. 1010 as curatores.

Hirschfeld, Verw., p. 112, note 4. Momm. Staatsr. II.,8 p. 1077, note 4.

 INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER 205

15. P. Magnio Q. f. Quir. Rufo | Magoniano tr. mil. IIII, 1 proc.

Aug. XX her. 2 per Hisp. Baet. [
et Lusitan., item proc.
Aug. j
per Baetic. ad Fal. veget., 3
|
item proc. Aug. prov.
4 5
Baet. ad ducen., Acili. Plec. amico optimo et bene de |

provincia | semper merito d. d.

C. I.L. II. 2029. Inscribed on a pedestal found in Andalusia near El Cerro

de Leon (Anticaria), Spain, where it still exists. l
tr(ibuno) mil(itum)
2
quater. vicesimae (partis') her(editatium). 3 procurator Augusti ad
Falernas vegetandas, an officer looking to the propagation of Italian
vines in Spain l
(Mommsen). adducen(a) (milia sestertium) .
*Acili(a)
Plec(nsa).

16. C. Sextio C. Martiali trib. mil. legionis ![///]

f.
Papir[t'a] | |

1
Scythicae, proc. Aug. ab actis urbis, p[roc.] Aug. inter |

mancip. XL Galliarum et 2
ne|gotiantis, proc. Macedoniae, qui
ob memoriam T. Sexti Alexandri fratris sui, inlatis H-SL |

mil. 3 rei pub. col. suae Mactaritanae, epulaticium ex usuris

|

curialibus die natali fratris quodannis dari iussit, ob

sui |

quam liberalitate (sic) \

eius statuam universae curiae d. d. 4

pec. sua posuer.

C. I. L. VIII, Suppl. 11813.Found at Mactaris in Africa. procurator)
l

Aug(usti) ab actis refers to an officer of equestrian rank in charge of the

acta publica (diurna urbis acta, Tac. Ann. XIII. 31) liberti Augustorum ;

ab actis (C. I. L. VI. 8674), and adiutor ab actis (VI. 8695) were his
subordinates. -
inter manciples) giiadragesimae Galliarum et nego-
tiantis. The procurator referred to was the arbitrator between the man-
3 *
cipes and negotiatores. inlatis (sestertium) L mil(ibiis). d(ecreto)
d(ecurionitm).

17. P. Cominio P. Clementi praef. classium praet. Misenens.

f.
|
Cl. |

et Eavenn.,
1
praeposito a cens., proc. Aug.
|
2
her., proc. XX
Aug. projvinc. Lusitan., proc. Aug. prov. Daciae Apolensis |

(sic), subpraef. ann., proc. Aug.

|
ad famil. glad. Transpa., |
|

proc. Aug. XX 2
her. per Hisp. citer., omnib. equestrib. milit. |

3
funct., pontif., pa|tron. coloniar. Cone. Aquil. Parmens. |

4
Venafr., ordo Cone.
C. I. L. V. 8659. Found where it still exists. Another
at Concordia, Italy,
form has recently been found referring to the
inscription in mutilated
same Cominius Clemens, from which it appears that he performed his
206 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

military service under Marcus Aurelius (Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, p. 173).
1
Momm., Staatsr. III. 490, note 2. 2 proc(uratur) Aug(usti) vicesimae
her(editatium~) at Rome, but a similar function in the province is indi-
cated by procurator) Aug(usti) vicesimae her(editatium) per IIisp(an-
s 4
iam) citer(iorem). Conc(ordiensis) Aquil(eiensis). Venafr(anae).

18. Q. Petronio Q.f. Meliori proc. annon., adiutori curatoris | | |

alvei Tiberis et cloacarum, curator! rei publ. Saenesium, | |

praetori Etrur. XV
populorum bis, trib. mil. leg. Ill Gallicae,
2
sc[r.] | q. VI primo
praet. Laur. Lavin., IIII viro principi,
1

qq. Faesulis, pontif. Faesulis et Florentine, corpus mesor. 4

3
|

frum. Ost. 5 L. d. d. d. p. 6 (0 the *</) Ded. III. non. Feb. |

7
L. Eggio Marullo Cn. Papirio [
Aeliano cos., |
locus adsign.
8
per C. Nasenn. |
Marcellum cur. pp. oper. pub.

C. L L. XIV. 172. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, having

been built into the theatre when it was restored in the fourth or fifth
l 2
century A. i>.
sc[r(t&ne)] q(uaestorio sex) primo principi. praet(ori)
3 IIII viro
Laur(entium') Lavin(atium). q(uin)q(uennali) Faesulis.
4 & 6
me(n)sor(wm). frum (entar tor um)
~
Ost(iensium'). l(ocus) d(atus
8
d(ecreto) d(ecurionwn) p(ublice~). Febr. 3d, 184 A.U. Nasenn(ium).

19. Aegippi. Aemiliano Laurenti Lavinatium, IIII

|
L. Mussi<5 | |

1
milit., v. trium prov. Gall. Lugdunens,
e., praef. vehicul.
|
Narbonens. ad S^SLX, proc. Alex. Pelusi
et Aquitanic. |

2
p. . ad
.
-&SC, proc. portus utriusq. ad [SSCO\, viro
.
| | \

innocentissimo, |
codicarii navicularii et | quiuq. corp. navi-

gantes, ob insignem eius erga se benivolentiam ac singu|larem |

abstinentiam. (On the Me) Dedic. XV Kal. lun. |

dd. nn.
3
[Phttippis] |
Augg. cos., 1
curant. nun. Herraogen[e], |
Ann. I.

Paulino Coz. 4 . . .

C. L L. XIV. 170. Found at Rome, whither it was brought from Ostia,

existing now in copy only.
J
() quattunr milit(iis), i.e. functus qnattuor
militiis equestribm. 2 Pelusi p[hari] according to some others Pelusi-
;

p[hylac.~], i.e. Pelusip[liylac(iae)~\, like potamophylaciae (C. I. L. II.

8 247 or 248 A.D.
1970), Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 263, n. 8.
4
curant(ibus) nun(dinas) Hermogen[e~\ Au[g.] n. I. Paulino Coz[ino~\
is suggested by Mommsen, but the names have probably been wrongly
copied. The first word, Aegippi, i.e. of Aegippius, is separated from the
rest, and forms one line of the inscription.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 207

20. M. Aurelio Basileo viro ducenario, proc. |

rationis castrensis, |

or do decurionum ob |
tanto amore quam (sic) erga | patriam
nostram praes|tare consuevit.
C. I. L. X. 5336. Found near Interamna, where it still exists within the
walls of an ancient town. the only instance known of a man of
This is

equestrian order being procurator castrensis, since elsewhere the pro-

curatores castrenses are libertini.

INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS

APPARITORES AND AIDES OF MAGISTRATES

1.
[_M.~\ lunius M. 1. Menander scr. libr. aed. cur. princeps et q. |
1
|

2
v. lunia M. 1.
Calliste, j
lunia O. 3 1.
Sophie, vixit ann. VIII.
Notizie degli Scavi, 1886, p. 420. Found at Rome on the Via Salaria.
1
scr(iba~) libr(arius) aed(ilium) cur(ulium) princeps et (scriba) q(uaes-
2 3
torius). viva. G(aiae), i.e. mulieris.

2. P. Aelio P. f. Pal. | Agathocliano pontif. praetori Laurenti]um

Lavinatium, scrib. tribuni|cio maior., scrib. q. sexsprimo, |

1
scrib. aedil. curulium, de curial. pullario maiori, praef. fabr.
2
Ill, accens. velat., Foroclodienses ex deer. decur., patrono, |

ob meri|ta eius et quod primus ad thermas publicas marmora |

et eolumnas [de]derit, cuius ob dedicati [onem~\ sportulas

| |

dec[icrionibus~\ virit[zm divisif]. (On the side) Ded. VII id.

3
Aug. Cn. Claudio
|
Severe II Ti. Cl. Pompeiano II cos.
Notizie degli Scavi, 1889, p. 9. Found near Bracciano, where Forum Clodii
2
was situated. J
Mommsen, Staatsr. I.,
3
p. 366, n. 6. accens(o) velat(o).
3
173 A.D.

1
3. Sex. Caecilio | Epagatho |
scrib. libr. tribunicio, apparitori
2
Caesarum, |
scrib. libr. q. Ill decur., |
viat. Ill vir. et IIII
3
vir., |
scrib. libr. aed. cur., patri optimo, Sex. Caecilius Sex. |

f.
|
Quir. Birronianus et |
M. Caecilius Sex. f. Quir. Statianus.

C. f. L. VI. 1808. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Rome, where

exists. l 2
it still
scrib(ae~) libr(ario') tribunicio. scrib(ae) libr(ario)
3
q(uaestorio) trium decur (iarum}. viatori triumvirum (sc. capitalium)
et quattuorvirum (sc. viarum curandaruvn).
208 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

4.
[i.] Marius L. lib. Doryphorus anulos aureos consecutus a divo
1
Commodo, scrib. aedilic. et |
tribunic., scrib. libr. aedil. curul.,
2
praeco [pra]ec. quaestorius, sacerdotal, viator auguruiu,
cos., |
j

[lict]or curiat., Laurens Lavinas, fecit sibi et ae Ascle- |

. . .

piodote coniugi, item libertis | libertabusque posterisque eorum.

C. I.L. VI. 1847. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing
only in a copy.
l
This refers to the ius aureorum anulorum, conferring
ingenuitas, introduced by Commodus. Momuisen, Slaatsr. II., 8 p. 893.
2 3
Mommsen, Staatsr. I., p. 303, note 4.

5. P. Aemilio P. f. Nicomedi patri | incomparabili, |

deciiriali
decuriae lictor. |
cos. trium .decuriar. X primo,
1
item decur. |

lictor.
2
popularis denuntiat. 3 X primo, item praecon. aedilium
curul. Xprimo, Aemilii Nicomedes et Nicomedes |
et Theofila
fili et |
heredes fecerunt.
C. /. L. VI. 1869. Found at Rome, now in the Capitoline Museum.
1
deciiriali decuriae lictor(iae) co(n)s(w?am) trium decuriar (urn),
'
2 8
decemprimo. decur (iae) lictor(iae). dennntiat(orum').

6. Euhodi. 1
|
M. Aurel. Sabiniano Augg. lib., patrono |
civitatis

Anagninor. | itemq. collegi caplato|rum, decuriali decuriae |

lictoriae popularis demmtiatorum itemq. gerulor., sed et

decemviralis, A. 3 erga amorem patriae et civium,
2
|
s. p. q. |

quod thermas longa incuria neglectas sua pecunia restituerit, |

|
statuam ex leg. 4 suis ponend. censuer. ob cuius dedic. dedit ;

5
decur. XV, sexv. | 3II, pop. XI, et epul. suffic.

C. I. L. X. 5917. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the forum of

Anagnia, the chief town oj: the Hernici, Italy. 1 This is the additional
'

cognomen.
2
Sabinianus was a member of one of the decuriae which
attended the decemviri s
stlitibus
s(enatus~) p(opulns) iudicandis.
8
q(ue) A(nagninus). *leg(atis'). decur (ionibus) denarios quinos, sex-
v(iris) denarios binos, pop(ulo) denarios singulos.

1
7. Tutic. Hylas hie positus, qui fuit margaritar. hie habuit dec.|
;

2
viat. consullarem, et colleg. den[d]r. Koman. qq. pp. 3 fuit; |
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 9Q9

4
qui reliquit collegio s. s. rfS decem mil. n., uti ex usuris
eius omnibus annis parentet ei hoc loco, aut si non factum
5
fuerit ante terminal., inferet |
aerario p. R. decem m. n.

C. I. L. VI. 1925. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy.

l
Tutic(ius ?).
2 s
dec(uriam) viat(oriam). colleg(ii) dendr(ophororum) Boman(orum)
4 5
q(uiri)q(uennalis) p(er)p(etuus). s(upra)s(cripto). For terminalia
see Marquardt, Staatsv. III., 3 p. 202.

8. in honorem domus August, w. 1

qq. scholam vetustate corruptam
2
s. p. ret. 1. s. s. L. Venuleius Agatho, M. Aurel. Auggg. 3 lib.
:

December, M. Aurel. Spendon, C. Gemellius Privatus. Dedic. |

V idus Maias Fulvio Pio, Pontio Pontiano cos.,

4
curat. C.
Gemellio Private.
C. I. L. VI. 816. Found at Rome, preserved in a copy. v(iatores) q(uae-
1

'
2
storii). This is the form given in the copy, probably representing s. p.
ref. q. i. s. s., i.e. s(ua) p(ecunia) ref(ecerunt) q.(ui) i(nfra) s(cripti)
Perhaps, Maximus and Balbinus with Gordian
3
s(unt), on the stone.
Caesar. 4 238 A.D.

9. M. Falcidio |
M. fil. Pal. Hypatiano |
adlecto in ordinem dec.
|

1
Puteolanor., |
ordo |
decuriae luliae praec. cos., ob merita
M. Falcidi Cupiti praeconis et | apparitor. Aug., patris eius.
C. I. L. VI. 1944. Found at Rome, now in museum at Naples. 1
For
decuria lulia praeconum consulari cf. Momm. Staatsr. I.,
3
p. 344, note 5.

10. Anniae Agrippinae uxori |

C. luli Apollini decur. Komae |

trib. item aedil., 1 |

accens. velatd,
1
|
cur mun. glad. 2 |
tridui,
hered. |
1. d. d. d.

Ephem. Ep. VIII. 370. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Puteoli

near the amphitheatre. decur(ialis) Bomae trib(unorum) item aedil-
1

2
(ium). cur(atoris) mun(eris) glad(iatorii) .

MlNISTRl OF THE DOMUS AuGUSTAE, FREEDMEN AND SLAVES

11. M. Aur. Aug. liber. Marcioni proximo rationum, proc. |

mar-
morum, proc. prov. Britanniae, proc. summi chorag.,
| |
proc.
1
prov. Fryg., |
Senecianus collib. ex tabular, h. c.

LAT. INSCRIP. 14
210 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. III. 348. Found at Kaimaz (Tricomia) Phrygia. l

h(onoris)
c(awsa).

12. d. m. Aciliae Lamyrae coniugi carissimae, Apollonius

| | | Aug.
n. verna arcarius pro|vinciae Asiae, hoc monumentum |
cum
sarcophago fecit et sibi et su|is. Quorum curam agunt col-
1 2 3
legia lib. et servorum domini n. Aug. i. s.
| magnum, et :
|

Minervium tabulari|orum, et Faustinianum commen|taresium,

et decurionum, et ta|bellariorum. H. m. h. n. s. |

C. I. L. III. 6077. Found at Ephesus. l

lib(ertorum).
2
i(nfra) s(cripta~).
" non servorum Ephesi consistentinm, sed
Collegia in eo nominata sunt
domus Augustas universae" (Momrasen). 8 magnum (sc. collegium
familiae imperatoriae) .

I3i P. Aelio Aug. lib. |

Liberali | procurator! annonae [
Ostiensis,
1

procurator! pugillationis et ad naves

|
vagas, tribunicio |

2
collegi |
magni, decuriali decuriae viatoriae consul., decu- |

3
riali gerulorum, praeposito mensae
|
nummul. f. f. Ost.,
ornato orna|mentis decurionatus col. Ost., patrono | |
Lauren-
tium vici Augustanor.
C. I. L. XIV.
Inscribed on a pedestal found in the Laurentine
2045.
district ruins of the vicus Augustanus.
among l
What this refers to is
unknown. Henzen suggests that it may pertain to a sea postal service
(Bull. delV 1st. 1875, p. 10), but cf. Momm. Staatsr. II., p. 1030, note 3.
3

2 8
See preceding inscription. Mensae nummulariae f(isci} f(rnmen-
tarii) Ost( ie nsis) .

14. dis manibus |

M. Ulpio Aug.
lib. Gresiano an XXXXV, tabu- | |

lario XX here|ditatium
item tabu|lario provinciae Lugu dunen-
sis et Aquitani|cae, item tabulario pro vinciae Lusitaniae, h. |

s. e., s. t.
[t.~\
1.
Ulpia Pia coniugi f. c. [

C. I. L. II. 3235. Found at Villanueva de los Infantes, near old Mentesa

Oretanorum (Pliny, H. N. 3, 3, 25), Spain.

15. Ti. Claudius Aug. lib. Bucolas praegustator, triclinarc. (sic), \

proc. a munerib., 1 proc. aquar., 2 proc. castrensis, cum Q.

Claudio |
Flaviano filio et Sulpicia Cantabra matre d. [d].
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 211

C. I. L. XI. 3612. Inscribed on a large marble tablet found at Caere, now

6
preserved at Civita Vecchia. See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, I., p. 192.
Hirschfeld, Verw. I., p. 167, note 1 Momm. Staatsr. II., p. 951, note 4.
1 3
;

2 An on a lead pipe shows that Bucolas held this office

inscription
under Domitian. imp. Domitiani Caesaris Aug. Ger. sub cura Bucolae
proc. (Notizie, 1890, p. 186.)

16. d. m. Servato Caesaris n. ser. contrascribtori rationis |

suinmi
choragi, vixit ami. XXXIIII |
mensibus VIII diebus XII,
amico |
bene merenti, fecerunt Fortunatus Pompeianus, Op-
tatus Aug. lib. adiutores proc. rationis ornamentorum, et
Irenaeus |
Caesaris verna adiutor tabulariorum, et Isidorus
2
Primitivi Aug. disp. vicar. 1 |
rationis eiusdem, et Helius |

vicarius eius, 3 domino bene merenti.

C. I. L. VI. 8950. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, preserved

in the Villa Albani. l 2 i.e.
disp(ensatoris) vicar(ius). rationis orna-
3
mentorum. Servati.

17. d. m. |
Onesati Caes. (
n. ser., paedago|go puerorum, fecit |

Annia |
Stratonice
coniugi |
b. m. d. m. T. F. Hermes Aug.
||

1
lib. |
a superlecti le p. Caes. n., f Fortunata lib. pat. b. m.
|
.
|

C. I. L. VI. 8973. Found at Verona, whither it was brought from Rome.

1
p(uerorum) Cae(saris) n(ostri).

SLAVES AND FREEDMEN OF PUBLICANI

18. Pudens soc. | pub. XL ser. | )

ser.
1
finib. |
Cotti vovit, |
arcar.

Lugud. |
s. 1. m.

C. I. L. V. 7213. Inscribed on an altar found at Avigliana, between Susa

and Turin, now in the museum at Turin. :
soc(iorum, pub(lici)
(quadragesimae) ser(vus) contrascr(iptor).

19. d. m. |
Inachus | public. XX | lib.,
1
Inacho | parenti | piissimo.
C. I. L. VI. 8453. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in
Vatican Museum. l
public(i) (vicesimae) lib(ertatis') (sen?ws).
212 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

INSCRIPTIONS OF SUBORDINATE MILITARY OFFICERS

(Including Centurions)
l
20. L. Pompeio L. f .
|
Pom. Reburro Fabro Gigurro Calubrigen., | |

probato in coh. VII pr., beneficiario tribuni, tesserario in

| |

2
V, optioni in V,
|
signifero in '/,
| |
fisci curatori, |
corn, trib., |

evoc. Aug., |
L. Flavins Flaccinus |
h. ex t.

C. I. L. II. 2610. Found at San Esteban de la Rua (Compostella) Tarra-

conensis, Spain, existing in copy.
l
A tribe of the Asturians (Pliny
'

N. H. Ill, 3, 28). The town Calubriga is unknown. 2 centuria. Note

that benejiciarius tribuni is placed before the series of functions.

21. C. Arrio C. f. Corn. |

Clementi militi coh. IX pr., equiti coh.
eiusdem, donis donato at imp. Traiano torquibus armillis
phaleris ob bellum Dacicum, singular! pr[a] efectorum pr.,
j |

tesserario, op|tioni, fisci curatori, cornicul. tribuni, evocato |

Aug., V statorum, 7 coh. XIIII urb., 7 coh. V

1
coh. I vigil., |

VII pr., trecenario, donis donato ab imp. Hadriano hasta |

pura corona aurea, 7 leg. Ill Aug., primipilari, II viroj

quin|quennali, patrono municipi, curatori |

rei publicae, |

decur. et Aug. V[/wV.], municipes Matil. 2

Dessau, 2081. Found at Matilica in Umbria. l

centurioni. *
decur (ioni) et

Auy(ustali) se[w(o)], municipes Matil (icenses).

Auximo, Y
1
22. C. Oppio C. f. Vel. |
Basso p. c., | pr. leg. IIII Fl.
fel., evoc. Aug. |
ab actis fori, B pr. pr., signif., option., tesse. |

coh. II pr., mil. coh. XIIII |

et XIII urbanarum, |
coll. cent.
Auxim. | patr. ob merita eius. |
L. d. d. d. (On the Hide) Posita
VI k. lul. |
L. Aelio Caesare II, |
P. Coelio Balbino cos.
2

C. I. L. IX. 5839. Found at Osirao (Auximuin) Picenum, where it exists

p(atrono) c(oZom'ae), pr(aetori) Auximo. 2 137 A.D.

l
to-day.

2
23.
C.J)ppio C. f. Vel. Basso p. | p.,
1
p. c., | pr. i. d. Aux., V leg.
IIII Fl. fel. et leg. II Tr. for., [
evoc. Aug. ab act.
3
fori, B
4
pr. pr., mil. coh. II pr. |
et coh. XIII et XIIII urb., |
omnibus
officiis |
in caliga functo, 5 j
centuriones leg. II |
Traianae
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 213

fortis, | optimo et dignissimo. |

In cuius ded. cenam col. ded. 6 1

L. d. d. d.

C. I. L. IX. 5840. Found at Osimo (Auximum), where it still exists.

'
1 2
primipilari. p(atrono) c(oloniae), pr(aetori) i(\ire) d(icundo}
Aux(imi). Cf. Mom in. Ephem. Ep. V., p. 149.
s 4
b(eneficiario)
pr (aefector urn) pr(aetorio). The positions of signifer, optio, and tessera-
5

rius, enumerated in the preceding inscription, are referred to. 6 In cuius

dedication?) cenam col(onis) ded(it). The second centurionate and the

primipilate were held after the setting up of the preceding inscription.

24. C. Luccius C. fil. Stell. Sabinus j

Beneventi decurio, |
vivus
sibi et Ofilliae |
Paratae uxori et Luccio Verecundo
|
fratri

posterisq. suis fecit, militavit in coh.

| |
I urb. ad latus tribu-
1
nor., fuit secutor, optio valetudi., optio
| |
carcaris, singularis,
benefic. |
tribuni, a quaestionib.
2
factus per |
Annium Verum
3
praef. urbis, et tesserarius, optio, signif., fisci curator, optio
|

4
ab act., cornicul. trib., benef. Valeri Asiatici praet. | (sic) \

urb., missus ab imp. Hadriano Aug. Serviano III et Vibio |

Varo cos.,
5
[ded~\ X [Ar]a[Z.], Mai. Erucio Claro IT cos. 6 In. f.

p. XX in agr. p. XX.
C. I. L. IX. 1617. Found at Beneventum, where it still exists. l
valetu-
'
2 8 Annius
di(nari). a qnaestionib(us') (praefecti urbis). Verus,
grandfather of Marcus, the emperor, was cos. II in 121 A.D. cos. Ill, ;

126 A. D. Cf. Vita Marci, c. 1. * Rather praef. 5 134 A.D. 6 146 A.D.

25. L. Tros[*]us L. f. Pup. Maximus Tergeste, V coh. XI urb., | |

militavit 7 coh. II vig.,

1
evoc. Aug. a quaestion. pr. pr., | |

speculator Aug. in coh. pr., vix. an. LV, mil. an. XXXIII,
|
X |

t. f. i.
]
In fr. p. XII. |
in ag. p. XIII.

C. L L. VI. 2755. Inscribed on a cippus found at Rome, from a copy of

the sixteenth century. l
a quaestion(ibus) pr(aefecti) pr(aetorio}.

26. C. Virrius lucundus vexil. coh. II vig O 1 Viserti Latini, | |

milit.
aim. VI men. VII dies XVIIII, in eis tesserar., optio, vexil-

larius, vix. ann. XXVII,

|
aram cum base sua t. p. i. | |
Arbi-
tratu Luciliae Lacaenae et C. Virri lucundi f. |

C. I. L. XI. 1438. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pisa, now in the Anti-

norian Museum at Florence. 1
centuria.
214 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

27. d. m. |
M. Aur. Augustiano 7 coh. V vig., vix. an. XXXIIII, |

XVII, excepjtor presidi prnvim-ies M. s.- ;uni.

l

provitus aim. ;

IIII, lectus in prae toria, eques sive tabu|larius aim. V, factus

(

7 in Syria, vixit aim. VIII, Claudia Pacata coniux piissimo

I |
|

et Ulpius Mar|cellus nepos b. m. fece|runt.

C. I. L. VI. 2977. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing in
J 2
copy only. praesidi(s). M(oesiae) S(uperioris).

28. P. Tutilius P.f.

0[w/] veteranus, sigu[i/er], aquilifer leg.
V . curator vete[ra?i.], accepit ab impe[m] praemia
. .
, |

dupl[ici'a], natus est A. Hirtio \_A. f. C.~\ Vibio Pansa cos., 1 \

de[cess^] C. Fufio Gemino L. Ru[6eKi'o] Gemino cos., 2 sibi

[et] P. Atecingi f.
\_et]
Demincae [/., ef] Andoblationi P. f.
[ef] Gnatae P. f., |
t. f. i.

C. L L. V. 5832. Found at Milan, now at Brera. J

711/43.
2 29 A.D.
Note the Gallic names.

29. M. Vettio M. f. Ani. |

Valenti j
mil. coh. VIII pr., benef. praef.

pr., |
donis donate 1 bello Britan. | torquibus armillis phaleris,
evoc. Aug., corona aurea donat., 7 coh. VI vig., f stat., 2 7 |

coh. urb., V XVI

cho. II pr., exercitatori equit. speculatorum, |

3 4
princip. | praetori leg. XIII Gem., ex tree. leg. VI |
Viftr.,
donis donato ob res prosper. | gest. contra Astures torq. phaler.
arm., |
trib. coh. V vig., trib. coh. XII urb., trib. coh. Ill
pr., [trib.~] leg. XIIII Gem. Mart. Victr., j proc. imp. Caes.
Aug."' prov. Lusitan., patron, coloniae, speculator. X h. c.,
6
|

7
L. Luccio Telesino C. Suetonio Paullino cos.

C. I. L. XI. 395. Found at Ariminum, existing now in copy. 1 a Claudia.

2 s
centurioni stat(orum). princeps praetorii, most honored among
centurions after the primipilus ; cf. Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 231. 4 Mommsen
thinks p. p. = primo pilo has disappeared here and that this man was not
ex trecennrio legionis sextae ]'!</ ri<-is, but from a trecenarius, i.e. a cen-

turio praetorianus, became centnrio leyionarius, Eplicm. Ep. IV., p. 243.

6 Nero is referred to. 6
speculator (es) (decem), h(onoris) c(ausa).
-
66 A.D.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 215

30 |
militavit L annis, IV in leg. Ill A[wgr.] librar.,
tesser., optio, signifer, factus ex suffragio leg. [^.]u[^. pr. pr.

y] |
militavit V leg. II Ital., [V] leg. VII . . .
, |
y leg. I

Min., y leg. X Gem., 7 leg. II . . . .

,
y leg. Ill Aug., y
leg. II[J] Gall., y leg. U[Z]p., y leg. VI Vic., y leg. XXX |

Ill Cyr., y leg. Apol., y XV

leg. II Par., y leg. I Adiu- |

tricis, consecutus ob|

virtutein in expeditioneni Parthicam | |

coronam muralem vallarem torques et phaleras, agit in diem |

operis perfecti annos LXXX, sibi et Claudiae Marciae Capi-

|

tolinae koniugi karissimae, quae agit in diem operis per-

| |

fecti annos LXV, et M. Petronio Fortunato filio militavit

| |

ann. VI y leg. X[X]II II Aug., vixit ann.

Primig., y leg.
XXXV, [
cui Fortuiiatus et Marcia parentes karissimo meino- j

riam fecerunt.
C. I. L. VIII. 217. Ephem. Ep. V. 1043. Inscribed on a mausoleum
discovered at Henchir Gasrin, ancient Cillium, Africa.

31. M. Apicio T. f. Cam. Tironi p. p. leg. XXII Primig. p. f., \

praef. leg. XILt Gem., 1 |

y XV
Apollin., evoc.
leg. a com-
3
ment. oust., optioni evoc., salar. curat. ab indicib., | patron,
mun. Raven., 4 | pontif.
C. /. L. XI. 19. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at Ravenna,
where it still exists in part, in the Museum Classense. 1 It
is curious
that the function praefectitra legionis should be placed among those of
the centurionate. 2 Tiro was at first among the praetorian soldiers, then
afterwards became evocatus. 3 For these various functions performed by
4
Tiro as evocatus see Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. V. 148. Raven(natium).

THE NAVY
32. Antho Caesaris trierarcho Liviano, |
C. lulius laso f. c.

C. L L. XII. 257. Found at Frejus (Forum lulii), existing in copy. It

will be remembered that under the Julian and Claudian emperors, a fleet
was stationed at Forum lulii.
1
33. C. lulio C. f.
|
Fal. Magno |
navarc. princ. |
clas. pr. Misen., |

adlec. in ord. decur. et inter IIvirale[s] |

decret. decur. p.
2
p. |
munic. revere[wes]. |
Cuius dedi[ca^'one] | decurion[i&ws] [

H-S XX [ra. n. dedif]. (On the *w) Dedic. pr. idus

216 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
3
Saturnine et \_Gallo cos. ], |
curant. Q. Sevili[o] , |

Ti. 01. PhileO II viris].

C. I. L. X. 8215. Found at Castel Volturno (Volturnum) in the founda-
tions of the Curia, now in the Museum Campanum. l
navarc(o)
2
princi(pi) clas(sis') pr(aetoriae) Misen(ensis'). p(ostulatione) p(opuli)
suggested by Mominsen, who assigns the inscrip-
3 This is
(Momnisen).
tion to 198.

34. T. Suillio Albano | qui et Timotheus |

Menisci f., natione |

Nicaens., arm. custod. |

lib. Virtut., mil. a. XXV, |
vixit ami.
X |
, Anto[n]ius Quadratus |
et Aemil. Quadratus |

[a]nn. cus[.] ex IIII Minerv. | heredes, et Suillia | Eugenia

lib. ben. mer. fecerunt. |

C. I. L. X. 3406. Found at Puteoli, existing in part in the museum at

Naples.
1
35. d. m. |
C. Publius
Mari|nus mil. clas. pr. Mis., sec. tr., n. | |

2
Syr., stip. IIII, v. ami. XX, paren tes b. m. f.
|

C. L L. X. 3494. Found at Naples, where it still e'xists in the museum.

1 2
sec(utor~) tr(ierarchi). natione Syr(us~).

36. Ti. Claudio Aug. lib. Eroti, |

trierarcho liburnae Ni|li, exacto
classis Aug. Alexandriiiae, L. Iuli|us C. f. Fab. Saturninus
|

et M. |
Antonius Heracla trier., heredes eius fecerunt.
Ephem. Ep. V. 989. Found at Cherchel (Caesarea), in Mauretania.

INSCRIPTIONS OF MUNICIPALITIES

Italy
Ostia.
37. L. Liciriio L. fil. Pal |
Herodi | equit. Kom., decuriali decuriae |

1
viatoriae equestris cos., decurioni, | quinquennali duumviro, |

sacerdoti geni col., flam. |

Rom. et Aug., curat. oper. publ., |

2
quaestori aer., aedili, flam. |
divi Severi, sodali Arulensi, |

praet. prim. sac. Volk. faciu., |

ordo Augustal. | optimo civi,
ob merita.
C. /. L. XIV. 373. Inscribed on a large pedestal found at Ostia, now at
Rome in Villa Abani. l
eo()s( ularis).
2
aer(aru).
3
praet (on')
pri'm(o) sac(ris) Volk(nno) faciu(ndis).
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 217

Praeneste.
38. P. Acilio P. f . Men. |
Paullo |
m Hi vir. Aug. q. col., |
aed. II
vir., flamini divi Aug., cur annonae, cur. muneris public!, | |

cur. kal., cultores lovis

|
Arcani regio macelli patrono |

dignissimo. L. d. d. d. (On the, side) Dedicata idus V |

Maias Arriauo et Papo cos. curante Ti. Cl Vitale

mm |

vir. Aug.
| | |

C. L L. XIV. 2972. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Praeneste,

now in Vatican Museum, Rome. The date is 243 A.D.

Nomentum.
39. Gn. Munatius M. f. Pal
Aurelius Bassus proc. Aug., praef. | [ |

fabr., praef. coh. Ill Sagittariorum, praef. coh. iterum II |

|

Asturum, censitor civium Romanorum coloniae Victri|censis

quae est in Britannia Camaloduni, curator, viae Nomentanae, |

patronus eiusdem niunicipi, flamen perpetus (sic) \

duum virali

potestate, |
aedilijs, dictator IIII.
C. L L. XIV. 3955. Inscribed on a large marble cippus found at La
Mentana (Nomentum), now in Vatican Museum.

Vibo.
40. Q. Laronius Q. f.
[augur~], \
L. Libertius C. f. pont. max |
IIII
v. i. d. q. c. p.
1
ex s. c. Con. 2 H-S ....
C. I. L. X. 49. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Montelione (Vibo), Italy,
2
existing in a copy.
a
q(uinquennales) c(ensoria) p(otestate). Con(stat).

Aeclanum.
41. d. m., Ti. Cl. Maximo |
II vir, aed. quaes. | pecuniae alim. vixit
ann. XXVII m. V |
,
Ti. Cl. November |
Hermio ne filio
et Cl.
bene merenti fee. |
et sibi.

C. I. L. IX. 1415. Assigned by Mommsen to Aeclanum, existing in copy.

Beneventum.
42. I. 0. M., |
C. Ennius C. f. Firmus | permissu decurion. |
c. B. 1 1

Benevento, aedilis, II vir i. d., quaestor, |

curator operis
thermarum datus ab imp. Caesare Hadriano Aug. |

C. /. L. IX. 1419. Found at Aequum Tuticum, still in existence. 1

c(olo-
wiae) B(eneventi).
218 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Histonium.
43. M. Baebio M. f. Q. n. Am. Suetrio Marcello equo publico, aed.,
| | q.,
II II vir II II vir quinq. II, patrono munic., flarnini
i. d., |

divi | Vespasian!., M. Baebius Suetrius Marcellus et Suelria

| |

Rufa patri optumo. Huic decuriones funus publicum sta- | |

tuam equestrem clipeum argenteum locum sepulturae decre- | |

verunt et urban! statuam pedestre (sic).

C. I. L. IX. 2855. Found at II Vasto d'Aimone (Histonium) among the

Frentani, where it still exists.

Alba Fucens.
44. d. in. s., |
L. Marculeio Saturnine |
veterano August! cho. VII |

1
pr., IIII viro
quaestor! re! p|ublice, curator! pecuniaje
i.
d.,

alument[a]r, curator! annone plebis, curator! oper urn publicor,

curator! apu|t lovem Statorem qq colejgi fabrum tignuariorum
L. M. Arculeius Faustu[s] lunior
| |
IIII vir iure die. curator*
annjone patri optimo et sib! fecit.
C. I. L. IX. 3923. Found at modern Scurcula near Alba Fucens, among
the Aequi, only existing in part.
l
veterano Augusti c(o)ho(rtis
septimae) pr(aet oriae) . The date is 149 A.D.(?)

Spain
45. p. H. c.
|
L. Domitio |
M. fil. Serg. Dentoniano, iudic. dec. V,
|

equo | publico per Traian, |

II vir. munic. Gonsabur[ejn., |

1
flam[z']n. perpet., tribun. milit. |
cohort. Astur. Callaeciae j
et
Mauretan. Tingit., 2 flam. p. H. c.
3

C. I. L. II. 4211. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), existing only in a copy.

1 2
Sc. Consaburae. Hiibner believes that by an error this stands for
cohort(is) Astur(um} et Callaec(orum) Mauretaniae Tingitanae, because
we can hardly believe that the cohors Asturum encamped in the neigh-
3
boring Gallaecia. p(rovinciae) H(ispnnine) c(iterioris) .

46. M. Valerio M. f. M. n. |
Q. pron. Gal. Pullino !
-H- vir., leg. per-
petuo |
munic. Pontif. 1, | praef. fabr., flam., | pontif. Aug.,
mu|nicipes et incolae.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 219

C. I. L. II. 2132. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Porcuna (Obulco),

where it still exists. l
leg(ato) perpetuo munic(ipii) Pontif(iciensis') ,
i.e. Obulconis.

47. L. Porcio L. f.
|
Gal. Himero II |
vir, praef. pro. |
II vir, flamini |

divorum bis. |
Ob. merita pleps aere conlato huius tituli

honore |
contentus impesam |
remisit.

C. L L. II. 34. Found at Alcager do Sal (Salacia), Lusitania, existing in a

copy.

Africa

48. Ponti. 1
C. Helvio C. f. Am. Honora|to aedil., II vir, II vir qq.,
2
II[i] et 3 curat. aliment dis[n'&], ob insignes liberalitajtes
in rem pub. et cives amorem viro |
bono col. lul. Curubis d.
j

d. p. p.

C. I. L. VIII. 980. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Kurba

(Curubis), where it still exists.
1 Pontius is the additional
cognomen of
Honoratus. 2 Mommsen considers this // vir, so that Honoratus held
three honores: the ordinary // viratus, quinquennalitas, II viratus cum
curatione alimentorum coniunctus. 3 et indicates that both positions
were held at the same time.

49. Marti Victori | Aug. sac. |

M. Ulpius M. |
f.
Pap. Andro|nicus
q., aed., II vir., flam., |
II vir qq., pe|cunia sua posu[#].
C. I. L. VIII. 8439. Inscribed on an altar found at Setif (Sitifis), where it

is still preserved in the public gardens.

1
50. C. Fulcinio M. f. Quir. | Optato, flam. Aug., II vir. | qq., pontif.,
II vir., augur., aed., qu[ae]stori, qui inrupt[>]ne Baqua|tium
j

co(7]oniam tui|tus est [tes]timonio decreti ordinis et populi, |

Cartennitani |
et incolae primo ipsi, |
nee ante ulli, |
aere
conlato.

C. I. L. VIII. 9663. Found at Tenes (Cartenna), now in the Algerian

Museum. l
flam(ini) Aug(iistali).
220 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

INSCRIPTIONS OF COLLEGIA 1

51. Cn. Sentio Cn. fil.

|
Cn. n. Te*r. Felici | ,
dec. deer, aedilicid adl.,
d. d. d. adl.
1
, | q. a. Ostiens., II vir., q. iuvenuin 2 - hie primus
1

omnium, quo ann6 dec. adl. est, et | q. a. fact, est et in

proxim.
annum II vir designat. est quinq. curatdrum navium
|

3
marinar., gratis adlect. |
inter navicular. maris Hadriatici et
ad quadrigam. f'ori vinari, patrdnd decuriae scriba"r. cerarinr.

et libraridr. et lictdr. et viatdr., item praeconum et | argentaridr.

et negotiatdr. vinarior. ab urbe ,
item mensor. frumentaridr.
Cereris Aug., item corpor. scapharior. et lenuncularidr. traiect.
Luculli et dendrdphonim et tdgatdr. a foro et de sacoma'r. 4
| |

et libertdr. et servdr. publicdr. et olearidr. 5 et iuven. cisianor.

6
|

et veteranor. Aug., item beneficiaridr. prdc. Aug. et piscator.

prdpolar., ciiratdri lusiis iuvenalis. Cn. Sentius Lucilius | |

Gamala Clodianus f.
j patri indulgentissimd.

C. I. L. XIV. 409. 'Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Ostia, now in the

museum at Florence. l
d(ecurionum) d(ecreto} d(e.curioui) adl(ecto).
2 i.e. the collegium iuvenum. 3
corpus curatorum navium marina nun.
4 5 The
sacomar(is?). mercatores olearii. b
Perhaps the same as the
cltictrii.

52. d. m., T. Sillio T. lib. Frisco mag. colleg. fabr. II et q. IT,

| | | | |

l
mag. et q. sodal. fullonum, Claudiae Filib. uxori eius
| | .|

matri sodalic fullon. 2

|
T. Sillius Karus et Ti. Claudius ; | |

Phijlippus mag. et | q. colleg. fabr. ]

fili
parentib. piissimis.
C. I. L. IX. 5450. Found at Fallerone (Falerio) Picenum, where it may
be seen in the museum. l
Filib. an unknown cognomen. 2 matri
sodaZ(icu) fullonum.

53. dis manibus. L. Calpurnius Chius sevir Aug. et quinquennalis

| ] |

idem quinq. corporis mensor. frumentarior. Ostiens, et curat.

bis idem codicar. curat. Ostis et III honor. 1 idem quinquen-
| |

nal. collegi. Silvani |

Aug. maioris quod est Hilarionis, |
functus

1 Zur Geschichte und Organisation des Romischen Vcreinswesens. W.

Liebenam, Leipzig, 181)0.
 INSCRIPTIONS OF OFFICIALS OF THE THIRD CLASS 221

sacomari 2 idem magistro ad Marte. Ficanum Aug. idem in |

collegio dendrofor. fecit sibi et Corneliae Ampliatae coniugi

| |

suae |
carissimae cum qua vixit annis XXXI., | Calpurniae L.
"
lib. Pthengidi libertae (sic) Carissimae, L. Calpurnio Forti |

vern. lib., L. Calpurnio Felici lib., L. Calpurnio Adaucto vern.

lib., | Calpurniae L. f. Chiae vern., Calpurniae L. f.

| Ampli-
atae vern., L. Calpurnio L. f. Felici vern., L. Calpurnio L. f.

Pal. Chio Felicissimo, |

libertis libertab. posterisq. eorum b. m.
(7. /. L. XIV.Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now
309.

preserved in Rome. codicnr(iorum) curat(or} Ostiset III honor (atus).

l

2
According to Mommsen, ftinctus sacomari is for functionis sacomariae.
The Calpurnif and Calpurniae, sons and daughters of Lucius, and like-
wise vernae, Henzen believes to have been children of liberti born
before the manumission of their parents, but Mommsen more correctly
considers them children of liberti born in the house of their patron.

54. Ti. Claudio Aug. 1. Felici | Scapulano d. Ill, q. Ill, quinquen-

nali, inmuni triplicario, benernerenti ex consensu, decuriae
univers, |
honoris causa, zothecam publice dederunt. |
Atimetus
1. sua pecimia adornavit.
C. I. L. VI. 10302. Inscribed on a marble tablet found on Via Salaria,
Rome, existing in copy only.
J&/T,
c^> ^> ~

46^- v

a
 AMPHORA AND STAMPED HANDLES.
From Monte Testaccio. ^ee page 274.

222
 PART III

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OP INSCRIPTIONS

IN the preceding portion of this work we considered Eoman names
and official titles, elements which are found in inscriptions of all
kinds. To study the additional elements which are found in indi-
vidual inscriptions, it will be useful to arrange epigraphic material
in various classes, and then to examine the special form peculiar to
each class.
"
By Latin Inscriptions," if we use the term in a general sense,
we mean the remains of the Latin language of a non-literary char-
acter preserved for us in the more enduring substances.
There are two great classes :

I. Inscriptions proper (e-mypa^aL, cTrtypa/zyxaTa, tituli, Aufschriften).

These have no existence apart from the objects upon which they are
found, but form a necessary part of these objects, denoting their
particular purpose.
II. Inscriptions which are strictly documents (acta, instrumenta,
tabulae, Urkunderi). These were written with some particular indi-
vidual purpose, and hence have an existence mainly or entirely
separate from the objects upon which they appear. Each of these
classes may be subdivided as follows :

223
224 LA TIN INSCRIPTIONS

I. TITULI
1. Dedicatory and Votive Inscriptions (Tituli SacriY
2. Sepulchral Inscriptions (Tituli Sepulcrales).
3. Honorary Inscriptions (Tituli Honorarii).
4. Inscriptions on PublicWorks (Tituli Operum Publicorum) .

6. Inscriptions on Movable Objects (Instrumentum).

II. INSTRUMENTA
1. Laws (Leges et Plebi Scita).
2. Decrees of the Senate (Senatus ConsuUa).
3. Imperial Documents (Instntmenta Imperatorum).
4. Decrees of Magistrates (Decreta Magistratuum).
6. Sacred and Public Documents (Acta Sacra et Pullica).
6. Private Documents (Acta Privata).
7. Wall Inscriptions (Inscriptiones Parietariae) .

8. Consular Diptychs (Diptycha Consulai'ia).

 CHAPTER VII

TITULI

DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS

DEDICATORY inscriptions (tituli sacri) appear on the various objects

consecrated to the gods, such as vases, altars, thin metal plates
(laminae) attached to altars and on votive tablets.

Dedicatory bowl of Etruscan origin, now in a museum at Paris. Date 350-250 B.C.
C. I. L. I. 44. P. L. M. E. XI. G.
LAT. INSCR1P. 15 225
226 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The earliest known are painted in white upon earthen cups or

bowls of a dark color, and give the name of a divinity in the genitive
case as indicating the owner of the vessel.

Inscribed on & patera found at Volci, Etrnria, now in Gregorian Museum, Koine.
Date 350-250 B.C.

Inscribed on & patera found at Horta, Etruria, now in Gregorian Museum, Rome.
Date 350-250 B.C.

The natural form of dedication, the dative case of the name of

the divinity, is found on the votive altars of the grove of Pisaurum.

(See page 54.)

The bronze lamina shown below is also an illustration of this
form of dedicatory inscription.

lunonei Loiicina(e).
C. I. L X. 64S4. P. /,. M. E. II. D.
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 227

With these names of divinities there appears in some instances the

name of the dedicator together with a simple verbal phrase, e.g.
donu(ni) dot, dede(t), dono(ni) ded(e)ro(ri)t, donum portat. Even in
the early period we find also the word sacrum (S, SA, SAC) with
the dative case, or, more rarely, with the genitive ;
likewise the
words libens merito, indicating the spirit of the dedicator and
and
the worthiness of the one honored. In inscriptions on offerings
taken from spoils of war, the name of the dedicator may appear
without the name of the divinity.

M. Fulvius M(arci} f(ilius) \ Ser(vii) n(epos) co(n)s(ul} Aetolid cepii.

In general, however, tituli sacri of all periods contain the name of

the divinity, the name
of the dedicator, and a verbal phrase. These
may be termed major elements. Subordinate expressions varying
with the individual inscriptions may be termed minor elements.
v

I. Name of divinity.

This appears regularly in the dative case, rarely in the genitive,

and is accompanied at times by deo, deae, or deabus, or is modified
by some adjective or appositional phrase, such as epithets and titles
belonging to the names of divinities, as, for example :

luppiter Optimus Maximus M I Fortuna Primigenia F-P

luppiter Optimus Maximus Fulminator Genius huius loci G H L
Fulginator I M FVLM FVL Genius Populi Bomani G P
Tuno Eegina I
R, RE, REG Genius Domini Nostri G D
luno Seispita Mater Regina I S M R Numen Augusti N AVG
Hercules Victor HERC VIC Sol Invictus Mithras S I M

II. The name of the dedicator, in simple form, i.e. the tria nomina,
or with possible additions described in Chap. IV. Indications of
rank, official station, profession, or calling may accompany the name.
After this major element, minor elements may be found indicating :

1. Participation in the act of dedication, e.g. :

cum coniuge et filiis, cum suis omnibus, cum liberis suis.

228 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

2. The object dedicated, e.g. :

warn, signum, statuam, templum.

3. The motive or incentive to which the offering is due, e.g. :

ex imperio, ex itissu EX IV, ex visu or viso, ex senatus consulto EX S C, de

senatus sententia D S S, decreto decurionum D D, ex testamento EX T, TEST,
pro salute (illius) PRO S, pro se et suis, pro salute sua P S S, in honorem
in memoriam,
(illius), in honorem domus divinae IN H D D, oft honorem
OB HON, ob merces
H, recte conservatas, sublato hoste perniciosissimo p(opuli)

R(omani}.

Dedicatory inscription on a marble tablet from the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus

on the Aventine. Circ. 244 A.D.

Hubner's Ezempla, No. 505.

I(ovi) o(ptimo~) m(aximo) a(eterno') D(olicheno) et \

Soli digno pres(tanti')
pro sal(ute) M. Aur(elii) And\ronici et Tarquitie Marcelle coiugis et
\ \

filiorum eius ararn posuit ex voto per

\ \
C. Fab(ium) Germanum sacer-
d(otem). C. I. L. VI. 412, vv. 3-5.

4. The cost of the offering or the means of providing for the

same, e.g. :

de pecunia sua D S P, de suo D S, de praeda, ex sestertium (tot) milibus

nummum EX H-S N, ex auri pondo P, aere publico.

5. The location of the monument, e.g. :

inforo novo, in suo.

6. The permission or the assistance of others, e.g. :

per (ilium) per patrem, permissu

, (illius) .

III. Verb or verbal phrase.

The verb appears in the perfect or present tense, singular or

plural, first or third person, e.g. :
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 229

dedit, dederunt D, DED, dedit dedicavit D

D, dono dedit dedicavit D D D,
donum or dono dedit D dono dedit libens merito D D L M, fecit F, FEC,
D,
faciendum curavit F, FAC C, CVR, sacrum dat S D, posuit P, sacramt SAC,
ex voto posuit EX V P, votum bene merenti posuit V B M P, donum dedit
votum laetus libens merito D D V L L M, votum solvit libens merito
V S L M, votum solvit libens animo V S L A.

Certain minor elements may follow the verbal phrase :

1. Date of dedication.
This is ordinarily indicated by the names of the consuls of the
year, with the addition in some instances of the months and days,
or by the name of the emperor with the number of his tribunicia

potestate and that of his imperial salutation, or, as in some provinces,

with the year of his reign, e.g. anno I imp. Domitiani Aug. (C. L L.
III. 35). The names of other magistrates or officials, combined with
the titles of their position, in the provinces, municipia, or collegia,
also serve to indicate the date. Certain prominent events are used
as dating points, e.g. ab urbe condita A V C, anno provindae, post
Interamnam conditam.
2. Certain formulae indicating location, e.g. :

locus datus decreto decurionum L D D D

loco dato publice decurionum decreto L D PVB -D-D

3. Ablative absolute indicating the person assisting, e.g. :

curante (illo), curam agente (illo) C A

x

The general arrangement of dedicatory inscriptions may be indi-

cated thus 1 :

illi deo sacrum

ille cum illo

signum
voto suscepto
de suo
posuit
curante illo

1
From Cagnat, Cours d' iSpigraphie Latine, p. 224.
230 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS
The customs of the Romans relating to the disposition of their
dead have been the means of preserving for us a very large number
of inscriptions. Their early rock-hewn tombs, their sarcophagi and
stately mausolea, their catacombs with columbaria, or recesses for

cinerary urns, and their burial grounds, are marked by inscriptions

which appear either on the walls of buildings, on the receptacles
themselves, on separate slabs of stone, or on the cippi indicating
the place of burial. These inscriptions vary in form and matter
according to their period, or according to the caprice of the builder
of the tomb, or even in accordance with legal restrictions.
The earliest sepulchral inscriptions represented by the epitaphs
from Praeneste given below, contain only the name of the deceased,
regularly in the nominative case, though somewhat later the gen-
itive is likewise found.

M. FabricUs) K(aesonis} fCilios)

M. Calti ttiot
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 231

L. Anici(s) -
V(ibi) f(ilios)
Epitaphs from Praeneste dating between 250-150 B.C.

C. L L. XIV. 8181, 3183, 8071, 3052.

If the tomb was intended for more than one person, the names of
all were often given. In this case the living were denoted by V or
VI V = vivus or viva, vivit, vivunt, placed alongside of the name.
The names of the dead were marked by 0, 1 --, or O standing for
obiit or obittts, or Q Q=
quondam, placed generally at the
by
beginning of the inscription or before the name, or, by exception,
after the name or before the statement of age or after it. 2

Epitaph inscribed on a pedestal found at Praeneste 200-100 B.C.

C. I. L. XIV. 3188.

L. Oppi(s) L. f(ilins) Flacus filius

In the progress of time additions were made to this simple form,

which were in general the indications of calling or profession, the
1
This is the theta nigrum of the poets (Persius, 4. 13; Martial, VII. 37),
standing for Oavwv. It is found in the earlier inscriptions of the city and Italy,
but is rare after the Augustan period. It is not to be confounded with -G-.
2 R.
Mowat, Bulletin tipigr., 1884, p. 133 Hubner's Exempla, p. Ixxiii. ;

See also C. I. L. XII., p. 964, col. 1.

232 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
"

-l

-.

O <^
2^*-
<z\ t

_>_/,
-,

W '-' i

Mifel
i ^-^

u ./*

:-vj
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 233

date of death, the age of the person, and set formulae, such as ossa
hie sita sunt, heic cubat, usually written in full until after the repub-
lican period, also brief references to the dead as bonus, pudica, and

finally the measures of the sepulchre and formulae referring to the

protection of the same.

\V

Inscriptions on cinerary urns found in the vineyard of San Cesareo, Home, 150-50 B.C.

Lutatia \
IV. k(alendas} O(ctobris') nan f
a. d.
\
C. I. L. VI. 8297.
Livin a. d. VI. n(onas) 0(ctobris~)
| C. I. L. VI. 8290.
Lucilla T.f. a. d. IV. k(alendas) Mar(tias)
|
C. I. L. VI. 8291.

At about the close of the fifth century A.U.C. (250 B.C.), contem-
poraneous with the introduction of the custom of building tombs
with some architectural design, and
adding ornamentation, poetical
elogia were inscribed after the usual titulus, mainly upon the tombs
of distinguished families. The l
of the Scipio family
early epitaphs

1
See pages 294, 296.
234 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

contain poetic epigrams in saturnian verse, and one l

of a later date
is accompanied by an epigram in hexameters and pentameters.
This custom grew in favor, especially with the middle classes, where
Greek influence was felt.

SVAVEffiEfCEf-SirysT
Mf/VWS-

Epitaph found at Preturo, near Amiternuin.

C. I. L. I. 1297= IX. 4468. P. L. M. E. XLIX. o.

l 2 s
Protogenes Cloul(i) suavei heicei situst mimus,
Plouruma que fecit populo soueis 1 gaudia nuges.

Ritschl states that these are the oldest dactylic verses in the inscriptions,
Protogenes was the slave of this man.
1
belonging to about the time of Ennius.
2
suavei(s) suavis ? 3 So Buecheler duplici videtnr locativi casus nota signa-
4
tum, but Ritschl reads heic ei ; see Lindsay, Latin Language, p. 567. soueis
monosyllable.

Towards the close of the Republic reference is made occasionally

to the cultus of the dei manes, and the tomb is regarded as the (locus)
deum maanium (C. 1410), or the dei manes are represented
I. L. I.

as having received the dead, while in the Augustan age the titidi
sepulcrales assume the form of titidi sacri, becoming, in reality, dedi-

1
See page 99. Other verse is found, such as iambic senarii, Eph. IV., p. 297;
iambic dimeter, C. /. L. VI. 6821; elegiac, C. I. L. I. 1011 = VI. 9499; hendeca-
syllabics, C. I. L. VI. 9752, X. 1948. See Hiibner, Ex. Scr., p. 396, also Antholo-
gia Latina, Pars Posterior, Carmina Epigraphica, F. Buecheler, Leipzig, 1895.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 235

cations to the dei manes, while certain characteristics of honorary

inscriptions, such as the full indication of official position, also

appear.

5"ID T 1HQC- 5 A'X S VM CLVO 1H

S'-AE W
1
-

Epitaph of L. Cornelius Scipio, believed to be the son of Hispallus, Consul 578/170.

C. I. L. I. 34 = VI. 1289. P. L. M. E. XLI.

L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio,

Magna sapientia multasque virtutes
Aetate quom parva posidet hoc saxsum.
Quoiei vita defecit, non honos, honore,
Is hie situs, quei nunquam victus est virtutei,
Aniws gnatus (viginti) is [div]eis m[an~]datus,
Ne quairatis honore quei minus sit

Elements entering into the composition of tituli sepulcrales.

I. Dis Manibus (#eots Sat'^ocnv, KaTa^^oi/tbis).

Inscriptions dating from the Augustan age regularly begin with

these words, at first written in full, then later on abbreviated D M.
Other forms are dis manibus sacrum D M S or d. m. sacrum,
d.m. et memoriae or et genio, et quieti aeternae, somno aeternali, .etc.
In rare instance D M is found at the close of the inscription (O. /.
L. X. 684). Sometimes a dedication to some other divinity, e.g.
Venus, Jiino, or Luna, is substituted for that to the dei manes. This
occurs particularly in inscriptions from Spain.
236 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 237

II. Name of the dead.

After the dedication to the del manes there followed the name of
the dead, with or without or statements as to profession
official titles

or calling. The name appears either in the nominative case as the

subject of some verbal phrase, as hie adquiescit or iacet, situs est, in
the genitive, depending upon dis manibus, or in the dative when
the inscription is really honorary in character.

Minor elements associated with the name of the dead.

1. The age of the person is expressed by a variety of formulae: dnnorum

AN. ANN, vixit annis (tot) V A, AN, ANN. The accusative annos is also found,
but is not as common as the ablative. At times the months (mensibus or menses
M, MENS) are also given, and in the early period, particularly in case of infants,
the days (diebus, dies D, Dl, DIEB), and even the hours (Jioris H, HOR, 0).
A relative clause often expresses the age, qui or quae vixit annis (tot)

Q V A, also vixit annis plus minus VIX ANN P M, which is rare before the
middle of the third century A.U., but common in the later period.
Other formulae are annos agens (tot), defnnctus annorum (tot) D, DE, DP,
D, DEF AN, ANN, obitus annorum (tot) 0, -9- AN, ANN.
In inscriptions relating to married persons the length of married life is ex-
pressed in various ways, qui or quae vixit annis (tot), or facere, ferre, laborare
cum (illo) in place of vivere cum (illo). In epitaphs of soldiers the years of
service are usually given, so annorum (tot), stipendiorum (tot) ST, STIP, aerum

(tot) AER or militavit annis (tot) M, MIL AN, ANN. These indications of years
in tituli sepulcrales are found particularly in inscriptions of men of lower rank
who have held no official position and upon whose tomb no honorary titles can
be recorded.

2.In the tomb inscription of a gladiator together with his years of service
there also given the peculiar class to which he belonged, as essedarius ESSE,
is

murmillo M, MVR, contra retiarius 7R, also the number of victories, denoted by
the symbol (according to some = coronae). In the case of aurigae the epitaph
contains the factio, e.g. factio veneta ; the country, e.g. natione Maurus ; the age,
number of victories, e.g. primum vic.it, date of victory, horses
with which the
was won, character of contest, e.g. inter singularum vicit (toties),
contest inter
binarum (toties), secundas tulit (toties), and finally the money earned. 1

1
For complete information as to charioteers see Friedlander, Sittengeschichte,
II.,
6
p. 526 ;
Wil. II., p. 181 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 2417, and Bullett. Comunale,
1878, p. 164.
238 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

3.Circumstances of death.
a latronibus occisus, peregre defunctus, mors per cnlpam curantium, tegula
prolapsa peremptus, a tauro deceptus.
1

4. Formulae referring to the repose of the dead.

hie situs H S, hie situs est H S E, hie sepnltus est H S E, hie iacet H I,

hie adquiescit H ADQ, ossa hie sita srtnt H S S, ossa hie sunt H S.

6. Salutations addressed to the dead by passers-by, placed either at the

beginning or close of the inscription.

Ave or have, salve, with the name of the dead in the vocative case, as have
Vitalis, Lolli ave. Sit tibi terra levis S T T L, ossa tua bene quiescant
O T B
Q, sit vobis terra levis S V T ossa volo bene quiescant
L, V
B Q, hie ossa volo bene quiescant H V B Q, opto sit tibi terra levis
O .
S T T L. . .

6.Salutations represented as addressed by the dead to the living, either at

the beginning or close of the inscription.
Ave, salve, vale viator, tu qui legis vale et cum voles venito, bene valeat is qui
hoc titulum perlegit meum.

III. The place of burial.

Circumstances bearing upon the selection of a place.
1.

locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D, loco dato senatus consulto

L D S C, empto loco, locus adsignatus a patrono, locus emptus est 3 . . .

argenti, locum precario petierunt ab (illo).

2. Measures of the tomb.

infronte or in frontem pedes (tot) I, IN F, FR, FRONT P, RED, in via, in

agro or in agrum pedes (tot) I, IN A, AG, AGR, retro RET or in retro pedes
(tot) IN R. These are sometimes rendered more explicit by the addition of
longus L, LONG, and
latus L, LAT, e.g. in fronte longum pedes (tot), latum pedes

(tot) ;
monumenti L M, e.g. I: M in fronte pedes (tot),
also locus L or locus
area quae ante sepulcrum est huic monumento cedit in fronte pedes (tot).

3. Protection of tomb from desecration and alienation.

huic monumento dolus malus abesto H M D M A, ni violato, hoc monu-
mentum heredem non sequetur or sequitur H M H N S, monumentum
hoc
heredem exterum non sequetur H M H E N S, hoc monumentum sive
sepulcrum est heredem non sequetur H-M-S-S-E-H-N-S, hoc monu-
mentum sine dolo malo H M S D M, dolus malus abesto et ins civile
D M A ET C, hoc monumentum ad heredem non pertinet H M A H N P,
I

rogo te viator monumento huic nil malefeceris.

1
See Index C. I. L. under Mortes Singulares.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 239

IV. The dedication of the monument.

This portion of the inscription partakes of the nature of tituli
honorarii which appear on public monuments and buildings. It

may consist simply of the designation of the person dedicating the

tomb, and an indication of the one remembered, or it may form an
elaborate elogium containing references to the deeds of the dead,
and setting forth details as to the toinb and the occasion of its
dedication.
This dedicatory form often takes the place of the ordinary titulus

sepulcralis.

Minor Elements :

1. The persons who dedicate the tomb or monument.

These are designated either by their names or by terms which, frequently
modified by adjectives, make clear the relationship or 'bond of union existing
between the dedicator and the one remembered amicus, heres, libertus, pater
:

infelicissimus, coniux carissima, heres ex iussu eius solus, patronus, parentes

non hoc merentes a vobis, nutrix filiarum eius, collegium, saddles.

2. Terms denoting the object dedicated.

domus aeterna, locus sepulttirae, monumentum, sepulcrum, sarcophagus,
tumulus, titulus,. aedes.

3. Verbal phrase.
adornavit, aedificavit, constituit, donavit, ponendum curavit P C, sub ascia
dedicavit S A, ASC D, DED (Gaul), posuit.

4. Phrases explaining the -circumstances or the reasons for building the

monument.
ex auctoritate (illius), ex beneficio, secundum decretum ipsorum (collegii),
nomine meo et uxoris, ex praecepto matris, ex testamento.

arbitratu (illius), curam agente (illo), (illo) curantf, (illis) curantibus.

honoris causa, memoriae causa, ob merita eius, ob memoriam custodiendam
adque propagandam, pro mentis eorum.

5. The personfor whom, or in remembrance of whom, the tomb has been

built denoted either by his name or by a term indicating the relationship or
is

the basis of the union existing between him and the one providing the tomb.
amico bene merenti A B M, coniugi (C), carissimae (o) filiae (o), fratri
bene merenti B M, libertae carissimae et bene merenti, libertabus, patrono
indulgentissimo, marito amantissimo, mihi et uxori utrisque nobis vivis
240 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

^r <*
n ~>;
cb

*-*

;^<
;LCi<^
t
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 241

posteritatique nostrae, sibi et suis S ET S, sibi et suis libertis libertabus

poster isqiteS ET S L L P Q, municipibus suis incolisque, nutrici et
mammillae bene mcrenti, servo fidelissimo.
Words denoting relationship are at times modified by such phrases as
(marito) cum quo my.it annis (tot) sine ulla animi laesione, (uxori) cum qua
concorditer egit per annos (tot).

There are also in existence sepulchral inscriptions which are, in

reality,documents l (instrumenta). Of this character are the funeral
2
orations, e.g. Laudatio Murdiae of the first century A.D., which,
having formed a part of the obsequies, have been inscribed upon the
tomb also legal documents, such as the will of Dasumius 3 (108 A.D.)
;

and the donatio * of Flavius Syntrophus.

Columbaria
One form of tomb used in Eome was that known as columbarium. 6
These were burial-rooms, built partly above ground, in the walls of
which were arranged small recesses or niches having the appearance
of pigeon-holes {columbarium = dove-cot). These niches were used
to hold vases (ollae) containing the ashes of the dead. Columbaria
frequently served as the tombs of men of the lower classes, as of
freedmen and slaves, and wore, for the most part, built by collegia
or societates, whose members thus secured by cooperation a final

resting-place for themselves and family. Upon the completion of

such a building the ollae were portioned out to the various members
of the collegium. 6 A
difference in number of the ollae assigned

implied a difference in the amount contributed.

7
Each member
own place by inscribing his name upon a marble tablet
indicated his
which was fastened above or below the recess, or. by writing his
name with a graphium on the wall of the building. The tablets,
1
See Acta ad sepulcra spectantia, C. I. L. VI., p. 1356 ff.

2
C. I. L. VI. 10230, and page 293.
8
C. L
L. VI. 10229, Wil. 314.
*
C. L
L. VI. 10239, Wil. 312.
5
Wil. I., pp. 118-119.
6 Cf partes Wil. n. 336, or sortes, Wil. 333, 335.
.
viriles,
7
Wil. 335, 344.
LAT. INSCRIP. 16
242 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

termed tessellae, were either removed when the titulus sepulcralis was
1
insrribed, or took the place of the same.
The general arrangement of sepulchral inscriptions may be shown
2
thus :

D. M. 8.
ille or illim or illi

(qui) vixit annis tot

ille

patri carissimo fecit

h. s. e.

If the tomb was made by a living person for several others, the
arrangement was as follows :

D. M. D. M.
illiconiugi suae ille fecit

vixit annis tot itti coniuyi suae

et illi filio suo or vixit annis tot
vixit annis tot et illi filio suo
et illi filiae suae vixit annis tot
vixit annis tot et illi filiae suae
ille fecit vixit annis tot

If the maker of the tomb expected to be one of its occupants, the

form was :

D. M.
. ( vivus
^lle< [

( mvo
sibi fecit
et illi coniugi suae
vixit annis tot
et illi filio suo
vixit annis tot

et illi filiae suae

vixit annis tot
et suis libertis libertabusque

posterisque eorum

iWil.n. 380-385.
2
Cagnat, Cours <T tfpigraphie, pp. 254-256.
 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 243

HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS
TlTULI HONORARII

The custom of raising statues in honor of distinguished men and

adding thereto honorary inscriptions appeared in Rome towards the
close of the third century B.C. This custom was of Greek origin, and
some inscriptions are found in the Greek form, i.e. with the name (in
the accusative case) of the person honored and with the verb omitted.
The Romans at first merely transferred the inscriptions of their
imagines maiorum to their tombs, adding these to the simple and
customary tituli sepulcrales. The elogia of the Scipio inscriptions
referred to above are of this character, although they are poetical in
form. Memorial and honorary inscriptions (elogia), consisting of
the name (in the nominative case) of the person honored, followed
by curule offices and brief historical statements, may
official titles of

be regarded as the primitive form of tituli ho.norarii. What was

thus done by private persons was soon imitated publicly in the
setting up, with, however, no sepulchral connection, either during
the lifetime of the individual honored or after his death, of honorary
inscriptions such as the Columna Rostrata in honor of C. Duilius,
and the elogia of the triumphal arch of Fabius.
Of a similar character are the brief inscriptions found on the
pedestals of statues and those of a memorial and honorary nature
which appear on marble tablets and beneath busts.
We learn from ancient writers that Augustus adorned his forum
with statues of famous men,' particularly of distinguished generals,
and added inscriptions denoting their achievements. Only a few
fragments of these elogia have been preserved, but as copies were
set up also at Arretium which still exist, we can learn from them the
character of the originals. It is possible that similar elogia found at
other places, e.g. at Pompeii, referring to Aeneas and Romulus, may
have been copied from the city inscriptions placed by Augustus. 1
1
In C. I. L. elogia appear in vol. I. 2 pp. 185-202, classed by themselves as
somewhat of a literary character, taken from public and private records, and
therefore not strictly tituli sepulcrales or tituli honorarii. They have the names
of those honored in the nom. case a.nd refer to men of the days of the Republic.
244 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

MET'LEClGl

/VEM'C ASTREIS-EX EOCICxTM

fcNANDOD'CEPET'ENQVEEODEM-RyO
EMNAVEBOSMARlD'CONSOLTklMOS-
/lASESQyE-NAVALESflUMOS'ORNAVErP.
/VMOyE-ElS-NAVEB^S-CLASEISfOENICAS-OM'
(VM AS-COPIAS-GA RTAC1 NIENSlS-PR AISENT,
'CVM-SOCIELS'SErT
RIRESMOSQVE-NAVEIS-
/GAPTOM-NVM El CDOXDDC '

'OM-CAPTOMTRA-EDA-NVMEI

QVE'NAVALED'PRAEDAD'POrLOy
"
NVOS
Columna Roslratn,
Inscribed on a fragment of Parian marble found in the Forum where the Kostra stood,
now preserved on the Capitol in the Palazzo dei Conservator!.
Habner's Exempla, No. 91.

[Secest~\ano[sque~\ .......... .
[op-]
[sidione^d exemet lecione[sque Cartaciniensis omnis]
[ma~]ximosque macistr[a~\tos l[uci palam post dies']

\n~\nvem, castreis exfociont, l\lacel[amqne opidom vi]

[p]uenandod cepet. enque eodem mac[istratud bene~\
[r}fm navebos marid consol primos c[eset copiasque"]
\c~]lasesque navalcs primos omavet pa[ravetque'],
cumque eis navebos close ix I'eirits omn[is item ma-]
[x]wnas capias Cartaciniensis praescnte[d Hannibaled']
dictatored oZ[or]om in altod marid pucn[andod vic.i-t]
[vi]que nam[is cepe~\t cum socieis septer[esmom imam quin-~\
[queresm]ofque trircsmosqne navels X[XX, merset XIII]
[awrr]wi cnptom : numei 000
DCC
[arcen]tom captom praeda numei C ..........
 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 245

[ome] captom aes (repeated more than twenty-one times)

........... ...... *
[/>-]
[mos qu]oque navaled praedad poplom \donavetpri-]
[mosque] Cartacini[_?ns~\is [_ince~\nuos d[uxit in~]

[triumpod] ..... eis .

capt
. . . . . C. I. L. VI. 1300.

Though this inscription refers to C. Duilius, consul 494/2GO, who won the
battle of Mylae, it was probably inscribed with imitation of archaic forms in
the imperial period, perhaps in the time of Claudius (Kitsch!, Opusc. IV., p.
204). Wolfnin believes it to have been taken from a more ancient inscription
in the time of Augustus. 1

From the period of Sulla honorary inscriptions regularly assume

the dedicatory form having the name of the person honored in the
dative case. Such inscriptions form the tituli Tionorarii of the later
Republic and of the imperial period.
Inscriptions on statues erected in honor of those still living were

at first of simple form, consisting of the name of the person honored

followed by the title of the office held at the time of dedication.

Inscribed on a pedestal found at Saguntum.

Hubner's Eseempla, No. 214.

C. Caesari Augusti f(ilio) pontif(ici), co(n)s(7z) design(ato),

\ \ principi
inventutis. Date 748/6 - 753/1. C. I. L. II. 3828.

From the time of Augustus, however, inscriptions more elaborate

and resembling in their contents elogia, but of a dedicatory form,
were set up in honor of celebrated men, particularly triumphatores,
both at Rome, as in the new fora of Augustus and Trajan, and also
in the provincial cities. This custom spread throughout the Roman
world and continued until the fourth or fifth century.

Quintilian, Inst. I. 7, 12, and

1
Bavar. Class. Phil. Hist. 1890, p. 295.
Pliny, JV. H. XXXIV. 20, both refer to this inscription. For the facts of
history see Polyb. I. 23, 7 I. 24, 2 Zonar. VIII. 11; Eutrop. 11.20; Oros.
; ;

IV. 7, iO.
246 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Tititli honorarii of the form just described regularly consist of the

following principal elements :

I. The names (in the dative case) of the person honored.

The names of emperors are regularly accompanied by the usual
while that of others may appear in simple form or, on the
titles,
other hand, be accompanied by the cursus honorum and the desig-
nations of the various functions arranged as described above. In
some cases the name is in the genitive preceded by honori or in
honorem.
II. The name
of the person, or, as in many instances, of the com-

munity or collegium raising the statue and setting up the inscription.

This element regularly follows the first, although it may be separated
from it by certain idiomatic phrases.
III.Various phrases or formulae accounting for the conferring of
the honor, or bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the
statue or monument.
1. Adjective or appositional phrases indicating the worth or dignity of the
person honored amantissimo patriae, abstinentissimo iustissimo disertixsimo
:

(praesidi prov.), praestantissimo (patrono), optima ac dignissimo (patrono).

2. Phrases indicating the reasons for conferring the honor ob amorem et :

instantiam erga patriam civesque, ob merita eitts, ob eximiam beniynamque ergo,

omnes cives suos adfectionem, pro singularibus erga civitatem nostram meritis,
propter eximiam pietatem et affectionem fraternam, ad aeternitatnn meritorum
eius, ad perennem ipsius gloriam, ad referendum gratiam, ad perenne testi-

monium, ob honorem eius, honoris causa l H C.

3. Phrases describing the dedicator : dicatissimus numini maiestatique eorum
(imperatorum), devotus numini maiestatique eius (eorum), memor liberalitatis
et honorijicentiae eius.

4. Phrases bearing upon the circumstances of the raising of the statue, regu-
larly placed at the end of the inscription petitu populi Romani, publice P,
:

publice decurionum decreto P D D, ex senatus consulto EX S C, decreto

decurionum D D, DEC DEC, DECR DEC, accedente auctoritate proconsulum,
permissu proconsulis P P.

aere conlato A, AER C, COLL, pecunia publica P, PEC P, PVB, pecunia sua
P S, de pecunia sua D S P, de suo D S.
locus datus decurionum decreto L D D D or LOG DAT -D-D.
1 This formula occurs at the close of earlier inscriptions.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 247

locus datus senatus consulto L D S C.

decurionum decreto pecunia publica D D P P.

cum agente (illo) C A, CVR AG, curante ac perftciente (illo).

If the person honored has himself met the expenses of the raising of the

statue, the fact is indicated at the close of the inscription honore usus sumptus
:

decurionum H-V-S-R-L-D-D-D, honore accepto

remisit loco dato decreto

impensam remisit H A R, honore contentus sua pecunia posuit H C S P P,

I

honore usus impensam remisit H V R. I

IV. The fourth element is a verbal phrase, expressed or under-

stood. Such are
statuam censuit ponendam, conlocavit, erigi conlocarique iusserunt, statuen-
dum curavi, statuam conlocandam decrevit, ponendam or poni censuit, posuit
idemque dedicavit, fecit FEC, faciundum curavit F C.

1
The order of the elements may be indicated thus ;

illi illi illi illi

ille ob merita ille ille

ob merita ille ob merita ob merita

statuam posuit statuam posuit locus datus decreto decurionum

The first shows the omission of the verb, the second and third the
position of the verbal phrase, and the fourth the general position of
the formulae of honor.

INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

TITCLI OPERUM PUBLICORUM

In the last century of the republic it became customary in Rome

to place inscriptions upon public buildings and temples, also upon
other structures, such as bridges, arches, and aqueducts. These
were primarily intended to simply indicate the person or the com-
munity under whose direction the work had been accomplished.
The early and simple form, belonging particularly to buildings
erected by private persons, consisted of the name of the one erect-
ing the building and a verb, e.g. fecit, or verbal phrase. Of this
character is the inscription on the Pantheon.

M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIVM FECIT C.I.L. VI. 896.

1
Cagnat, Cours d' Epigraphie Latine, p. 229.
248 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

As the custom grew in prevalence, the inscriptions were made

much more extensive, and under the Empire they were given with
great fulness, containing many particulars connected with the rais-
ing of the structure so adorned, so that they virtually fulfilled the
purpose of records and served as inscriptions in honor of those
named, becoming in character, and finally in form, tituli honorarii.

LSTATIVS-CMF CHlLQ
UPE" OF PAMSA
t "T*- A."*"*"*
1 T
T-
VS\ 1
* S />*
;
E MEL t

.
-AVER N
xEMENTl
PORTICVM
ymw i
i**-"4 T -r-

'PAGi-DF >FACI
/RAR :
PR(
<7. /. i. I. 1379 = IX. 8188. P. L. M. E.

The various elements which enter into these inscriptions may be

classified as follows :

I. The names and titles, in the nominative case, of the person or

community building the structure or restoring the same.

II. The designation of the structure, or description of the work
accomplished, in the accusative case :

portas, balncas, templum, Aqunm Marciam, arcitm, nquaeductum, horologium,

porticum ad bnUne.um cum piscina et sir/no Cupidinis, thermas cum porticibus
duplicibus, aquam per publicum ducendam, tabularium faciundum, etc.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 249

If the inscription indicates the restoration or rebuilding of the

structure, phrases describing its former condition are found :

thermas Herculis vi terrae notris eversas, porticus publicas reinstate cor-

ruptas, basilicam equestrem exercitatoriam iampridem a solo coeptam.

III. A verb or verbal phrase expressing the idea of constructing or

of rebuilding and restoring, or again of dedication or of supervision :

aedificare, perjicere, dare, de suo dare D S D, facere faciundum curare et

probare, adornare or ornare, a solo facere A S F, sternere, ponere, reficere,

restituere, reparare, rejiciundum coerare, ad pristinam faciem reducere.

-
IV. Various phrases expressing :
place,
loco privato, accepto loco a re publica, loco dato publice decreto decurionum
L D PVB D D ;

time, see page 229 measure, ; (murum) pedes C C ; expense or means

of providing for the same,

de pecunia sua factum dedit D P S F D, pecunia publica P P, sumptu

proprio, parvo sumptu, amplius ex sestertium (tot) m(ilibus) n(ummum) de sua
pecunia ;

reasons for building the structure,

ob honorem aedilitatis, ob honorem flaminis, quod eos e lege in ludis aut in

monumentis consumere opnrtuit, ex pagi decreto, de decurionum sententia
D D S, de senatus sententia D S S, de vici sententia faciundum curarunt
idemque probarunt D-V-S-F-C-I-Q-P, senatus consulto S C ;

supervision of those in authority,

curantibus aedilibus, citrante ordine splendidissimo, curante et dedicante
(illo), sub cura, per (ilium).

The architect's name is given in rare instances.

When the structure isdedicated to some divinity, as with temples,
the inscription is strictly dedicatory, and is introduced by the name
of the divinity in the dative case. See tituli sacri.

These opertim publicorum also serve the purpose of honorary

tituli

inscriptions, and assume the form of such, being introduced by the

name of the person honored in the dative case, or by phrases
250 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

expressing the idea of honorary dedication, thus explaining the

motive for the construction of the building. <'.</. in linm-"in ilnum*
iliri/Kie IN H D D, pro xcdute imperatoris CueMi.rix PRO SAL
IMP CAES, Jim iiiinji/ijiri'ii/ni snwiili iliiiniiiorn in noxt rnrii in ^iin/nx-
><ir/nitduortim DD NN- AVGG, aureo *<i<-rn/u ilnniiiiorinii. //o.s-//-o-

ram trium ODD NNN.

IM P'CAES-FLGOMSlAHTIMOiAXI M O
OVODWSTINCTVDIVINITATISMENTIS
MAGNITVDIN EC VMEXERCITXBVO
REMPVBLICAMVLTV,

Inscription on the Arch of Constantine, Koine. Date, 315 A.D.

Hubner's ff;rti]il<t, No. 702. See page 163.

The various forms of tituli operum publicorum may be represented

thus :

ille in honorem ilHtis l

pro salute Imp. Caes.
1

curiam faciundam ille m illud

de sua pecunia aedificium vetustate corruptum ille

coeravit refecit ob honorem ilium

dedicante illo sitapecnnia fecit
idemque dedicavit
1
aedificium illud
refecium (est)
per ilium
cura illius

When the passive form is used the verb sum is understood, and
agency is denoted by per with the accusative.
1
From Cagnat, Cours ftfpigraphie, p. 237.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 251

MILESTONES AND BOUNDARY STONES

Miliaria et Cippi Terminates

Of the inscriptions appearing on public works, those found on the

cylindrical or cubical milestones (miliaria) of the Roman viae, and
on the boundary stones (cippi terminates) of the agrimensores deserve
special mention, inasmuch as they contain names of places, records
of distances, measurements, and boundary lines, which are valuable
in the study of the geography and topography of both Rome and of
her provinces, in addition to the ordinary information of other tituli

operum publicorum.
Miliaria
Miliaria of republican days, which are rare, compared with the
great number belonging to the imperial period, regularly contain
inscriptions which are of simple form, consisting of the name of the
founder of the road and a number indicating distance.

pponliL L f\/o
V * i
I '

Colwmna Miliaria of P. Popilius Laenas, found near Hadria, on the Po. Date, 622/132.
P. Popillius C. f. \
cos. |
sLXXXI
C. I. L.550 = V. 8007. This is a stone column four feet high and two
I.

feet broad,, narrowing toward the base for insertion in the ground. Mommsen
considers it the oldest form of stone miliaria. The numerals indicate the milia
passuum from Ariminum.
252 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The other and more famous mflitirfum Popilianum erected

by the
same man, P. Popilius Laenas, consul
()22/132, is more than a mere
milestone, and serves the purpose of an

NOVCERfAM^MBfLfA-JU 'CAPVAM-XXCtlH
AAVRANVAAaXXnir-COSENT!AAAcCXX!!f
.VALFiMTtA.' 1XKW- AD-FRETVM-Ar
STATVAM'CGXXXIi- REG!VM<CXXXVt !

SVMA-AF-CArVAREGIVMrMEILIACo:
TEIPEA^TRAITOR*IN vX
SJCfUA-FVGITEIVpS-ITALICORVM
CONQVAEISIVE 1-REDfDEiavE
H OM! NE S-BCCCG X V M DEMC -
f

P RIMVS-F E CE V TOE- AC ROp oPLh I

ARATOR!BVSCDER^aT-^AASTORB
FORVM-AE D isQVE-rorL CASH U_GFEC i

M;/!rin,n of T. l-opilius L;u-ii;i.s. buti-, ii'Ji:/i;ji'.

Fzam /ccci a6Segio ad Capunm, et in ea via ponteis omneis, miliarios

\ \

tabflartosque pnspivci. Hince' sunt Nouceriam mpilia \I/I, Capnam \

XXCIIII Muranum U/XIIII. Coitentiam CXXIII, Valentiam CvbXXX /, arf

I |

fretnm ad statnam CCXXXI /, Iteyiiim CCXXXVII s?<m a/ Capua lieginm

\ |

meiHa CCCXXI /. J?< eiclem praetor in Sicilia fitr/iteiros Italicorum con-

\ \

quae.isivei, redidrique homines DCCCCXVII. Eidemqne. primus fecei, itt de

\ \

agro poplico \
araturibus cederent paastores. \
Forum aedisque poplicas Jicir

feed.

C. I. L. I. 551 = X. 6950. Found near Polla, in Lucania, where Forum

Popilii was situated.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 253

Inscriptions on milestones vary greatly in form, but admit of the

following classification :

I. The first class ismarked by the nominative case of names and

titles : in time of the Republic, of magistrates, and in the imperial

period, of the emperors.

a. These, like ordinary tituli operum publicorum, may be followed

by a verb indicating the making or restoring of the road (fecit, poni

iussit, muniendam ctiravit, miUaria restituif), accompanied at times

by an object (viam or iter), modified by some phrase referring to

the previous condition of the road or the obstacles met in building.
Numerals denoting distances follow with or without M P (milia
passuum).
b. The names and titles in the nominative case may be followed
simply by the numeral, with or without M P, or also by the name
of a legatus in the nominative case and a verb (e.g. fecit).
II. The second class is marked by the dative case of the name of
the emperor or magistrate, and resembles honorary inscriptions.
This may be followed simply by the numeral, or also by the
designation, in the nominative case, of the official or official body
making the road or supervising the same, together with a verb or ;

the nominative case and the verb may be replaced by per and the
accusative of the name, or by the ablative absolute.
III. The third class shows the name of the emperor in the abla-
tive case, serving thus to indicate the date. Such inscriptions are
common in Africa but rare elsewhere. The name in the ablative
case followed simply by the numeral, with or without M
may be P.
or again by the name, in the nominative case, of the official making
the road or supervising the same, with a verb, or this may be replaced
by the name of the official in the ablative case.
The numerals that accompany any of the above-mentioned classes
appear as a rule at the close of the inscription with or without
M Inscriptions of certain roads of Italy and Sardinia show
P.
numbers at the beginning, while in others of Italy the numerals
occur both at beginning and end, the former indicating the distance
from a neighboring city, the latter denoting the distance from
Rome. There may also appear a phrase indicating the starting
254 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

point, i.e. the preposition a with the ablative of the name of the
place, and to this may be added the designation of the limit of
distance in the accusative case preceded by ad.

Miliarium found between Haute- Valette and

Greolieres, near Andon, Maritime Alps.
Date 213-217.

[Imp(erator) Caes(ar) M. Aurel(ius) Antoninus Aug(ustus) P(ius) F(elix),

Parthic(us) m(aximus) Brittanic(us) m(aximus), trib(unicia)~\ po[t(es-
tate) c]o(n)s(0 ////, \_p(ater) p(atriae^, proc(onsul) pont(es) viam-
. . .

q(ue) vetustate colla]bs(os) rest(ituit), cura(nte) ac d[edica]nte lulio

Honorato, p(rocuratore) Aug(usti) ex primipil(o). M(ilia) p(assuum~)
decem et octo.

C. I. L. XII. 5432. This inscription is restored from another miliarium of

the same road, No. 5430.

Boundary Stones
Boundary stones inscribed on'the same general plan as the miliaria
were used by the Romans to establish the dividing line between the
ager publicus and ager privatus, to define the boundary between
different communities, and to mark the course of the Tiber and the
line of the Pomerium. Very old specimens of these cippi terminates
1 For an account of Roman roads, see Bergier, Histoire des Grands Chemins
de VEmpire Romain, II., p. 757 F. Berger, fiber die Heerstrasssn des Horn.
;

Heiches ; II Die Meilensteine, Berlin, 1883.

 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 255

remain to-day, the earliest of which, dating before the second Punic
war, give the names of certain officials (quaesitores) and a portion
of a decree setting apart certain lands as sacred. Others, indicating
the portioning out of the public lands (ager publicus) by Gaius
Gracchus, contain the names of the tresviri in the nominative case
followed by such expressions as terminos restituendos ex s(enatus)
c(onsulto), terminos finisque ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) statui iussit inter
(illos) et (illos).
In the imperial period the names of the emperors
appear in the genitive case with iussu or ex auctoritate, followed by
the names of the officials in the nominative case, and some phrase,
as inter illos et illos terminavit. The passive form also occurs, juries
positi inter (illos) et (illos) iussu, etc.
Although inscriptions relating to aqueducts appear regularly on
the structures themselves, others are found on the boundary stones
which separated the public land assigned for the aqueduct from
1
private property. Such cippi, separated from each other by inter-
vals of 240 feet, were set up, where the space to be left unoccupied
was set off from private property, by Augustus, Tiberius, and
Claudius.
(fippi of a similar kind also denned the pratum of a legion as dis-
tinguished from the domain of municipalities. Terminus Augustalis
dividit pratum leg. IIII et agrum Iuliobrig(ensem).

Termini inter Privatum et Publicum

These cippi indicate the transfer of private land to the public

domain, and mark the boundary for the same. They contain the
names of consuls, emperors, or curatores locorum publicorum, and the
phrases redemptum a privato publicavit or ex privato in publicum
restituerunt.

1
The decree of the senate 743/11 is given by Frontinus, Aquaed. c. 127.
Circa fontes et fornices et muros utraque ex parte vacuos quinos denos pedes
patcre ; et circa rivos qui sub terra essent et specus intra urbem et extra urbi
continentia aedificia utraque ex parte quinos pedes vacuos relinqui; ita ut neque
monumentum in his locis neque aedificum post hoc tempus ponere neque con-
serere arbor es liceret.
256 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

1
Termini Pomerii
The ideal boundary of the city, known as the Pomerium, was
enlarged by the emperors Claudius and Vespasian. Inscriptions on
the cippi that indicated this imaginary line gave the name of the
emperor and his titles in the nominative case, followed by auctis
j--l>ii1t' liomani finibus pomerium ampliavit terminavitque. Under
Hadrian the Pomerium was marked anew, and its limits were deter-
mined by the college of augurs. The inscription on one of these
cippi shows collegium augurum auctore imperatore Caesare
Hadriano terminos pomerii restituendos curavit.

Termini Riparum Tiberis*

These cippi determine the breadth and the direction of the banks
of the river. Inscriptions of the republican period contain the
names of consuls or censors in the nominative case, followed by
ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) terminaverunt. In the imperial period the
name of the emperor, accompanied by titles, becomes the subject of
the verb. These inscriptions are accompanied by phrases expressing
the distance to the next stone :
r(ecto) r(igore~) prox(imus) cipp(us)
proximo cipp(o) ped(es) XLS.
p(edes) XX, or r(ecto) r(igore) ex
At times the name of the emperor depends upon ex auctoritate,
a phrase which first appears under Claudius, and is followed by the
name of the curator alvei et riparum Tiberis in the nominative case,

subject of the verb ierminavit or restituit.

INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS OF GENERAL USE

INSTRUMENTCM

Under the instrumenfum, or instrumentum domesticum, the

title

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum presents generally at the close of

each volume the inscriptions which appear on movable objects of a
1
D. Detlefsen, Das Pomerium Roms und die Grenzen Italiens, Hermes,
XXI. 497. O. Richter, Topographic von Rom (Miiller's Handbuch, vol. III.

773-775).
2
Nntizif, degli Scavi, 1890,32; Bull. Com. XV. (1887), 306; XX. (1892), 71.
Dio Cass. LV1I. 14. 7. Tac. Ann. I. 76.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 257

great variety and shape, belonging alike to public and private life.
The most important of these may be classified as follows I. Arti- :

cles made of Metal 1) Weights and Measures, 2) Tesserae,

3) Armor and Missiles, 4) Lead Water Pipes, 5) Vessels and
Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold, 6) Stamps. II. Products of

Mines and Quarries. III. Tiles and Bricks. IV. Vessels of Clay.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Pondera et Mensurae.

By far the largest number of weights and measures are simply

marked with numbers and letters indicating their size and equiva-
lents. Others are supplied with brief inscriptions, which refer to
the authority giving them validity, e.g. ex auctoritate lunii Eustici
praefecti urbi. Others contain the date, standard of value, and the
name of the place where the weights were tested. Thus the temple
of Castor is shown by inscriptions to have been an office for the

verification of weights and measures ;

cf. exactum ad Castoris.
Weights were made of and the inscriptions
stone, lead, or bronze,
are either in relief, or cut into the surface, or inserted in the material
with letters of gold or silver. 1

TESSERAE

The term tesserae, confined, when strictly used, to cubes of ivory

or bone, is generally applicable to all such small articles of whatever

shape or material which served among the Romans as tokens or

vouchers. Among the various kinds of tesserae the following are
of the greatest importance and interest.

Tesserae Frumentariae.
These were tokens distributed among the poorer people of Rome,
by the surrender or exhibition of which they obtained corn. Very
few of these remain, unless we may class with them the tesserae
nummariae coins or counters of lead, of which fifty are in existence,
1
Iscrizioni Ponderarie, in Annali delV 1st., 1881, p. 185 ff., and Bull.
Com., 1884, p. 61 ff.
LAT. INSCRlrt 17
258 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

according to Benndorf.
1
The types of the latter represent some
attribute of Annona, e.g. the modius, or ears of corn. On some of
these tesserae there are found inscriptions indicating the time and
place of distribution.

Tesserae Theatrales.

Circular tesserae of ivory, bone, or lead, used as tickets of admis-

sion to the theatres, amphitheatres, or circus, have been preserved
for us in considerable numbers. They contain inscriptions consist-
ing of Greek names of divinities or poets, and two numbers, seldom
exceeding XV, one in Latin and one in Greek, corresponding to
each other, indicating the seat assigned in the cavea. There are
also seen on these tesserae heads of divinities, representations of
buildings, or other devices applicable to the character of the spec-
tacle, e.g. the head of Apollo for ludi musici, of Castor for ludi
2
equestres. If two different numbers are given, the one denotes the

cuneus, the other the gradus. Exact information of this character

is given on tesserae, inscribed in Latin, which are, however, very

rare.
CVN VI .
IN-X VIM

Cun(eo) sexto in(feriorf), (gradu) decimo; (loco) octavo. Bull. Com.

1830, p. 265. Other tesserae theatrales, made of metal and similar
to coin, contain on one face representations of the emperor, or some

prominent member of the imperial family, and on the other a

number rarely exceeding XVI. Sections of the cavea were named
after members of the emperor's family, and ornamented with their
busts or statues. The number on the tessera evidently indicated
a seat in one of these sections. 3
1
Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Attischen Theatres, Wien, 1875. Garrucci, 1
Piombi Antichi, Rome, 1847. Eckhel, Doct. Num. VI. 268; VII. 203, 448.
Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, II. 125.
2
Henzen, Annali delV 1st., 1838, p. 275. Marquardt, Staatsverwalt, III., p.
6:5 ff. Wieseler, Commentatio de Tessereis Eburneis Osseixque Theatralibus,
Gottingen, 1866. Blanchet, Revue Archeologique (3d series), XIII., p. 225 ff.
8 Fr. Lenonnant, La Monnaie dans V Antiquite, p. 62. For the use of
chntorniates, sometimes classed with these tesserae, see Ch. Robert, Etude
sur les Medallions Contorniates, Brussels, 1882.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 259

Tesserae Hospitales.

Among the Eomans, as among the Greeks, much importance was

attached to the tie which hospitality established between an enter-
tainer and his guest. This relationship was emphasized and formally

recognized by the interchange of tokens which certified to the exist-

ence of such a tie. We
find references in Plautus to such Jtesserae 1
of hospitium privatum, but no known specimens are in existence

to-day. A
similar relationship, however, was often established
between two communities, hospitium piiblicum, or between a com-
munity and a private person, as when a distinguished man became
the patron of a city. Such compacts were recorded on tablets of
bronze (tabulae patronatus 2) arranged so as to be placed in public or
in the atrium of a house. These, when in small form, were equiv-
alent to tesserae hospitales, e.g. the tessera Fundana 3 in the shape of
a fish could be carried from place to place.

Tessera Gladiatoria found at Modena (Mutina).

Date 735/19. C. I. L. I. 743.

Lepidus Mumme\ia(n)i s(ervus} sp(ectamt~) m(ense) Iun(io) \

C. Sentio

Tesserae Gladiatoriae.

The most interesting of the tesserae which have remained to us

are those known as tesserae gladiatoriae (termed tesserae consulares,
C- I. L. I., p. 195). These are oblong blocks of ivory or bone, pro-
1
Plautus, Poenulus, 5, 1, 25, deum hospitalem ac tesseram mecumfero ; 5, 2.

87, HA. Si ita est, tesseram Conferre si vis hospitalem, eccam attuli. AG. Age-
dum, huce ostende. Est par probe, nam habeo domi.
2 See page 379. C. L L. I. 632.
260 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

vided with a handle or hole for suspension or carrying, and inscribed

upon the four long faces. The brief inscription found thereon gives,
the name of a person, generally of a slave or a freedman, in the
first,
nominative case; second, the name of his patron or trainer in the
genitive case; third, the abbreviation SP or SPE, or the word
SPECTAVIT, and the date in days of the mouth; fourth, the
names of the consuls of the year.
The uncertainty as to the exact use of these tesserae has made a
satisfactory explanation of the abbreviation SP or SPE very diffi-
cult. It has generally been regarded as standing for spectatus, i.e.
tested in public and approved because of victory, an explanation
consistent with the inscription on the Tessera of Aries,

ANCHIAL SIRTI L S
SPECTA T NVM
MENSE FEBR
M-TVL-C-ANT-COS C. I. L. XII. 5695.

as well as with the well-known line of Horace, Epistulae, I. 1. 2,

spectatum satis et donatum rude. Other tesserae, however, have been

discovered which contain the word spectavit, with which the ordinary
explanation of S P or S P E =
spectatus is inconsistent.
1

Mommsen 2 has interpreted SPECTAT NVM of the Tessera of

Aries as spectator) numerator), claiming that the gladiator, having
graduated from the arena to the cavea, has the privilege of viewing
contests as an authorized critic, even though he himself must still
participate in them.
Again, SP has been explained as sp(ectavit) (populus'), and the
date as denoting when the people first beheld the gladiator who
3
is now no longer a tiro. Some have regarded spectavit as equivalent
4
to spectatus est; he has made his spectatio, and hence is spectatus,

1
Hubner, Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 161-163. Henzen, Ephem. Ep. III., p. 204.
2 XXI. L. VI. 631.
Mommsen, IJermes, 1886, p. 266. C. I.
3
P. J. Meier, De Giadiatitra Romana, 1881, p. 53.
4
A. Elter, Rhein. Mm. XLI. 1886, p. 517. P. J. Meier, Rhein. Mus. XLII.
1886, p, 122. F. Haug, Berliner. Philol. Wochenschrift, 1888, p. 763. See also
for a summary of the discussion, Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, vol. II., 6 p. 524.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 261

i.e. an approved gladiator. from spectavit

It has also been said that

gladiatorem in the first senseand with emphasis on the second word

arose the expression gladiator spectavit with the second meaning.

Tesserae Conviviales.
A few counters have been found which probably served as tickets
of admission to important dinners and banquets. They are virtually
tickets to meals such as were given by the emperor' to the people,
or by a collegium to its members, who were thus identified. They
contain numbers which probably indicated the place reserved for the
holder. We
learn from the inscriptions 1 that at banquets tesserae
were scrambled for, which served as vouchers for gifts of money
and clothing. These were probably the same as sortes conviviales or
sparsiones.
ARMOR AND MISSILES

Scattered and rare specimens of Roman arms contain inscriptions

which indicate the owner, and the legion and cohort to which he
belonged. It is possible that from the time of Augustus it was
required that the pieces of armor should thus be marked. Htibner,
in support of this theory, cites the shield buckle found at the mouth
2
of the Tyne, England, which is ornamented with various designs
and inscribed in litterae punctatae thus ;

LEG VIII AVG and .

IVL MAGNI IVNI DVBITATI

Leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae~) ; c(enturiae') lul(ii) Magni ; lunii Dubitati

also the sword of Tiberius found at Mainz, now in the British

Museum. 3
Perhaps there should also be classed with these inscriptions those
found on some leaden bullae, the purpose of which it is difficult to
determine. They may have been a kind of tesserae carried upon the
person after enrollment, and serving as a countersign. They have .

been found in considerable numbers in Great Britain. 4

Orelli-Henzen, 3394, 5320; Henzen, Annali delV 1st. XX. (1848), p. 273 ff.
1

2
Arch. Epigr. Miltheilungcn arts (Esterreich, 1878, p. 105 ff. C. I. L.
3
VII. 495. Brambach, Inscr. Ehen. 1108.
*
C. L L. VII., p. 230 ; Ephem. Ep. III., pp. 144 and 318, IV., p. 209.
262 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Lead Bullets (Glandes Plumbeae).

These lead sling-shots used by slingers (funditores) in the Roman

army are oval in form with points at both ends. They have been
found in large numbers, many of which are, however, undoubtedly
spurious, inasmuch as it is known that they were extensively manu-
factured in more recent times for the purpose of deceiving scholars. 1
The Romans, imitating the Greeks in their use, imitated them also
in placing upon them brief inscriptions.

Found near CorropoH, now In the museum at

Ascoli (Asculum), Italy. It was used in the
Marsic or Social war (90-88 B.C.).

Kali. T. Laf(renius) pr(aetor}. C. I. L. IX. 6086. 1.

The inscriptions of the greatest number of these glandes are in

raised letters, evidently made in the clay mould which was marked
when wet by a grapliium or other sharp instrument.
Zangemeister, who has treated of these missiles very completely
in Ephem. Ep., vol. VI., classifies the inscriptions found. upon them
as follows :

Names indicating the people or state making war, e.g. Itali.

" " the official ordering their manufacture, e.g. L. Piso L.f. cos.
" " the legion, e.g. Leg. XL
" " the funditores, Firmani.
e.g.
" " the maker, e.g. C. Fabricius fecit.
Exclamatory expressions addressed to the enemy, e.g. em tibi malum malo ;
esureis et me celas ; pertinacia vos radicitus toilet.

1
Zangemeister, C. L L. IX., p. 35 sq.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 263

Lead sling-shot, found In Spain, used in the war waged by Julius Caesar
against the son of Pompey.
On. Mag(nus) imp(erator). C. I. L. II. 4965.

This refers to Gfnaeus Pompeius Magnifilius, who is designated on

coins Cn. Magnus imp.

Lead Water Pipes 1 (Fistulae Plumbeae Aquariae).

Information obtained from inscriptions found on lead water pipes
has been most useful in determining the location and ownership of
buildings, and in bringing to light many details bearing upon the
water service in Eome. The method of making these inscriptions
was to cut raised letters on wooden stamps and to press these into
the sand or clay of the mould, which in this case was a flat surface
upon which the lead plates out of which the pipes were made were
cast. The inscription thus produced would be in raised letters.
These inscriptions range in date from the time of Augustus to the
close of the third century. The earliest show merely the names of
the emperors, while those of the second century regularly contain
the name of the emperor, the name of a procurator, or of other
officials such as tribuni aquarum, the name of the officinator (either

in the nominative or in the genitive with ex officina), under whose

general direction the pipe was made, or the name of the slave, who
has made the pipe, in the nominative case followed by fecit. Water
pipes of the municipal towns give the name of the municipality
and the name of the public slave (plumbarius or fistulator) who had
looked after the manufacture of the pipe. In particular cases the
names of the owners of the houses to which the water was conducted
are given, and in others the capacity of the pipe is indicated.
1 L. Kenier, Rev. Arch. (2d series),
Lanciani, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria.
vol. XXL, p. 328 sq.
264 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Vessels and Articles of Bronze, Silver, and Gold.

This class includes inscriptions on bronze vases of different sizes
and kinds, on cups and bowls, on mirrors, on strigils, on articles of
jewelry such as fibulae and rings. The inscriptions which have
been either engraved, scratched, or stamped upon the surface vary
somewhat with the character of the article, but the elements most
commonly found are the names of the owner or maker, sentences of
dedication to a divinity, or of presentation to some individual, or,
again, exclamatory phrases expressing a wish.
Inscriptions on metal utensils of ordinary use are very well
illustrated by that on the bronze patera shown on page 57. Of other
articles containing inscriptions the following are of special interest :

1. The toilet cases and mirrors

of Praeneste, which are orna-
mented with drawings illustrative of Greek myths, to which are
attached the names of divinities or heroes. Only two or three of
these contain the name of the maker or owner. The most famous is

the Cista Ficoroniana, which contains the well-known inscription:

DINDIA MACOtNIA FIIEAI .

DEDIT
NOVIOS PLAVTIOS MED ROMAI FECID
C. I. L. XIV. 4112.

2. The four 1
silver goblets found at the Aquae Apollinares, the
warm springs of Vicarello. These contain an itinerary from Gades
to Rome, and were probably used by travelers visiting the springs.
Of a more brief, is the itinerarium inscribed
similar character, but
2
on a bronze vase which was found in England, where it is still
preserved in Alnwick Castle.

Jewelry.
Some of the articles of jewelry which have been preserved contain
brief inscriptions giving either the name of the owner, the weight,
or phrases addressed to the owner. Cagnat refers to a bracelet of
gold containing the inscription Corelia Ny(m)p(K)e ; aitrti(m),
1
C. /. L. XL, p. 496 sq.
2
0. /. L. VII. 1291 Htibner's Exempla, No. 011.
;
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 265

p(ondo) XX. also to a fibula of silver with the words utere felix?
1
,

and to & fibula of gold with the words constants vivas.

The gold fibula from Praeneste contains probably the oldest Latin
inscription extant, written in retrograde order.

Fibula Prnenestina.
Manios med fhefhaked Numasioi. C. L L. XIV. 4123.

The retrograde order, the fh for /, the form fhefhaked for fecit,
and the dative Numasioi for Numerio indicate that this is a very
3
early inscription.
Eings, as well as the gems which they held, were often inscribed
with names in the genitive or nominative case, or with initials of
the owner's name, or, in very rare instances, the name of the maker.
Some contain exclamatory phrases of a benevolent or erotic nature.
Thus in a ring found at Este (Ateste), the inscription on the
stone, existing now in a copy, was

Q C L

SEPTVMIAE
P R I SC A E
FIDES
{Two hands joined) C. I. L. V. 8125, 9.

again on carnelian found at Aix (Aquae Sextiae) :

BONAM AMOTE
VITAM AMAME
SERVA FIDEM C. I. L. XII. 5693, 8.

1
Set- p. 331. 2
C. L L. III. 6016, 6.
8 See Lindsay. Latin Language, p. 188.
266 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

also on the gold :

A M T E C. I. L. XII. 6692, 6.

and in letters of the second century on a gold ring in the British

Museum :

M A T R
V I * C *
A
C * A E

Matr(onis) ma(libus} C. C(ornelius) Ae(lianus). C. I. L. VII. 1299.

Stamps (Signacula).
Seals or stamps with which stamped inscriptions were produced
were made chiefly of bronze. They appear in various shapes, as of
a fish, a heart, a circle, or a square, and contain letters in relief
arranged in retrograde order. The inscription consists of the name,
in the genitive or nominative case, of the owner of the article

stamped, followed in some cases by the name of the slave engaged

in the work, in the genitive or nominative case. It is difficult to
determine the exact use of these signacula, for none have been
found that match the impressions on the stamped articles. Without
1
doubt, they were employed for a variety of purposes. Mommsen,
quoting Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 1, 26, nunc cibi quoque ac potus anulo
vindicantur a rapina, has agreed, from the evidence of the stamped
bread and its corresponding stamp found at Pompeii, that certain of

these signacula were used to mark articles of consumption. The

following were found at Pompeii :

POT ITI
POPP SABINI
Potiti, Popp(aei) Sabini (servi). C. I. L. X. 8058, 71.

SERVANDVS
QLP ET CLP
Servandus, Q. L . . . P et C. L
. . . . . . P . . .
(serous).
C. I. L. X. 8059, 366.

1 L. X. p. 915.
C. I.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 267

cELERIS Q GRANI
VER I S ER
Inscription impressed on bread found at Herculaneum. C. L L. X. 8058, 18.

Oculists' Stamps,
A very curious and interesting class of signacula are those made
of stone, which were employed by oculists for stamping the medica-
ments, salve, etc., for treatment of the eyes. They are small rec-
tangular tablets containing inscriptions on the four sides cut into the
material, usually in two lines, rarely in one, giving the name, in the
genitive case, of the physician who made or sold the preparation,
the name of the remedy itself, the designation of the disease, in the
accusative case preceded by the preposition ad, and, finally, the
method of applying the remedy. 1

nffFm

Oculist's Stamp from Keims.

Httbner's Exempla, p. 435.

D- Galli(i) Sesti [s~\frag\is ad aspritudi(nes)

D. Galli(t) Sest(i~) sfra\gis ad impetum lippitudinis
D. Galli(i') Sest(i) pe \nicil (lum~) le(ne) ad lipp(itudinem)
D. Galli(i) Sest(i) dignu(iri) ad asp(ritudines)
\

1
Eecueil des Cachets (f OcuUstes Romains. 6m
Espfirandieu, in Rev. Arch.
vol. XXI.1893, p. 296 et sq. Cachets d" OcuUstes Romains, He'ron de Villefosse
1

et The"denat, Paris, 1882. Die Stempel der Rom. Augenarste, C. S. Grotefend,

Gottingen, 1867.
268 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PRODUCTS OF QUARRIES AND MINES

1. Inscriptiones Marmorum Massis Incisae.

have been found on blocks of
Inscriptions of considerable value
marble which have been discovered in the quarries, 1 and at the
Emporium in Rome, where they have been landed, but not used.
Such inscriptions were made for business purposes, so that no mis-
take or fraud might take place in the transportation or setting up of
the stone. 2 These inscriptions contain the following elements :

Numerals indicating the number of the block taken from the

1.

quarry, e.g. loco CXLVI, or the number shipped to Rome, e.g. N LXV,
reckoned from the beginning of the year.
2. The name of the quarry or the section of the quarry from

which the stone was taken, ojjfticina) Pa(piri~) n. LXXXVI; locus

n. II.

3. The names of the consuls indicating the year in which the

stone was quarried.
4. The names of officials, e.g. procuratores montium, acting as
superintendents, and others ;
also names of slaves having the charge
of quarries.
5. The names, in the genitive case, of the emperors, placed either
at the beginning or end of the inscription, indicating the imperial
ownership of the quarries.

2. Massae Argenti, Aeris, Plumbi.

Of a
similar character to those just mentioned are the inscriptions
stamped or cast upon pigs of silver, bronze, and lead. Some contain
the name of the emperor in the genitive or ablative case, also the
place from which they were obtained, e.g. Britan(nicis inetallis) ;

Britannicum, and more exactly the name of the people, e.g. de

Ceangi(s) ; met(allorum) Lut(udensium ?).
The expression ex argento, which appears on some pigs of lead,
1
C. I. L. III., p. 71. C. I. L. VIII. 14561-14600 ; Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 34,
and V., p. 47.
2
Bruzza, Iscrizioni dei Marmi Grezzi, Annali deir 1st., 1870, vol. XLII.,
p. 106.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 269

refers to the refining of the silver out of the lead. 1 Metal ingots
2 3 4
containing inscriptions have been found in England, Spain, Italy,
Sardinia. 4

BRICKS AND TILES 5

(Lateres et Tegulae)

An abundant source of historical, geographical, and archeological

knowledge has been found in the stamps (sigilla) which appear on
bricks and tiles discovered in Rome, Italy, and the provinces, which
were the product of the brick-kilns and potteries (figlinae) belong-
ing to the emperor or members of his family, or to municipalities, or,

finally, to private persons.

I. bricks, which can safely be assigned to the republican
Stamped
period, have not been found in Rome, but they have been discovered
in Italy, at Veleia, dating before the middle of the first century B.C.
These are given in C. I. L. I. 777 ff. They are dated, i.e. they con-
tain the names of consuls, and show as well the name of the potter

(Jgulus).
II. Lateres of the imperial period, found at Rome, are of great
number and importance. They are fully described by H. Dressel in
C. I. L. XV.

Stamps on bricks of the first three centuries of the Empire appear

in several forms, being either rectangular, semicircular, round, or
crescent shape, but with the greatest frequency in a form between
the full circle and the crescent, made by cutting a very small circle
out of a larger one.
Of these the rectangular stamps, with inscription in one line, and
in large letters, may belong to the last century of the Republic, or,

Pliny, y. H., XXXIV. 151 and 158, Plumbum nigrum saepe cum argento
1

nasci mixtisqtte venis conflari atque ex plumbo nigro argentinn fieri.

2 3
C. I. L. VII. 1201-1217. C. /. L. II. 6247, 1-8.
4
C. I. X. 8073, 8339. Albert Way, Archeological Journal,
L. IX. 6091 ;

XVI., 1859, 23; XXIII., 1866, p. 63. Hiibner's Exempla, No. 1204-1212,
p.
and p. XL. Ehein. Mus. XI. 1857, p. 347 ff.
5
C. I. L. XV. Descemet, Inscriptiones Doliares Latines in Bibliothe'que des
coles Frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome, XV., Paris, 1880. Marini, Le Iscrizi-
oni Antiche, Doliari, Rome, 1884. Dressel, Untersuchungen iiber die chronologic
der Ziegelstempel der Gens Domitia, Berlin, 1886.
270 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

at least, to the first century A.D. Those of two lines belong to the
middle or latter part of the first century, while those of several lines
may be assigned to the age of Trajan and Hadrian.
Semicircular or crescent shape stamps date, speaking in general
terms, between the age of Claudius and the close of the first century.
Perfectly round stamps of one line belong to the same period as
the crescent shaped, while those of two lines date in the latter part
of the second and third centuries. The form midway between the
circle and crescent appears to have come into iise a little after the
middle of the first century, and prevailed through the second and
third. The modification in this form may be assigned to certain
periods :

60-100 (120) 100-180

O
175-217

Stamps of this prevailing form have inscriptions frequently in

two verses, arranged in concentric circles.

Stamp on a brick found at Rome. Bate 123 A.D.

Hubnor's Kj-eiiijiht, No. 1214.

d(oliare) Dionys(i) DomU(iae") P. f(iliae) Lucil(lae), Paet(o)

et Apr(oniano) co(n)s(ulibus).

If the little circle is large enough, it determines the beginning and

end of the outer and inner verses ;
but if it is small, the inner verse
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 271

is in a continuous circle, and the first letter of the second verse is

above the last of the first. The words proceed regularly from left
to right with few exceptions. In bricks of a later period no partic-
ular order is observed, and we may find both verses retrograde, or
one retrograde and the other direct (fiovvTpo<t>r)86v).
The generally raised (prominentes), though those
letters are

pressed into the surface (cavae) sometimes occur. The shape of the
letters is such as would be made by a marking stamp with rectangu-
larshaped furrow, and not wedge shaped as in cut inscriptions.
The marking stamps, signacula, in the opinion of Dressel were
made of hard wood. To establish this theory he refers to the
marks on the bricks, evidently made by the cracks in the wooden
1
stamp.

Stamp on a brick from Lyons. Bulletin piyraphique, vol. II., p. 88.

Ex praedis domini no \
stri Augusti.

The middle
circle generally contained some figure, either a repre-
sentation of some divinity or his insignia, or of a bird or other
animal, or of a palm branch, or of leaves, stars, etc., probably merely

1
C. L. Visconti, Bull. Arch. Com. 1879, pp. 197 ft. and 217 ff., endeavors to
show that the stamps were of bronze or lead, and that some of those preserved
were used for this purpose.
272 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S

ornamental. At times the names of the owners of the estates or

kilns were thus portrayed, as, for example, a wolf is represented
on the bricks from the kiln of M. Rutilius Lupus, a corona on those
of C. Julius Stephanus.
The inscriptions of the first century were brief, consisting fre-
quently of only the name of the owner of the estate or pottery, or
the name of the superintendent or potter, and rarely the name of
the kiln or pottery (figlina). After the beginning of the second
century such formulae as opus doliare (illius) and names of the
estates or of the Jiglinae, also names of the consuls, are more com-
monly given.
One or more of the following elements may appear in these in-

scriptions :

1. The name of the owner of the estate whence the clay was obtained, or
where the pottery was situated, or of the pottery itself.
Asini Pollionis (first century) Ex praedis L. Mummi Rufi (after
;
first

centuiy).
2. The name of the superintendent (officinator) .

C. Cosconi (first century) ; Opus doliare L. Sruttidi Augustalis or L.

Bruttidius Augustalis fecit.
The name of the owner and that of the officinator or figulus (servus domini)
may appear together thus Fdicis Domiti Afri(servi) or Tegula C. Cosconi
:

Jifj(uli) Asini Pollionis (first century).

Ex praedis Q. Servili Pudentis, sub cura Hedy(nis~) servi, 133 A.D.
Opus doliare Aristi Thalli, ex praedis Plaetori Nepotis, 123 A.D.
Opus doliare Statiae 1'rimillae, ex jiglinis Dnmitiae Lucillae.
3. The name of the pottery, or brick kiln, or estate, as in the following:
Amoeni duorum Domitiorum Lucani et Tulli, ex Jiglinis Caninianis (first
century).
Exfiglinis Caepionianis Plotiae -Isauricae, fornace Peculiaris servi (after first

century).
4. The names of the consuls, an element which does not appear on bricks

from the City or Latium before 110 A.D., nor after 104 A.D.
5. Exclamatory expressions such as valeat qui fecit, particularly on bricks
from the potteries of the gens Domitia.
Inscriptions of the first three centuries A.D. differ, in general, very slightly,
although the name of the Jiglinae rarely appears in those of earlier date, and
mention of the negotiator is not given until the close of the second century.
 INSCRIPTIONS OX MOVABLE OBJECTS 273

The following abbreviations are common in these inscriptions :

Opus doliare = 0, OP D, DO, DOL, DOLI, DOLIAR.

Opus fiylinum (rare) FG, FGL.
Ex or de Praedis = EX or DE P, PR, PRAE or PRE, PRO, PRAED.
Ex or de Minis = EX or DE F, Fl, FIG, FIGVL, FGL, FIGL, FIGLIN, FIGLINI.
Exofficina = EX OF, OFIC.

III. There should also be mentioned here the bricks marked by

legionary soldiers made to be used in building their quarters. These
contain the name of the cohort, legion, or army.

EXERC PANN INF

Exerc(itus) Pann(oniae) Inferioris.

1
Vessels of Clay (Dolia, Amphorae, Lucernae).
A large portion of the section in C. I. L. entitled Instrumentum is
assigned to inscriptions which appear on vessels made of clay, the
product of Roman potteries. These vary from the large, sometimes
huge, dolia and medium sized amphorae to the small patellae and
pelves of household use. With these are to be classed also the lamps
(lucemae), which are made of like material and by similar methods.
The inscriptions which appear on these vessels consist mainly of
names denoting the maker, merchant, or owner, in the nominative
or genitive case. In some cases the verb fecit, FEC, FE, F, is found.
The words manu, MAN, MA," M, officina, OF, OFF, ovjiglina, FIGVL,
FIG, may precede or follow the name in the genitive case of the
maker or merchant. These trademarks were made by pressing a
stamp upon the clay of the vessel or upon that of the mould, pro-
ducing letters below the surface (cavae) or in relief (prominentes).
The location of the inscription on the vessel was either the neck or
handle, sometimes the bowl or inner flanges of wide-open vases, but
most frequently, and regularly so in the lucernae, upon the base.

1
Schuermans, Sigles Figulins, Brussels, 1867 ; Froehner, Inscriptiones Terrae
Coctae Vasorum intra Alpes, Tissam, Tamesin repertae, Gottingen, 1858.
LAT. INSCRIP. 18
074 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The inscriptions which appear in relief involved with ornamenta-

tion were most commonly made in the mould. They show a variety
of statements appropriate to the device of the ornamentation, some-
times of a dedicatory character, or, again, giving expression to good
wishes.
Other methods of marking these clay vessels were employed,
particularly in inscribing the dolia and amphorae of Pompeii and
Herculaneum. Letters were cut in the clay before or after baking
by means of a graphium, or painted in black, red, or white color, or
marked by crayon. These inscriptions give the name of the maker
or merchant in the nominative or genitive case, also the contents
and measure of the amphorae. On the wine jars there were found
the name of the wine, the names of the consuls of the year in which
the wine was made, also the name of the maker or merchant. 1

Exclamatory expressions are also found vivas, valeas, semper gaude,

;

reple me, bibe vivas multis annis.

.//z.

Archaic inscription made with a ttttu* on a blnek colored vase found at Anlea.

Ego (= Ego) K(aeso) Anaios (= Annaeus). C. I. L. X. 8336.

Compare with this the inscription found on the Esquiline, Eco C.

Antonios, Ann. dell' 1st.,1880, p. 301.

1 H. Dressel, Ricerche sul Monte Testaccio, in Annali dell' 1st., 1878, p. 118-
192 ; C. L L. IV., p. 171 Ephem. Ep. I., p. 160.
;
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 275

DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS
TITULI SACBI
l
1. a) Aecetiai pocolom. c) Salutes pocolom.

6) Fortunai pocolo. d) Volcani pocolom.

a) C. I. L. I. 43. On a patera of black color found at Volci, Etruria,
now in British Museun^
6) C. I. L. IX. 258. On a vase of dark color, now in private house at Rome.
c) C. I. L. I. 49. On a black patera, now in Gregorian Museum at Rome.
d) C. I. L. I. 50. On a black patera found at Tarquinii, now in Museum at
Berlin.
1
Perhaps Aequitia or Aequitas. These inscriptions are assigned to the fifth

century A.U.C. (350-250 B.C.).

2. a) Cesula
l
Atilia |
dorm - dat Diane. 3
6) Matre |
Matuta 4 |
dono dedro 5 matrona. |
M' Curia |
Pola
Livia |
deda. 6

c) Fide. d) Salute.
C. I. L 1. a) 1G8, 6) 177, c) 170, d) 179. Inscribed on cippi, found in
a sacred grove at Pisaurum, in Picenum, dating about 500/254-550/204.
1
CaesulJa. 2 Note omission of final m. 3 Dianae. 4 a dative. 5 ded(e)-
ro(nf).
6 Some explain as dedant (like (ir)6rTaTi = <rTa<ri) a primitive
3d plural perf.

Tituli Sacri, Sixth and Seventh Centuries A.U.C. (250-50 B.C.).

3. Apoline L. Carnius C. f.

C. I. L. X. 7265. Found in Sicily, now in public museum at Panormus.

l
4. Devas Corniscas sacrum.
C. /. L. 814 I. 96. = VI.
Inscribed on a stone found "trans Tiberim,"
probably near the site of a sanctuary of the corniscae divae, who were
said to be in tutela lunonis. l
Possibly a dative plural standing for
Deivais Corniscais.

2
5. Orcevia Numeri 1
j
nationu cratia |
Fortuna,
3
Diovo fileia
3
| pri-
mo cenia,
*~
3
donom dedi.
C. I. L. XIV. 2863. On a bronze lamina found at Praeneste. l
Sc. uxor.
2
nationu = natini(s).
3
Datives. Nationis gratia, in the opinion of
Mommsen, signifies propter feturam pecorum.
276 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
2
6. Sa.
1
Burtio V. f.
|
lue dono |
ded. 3 mereto.

Mitt, des Rom. fnst., 1890, p. 297. Found at Avezzano, near Lake Fucinus.
1
Sa(lvios) Burtio^.
2 lue = lovi. 8
ded(et).

7. L. Gemenio L. f. Pel. 1 |
Hercole dono |
dat lubs. merto | pro sed.
2
sueq. ; 1
ede. 3 leigibus |
ara Salutus.
C. L L. XIV. 2892. On a cone-shaped blcdk of tufa, found near Praeneste.
1
Pel. . .
may be a cognomen. 2 pro sedsue(s)q(ue). 8 e(s)eZe(m). For
the syncope in the Praenestine dialect, see Lindsay, Latin Language,^. 177.

8. P. Corn[eZios] |
L. f.
coso[Z] proba[w'f] Mar[te sacrow].
C. I. L. I. 41 = VI. 475. On an altar found in the Quirinal gardens at
Rome (1626). Consul, 518/236.

9. Hercolei sacrom, |
M. Minuci C. f.
|
dictator vovit.

C. I. L. I. 1503 = VI. 284. Inscribed on an altar found near Rome, now in

the Capitoline Museum. On the right side of the stone there is inscribed
l> I
XXVI, which Ritschl interprets legiones I et XXVI. Wilmanns thinks
it indicates the number of the gift in the temple as recorded in the

register. Minucius was dictator 537/217 (Livy XXII. 25).

10. a) M. Claudius M. f. consol |

Hinnad J
cepit.
6) Martei | \_M.~] Claudius | [M. f. c]onsol ded[&].
C. I. L. a) I. 530 = VI. 1281 ; 6) I. 531 = VI. 474.
a) On a stone found at Rome, near the baths of Trajan.
6) On a marble tablet found at Rome, near Porta Capena, now in
museum at Naples. M. Claudius Marcellus, who captured Henna,
was consul 543/211. Ex Hinna. 1

11. Pietatis |
sacrum.
C. L L. XI. 2779. On a round marble altar found at Veii. Note the geni-
tive ; ara Neptuno represents the more common form.

12. L. Mummi *
L. f cos. .

3
Duct. 2 1 auspicio imperioque |
eius Achaia capt.,
delete Romam redieit
4
Corinto | | triumphans.
Ob hasce res bene gestas quod 5 [is] in
| |
bello voverat, |

Hanc aedem et signu Herculis Victoris

imperator dedicat.
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 277

C. I. L. = VI. 331. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on Mons

I. 541
Caelius, Rome, now in Vatican Museum. L. Mummius was consul in
2
608/146, and triumphed in 609/145.
1
Mummi(s). Duct(u~), cf. ductu
imperio auspicio suo, Plaut. Amphit. 196.
s
capt(a).
4
very early use A
of the aspirate, cf. Corinto. The inscription is in Saturnian metre.
5
quod, although short, may, as accented, take the place of the long
syllable. Ritschl supplies is, so quod is. Livy (XL. 52, XLI. 28) tells

us that- similar tablets were placed in temples by triumphatores.

1
13. [J^]orte For[wnai] |
donuni dant j
conlegiu lani piscinenses,
2
magistreis |
coiraverunt |
A. Cassi C. 1. T. Cornell Oor. I.
|

C. I. L. VI. 167. Inscribed on a small pedestal found near Rome, in the

Lanii, from the neighborhood of the
l
grove of the fratres Arvales.
2
piscina publica. Corneliae libertus.

14. Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini leibertus lunone Seispitei matri

reginae.

C. L L. I. 110. Inscribed on an epistylium found near Lanuvium. Cf.

Fest., p. 343, a. 14. Sispitem lunonem quam vulgo sospitem appellant

antiqui usurpabant,

15. sei deo sei deivae sac. |

C. Sextius C. f. Calvinus pr., |
de senati
sententia |
restituit.

C. I. L. I. 632. Inscribed on an altar found on the Palatine hill. This

may be C. Sextius Calvinus, opponent of Glaucia, praetor 654/100, but
with more probability his- son, of the time of Sulla. The altar may have
belonged to the temple at the foot of the Palatine, near the temple of
Vesta, built in honor of the voice of the god heard by Aius Locutius,
who announced the coming of the Gauls (Livy, V. 50).

16. Felix Publicus Asinianus pontific. 1

|
Bonae Deae Agresti |

2
Felic. votum solvit iunicem alba. libens animo ob lumini-
|

bus restitutis, derelictus a medicis, post |

menses decem
dominaes 3 medicinis senatus, per
bineficio (?) |
earn restituta
omnia ministerio Canniae Fortunatae.
278 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. /. L. VI. 68. Inscribed on a marble tablet found on the Via Ostiensis,

now in Vatican Museum. l
pontific(alis) or pontific(um)
2
Felic(i). .

8
gen. sing.

17. P. Seivilio L. Antonio cos. 1 |

a. d. IIII k. Sext. |
locavit Q.
2
Pedius q. urb. |
rnurum lunoni Lucinae I+S Q) (J)

(J) (J) ! eidemque probavit.

C. /. L. VI. 358. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on the Esquiline,
now in Villa Albani, Rome. J
713/41.
2
q(naestor). The inscription
belonged to the temple of luno Lucina, on the Esquiline.

18. Laribus publicis sacrum | imp. Caesar Augustus | pontifex max-

tribunic. potestat. XVIIII
1
imus ex stipe quam populus ei \ |

contulit k. lanuar. apsenti, C. Calvisio Sabino L. Passieno |

2
Eufo cos.

C. I. L. VI. 456. Inscribed on a marble tablet cut from a pedestal found

on the Palatine, now in Museum of Naples. l
duodevicesimum. 2
750/4,

19. Saliiti perpetuae Augustae Genio municipi anno post

libertatique publicae Interamnam conditam
populi Romani ^CCIIII ad Cn. Domitium
Ahenobarbum !!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! cos *

Providentiae Ti. Caesaris Augusti nati ad aeternitatem

Romani nominis, sublato hoste perniciosissimo 2 p. R.,
Faustus Titius Liberalis VI vir Aug. iter.
3
p. s. f. c.

C. I. L. Found at Terni (Interamna), in Umbria.

XI. 4170. Cn. l

Domitius Ahenobarbus was consul with M. Furius Camillus Scriboni-

anus, 32 A.D. As Scribonianus was declared an enemy in 42 A.I>., after
he began a revolt in Dalmatia, his name is erased. Sejanus, who
2

was killed 31 A.D. 8 p(ecunia) s(ua) f(aciundum) c(uravit).

20. Carpus Aug. lib. Pallantianus |

sanctis draconibus |
d. d.

C. /. L. VI. 143. a marble altar, now in the Kircherian Museum,

On
Rome. Cf. Tac. Ann. XI. 11. The fact that serpents were said to
have guarded the cradle of Nero may account for this inscription by a
freedman of Caesar and a former slave of Pallas.
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 279

21. Libertati ab imp. Nerva Ca[es]ar[e] Aug., anno ab urbe condita

DCCCXXXXIIX XIII [fc] Oc[.], 2 restitupoe] s. p. q. E.
1

C. I. L. VI. 472. Found

Borne on the Capitoline, existing in a copy
at
made before the ninth century. l
The year 848 of the Catonian era
2
corresponds to the year 96 A. D. Sept. 18th, the day on which Nerva
became emperor after the murder of Domitian. Pliny, Ep. 9. 13. 4,
speaks of libertas reddita. Tac. Agric. 3.

22. Bassa Vitelli | [p]ro Q. Vitellio Q. f filio

. suo | [ Jwjnoni Lucinae
v. s. 1. m.

C. I. L. VI. 359. On a pedestal found in Rome near temple of luno Lucina,

existing now in copy. Cf Tac. Ann.
. II. 48.

1 2
23. Q. Coelius L. f.
pr., aed. pi. Cer., | pro. pr. ex s. c., q. |
ex voto
suseepto | pro incolumitate |
Ti. Caesaris divi Aug. f. August! ]

pontific. maxim. |
Concordiae d. d. auri p. XXV.
C. 7. L. VI. 91. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found in the temple
of Concord, now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. 1
Cer(ealis).
2
q(uaestor~).

24. pro salute |

dominorum, |
Genio horreorum, Saturninus et Suc-
cessus |
horreari |
donum dederunt Caesare Vespasiano VI | |"

Tito Caesare imp. IIII |

cos.

C. I. L. VI. 235. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in the

Vatican Museum. Determine date from table, p. 129.

25. C[ere]ri sacrum [Z). /wjnius luvenalis [trib.~\ coh. [/] Del-
|

matarum, II [wV] quinq., flamen divi Vespasiani vovit

|
| [

dedicav[&g]ue |
sua pec.

C. 7. L. X. 5382. Found above Aquino, near a place called Roccasecca

on the river Melfi, existing in a copy of the eighteenth century. In
the second century the cohors I Dalmatarum was stationed in Britain.
For bearing of this inscription in history of the satirist Juvenal, see
J. Durr, Das Leben Juvenals, p. 21.

1
26. d. i. in. |
in honor, domus divin. | Eppius Arimijnensis filius.
280 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. III. 4799. Inscribed on a small altar found at Toltschach (Viru-

num), Noricum, where it still exists. J This formula, often abbreviated
i. h. d. d., is not found before the middle of the second
century, but
becomes very common after the time of Conimodus (Wilmanns).

27. I. 0. S. p. d. 1 et lunoni sanctae Herae Castorib. et Apollini

| |

conservato|ribus, Thrysus pro salute patroni sui et sua suo- |

rumque iussu numinis eorum aram d., salvis candidatis

|
| | \

huius loci per C. Fabium Germanum.

(On the left side.} Ded. VI idus [0]ct Percgrino et I
Aemiliano ]

2
cos.
,
-V
!/
C. I. L. VI. 413. Inscribed on a marble altar found at Rome, now in
Museum of Vatican, belonging to the temple of Jupiter Dolichenus on
Aventine. J 2
I(ovi) O(ptimo') S(oli)p(raestantissimo) d(igno). 244 A.D.

1
28. dis magnis, j Ulpius Egnatius Faventinus |
v. c. augur p. y. b. p.
2 3
E. Q. pater et hieroceryx d. S. i. M. |
archibucolus del
Liberi, hierofanta Hecatae, sa|cerdos Isidis percepto j tauro-
|

bolio criobolioq., idibus Augustis d. d. n. n. Valente Aug.

j
j

V. et Valentiuia|no Aug. conss. 4 feliciter

Vota Faventinus bis deni suscipit orbis

Ut mactet repetens aurata fronte bicornes.

C. 7. L. VI. 504. Inscribed on a large marble pedestal found at Rome, ex-

x 2
isting only in copy. v(ir) c(Zamsim). pub (lieu s) p(opuli) B(omani')
3 4
Q(uiritium). d(ei) S(olis) i(nvicti) M(ithrae). 376 A.D.

DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE

Satumiton, Metre

29. M. P. Vertuleieis C. f.
1

Quod re sua d[?/]eidens asper afleicta |

Parens timens |
heic vovit, voto hoc solut[o |

2 3
De]cuma facta poloucta |
leibereis lube|tes
Donu danunt Hercolei inaxsume mereto.
Semol te | orant, se [Vjoti crebro |
condemnes.
 DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS 281

C. I. L. I. 1175, X. 5708. Found Sora in Italy, now in the gardens of

at
tW church of S. Restituta. l
M(arcus) et P(uUius) Vertuleii G(ai)
2
f(ilii). poloucta, cf. Cato, de It. B. 132 Plaut. Stick. 233 Varr. L. L.
; ;

VL 54. 3
lube(n)tes. Ritschl places this in the early part of the
seventh century A.U.C. (150-50 B.C.) The letters are archaic, and the
Saturnian measure is indicated on the stone by intervals.

Iambic Senarii

30. Templum hoc sacratum her[oi'6ws, gut] quod ger[tm]

August! nomen felix [illis] remaneat,
Stirpis suae laetetur u[ regno~] parens.
Nam quom te, Caesar, tem[|ws] exposcet deum
Caeloque repetes sed[em, qua] mundum reges,
Sint hei, tua quei sorte ter[rae] huic imperent
Regantque nos felicibu[s] voteis sueis
(Written beneath) L. Aurelius L. f. Pal. Eufu[s] primopilaris
XVI militans st ..... imp. Caesaris .....
C. L L. X. 3757. Inscribed on a stone found at Acerrae. Nissen. has
suggested that Claudius, Nero, and Britannicus were referred to in line 1,
but Mommsen assigns the inscription to the time of Augustus, and con-
siders C. and L. Caesar as the heroes to whom the shrine was dedicated.

Hexameter

31. Numini aquae Alexandrianae ( [

]

Hanc aram Nymphis extruxi, nomine Laetus, |

2
Cum gererem fasces patriae rumore secundo ;

Plus tameii est mihi gratus honos, quod fascibus annus

Is nostri datus est, quo sanc|to nomine dives
Lambaesem largo perfu|dit flumine Nympha.

C. I. L. VIII. 2662. Inscribed in the Nymphaeum at Lambaesis, Africa.

iFrom Severus Alexander, the emperor who introduced water into
Lambaesis in 226 A.D. Cf. the Aqua Alexandriana at Rome, thus named
for a similar reason, Lampridius c. 25; cf. also C. I. L. VIII. 2658. The
word was partially erased after his death in 235 A. D. 2 As duumvir at
Lambaesis. For similar ending cf. Verg. Aen. VIII. 90.
282 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS
TITULI SEPULCRALES
1.
a) C. Turpleio C. f.
c) C. Fouri M. f.
1

B) Q. Fourio A. f.
d) Cn. Fourio

C. I. L.XIV. 2750, 2700-2707. Four inscriptions on cinerary urns from

the tomb of the Furii and Turpleii at Tusculum. They belong to the
fifth century of the City, and show the names in the nom. case. l
C.

M(arci) f(ilios).

2.
a) L. Anicio /) Anicia P. f.

6) Maio l Anicia C. f.
g) Mino Cumia L. f.

c) L. Cupi L. f. A. n. h) Atlia A. 1. Lais |

d) Maria Fabricia i)
Tert. Coriaria

e} Titoleiai M. f. jf)
P. Gessius P. f.
|
Vala

C. L L. XIV. 3046-3310. These inscriptions are selected from those found

in the sepulcretum at Praeneste, and date in the sixth and seventh
centuries of the City. The cognomina are rare, but appear alike with
names of men and women. Note also the praenomina with names of
women. The gen. case is seen in e, but the others show the earlier form
nom. case. a Maio(s') = Maior.
of the

1
3. a) L. Aeli, |
a. d. Ill idus |
Octob.
6) Baebia Q. I.,
2
a. d.
|
IX k. Octobris.

c) L. Caecilius, |
a. d. VI k. Quictilis.

d) Aemiliai, a. d. Ill non. Fe. 2

e)
P. Claudi M. 1.
Philocratis, |
a. d. Ill k. Novbri. 4

C. L L. VI. 8211-8397. Inscribed on sepulchral urns found in the vineyard

of San Cesareo, near the Porta Capena, Rome. They date in the early
part of the. seventh century of the City (150-100 B.C.). l L. Aeli(s)\
8
a(nte) d(iem tertium) idus Octob(ris). *l(iberta). Fe(bruarias) .

4. M. Aebutius M. 1. Macedo pater, M. Aebutius M. 1. Callistratus

| |

1
f., v. M. Aebutius M. 1. Eros, v. lulia L. 1. Berenice f.,
| | j

lulia L. 1.
Hesuchium, | Pomponia L. 1.
Selene, |
Clodia Q. 2 1.

Antiocis.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 283

C. I. L. VI. 10588. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in

Museum. l 2
the Capitoline v(ivi) or v(ivus). (r(aiae), i.e. mulieris
l(iberta).

e
5. M. Aurelius M. 1. Niceporus patronu. (sic), Aurelia M. 1. | \

Trupher., M. Aurelius M. 1. Apollonius, M. Aurelius M. 1.

| | |

[^47]exsander M. Aureli
C. L L. VI. 13163. A sepulchral inscription engraved in archaic letters, on
travertine, found at Rome, now in the Vatican. For so-called theta
nigrum, see page 231.

3
6. P. Buxurius P. f.
|
Truentines. 1 quie. 2 |
coinomu Tracalo, |
arte
4
tecta, salve.

C. I. L. IX. 5279. Inscribed on a stone found near Monte Prandone, in east-

ern Picenum, now in the curia at Ripatransone. l Truentine(n}s(is).
2 3
cocnomen Tracalo.
quie(scit). coi(= quoi, cui) nom[e]n, or quie[st~\
4
tecta = re'/cTTjs for T^KTWV.

7. M, Drusi M. 1. Philodami, |
sibei et sueis, veivont.

C. I. L. IX. 752. Inscribed on a stone found at Larino (Larinum), in Apulia.

8. P. Critonius P. f. Polio. |
Mater mea mini |
monumentum coera-
vit, quae me desiderat |
vehementer, me heice situni in-
| |

mature. Vale, salve.

C. L L. VI. 16606. Inscribed on travertine in archaic letters of the seventh
century, found at Rome.

9. Ultuma suorum Cupiennia

| | |
L. f Tertulla
.
|
fuueit J
quius j
lieic |

2
relliquiae |
suprema manent.
C. I. L. VI. 16614. Found at Rome, now existing in a copy. 1
fuueit
probably = fait. 2
suprema (inunera).

10. Sex. Caesius Sex. lib. Cinnamus |

IlIIlI vir Augustalis |
h. s. e.
|

et tibi et tu. 1

C. I. L. V. 552. Found at Trieste, where it exists to-day in the museum.

1
(bene sit') are the words of the passer-by
et tibi ;
et tu (vale) represents
the reply of the dead.
284 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

11. Q. Fabius Q. f. Quirina Fabianus Ilurconen|sis idem Patrici- |

en|sis aim. XXXXIII plus in suis h. s. e., s. t. t. 1. |

C. I. L. II. 1200. Found at Sevilla (Hispalis), Spain, where it exists to-day

in the museum.

12. ave |
Herennia Crocine cara sueis inclusa hoc tumulo. Crocine |

cara sueis. Vixi ego et ante aliae vixere puellae. lam satis |

est. Lector discedens dicat, Crocine sit tibi terra levis. |

Valete superi.
C. L L. II. 1821. Found at Cadiz.

13. M. Aemilius Artema |

fecit . M. Licinio Successo fratri |
bene
merenti et |
Caeciliae Modestae coniugi |
suae et sibi et suis
libertis libertabusq. posterisq. eorum, excepto Hermete lib.
| |

quern veto propter delicta sua aditurn ambitum ne ullum |

accessum habeat in hoc monuniento.

C. I. L. VI. 11027. Found at Home, existing now in copy.

1 a
14. P. Lucius Hilarus |
Graecus sibi |
et Pompeiae L. f .
|
v. Ter-
2
tullae et |
P. Lucio Graeci 1.
|
v. Philadelpho et |
Luciae
l
Graeci L. 1.
|
Lepidae.
C. I. L. XII. 4957. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Narbonne
(Narbo), existing in a copy.
1
The so-called theta nigrum is here placed
before the cognomen. 2 v(ivU~).

vivit
15. P. Voltilius Kufio et Mamia Ter[^]lla.
C. I. L. XII. 6255. Found at Narbonne (Narbo).

16. L. Cartorius P. f. Fab. |

hie sepultus est, |
hie locus patet |
in
frdnt. p. XX et a media fos. | in[T]ro vers. p. XXV. Hunc |

locum monimentumque |
diis manibus do legoque.
C. L L. V. 2915. Found at Padua (Patavium), existing in copy.

17. C. Sentio Sat. cos. 1 |

k. Sextilib. |
dei manes |
receperunt |

Abulliam N. 1.
Nigellam.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 285

C. I. L. II. 2255. Inscribed on a small cippus found at Cordova (Corduba),

Spain, where it still exists. l
He was consul without colleague in 735/19.

18. d. m. s., P. Aelio P. f. Crescentiano notario legati in officio

| | |

luvena lis praef praetori def uncto, vixit annis viginti duo
.
| | |

et militavit an. IHI, Aelia Processa mater filio innocent!.

C. I. L. VIII. 2755. Found at Lambaesis, Africa. Flavius luvenalis was

praefectus praetorio under lulianus and Severus. Cf . Vita Severi, c. 6 ;

Vita Getae, 24 Hirschfeld, Horn. Verwalt., p. 230.

;

1
19. v. f.
[
C. Novellius C. f.
|
Ouf. Expectatus |
dis deabus manibus
nomine meo et Atiliae C. f. Crae ..... |
uxori pientiss[m].
(On the left) have. (On the right) vale.

C. I. L. V. 6053. Found at Milan (Mediolanum) , preserved in a copy.

l
v(ivus~) f(ecit).

20. d. m. |
et memoriae L. lul. Accepti qui vixit ann. XV m.
| |
X |

dies duos [
M. lul. Euplus et lulia Accepta parentes ]
fil.

unico J^arrssim. et sibi vivi |

posuerunt.
C. I. L. XII. 1964. Inscribed on a cippus found at Vienne (Vienna,
Gallia Narbonensis), existing in a copy.

21. d. m. |
et quieti aeternae |
Titiae Seiae defunctae |
ann. XXII
mens. V dier. XXV, |
P. Seius Asclepiodotus pater |
filiae

incomparabili.
C. I. L. XII. 2013. Inscribed on a sarcophagus found at Vienne (Vienna,
Gallia Narbonensis), existing now in copy, d and are on the sides. m
22. d. m. |
Titiae Catiae defunct. |
annorum VIII m. V d. VIII. |

Catia Bubate fil.

pissimae |
et sibi vivae posuit, |
hoc sax. sub
1
ascia ded. 2 est.

C. I. L. XII. 2012. Found at. Vienne, existing in a copy. l sub ascia dedl-
cavit (S A D) is generally understood to indicate a new tomb still in
charge of the workmen. The object of the phsase or representation of
the ascia was to indicate that the right of reopening the tomb without
recourse to authority was retained. This is the opinion of Facciolati.
See Forcellini, s. v. and A. de Barthe"lemy, Recherches sur le formule
" sub ascia." 2
ded(icatum}. d. and m. are on the sides.
286 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

23. d. m., |
Tertinio | Maximian|o Verilla | coniugi | posuit |
s. a. d.

C. I. L. XII. 1715. Inscribed on a cippus found at Eyzahut (Canton de

Dieulefit), France, where it still exists.

24. have^ Naevi, |

salvos sis quisquis |
es, |
Cn. Naevio [
Diadiimeno |

venaliciario | grae[^]ario.
C. I. L. XII. 3349. Inscribed on a cippvf found at Nismes (Nemausus),
where it still exists.

d. m. ; |
Iiilius Eumenes |
vixit ann. XXII
lulia Agrippina | |

patron. alumno
1
|
et corporate |
utriculariorum, quot tu nobis | |

debuisti facere, |
et mater in|felicissimae posuerunt.
C. I. L. XII. 729. Inscribed on a cippus found at Trinquetaille, now in
museum at Aries, France. 1
Join patron(a) and et mater infelicissimae
posuerunt quo(d) tu nobis debuisti facere.

26. Sex. Nerianus Romulus fecit sibi et C<5rdiae Helpidi con-

| | | |

iugi karissimae et libertis libertabiisque posterisque eorum | |

utriusque sexus ex origine nostra. Si quis eum titul. adul- | |

teravit alienigenum corp. aut ossa aut cineres in hoc monum. |

1 2
inferre volens adhum. non haber. et dare debeat a. p. R. H~S L
3
m. n., |
huic mon. dol. mal. abesto.

C. L L. VI. 22915. Inscribed on a marble tablet in the church, S. Paolo

2
fuori le Mura, at Rome. *Read aditum non haber(et). a(erarto)
3
p(opuli) E(omani). m(ilia) n(ummum).

27. have, Manila Anthusa.

|
Bene sit tibi qui legis et | |
tibi qui

praeteris |
mihi qui hoc loco monument, feci et meis.
C. L L. X. 6616. Found at V^lletri (Velitrae), now in museum at Naples.

28. vivit |
Q. Caelius Sp. f. vivi 1 |
architectus navalis, ]
vivit |
uxor
Camidia M. 1.
| Hospes, resiste et nisi m|olestust
Aprhodisia.
perlege, noli ) s*tomacare, suadeo caldum bibas, moriu|n[d]ust, |

vale.

C. I. L. X. 5371. Found on the Liris between Interamna and Minturnae,

Probably a corrupt reading.
1
existing in copy.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 287

29. d. m. s., |
chaere 1 An]nonia Paula con|iunx rarissime 2 | quae
exemplo feminarum, nisi esses [
XXXIII annorum j erepta
gravem fletum viro reliquisses,
| | |
h. s. e.

C. I. L. VIII. 8854. Found at Tiklat (Tupusuctu) Mauretania, Africa,

'
l 2
existing in copy. x a ^P - rarissima.

30. d. m., |
M. Munatius |
Victor v. a. XXX, h. s. e., o. e. b. q.
1

C. I. L. VIII. 5682. Found between Celma (Calama) and Constantine

1
(Cirta) Numidia, existing in copy. o(ssa) e(i) b(ene) q(uiescant}.

31. d. m. s., |
lulia Curvia |
vixit annis LXX o. s.
1
1. b. n.
2
q., |
fecit
films eius.

C. I. L. VIII. 9128. Found at Sur Roslan (Auzia), Mauretania. 1

o(s)s(a).

32. d. m. s., Q. lulius Lujcanus Medijconis fil., |

ut hanc in patriam j

plenus laetitia pervenirem an nos

|
LXXX certan|do vici, iam
quietus |
ego hie Medico semper. |

C. I. L. VIII. 79. Found at Hr. Nebhana, Africa, existing in a copy.

33. d. m. L. Vibi Cresjcentis vet.

| |
coh. IIII pr., |
hie s. e. s. 1. 1. L, |

Cara Salvidie. 1 tatae 2 b. m. |

^
-*'

C. I. L. XIV. 3632. Found at Tivoli (Tibur), inscribed on the wall of the

curia, where it now exists. 1
Salvidie(na).
2
tatae is a child's name for
father.

34. d. m. Ulpiae | Epictesis, |

Ti. Claudius Abascantus coniugi |

benemerenti |
fecit. (o the right side) Locus adsignatus ab Ti. |

Cl. Hilaro patrono in f ronte p.

|
1
s. in agro
p. II V s.
2
acceptus
3
k. Aprilibus |
C. Bellicio Torquato Ti. Cl. Attico |
Herode cos.

C. I. L. VI. 29335. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Rome, now in

the Lateran Museum. *
P(edes) quinque s(emissem).
2
p(edes) duo
3 143 A.D.
s(emissem).

35. a. M. Statilius Mercurijus fecit sibi et Liciniae Vitali coniugi |

Karissimae et Statilio Geniali et Statiliae Primitivae liber- |

|

tis meis et |
libertis libertabusque meis | posterisque eorum |
288 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

introitum, exitura omnem|que rem possidere quod mihi con- |

cessum est a T. Flavio Rufino in parte dimidia intrantibus | |

parte sinisteriore in fronte pedes XXXIII in agro ped. XXX. |

1
b. Luphrosyno et Hercliano ser. C. n. concessum ]
eis ab Flavio
Rufino |
in monumento luniano quod |
est |
iuris mei intran|-
tibus parte dexte|ra in triclinio in quo pariete sunt ollae |

ossuaria numero XIIII et in triclia sarjcophaga n. Ill quot | |

2
cessi eco ambas partes et Statilio Mercurio et nominibus
| | |

8
s. s.

C. I. L. XIV. 1636. Found at Ostia, existing now in copy. custom A

existed at Ostia of placing on tombs tablets which were divided into
parts, according to the sharing of the rights of the tomb. The above is
a tabula bipartita, containing on the right an inscription of Statilius
Mercurius, and on the left that of two slaves of Caesar.
1
C(aesaris)
2 The words are those of Flavins Rufinus. 8
nominibus
n(ostri). s(upra)
s(criptis~). Note also the giving of introitus and exitus, as often in sepul-
chral inscriptions thus the formula reads, ille illi locum ilium donavit
;

cut itum ambitum dedit.

36. per deos superos inferosque te rogo ne |

ossuaria velis violare, |

M. Calpurnius M. 1.
Sulla, [ Calpurnia M. 1. Fausta liberta.

C. I. L. XIV. 2535. Found on the estate of a monastery at Grottaferrata,

in the old ager Tusculanus, now in the Capitoline Museum.

37. d. [m.], |
Clodia Domitia |
fecit sibi et Terentio Regino coiugi
suo |
Reginae filiae suae
et Clodiae |
et liberjtis libertabusque |

posterisque eorum h. m. e. h. n. s.
C. 7. L. XIV. 848. Found at Ostia.

38. d. m., | Cypaerus et Flavia Primilla feceruut C.

C. Voltilius |

Voltilio Atimeto f. sua dulcissimo et pientissi|mo bene merenti

|

vixit ann. XVII m. V d. XX, quisquis huic sepulchre nocere | |

conatus fuerit manes eius eum exagitent.

C. I. L. VI. 29471. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in
the Lateran Museum.

39. Longina Diliges (sic) \

fee. sibi et |
L. Longinio Fortunato | patrono
b. m. et Cassiae |
Nice matri et filiae et Cassis Augustali patri
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 289

et |
filio et Florali filio et lib. libertab. post, eor. 1 |
i. h. m. i. a.

s. c. f.,
|
in f.
p. x, in a. p. x.

C. I. L. XIV. 1270. Found at Ostia, now in Lateran Museum, Rome.

'
1 2
post(eris) or(um). i(n) h(oc') m(onumenium} i(tum) a(ditum)
s(acrorum) c(ausa) f(ecere~).

40. Ti. Magio Caeciniano [

trierarcho et Alsiae Postumae uxori |

1
n. f., n. s., n. c.

C. I. L. V. 1813. Inscribed on a cinerary box found at Gemona, Italy, now

*
existing in copy. n(ora) f(ui), n(on) s(?<m), n(on) c(wro). Cagnat
refers to the Greek phrase, OVK rnj-yv, lyttAfUjr, OVK ecro^toi, ov /u.Aet juot.

41. d. m., |
P. Aelio Aug. lib. |
Erasino dulcissinio et pientissimo, |

Aerailia Helene coniunx et P. P. Aelii Aug. lib. Musicus et

Helenus fili fecerunt et sibi et suis libertis liberjtabusque
|

posterisque eoruni, ita ne liceat hunc mimimentum vendere |

vel donare, quod si faetuin fuerit utrisque ark. pontincum |

I+SXXX m. n. poenae nomine inferet, h. m. d. m. a.

C. I. L. VI. Inscribed on a tablet found on the Janiculum,

10(')82. Rom* ,

now in the museum at Oxford.

42. d. m., L. Aurelio |

Rufo |
ami. XXVI Eraer. 1 sepulto hie sito,
Aurelia Prisca til.
piissimo p.
C. L L. II. 371. Found
Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania), at
Spain, existing Emfr(itae~}. now in
Either Rufus was buried copy.
]

at Emerita and his mother brought his remains to Conimbriga, or his

burial place was at Emerita -while his tomb was at Conimbriga.

43. d. m., M. I ul. Serano ]

in itinere urb. 1 defuncto et sepulto,
Coelia |
Komula mater |
filio
|
piissimo |
et Collegium salu- |
\ >/
tare f . c.

C. I. L. II. 379. Found at Condeixa a Nova (Conimbriga, Lusitania),

Spain, existing now in copy. l
urb(ano}.

44. d. m., Acutia Tyche luliae Arclie f.,

j j
i vix. &. XXIIX, |
et in
eo mon itu act. amb. inllat. mort: mort. I

'
inferre coron. I

i
1
sacrif. sacrif. fac. j
ei a. q. e. r.
p. p. V. I. ,
til.
pientissimae.
In f.
p. VII, in a. p. VI.
LAT. INSCRIP. 19
 290 LATIN iNscmrnoxs

C. I. L. VI. 10562. Found at Home, now in Vatican Museum. l

et in
eo mi>ii(iniii'iitii} itnan) tirt(inn) <nnl>(itnm} in1at(ionem) mort(ui
S\
habcn-} mrl(innn} infirrc cnr<>n(iii-c} xacrifi lean-) x<irrif( i<-ia) fac(ere)
ei a(d) q(nem') <>(a) (<') p(ertinet') p(crtincbit) r(crfi') l(ii-t<to). The
comment of Mommsen is, l'\/rnntl<' hue tit xoleiit itn in compendium
redactae snnt, ut parum cohaerninl.

45. M. Lollius Arphocras |

v. f. s. et Paelinae uxori v.
|
et lib. liber-
tab, post. q. eorum |
in. s. s. e. h. n. s. neque liquebit ulli

locationis causa in annis centum quan doq. transvendere

quod si qui adversus it fecerint eorum bona pertinere |

debebunt ad rein publicam Brundisinorum.

C. I. L. IX. 136. Found at Brindisi (Brundisium), now at Villanova only
in a fragment.

46. Q. lulio Servando IITnl vir Aug. c. I. P. C. N. M., 1 Licinia

| |

Pallas |
marito optimo inlatis arcae 1 1 III! vir ob tuitionem
|

statuae H-S n. GO. 1. d. d. IITTTI vir.

C. I. L. XII. 4397. Inscribed in letters of, the second century on a pedestal

found at Xarbo (Narbonne), Gallia Narbonensis, where it still exists.
1
C(oloniae) I(uliae) P(aternae?) C(laudiae) N(arbonis) M(artii).

47. C. Catio C. Opetreiiae C. f. Paullae. Hds de-

f. Men. Balbo i

curiones fiinere
publico de foro e tribunal! efferendos et hie
V
.
|

; humandos cens. Fiificiae A. 1. Violae C. Catius C. f. Men.

Gallus parentibus et uxdrii.
C. L L. IX. 1783. Found at Benevento (Beneventum), existing now in copy.

48. Crescens agit. |

factionis ven., natione Maurus, annorum |

XXII. 1 Quadriga primiim |

vicit L. Vipstan!6 Messalla cos.
|

a
natale divi Kervae miss. 1
XXIIII | equis his :
Circio, Ac-
cep|tore, Delicate, Cotyno.
Ex Messala in Glabrionem cos. in

natale divi Claudi miss, ost. LX X X VI vicil X XXXVII. 2

| ^(
1

3 4
Inter sing. vie. XIX, binar XXIII, ^grjn. V, i)r;uMiiiss. I, |
|

occup. VIII, eripuit XXXVIII, [

secund. tulit CXXX, tert.

CXI. Quaest.' ret. H-S pTV[ LVHI COCXXXXVl I .'

;
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 291

C. I. L. VI. 10050. Inscribed on a marble cippus, discovered in 1878 during

'

the building of a sewer on the Via Pace in Home. J miss(u'). 2

miss(its)
^ t
ost(io). inter sing(ularum) vie (if). praemiss(u) sc. alms aurigae ;
5
Friedlander reads praemiss(it). Quaest(um) ret(ulit). 1,558,346
sesterces.See Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, II., 6 p. 517, and Momm.
Ephem. Ep. IV. 247. Nov. 8, 115 A.D. May 10, 124 A.D.

49. L. Afilano L. f.
|
An. Provincial! equo p. ornat., luperco
desig.,
h. u.
|

s. r.,
huic ordo statu|am decrevit.
1
1. d. d. d.
|
L. Afilanus Verecun|dus ,
^
j

C. I. L. XIV. 3442. Inscribed on a cippus found at Praeneste, where it

1
still exists. h(onore) u(sus) s(umptum} r(emisit).

50. a) d. (Figure of an asda) m., |

Venulcia | Pelagia hie adq., I
fil. matr.
piiss.

6)
M. Naevius M. f. Gal. Restitutus |
mil. con. X pr. h. aq. 1
qui
2
reliq. testam. coll. fabr. naval. Pis. stationi |
vetustiss. et
3
piiss. I+S II II |
n., ex cuius reditu pajrental. et rosar. quot- |

ann. at sepulehrum suum celebrent. Quot si factum ab eis |

4
non |
esset, tune ea ipsa coujdicione fabr. tig. Pis.
accept, pro 1

5
poena a |
fabr. nav. H-S II1I n. ipsi celebrare debebunt.
C. L L. XI. 1436. Found at Pisa, existing now in copy. 1
/i(/c) a(d)q(ui-
2 3
escit). coU(egio) fabr(itm) naval(ium) Pis(anorum). (milia")
* 5
n(ummum). fabri tig(nhrii) Pis(ani). accept (is) (mili-
bus) n(ummum~).

51. d. m. et memoriae |
aeternae Hylatis, | dymachaero sive assi-
3
dario
*
p. VII. 2 ru I., Ermais coniux coiiiugi karissimo | p. c.
et S. as. d (Fiyureo/anascio).

Boissieu, Inscr. de Lyon, p. 469. Found at Lyons, existing now in copy.

Hylas was a dimachaerus and essedarius ; cf. Friedlander, Sittengesch.
1

6 2
II., p. 533. p(ugnarum) VII. 3 Not understood.

52. d. m., Muscloso a. f. r.

1
|
nat. Tuscus |
vie. pal.
2
DCLXXXII |

3
a. Ill p. 4 V. v. 5 II |
r.
6
DCLXXII, Apuleia Verejcunda con-
7
iunx m. c. p.

C. I. L. VI. 10063. Found at Rome, where it still exists. 1

a(gitatorf)
2 z
f(actionis~) r(iissatae). vic(it) pal(mas). a(lbafactione). *p(rasina').
6 1
r(ussata). m(arito) c(arissimo) p(osuit).

V\ IX S Y ^
2\)-2 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

53. M. Aur. Mollicius Tatianus natione verna qui vixit ann. XX | |

mens. VIII diebus VII qui vie. palmus n. CXXV, sic in 1

rusjseo LXXXVIIII in prasino XXIII L |

in veneto n. V in
albo n. VII praemia XXXX n. 2
II.

C. I. L. VI. 10049. Found on the Via Praenestina, Home, now existing in

copy.
!
M(wmero).
2
praemia (sestertium) XXXX (milium) n(umero).

COLUMBARIA

54. a) d. m., |
Blastus Aug. lib. tabul|arius fecit aediclas |
tres
intrautibus dextjeriore parte a parie|te iunctas duas .et terti|a
1
in qua titulus fixus est s[f]bi et |
suis 1.
libertabusq. posterisq. |

eorum.
6) L. Cornelius L. 1.
Regillus |
ollam legavit |
M. Valerio M. 1.

Frontoni.
c) Q. Mudasenus I. 1. Eros |
emit de L. Aufidio | Apollonio
iuris |
monument!.
d) Quintiae Crispinae ollae continuae II.
| |

2
e) L. Vettiri Zophrus(?) L. Pinarius Rufus | |
dedit ol. I quae
fuit |
L. Viriasi Lali.

C. 7. L. VI. 4889, 4930, 4983, 5013, 5045. Inscriptions from columbaria of

the Vigna Codini, between the Via Appia and Via Latina. l
This
inscription is in tertia, in qua titulus fixus est ; in the other two places
the name Blastus was painted on the wall. 2
Zophrns has been sub-
stituted after an erasure. Read L. Veturi(us) Zopyrus.

5j5. Iiilia Erdtis femina optima hie sitast

Nullum doldrem ad inferos mecuni tuli,
Viro et patrdno placui et decessi prior.
C. lulius Blastus C. lulius
C. lulius Celadus divi Aug. 1.

Messius.

C. I. L. VI. 5254. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, between

Via Appia and Via Latiya. The inscription belongs to the days of
Tiberius. Note the iambic senarii.
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 293

56. Musicd Ti. Caesaris August! |

Scurrand disp. ad fiscum Gallicum |

provinciae Lugdunensis, ex vicaris eius qui cum eo Romae

|

cum decessit fuerunt bene merito, |

Venustus negot. 1 Agathopus medic. Facilis pediseq.

Decimianus sump. 2 Epaphra ab argent. Anthus ab arg.
Dicaeus a manu Primio ab veste Hedylus cubicu.
Mutatus a inarm Communis a cubic. Firmus cocus
Creticus a manu Pothus pediseq. Secunda 3
Tiasus cocus

C. I. L. VI. 5197. From the columbaria in the Vigna Codini, now in the
Lateran Museum. It belongs to the time of Tiberius. 1 negotiator),
2 3
sump(tuarius). Probably a contubernalis.

LAUDATIO MURDIAE

57 Murdiae L. f. matris. |
sed propriis viribus adlevent cetera, quo
firmiora | probabilioraque sint. Omnes filios
1
aeque fecit here-

des, partitione filiae data. Amor m'aternus

|
caritate liberum,

aequalitate partium constat. Viro certam pecuniam legavit,

ut ius dotis honore iudici augeretur. Mihi, revocata memoria |

patris eaque in cdnsilium et fide sua ad hibita, aestumatione

facta 2 certas res testamento praelegavit, neque ea mente, quo
me f ratribus meis quom eorum aliqua contumelia praeferret :

sed, memor liberalitatis patris mei, |

reddenda mihi statuit,
quae iudicio viri sui ex patrimonio |
med cepisset, ut ea usu
suo custodita proprietati meae resti|tuerentur. Constitit ergo |

in hdc sibi ipsa, ut a parentibus dignis viris data matrimonia |

opsequio probitate retineret, nupta meriteis gra|tior fieret, fide

carior haberetur, iudicio ornatior relinquere tur, post decessum
consensii civium laudaretur, quoin discriptio partium habeat |

gratum fidumque animuin in viros, aequalita tern in liberos,

iustitiam in veritate. |
Quibus de causeis, quoin omnium bona-
rum feminarum simplex simi|lisque esse laudatio soleat, quod
naturalia bona propria custo|dia servata varietates verborum
non desiderent, satisque sit |
eadem omnes bona fama digna
fecisse, et quia adquirere |
novas laudes mulieri sit arduom,
294 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

quoin ininoribus varieta tibus vita iactetur, necessario com-

munia esse colenda, 3 ne quod amissum ex iiistis praecepteis
|

cetera turpet. |
E<5 maiorem laudem omnium carissima niilii

mater meruit, quod |

modestia probitate pudicitia opsequio
lanificio diligintia fide par similisque cetereis probeis feminis
neque xilli
fuit, cessit vir|txitis laboris sapientiae periculorum
praecipuam aiit certe.
4
......
C. I. L. VI. 10230. Inscribed in letters of the best period on a large marble
slab found at Rome, where it still exists in the Palace of the Kondinini.

Mommsen places this inscription in the Augustan age, not later, because
of the orthography of quorn, meriteis, arduom, not earlier, because of
the use of apices, which not only mark the long vowels, but, placed
between the letters, serve as punctuation marks.
1
Mommsen's comment
is
" Haec quo pertineant, parum perspicitur, nisi quod, cum tempore prae-
senti scriptor utatur, agi videtur non de matris, sed de suo facto aliquo ;

puta liberlis maternis qniddam eum erogasse, quod ipsorum contributio-

-
nibus ut augcatur desideret." Rather eaqne adhibita et fide facta.
Mommsen understands thus, cum in consilium adhibuisset memoriam
patris etfidem suam.
3
Supply intellegitur
4
Mommsen suggests virtutis
.

laboris sapientiae periculorum (id est periculorum, quibus virtutem labo-

rem sapientiam comprobarit) praecipuam aut certe nulli secundam memo-
riam sibi parans.

SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS IN VERSE

Elogia of the Scipio Family
58. a) \_L. Corneli~\o On. f.
Scipio

6) Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus,

Gnaivod patre | prognatus, fortis vir sapiensque,
Quoius forma virtutei parisuma fuit,

Consol, censor, aidilis quei fuit apud vos,

Taurasia Cisauna Samnio J
cepit,
Subigit omne Loucanam opsidesque abdoucit.
C. I. L. I. 29, 30 = VI. 1284-5. See page 232. Inscribed on a sarcophagus
of peperino found at Rome in 1780, outside of the Porta Capena, on the
Via Appia, now in the Vatican Museum. The name of the dead (a) is
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 295

painted in red coloring (minium) on the lid, while the carmen (6) is cut
on the main part of the sarcophagus. L. Cornelius Cn. f. was
Scipio
consul 456/298, censor 464/290. Ritschl, Opusc. IV, p. 222, has shown
that the carmen (b) is more recent than (a), and the inscription of the
son, No. 60. The date is not later than 234 B.C. Another inscription
which preceded carmen has been almost entirely erased, only (7]eso[r
this

remaining. The metre is Saturnian, with verses marked by transverse

l
lines cut in the stone. Samnio, ablative, according to Lachmann,
Mommsen and Wilmanns, but see other ablative in d; or accusative,
according to Ritschl, but note other endings in MS. Loucanam, sc.
terrain. See Cic. Tusc. I. 7, 13 Pro Arch. 9, 22 De Legg. II. 2, 27.
; ;

Liv.. XXX
VIII. 56 XL. 38. Pliny, N. H. XXXIII. 7, 122.
;

1 2
59. \_L.~]
Cornelio L. f.
Scipio [a]idiles, cosol, cesor.
C. I. L. I. 31 = VI. 1286. Inscription painted in red on a fragment of a
sarcophagus of peperino, found at Rome in 1781, now in the Vatican
Museum. 1 2
495/259. 496/258.

*
60. Hone oino ploirume cosentiont R[omai]
Duonoro optumo fuise viro, 2
Luciom Scipione. Filios 3 Barbati,
Consol, censor, aidilis hie fuet &\_pud vos.]
Hec cepit Corsica Aleriaque urbe, 4
Dedet Tempestatebus aide mereto 5
C. I. L. I. 32 = VI. 1287. See page 236. Inscribed on a slab of peperino,
broken on the right side, found at Rome in 1614, now in the Barberini
Palace. L. Cornelius L. Barbati f. consul 495/259, censor 496/258, took
Corsica, destroyed Aleria, and triumphed over the Sardinians, Corsicans,
Phoenicians (Zonar. VIII; 11; Flor. I.18, 16).
1
Romae (Sirmond),
Romai (Ritschl) ;
Romani (Grotefend), Romane (Mommsen). 2 Ritschl.
metri gratia, supplies viroro(m) after viro. 3 Wolfflin reads filiom for
*
filios. Ritschl adds pugnandod. Wolfflin(Revue de PhiloJ. 1890)
considers no addition necessary. 5 Grotefend adds lubenter, Ritschl
reads meretod votam, Wolfflin objects to any addition. Ovid, Fasti, VI.
193, relates that a temple of the Tempestates was dedicated by a Scipio.

1
61. Quei apice iusigne Dial[/s./Z]aminis gesistei, |

Mors perfe[cT] tua ut essent omnia brevia,

Honos fama virtu sque gloria atque ingenium, |

Quibus sei in longa licu[i]set tibe utier vita, |

296 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S

Facile facteis superases gloriam maiorum. |

Qua re lubens te in gremiu, Scipio, recip[?']t |

Terra, Publi, [ prognatum Public, Corneli.

C. I. L. I. 33 =
VI. 1288. See page 240. Inscribed on the front of a
sarcophagus of peperino found in 1780, now in the Vatican Museum.
P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio, flamen Dialis, who died when a young man,
has not been identified with certainty. He is believed by some to have
been the son of Africauus Maior, adoptive fathei of Africanus Minor,
who is referred to in Cic. Cato Maior, 2, 53 De Off. I. 33, 121 Unit. ; ;

1 2 3 Cf the
19, 77. Veil. I. 10. insigne is neuter. Join tua omnia. .

Greek yaia /c6\7rou ^5eoro, Cic. De Legy. II. 63. Mommsen places the
close of his life between 550/204 and 590/154. The double consonants
in essent and terra, point to the latter part of sixth century A.U.C.,

although note gesistei, superases, licuiset.

1
62. L. Corneli. L. f. tr. mil., annos
P.[n] Scipio, quaist.,
| | |

gnatus XXXIII mortuos. Pater regem Antioco subegit. |

C. I. L. I. 33 = VI. 1296. Inscribed on a slab originally forming part of a

sarcophagus of tufa, now in the Vatican Museum. 1
587/167 (Livy,
XLV. 44).

68. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f.

Scipio Hispanus | pr., aid. cur., q., tr. mil. II,
X vir si. iudik. |
X vir sacr. fac.

Virtutes generis mieis rnoribus accumulavi,

l
Progeniem genui, facta patris petiei.
Maiorum optenui laudem, ut sibei me esse creatum,
Laetentur; stirpem nobilitavit honor.
C. /. L. I. 38 = VI. 1295. Inscribed on three tablets of peperino found at
Rome in 1782. The first of these is now lost; the o.thers are in the
Vatican Museum. Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, son of Cn. Cornelius
Scipio Hispallus, cos. 578/176, was sent in 605/139 to receive the arms
from the Carthaginians (Appian. Lib. 80), became praetor in 615/139
l On
(Val. Max. I. 3. 3, where he is styled Hispallus). the stone after
progeniem there is a line which Mommsen joined with the preceding
letter and read progenie mi = progeniem mihi. Ritschl gives the above
reading, Opttsc. IV., p. 539.

64. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio

Magna sapientia | multasque virtutes
 SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS 297

Aetate,quom parva posidet hoc saxsum.

|

1
Quoiei vita defecit, non honos honore. |

Is hie situs quei nunquam victus est virtutei.

Annos gnatus XX is | d[i?;]eis
2
m[aw]datus
Ne quairatis honore
3
| quei minus sit mand[a]u[s].
C. I. L. I. See page 235. Inscribed on a tablet of peperino
34, VI. 1289.
from a sarcophagus found at Rome, now in the Vatican Museum.
Visconti, Mommsen, and Ritschl have conjectured that this Scipio was
the grandson of Calvus, consul, 532/222 (Livy, XXI. 32), son of II is-
pallus, who died in the consulship 578/17(5 (Livy, XLI. 20), and the
younger brother of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus (No. 63). * honore,
accusative according to Lachmann, Ritschl, Buecheler ;
dative according
to others. 2 Mommsen reads loceis = sepulcro, Ritschl, Diteist, Lach-
mann leto
est. 3
Visconti interprets honorem quern non acceperit ;
Ritschl, cur minus honore sit mandatus. Lachmann (Lucr., p. 245)
expresses it thus, honore quei minus sit macttis, on the ground that
the stone cutter has repeated mandatus instead of inscribing mactatus.

Iambic Senarii
65. Hospes, quod deico, paullum est, asta ac pellege.
Heic est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai feminae.
Nomen parentes nominarunt Claudiam.
Suorn mareitum corde deilexit souo.
Gnatos duos creavit. Horunc alterum
l
In terra linquit, alium sub terra locat.
Sermone lepido, turn autem incessu commodo.
Domum servavit. Lanam fecit. Dixi. Abei.

C. /. L. I. 1007 = VI. 15346. Found at Rome, existing in copy. This

carmen belongs probably to the Gracchan period. 1
The writer has
avoided altrum. Buecheler's (Anthologia Latina, Car. Ep. 52) comment
is par hide exemplum hand facile inveneris apud antiquos, nam differunt
talia ex alio terrain status excipit alter (Lucret. V. 832, IV. 686).

Choliambus
1
66. luenis Sereni triste cernitis marmor,
Pater supremis quod sacravit et frater
298 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S

Pietate mira perditum dolens fratrem,

Quein flevit omnis planctibus novis turba,
l
Quod iuterisset
forma, flos, pudor simplex.
Dole meator, quisquis hoc legis carmen,
2
Et ut ineretur anima, lacrimam accomoda.

C. I. L. X. 1275. Found at Nola, preserved in copy. Above the verse is

the inscription, M. St .
Pal(atina) P
. . o M. co Fisio Sere.no
f. . . .

Ilutilio Caesiano II viro auyuri, vixit ann. XXXI

mensib. XI diebus
XVIII. written below, ipsins pater miser rimus. The inscription dates
no earlier than the time of Hadrian. 1 Others read invents and interis-
2
sent. The last line is iambic trimeter. Buecheler suggests that lacrimam
adsperge would make a choliainbus.

Iambic Dimeter

67. Genitor Ixmonem dedicat

Alteque Pompeiae locat.
Levamen hoc doloribus
Lacrimisque pausam credidit.
At nunc videndo iugiter
Et fletum et gemitus integral.
C. I. L. VIII. 251. Suppl. 11405. Inscribed on a stone found at Sbitla
(Sufetula) Africa. Note the acrostic Gallae.

Hexameter

68. Vidi pyramidas sine te dulcissime frater,

Et tibi quod potui, 1 lacrimas hie maesta profudi
Et nostri memorem luctus hanc sculpo querelam. 2
Sic nomen Decimi Gentiani pyramide alta
Pontificis comitisque tuis, Traiane, triumphis
3 3
Lustra[<7Me] sex intra censoris consulis exst[e].

C. I. L. III. 21 Suppl. 6625.

;
Inscribed on a pyramid at Gize, Egypt,
existing in a copy.
l
Catullus 68, 149. Ovid, Fasti, V. 472. 2 Horace,
Carm. III. 11, 50. 3 These are conjectures of Buecheler. The second
triumph of Trajan occurred in 106 A.C.
 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 299

Elegiac Verse
69. Viva Philematium sum Aurelia nominitata, |

Casta, pudens, volgei nescia, feida viro | |

Vir conleibertus fuit eidem, quo careo eheu |

|
!
|

Kee fuit ee vero plus superaque parens. j |

Septem me naatam |
annorum grem-io |
ipse recepit;
Quadraginta annos nata neeis potior. |

Ille meo officio adsiduo florebat ad omnis.

|

C. I. L. VI. 9490. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine found on the old Via

Nomentana, Rome, now in the British Museum.

HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS
ELOUIA

1.
a) L. Aem[?7]ius L. f. Paullus | co[s. //], cens., augur | tr[i]-
umphavit ter.

6) P. Cornelius Paulli f.
Scipio |
Africanus cos. II, cens., | augur
triumphavit II.
c) [Q] Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus |
aed. cur.

d) Q. Fabius Q. f. Maxsumus aed. cur. rest.

2 Inscribed on blocks of
C. I. L. I. xxiv., xxv., xxvi.; d, vol. VI. 1303.
travertine found in the Forum Romanum in 1546, but destroyed in the
latter part of the sixteenth century, hence existing only in a copy.
These inscriptions adorned the Arch of Fabius built by Q. Fabius Maxi-
inus Allobrogicus, consul 633/121, and restored by Q. Fabius Maximus,
curule aedile about 698/56. This restitution is referred to by Cicero in
Oratio in Vatinium 11. 28 Nihil Maximus fecit alienum aut sua virtute
:

aut illis quorum gloriam huius

clarissimis Panllis, Maximis, Africanis,
virtute renovatum won modo speramus, verum etiam iam videmus.
Paullus, cos. 572/182 and 586/178, was the father of Q. Fabius Maxi-
mus Aemilianus, cos. 609/135, and ancestor of Maximus, who restored
the arch. From his being saluted imperator three times, three triumphs
are wrongly assigned to him instead of two, as here and in Velleius I. 9.
Scipio Africanus Minor, cos. 607/147 and 620/134, was the son of
Paullus, and brother of Fabius Maximus Aemilianus.

2. -

Ap. Claudius | q. urb.,

1
|
cos
2
cum P. |
Servilio Pr[isco].
300 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. I. 2 XXXI. Found at Rome, existing in copy.

1
Cf. Momm.
Staatsr. II. 8 533. 2
259/495.

3. a) [P. Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher colono^s adscripsit Gales, \

cos.
1
cum[L. Porcio, III vir] coloniam deduxit Graviscam. 2
|

6) \_C. Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher'} q., Ill vir a. a. a. f. f., aed.

3
cur., index q. veneficis, pr. | repetundis, curator vis sternendis,
4
cos. cuin M. Perperna.
2
C. I. L. I. XXXII., XXXIII. Inscribed on a stone formerly used as a door-
step of the Church of S. Martino ai Monti, Rome. Fragments of this
stone, which are now in the Capitoline Museum, were found near the
church in 1879. * 570/184. 2 Cf. Livy, XL. 29. 8 Cf. Momm. Staatsr.
II.3 573. *
662/92.

4. M. Valerius M. f. M'. [n.~\ \

Messalla, pontife[of], |
tr. mil. II, q.,

pr. urb., co[s.], |

V vir a. d. a. i., interr[e#] | III, censor.

C. I. L. I. 2 XL.
Inscribed on travertine, found behind the Basilica of
Constantine, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori. It refers to M.

Valerius Messalla, consul 693/61, quinquevir agris dandis adsignandis

iudicandis 695/59 (Cic. De Prov. Cons. 17, 41 ;
Ad. Att. 2, 7, 4) ;

interrex 699/65, 701/53, 702/52 ;

censor 699/55-700/54. On the same
stone appears M. n. inus, referring probably to his son, |
. . .

M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, consul 723/31.

5. C. Octavius C. f. C. n. C. pr[on.] pater Augusti, | |

tr. mil. bis., q.,
aed. pi. cum C. Toranio, iudex quaestionum,
| | pr., pro cos.,

imperator appellatiis ex provincia Macedonia.

C. I. L. I. 2 XXIX. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, existing
in a copy. The following remnant of another inscription given with the
above may perhaps be assigned to C. lulius Caesar, father of the Dicta-
tor, Caesar ....:.. ic. q. pr.
|
cos. i
| |

in Asia. C. Octavius, father of Augustus, was praetor in 693/61 then ;

obtained Macedonia as his province. On his return from his province

he died (Suet. Aug. 4). This and the two following inscriptions Momm-
sen believes to have belonged to a sacrarium of the domus Augustae,
where the imagines of the imperial and allied families were exhibited.

6. C. lulius L. f. Caesar | Strabo, |

aed. cur., tr. mil. bis, X vir

agr. dand. adtr. iud., pontif.

 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 301

C. I. L. I. 2 XXVII. Found at Rome, where it is said by writers of the

fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
been inscribed on a wall near to have
the Forum Augusti, existing in copy. Strabo was curule aedile in
(564/90. He is often mentioned by Cicero. Cf. Teuffel-Schwabe-Warr,
Hist, of Roman Literature, 153, 3.

7. M. Livius M. f. C. n. Drusus pontifex, tr. mil., X vir stlit. iudic.,

tr. pi., X lege sua et eodem

vir a. d. a. anno V vir a. d. a. lege
Saufe[f]a, in magistratu occisus est.
C. I. L. I.
2
XXX. Found at Rome, existing in a copy of the sixteenth
century. This refers to the famous tribune of the plebs of 663/91, in
regard to whose laws see Liv. Ep. 71 Appian, B. C, I. 35 ; De Viris ;

Illustribus, c. 66.

ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS

1 2
8. M'. Valerius Maximus,
|
dictator, augur. Primus
Volusi f.
j |

quam ullum magistratum gereret, dictator dictus est. Tri- |

umphavit de Sabinis et Medullinis. Plebem de Sacro monte

deduxit, gratiam cum patribus reconciliavit fae nore gravi ;

populum senatus, hoc eius rei auctore, Kberavit. Sellae |

curulis locus ipsi posterisque ad Murciae spectandi caussa

datus est. Priuceps in senatum semel lectus est. j

C. I. L. I.
2 V. = XI. 1826. Inscribed on a small marble base, in the upper part
of which a bust was probably inserted; found at Arezzo (Arretium), where
it museum. 1 260/494 (Liv. II. 30). 2 For^>riMS.
exists in the public

9. Appius Claudius |
C. f. Caecus, |
censor, cos. bis, diet., interrex
III, pr. II, aed. cur. II; q., tr. mil. III. Comjplura oppida de
Samnitibus cepit ; |
Sabmorum. et Tuscdrum exerci|tum fudit ;

pacem cum [P]yrrho rege prohibuit. In censura viam

fieri
|

Appiam stravit et aquam in urbem adduxit aedem Bellonae | ;

fecit.

' . 7. L. I.
2 X = XI. 1827. Inscribed on a small marble base found at
Arezzo (Arretium), now in the museum at Florence. Fragments con-
taining a few letters of the original of the above inscription were found
in the Forum Augusti at Rome in 1889. They are a oppi, m et
Tns , aq ri cu ae fe Cf. Lanciani, Bull.
,
1 ,
.

Coinun. 1889, p. 77. Appius Claudius was censor in 442/312 and consul
417/307 and 458/296. Cf. Livy, X. 22 Cic. Brut. 14, 55. ;
302 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

10. C. Marius C. f. cos. VII, pr., tr. pi., q., augur, 1 tr. mil. 2 Extra
| 1

sortem bellum cum lugurtha 8 rege Nuinid. 4 cos. gessit. Euiu |

cepit et triumphans in secundo consiilatu ante curnuu suum

| |

duel iussit. Tertium consul 5 apsens 6 creatus est. IIII cos.

| j

Teutonorum exercitum delevit. V cos. Cimbros fugavit, 7 |

ex ieis 8 et Teutonis iterum triumphavit. Rem p. 9 turbatam

| |

seditionibus tr. pi. et praetor., quei 10 armati Capitolium

| |

occupaverunt, VI cos. vindicavit. Post annum patria

|
LXX
per arma civilia expulsus armis restitutus VII cos. factus |

est. De manubiis Ciuibris et Teuton, aedem Honori

|
et |

Virtuti victor fecit. Veste | triumphali calceis patriciis [in

senatum venif] . . .

C. /. L. I.,
2
p. 195, and XL 1881. This inscription, found at Arezzo
(Arretium), exists in a copy made in the fourteenth century. Part of
the original inscription which once stood in the forum Augusti at Rome
exists on small fragments of marble, one of which was found in the
fifteenth century and is now at Naples (VI. 1315), the others were dis-
covered in 1876 in the Villa Aldobrandini (Ephem. Ep. IV. 1817). The
portions of the inscription which appear on the fragments found at Rome
are indicated by the lines. The readings of the copy from Arretium
differ from those given above, as follows 1 2 8
aug., tr. militnm., luyurta, :

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C. Marius was
Numidiae, cos., absens, fudit, zis, pub., qui.
consul seven times, 647/107; 650/104-654/100; 668/86, praetor 639/115
(Cic. De Off. 3, 20, 19), tribunus plebis 635/119 (Plutarch, Mar. 4),
tribunus militum a populo (Sail. Jug. 63), augur (Cic. Ad Brut. 1, 5, 3).
For the ve.stis triumphalis cf. Liv. Ep. 67, Marius triumphali vests in
senatum venit, quod nemo ante eum fecerat ; Plut. Mar. 12.

OTHER ELOGIA OF EARLY ROMANS

11. Pert. Erresius, 1 |

rex Aequeicolus. Is preimus | |
ius fetiale

paravit; inde p. R. discipleinam excepit.

|

2 Inscribed in letters of the first century on a little

C. I. L. I., p. 202.
column peperino found on the Palatine, now in the Baths of
of
Diocletian. This is an inscription of the imperial period affecting
x Mommsen believes that
archaic forms. Fertor Resius was intended.
He is mentioned as the inventor of the ius fetiale in De Viris Illustribus

5, and in De Praenominibus, 1.
 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 303

12. Lavinia Latini |

filia

Silvius Aeneas, Aeneae et Lavijniae films.

C. I. L. I.,
2
p. 189 - XIV. 2067, 2068. Inscribed on two pedestals, dating
probably in the second century A.D., found at Pratica, ancient Lavinium.

13. Rdmulus Martis | [/]ilius. Urbem Rdmam [condfjdit et

regnavit annds duodequadraginta. Isque | primus dux duce
hostium Acrone rege Caeninensium
|
interfecto spolia
l
opi[ma] lovi Feretrio consecra[wY,] receptusque in de-
|

oru[m] numerum Quirinu[s] appellatu[s esf].

|

C. I. L. I.,
2
p. 189 = X. 800. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Pompeii,
now in the public museum at Naples. J
Livy, IV. 19. Propert. V. 10.
Festus under opima, p. 186. Val. Max. III. 2, 3.

14. Quintus Hortensius.

C. I. L. I.,'
2
p. 202 = VI. 1309. Inscribed on a small pedestal now in the
Villa Albani. This inscription belongs to the first century A.D., or
perhaps dates somewhat earlier. The praenomen written in full points
to a Greek workman.

15. M. Cicero, an. LXIIII.

C. L L. I. ,
2
p. 202 = VI. 1325. Inscribed under a marble bust which is

preserved at Madrid, Spain. See Bernoulli, Bom. Ikonographie, L,

p. 135. This inscription dates about the time of Cicero, who was born
Jan. 3, 648/106, and died Dec. 7, 711/43.

ELOGIA OF THE FORUM OF TRAJAN

7
16. M. Claudio [T /.] f. Q[m>.] Frontoni cos., 1 j
leg. Aug. pr. pr.
prdvinciarum Daciarum et super, simul j
leg. Aug. pr. pr.
prdvincia. Daciar. leg. Augg. pr. pr. Moesiae super. |
Daciae
2 3
Apulesis, simul leg. Augg. pr. pr. pro|vinciae Moesiae super.,
comiti divi Veri Aug., ddnatd donis militarib. bello Ar meni-
acd et Parthicd ab imperatore Antdnind Aug. et a divo Vero
Aug. corona mural i item vallari item classica item aurea
j |

item hastis puris IIII item v[e]xillis IIII, 4 curatdri operum j

304 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

locdrumq. public<5r., missd ad iuventiitem per Italiam

5
dam, leg. Augg. pr. pr. exercitus legidnarii et auxilidr.' |

Orientem in Armeniam et Osrhoenam et Anthemusiani 7 ducto-|

rum, leg. Augg. legioni primae Minervijae in exspeditionem
Parthicam deducen|dae, leg. divi Antonini Aug. leg. XI ('!.,
prae|tdri, aedili curuli ab actis senatus, quae(stdri urbano, X
viro stlitibus iudicandis. Huic senatus auctor[e] imperatore
j

M. Au|reli6 Antdnino Aug. Armeniaco Medico Parthico

maximo, quod post aliquot sejcunda proelia adversum Ger-
manos et lazyges ad postremum pro r. p. fortiter pugnans |

8
ceciderit, armatam statuam [poni~] in foro divi Traiani \

pecunia publica cen[suif].

C. I. L. VI. 1377. Found at Home in the Forum of Trajan, existing only
in copy. Claudius Fronto, according to Lucian, was mentioned in some
history of the Parthian war of L. Verus. Another inscription found in
Dacia, referring to him, is given in C.
l
He was consul
I. L. III. 1457.

suffectus in 166, or somewhat earlier.

2
There appears to be some con-
fusion and discrepancy here. Mommsen lias suggested as the reading on
the stone, leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinciarum Daciarum trium, prov. Daciae
Maluensis, prov. Daciae Porolissensis, prov. Daciae Apulesis. For this
2
triple division of the province of Dacia see Marquardt, Staatsv. I.,
3 He
p. 309. appears to have been legatus of Dacia and Moesia Superior
in 169 and 170. 4 The number of the dona militaria indicates that
Fronto was consularis when he received them. s See Momm. Staatsr.
3 6
This legatio was assigned extra ordinem. See
II., p. 850, note 3.
Momm. Staatsr. II., 3 p. 853. 7 Anthemusia is a district of Mesopotamia.
Borghesi declares that Fronto did not die before 170, but was killed in
8

battle while he was in charge of the provinces of Dacia and Moesia.

1
17. \_Cl.~\ Claudiani v. c. |
[C7a]udio Claudiano v. c.
tri[6?<]no et
notario inter ceteras | -[de]centes artes praegloriosissimo |

[/>o]etarum, ad memoriain sem|piternam carmina ab

licet
eodem |scripta sufficiant, adtamen testimonii gratia ob |

iudicii sui [/]idem

|
dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius 2 [/]eli- |

cissimi ac doctissimi imperatores, senatu petente,

|
statuam |

in foro divi Traiani erigi collocarique iusserunt.

'

/SipyiXtbio vdov j
xai /xoCaav 'Qp.r)pov \
KAauSiavov
 . HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 305

C. I. L. VI. 1710. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the

museum of Naples.
l
t?(m) c(larissimi).
2
395-408. In elogia and
honorary inscriptions of the later period there frequently appears above
the inscriptions, or in some prominent position on the pedestal, the name
oj_ihe person to whom the inscription refers. This may be simply a
cognomen, or more rarely the fuller form of the name as here, and may
be in the genitive or dative case, so here the first words are separate
from the remainder of the inscription. The cognomen, if thus placed
aside,is repeated in some cases or omitted in the. repetition of the name

which follows.

TlTULI HONORARII

18. Italicei |
L. Cornelium Sc[/p]i[one]m |
honoris caussa.

C. /. L. X. 7459. Found near Castel Tusa in the ruins of old Halaesa,

existing in a copy. Mommsen believes this is L. Cornelius Scipio, after-

wards termed Asiagenus, who was praetor in Sicily in 561/193. Livy,
XXXIV. 54, 55 ;
Cic. De Orat. II. 09, 280. This is then the oldest
honorary inscription attached to a statue. It is in the Greek form. See
page 243.

] 2
19. L. Manlius L. f.
|
Acidinus triu. vir Aquileiae coloniae |

deducundae.
(7. /. L. I. 538 = V. 873. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Padua, whither
it had been carried from Aquileia, existing in two parts, of which the
upper is now in the museum at Cattajo, near Padua, the lower at
Vicenza. l
The name appears in the Fasti, L. Manlius L. f. Acidinus
Fulvianus 2 In the year 573/181, together with P. Cor-
(cos. 575/179).
nelius Scipio Nasica 34, cf. XXXIX. 55).
and G. Flaminius (Livy, XL.
The inscription probably dates not long after the founding of the colony,
judging from the form of the name and the nom. case of the name of the
one honored.

20. C. lulius Caesar pontif.

C. I. L. V. 4305. Inscribed on the epistylium of a column found at Brescia

(Brixia), where it still exists, though broken into five pieces. As there
is no trace of the abbreviation Max., Mommsen believes that Augustus

is here referred to, and that the inscription, dating

710/44, was made
immediately after his adoption by the dictator, for he was appointed
pontifex in 706/48, after the battle of Pharsalia.
LAT. INSCRIP. 20
 306 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

21. L. Cornelio L. f.
|
Sullae Felici |
dictator!,
C. L L. I. 584 = Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at
VI. 1297.
Rome on the Quirinal Hill, now in the museum at Naples. Coins and
various writers inform us that an equestrian statue was erected in front
of the rostra to Sulla the dictator in 674/80 or 675/79. Appian, B. C.
1.97; Cic. Phil. IX. 6. 13; Veil. II. 61; Suet. Caes. 75. ^vicus lad
Fund(anii'). Another inscription (Henzen, 7272) refers to this lacus,
M. Claudius Priscus redemptor a laco Fundani.

22. Cn. Pompeio Cn. f.

|
Magno |
imper. iter.

C. I. Inscribed on a pedestal of travertine found at Chiusi

L. XI. 2104.

(Clusium), where it exists to-day in the museum.

23. M. Acilio M. f. Canino | q. urb. |

negotiatores ex area |
Saturni.
C. I. L. XIV. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Ostia, now in
153.
the Vatican Museum. Mommsen has set the date as earlier than 726/28,
in which year the euro, aerarii Saturni was taken away from the
quaestors.

24. P. Silio leg. pro |

pr. patrono, |
colonel.

C. I. L. II. 3414. Found at Carthagena, Spain, where it is still preserved

in the public buildings. The reference is to P. Silius Nerva, consul
734/20. Cf. Velleius, II. 90. The brevity of the inscription, leg. pro pr.,
standing for leg. Aug. pro pr., the form of the letters, and the mention
of the coloni, point to a date near that of his consulship.

t 25. L. Poplilio C. f.
|
Flacco |poplice statuta.
C. I. L. X. 5845. Found at Ferentmo (Ferentinum) where ,
it still exists.

26. C. Annio L. f. Quir. Flavo,| Iuliobrigens._| ex gente Canta|brorum | |

provincia Hispa|nia Citerior. ob causas utilitajtesque publicas |

fideliter et con|stanter defensas.

C. I. L. II. 4192. Found at Tarragona (Tarraco), Spain, existing only in

copy.

27. Aurelio Sym|phoro Aug. lib., oficiali veteri a memo|ria et a |

diplomatibus, exornato ornament. decurionalibus,

|
ordo | |

splendidissim. |
civi |
ob amorem et instantiam erga patriam | |
I

civesque.
C. L L. X. 1727. Found at Pozzuoli (Puteoli), where it is preserved in the
public museum.
 HONORARY INSCRIPTIONS 307

28. L. Gabon! 1 Arunculeio |

Pacilio 2 Fab. Severe c. v, |
iurid. reg.

Transpad., pro cos. desig. prov. Cypri, avunculo karissimo,

| |

suffragiis eius ad fisci

|
advocationes promotus L. Valerius | |

Marcellinus |
1. d., nepos, d. d.

C. I. L. V. 4332. Found at Brescia (Brixia), existing now in copy. Of.

also V. 4333, an inscription of the father of Arunculeius. 1 The nom.
case is Gabo. Wilmanns reads P. Acilio.

29. C. Vallio Maximiano |

Macedoniae Lusijtaniae
proc. provincial. |

Mauretan. |
Tingitanae, fortis|simo duci, res p. Italicens. ob | |

merita et quot provinciam Baetic.

|
caesis hostibus paci | |

pristinae |
restituerit. (On the right side) Dedicata anno Licini
| |

victoris et |
Fabi Aeliani II viror. pr. kal. lanuar. |

C. I. L. II. 1120. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Sevilla (Ilispalis),

Spain, where it ispreserved in the museum. Hiibner believes Maximi-
anus to have been procurator of Marcus and Verus, and refers to the
words of Capitolinus in Vita Marci, c. 21, cum Mauri Hispanias prope
omnes vastarent res per legatos bene gestae sunt. Wilmanns, because of
the form kal, which dates from the time of Commodus, also because of
e. v., which occurs in another inscription of the same man (II. 2015),

and dates after the time of the Antonines, places the inscription in the
reign of Severus and Caracalla.

30. honori l M. Gavi M. f.

|
Pob. Squilliani | eq. pub., IIII vir. L d., |

2 3
Illlvir. a. p., v. b., curatori. Vicetinor., | apparitores et
-/ limocincti |
tribunalis eius.

C. I. L. V. 3401. Inscribed on a large bronze tablet found at Verona,

where it still exists in the museum. l This form belongs to the third
2 s
century. quattuorvir a(edilicia) p(otestate~), w(i'ro) b(pno}. curatoris.

1
31. Asterii. 1
L. Turcio Aproniano v. c.,
|
filio L. Turci Aproniani v.
2
c.
| praefecti urbi, c. v. consulis, nepoti L. Turci Secundi |

quaestori, praetori, quindecem viro sacris faciundis, correc tori

Tusciae et Umbriae, omni virtute praestanti, statuam ex | |

aere ordo Spoletinorum ad memoriani perpetui nominis con- | |

locavit, |
curantibus Flavio Spe v. p. et Codonio Tauro iun. |

Post Amanti et Albini cons. 3

308 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. VI. 1768. Inscribed on a marble pedestal found at Home, where

it still exists. * For this form of inscription, which dates from the third

century, and is common after time of Diocletian, see page 305, note.
2 3 The
praefectus urbi in 339 A.D. year 346 is referred to.

32. singularis integritatis et bonitatis exsimiae

l
M. Aur. Consio
| \

2
Quarto luniori c. v. corrector! Flaminie et Piceni, pontifici
| | |

3
maiori, promagistro iterum,
| |
duodecim viro ; |
Anconitani et
Fanestres clientes patrono. |

C. I. Inscribed on a pedestal found at Rome, now in the

L. VI. 1700.
Capitoline Museum.
1
From the latter part of the third century lauda-
tory words were often placed before the name of the one honored.
2 Correctores Flaminiae et Piceni as viri clarissimi ;ire found from 313
to about 350 afterwards they are termed consulares. The inscription,
;

8
therefore, belongs to the former period. promagister pontijicum;
from the time of Aurelian they are termed pontiftces maiores or Vestae.

INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS

1. Q. Vibuleius L. f.
|
L. Statins Sal. f.
|
duo vir. |
balneas reficiund. |

aquam per publicum ducendam d. d. s. coeravere.

C. L L. XIV. 3013. P. L. J^T^LIII. B. Found at Praeneste, in the ruins
of the baths.

2. Q. Lutatius Q. f.
Q.[w]. Catulus cos. |
substructionem et tabula-
rium |
faciundum coeravit [ei'Jdemque pro,[&ay&].
de s. s.
|

C. L L. VI. 1314. Found in the fifteenth century, in the building known

as the Tabularium, on the Capitoline Hill. It is now lost. Lanciani
(Bull. Arch. Mun. III., p. 165) suggests that the substructio was the
great platform of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which temple
Lutatius Catulus, cos. 676/78, dedicated. Tac. Hist. III. 72. See
Jordan, AnnaU delV 1st. LIII. 1881, p. 60 ff., and Middleton's Remains
of Ancient Rome, Vol. I., pp. '366 and 372.

3. T. Aienus V. Med. 1 [L] Billucidius L. 1. Billo,

f.
|
Q. Caesienus
2 3
Q. f. Post. C. Opsius C. f., mag. [p]agi de v. s. f. c. i. q. p.
C. I. L. IX. 3521. Inscribed in archaic letters on blocks of stone, which
probably formed the arch of an aqueduct near Barisciano (Furfo), Italy,
Unknown cognomen.
'
l 2 2
still in existence. Post(umus~). mag(istri)
pagi de v(ici~) s(ententia) f(aciundum) c(urarun) i(dem)q(ue) pr(o-
barunt).
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 309

4. L. Betilienus L. f. Vaarus |
liaec quae infera scripta sont de j

senatu sententia |
facienda coiravit semitas in oppido omnis,

porticum qua in arcem eitur, campum ubei ludunt, horologium.

j

macelum, basilicam calecandam, seedes, [Z]ocum balinearium |

,

lacum ad [p]ortani, aquam in opidum adou (sic) arduom l

\

pedes CCCXd/ fornicesq. |

fecit, fistulas soledas fecit, ob hasce
res censorem fecere bis |
senatus stipendia mereta
filio
|
ese
iousit populusque statuam j
donavit Censorino. 2

C. I. L. X. 5807. Found at Alatri (Aletrium), Italy, where it exists to-day.

The inscription dates before the passage of the Lex Julia de Civitate of
664/90, since, if citizenship had been received, the local senate could
not have granted immunity from military service to their fellow-citizen.
The doubling of the vowels gives another date, see p. 30. : Kitschl sug-
gests ad que (= et ad arduum in arcem} for this word which is net
2 This word is due to his having held the censorship twice.
understood.

5. a) A. Hirtius A. f M. Lollius C. f Ces. fundamenta murosque jf/

. .

solo faciunda coeravere eidemque probavere in terrain funda-

mentum est pedes altum XXXIII in terram ad idem exemplum
quod supra terra[m silici\.
6) M. Lollius C. f. A. Hirtius A. f. Ces. funda. ]
faciunda coera-
verunt eidemque probavere.
c)
A. Hirtius A. f. M. Lollius C. f. Ces. fundamenta |
fornices
faciunda coeravere eidemque J_probayere. ~Y

O. I. L. X. a) 5838, 6) 5839, c) 5840. These inscriptions are in various

parts of the old citadel of Ferentinum (Ferentino), where they may be
seen to-day. The first inscription is repeated on another wall of the
building.

6. M. Saufeius M. f. Kutilus |
culinam
C. Saufeius C. f. Flacus | q.
1
|

2
f. d. s. s. c.
eisdem|q. locum emerunt de L. Tondeio L. f. j

publicum ;
est longu p. CXJ^VIIIS latum af muro ad L. .
|

Tondei vorsu p. XVI.

C. I. L. XIV. 3002. Found at Praeneste, where it still exists. 1
q. is in
the margin between lines and 2
1 2. q(uaestores) culinam f(aciundam)
d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) c(uraverunt).
310 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

7. Ansia Tarvi f.
|
Rufa ex d. d. circ. |
_lucum maeer. |
et murum et
iauu. 1 |
d. s. p. f. c.

C. I. L. X. 292. Found at Diano (Tegianum) Lucania, Italy, existing in a

l
copy. ianu(am) or ianu(as).

8. s. c^balneum Clodianum emptum cum suis aedificis ex pecunia | |

Augustal. H-S \D <J/> Q. Minuti Ikari, C. Anfilli Suavis, C.

| |
|

Aiscidi Lepotis (sic), N. Herenni Optati, M. Caedi Chilonis,

\ | |

M. Ovini Fausti.
C. I. L. X. 4792. Found in the bell-tower of a building at Tiano (Teanum

Sidicinum), where it still exists. The total of sixty thousand sesterces

points to an individual payment of ten thousand sesterces.

9. M. Herennius M. f. Gallus | Q. Veserius Q. f. duo vir. quinq. |

1
d. d. s. f. c.
eidemq. prob. |
Arcitectus Hospes Appiai ser.

C. I. L. X. 4587. Found in an old gateway at Cajazzo (Caiatia), Italy,

where it still exists. l
Z>(e) d(ecurionum) s(ententia) f(aciunduni)
c(urarunC) eidemq(ue) prob(arunt).

10. C. Aemilius C. f. Serg. Homullinus |

dec. col. Murs. ob hono-
rem flaminatus tabernas L cum
| portfcibus duplicib. in quib. |

mercatus ageretur pecunia |

sua fecit.

C. I. L. III. 3288. Found at Eszeg (Mursa), Pannonia, existing now in

copy.

11. a) M. Agrippa L. f. cos. tertium fecit.

6) imp. Caes. L. Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Aug. Arabicus

Adiabenicus Parthicus Maximus pontif. max., trib. potest. X,
imp. XI, cos. Ill, p. p., procos. et imp. Caes. M. Aurelius
Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. trib. potestat. V cos., procos. Pan-
theum vetustate corruptum cum omni cultu restituerunt,
C. /. The first of these, dating 727/27, was originally inlaid
L. VI. 896.
in bronze in the frieze of the entablature of the Pantheon at Rome.
The inscription can still be seen, as the sunken matrices remain. The
second, in smaller characters, is inscribed on the architrave of the
portico and dates 202 A.D.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 3H
12. M. Holconius Rufus d. v. i. d. tert. C. Egnatius Postumus d. v.
|

i. d. iter
l
\
ex d. d. ius luminum 2 opstruendorum H-S GO oo oo
| |
7
redemerunt parietemque privatim |
col. Ven. Cor. 3 | usque at

tegulas faciundum coerarunt.

|

C. I. L. X. 787. Inscribed on a block of tufa found at Pompeii, now in the

museum at Naples. 1
Before 751/3. 2 Schoen has shown in Bull. Com.
1860, p. 11, that these lumina were the spaces between ten pillars by
which the portions of the temple of Venus was separated from the forum.
These spaces are now filled in, so that a continuous wall thus takes the
place of the row of pillars. 3
col(oniae) Ven(eriae) Cor(neliae).

13. Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caesar | Aug. Germanicus pontif. max.,

1
trib. potest. VI, cos. design. HIT, imp. XII, p. p., fossis
2
ductis a Tiberi operis portu[s] caussa emissisque in mare
urbem | inundajionis periculo liberavit.
C. I. L. XIV.
85. Inscribed on a large marble tablet, in letters formerly
filled with bronze, found at Porto (Portus Romanus),Ostia, where it still
exists. l
For date see page 126. 2 See C. L L. XIV., pp. 5, 6. Suet.
Claud. 20. Plin. N. H. XVI. 40, 76. Quintilian, II. 21.

14. imp. Caesares M. Aurelius Antoninus et L. Aurelius |

Commodus
Aug. Germanici |
Sarmatici * fortissimi amphitheatrum |
vetus-

tate corruptum a solo restituerunt per coh._yi Cornmag. |_a

lulio Pompilio Pisone Laevillo leg.Aug. pr. pr. curante Aelio |

Sereno praef.
C. I. L. VIII. 2488. Found' at El Outhaiia, in the Province of Numidia,
Africa, where it still exists. Inscriptions describing the building or renew-
ing of structures by legions, or cohorts, are very common. 17J-180, see
l

page 135.

15. pro imp. Caesaris L. P. Septimi Severi Pertina|cis Aug.

sal. [

M. Aur. Antonini Caesa., 1 Tib. Cl. Claudi-

Pii cos. II, p. p. et |

anus leg. Aug. pr. pr. praesidium vetustate coll. mutato |

loco manu I
milit. restitui iussit.

C. I. L. III. 3387. Found at F,rd, near Buda, Pannonia Inferior, now in

195-197, for Severus was styled Pius

1
library of the University at Pesth.
from 195, and Caracalla became Augustus in 198.
312 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

16. forum populo Komano suo [dono dederunf] \

domini et principes
nostri [imppp. Caesss.] |
Valentinianus et Valens et \_Gratianus
1
Auggg]; \
curante Flavio Eupraxi[o] v. c., [praef. urbi].
C. I. L. VI. 1177. Found at Rome, existing only in a copy in the Ms.
Einsiedlensis. l
Eupraxius was praefectus urbi in 374 (Cod. Theod. XI.
29, 5; XL 30, 36; XL 36, 21).

17. dd. nn. Arcadius et Honorius [invicti et] perpetui \

theatrum Pompei, [collapso] exteriore ambitu, niagna etiam.

[ex parts'] interior[e] r[wew]te, convulsum, \_ruderibus] sub-
ductis et excitatis invice[? fabrids novis, restituernnf]. \

C. L L. VI. 1191. Found at Rome, existing in a copy in Ms. Einsiedlensis.

This inscription was set up between the year 395, which Theodosius in
the elder died, and 402, in which Theodosius the younger was styled
Augustus.

18. salvis ddd. nnn. Valentiniano Valente et Gratiano |

victoriosis-
1
simis semper Aug., dispositione com., magistri lull |
v. c.
M equitum et peditum, fabrijcatus est burmis ex fundamento
IM* inano devo|tissimorum equitum VIIII Dalm., 2 s. c. Vahali
trib., in consulatum d. n. Gratiani perpetui Aug. iterum et |

Probi v. c. 3
C. I. L. III. 88. Found at Umm-el-Djemal, in the Province of Arabia.
2
equitum nono Dalm(atarum) s(w6)
l
v(iro) c(larissimi) , com(itis).
3
c(wra). 371.

AQUEDUCTS
f
19. a) imp. Caesar divi luli f. Augustus pontifex maximus, cos. |
, ^h
1
XII, tribunic. potestat. XIX, imp. XIIII rivos^ aquarum
| |

omnium refecit.

6) imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug. Parth.

2
max. |
Brit, maximus pontifex maximus | aquam Marciam
^
variis kasibus impeditam, purgato fonte, excisis et perforatis |

montibus, restituta forma, adquisito etiam fonte novo Antoni-

niano, in sacram urbem suam perducendam curavit.
|

c) imp. Titus Caesar divi f.

Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max., |

3
tribuniciae potestat. IX, imp. XV, cens., cos. VII desig. IIX,
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 313

p. p. |
rivom aquae Marciae vetustate dilapsum refecit |
et

aquam quae in lisii esse desierat reduxit.

C. I. L. VI. 1244-6. Inscribed on the arch of the Marcian aqueduct, over

the Via Tiburtina. This arch, after the building of the walls of Aurelian,
became a part of the Porta Tiburtina, now the Porta S. Lorenzo. 1
See
213, since Geta, who died in 212, is not mentioned,
2 212 or
table,p. 124.
and the cognomen Germanicus is missing, which was assigned to Cara-
3 See
calla in 213. table, p. 129.

20. a) Ti. Claudius Drusi f. Caisar Augustus Germanicus pontif.

1 2
maxim., [
tribunicia potestate XII. cos. V, imperator XXVII,
3
pater patriae,aquas Claudiam ex fontibus, qui vocabuntur
|

Caeruleus et Curtius a milliario XXXXV, item Anienem |

Novam 3 a milliario LXII sua impensa in urbem perducendas

curavit.

6) imp. Caesar Vespasianus August, pontif. max., trib. pot. II,

4
imp. VI, cos. Ill, desig. IIII, p. p., aquas Curtiam et Caeru- |

leam perductas a divoClaudio et postea intermissas dilapsasque |

per annos novem sua impensa urbi restituit.

c) imp.
T. Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maxi-
4
mus, tribunic. | potestate X, imperator XVII, pater patriae,
censor, cos. VIII | aqiias Curtiam et Caeruleam perductas a
divo Claudio et postea a divo Vespasiano patre suo urbi resti-
|

tutas,cum a capite aquarum a solo vetustate dilapsae essent,

nova forma reducendas sua impensa curavit.

C. L L. VI. 1256-58. Inscribed on the double arch of the Aqua Claudia,

above the Via Praenestina and Via Labicana. This arch, after the build-
ing of the Aurelian walls, was used as the Porta Praenestina, now known as
Porta Maggiore. 1 See page 126. 2 Claudius had the highest number of
imperial salutations, with the exception of Constantius, son of Constan-
Frontinus, De Aquae, c. 13 Jordan, Topog. I., p. 473 Middle-
tine. 3 See
; ;

ton's Remains of Ancient Rome, II. chap. X. 4 See page 129.

21. Aquam Titulensem quam ante annos | plurimos Lambaesitana

civitas in terverso ductu vi torrentis amiserat, perforate
monte institute etiam a |
solo novo ductu, Severinus Apro-
nianus vp, ppN, 1 | pat. col. restituit cur. Aelio Kufo v. e. fl.

2
pp., cur. r. p.
314 LATIN^ INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. VIII. 2661. Found at Lambaesis, in the Province of Numidia,

where it still exists in the Praetorium. l
p(raeses) p(romnciae) N(umi-
2
diae), fl(amine) p(er)p(etuo).
\
22. M. M. Lartieni Sabini pater et filius quinquennales aquam in |
|

sua inpensa perduxerunt, Salienjtes quadrifaria suo

fajium.
loco restitueruut canales ve|tustate corruptos et dissupatos

restituerunt, fistu|las omnes et sigilla ahenea posuerunt, tecta

refe[c]ejrunt, omnia sua inpensa fecerunt.

C. I. L. IX. 4130. Found at Fiamignano, near Aequiculum, in the country
of the Aequi, where it still exists in the monastery of the Capuchin
monks.
^
23. Annia L. f. Victorina [06] memoriam M. Fulvi Mojderati
mariti et M. Fulvi |
Victorini f. aquam sua omni inpensa per-
duxsit fac|tis pontibus et fistulis et |
lacus cum suis orna men-
tis dato epulo dedicavit. |

C. I. L. II. 3240. Found at S. Esteban del Puerto (Hugo), Spain, where

it still exists. Mommsen considers lacus an error of the stone-cutter for
lacubus or lacu.

ROADS AND BRIDGES

24. L. V |
cur. viar. |
e lege Visellia 1 de conl. sent. 2 |

Cn. Corneli, Q. Marci, L. Hostili, C. Antoni, C. Fundani, C.

|

Popili, |
JVt. Valeri, C. Anti, Q. Caecili; [ opus constat n.

1 A 0J.XXII.'
C. I. L. VI. 1299 = I. 593. P. L. M. E. LXXI A. Found on the Caelian Hill,
Rome, now in the museum of Toulouse. Ritschl suggests L. Volcatius
or L. Volceius. l
For this Lex Visellia see Mommsen, Staatsr. II. 8 669.
2 de conl(egii) (tribunorum plebis) sent(entia). The curator viarum
was chosen from a collegium of the tribunes of the plebs. The inscrip-
tion dates 683/71, since three of the names here given appear in the
index of the Lex Antonia de Termessibus of that year.

25. a) L. Fabricius C. f. cur. viar. |

faciundum coeravit.

&) Eidemque probaveit.

c)
M. Lollius M. f. Q. Lepi[dws M' .
/.] cos. ex. s. c. probaverunt.
1
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 315

C. I. L. VI. 1305. P. L. M. E. LXXXVII. These inscriptions are en-

graved on the old Pons Fabricius, known in middle ages as Pons ludaeus,
and to-day as Ponte del Quattro Capi, which crosses from the Island to
the left bank of the Tiber. It was built by L. Fabricius in 692/62 B.C.
and two semicircular arches with a smaller archway over the
consists of
central pier for high water. It is built of peperino and tufa with facings
of large blocks of travertine.

Inscription a appears across two arches on each side. Inscription 6 is

engraved over the middle arch on both sides. Inscription c is illegible
now, but was engraved under a on one of the arches on each side. It is
given in a copy by Ligorio.
1
The bridge was rebuilt in 733/21.
For curatores viarum see Mommsen, Staatsr, II.,3 p. 669. For Pons Fabricius
see Middleton's Bemains of Ancient Home, II., p. 367.

26. honoris | imp. Caesaris divi

Augusti pont. maxim., patr. f.
] |

1
patriae et municip. C. Egnatius M. 1.
|
Magistri Augustales
Glyco, C. Egnatius
|
C. 1.
Musicus, C. lulius Caesar. 1. Iso- |

chrysus, Q. Floronius Q. 1. Princeps viam Augustam ab via

| | |

Annia extra portam ad Cereris silice sternendam |

curarunt
pecunia sua | pro ludis.
C. L L. XI. 3083. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Castellana
(Falerii), existing now in copy. l
After February 5th, 752/2, for on
that date he was styled pater patriae.

27. ex auctoritate imp. Caesaris Traiani Hadri|an. Aug. pontes

| |

viae novae Rusi(cadensis r. p. Cir|tensium sua pecu nia fecit

Sex. lulio Maiore leg. 'Aug. leg. Ill Aug. pr. pr.
|

C. L L. VIII. 10296. Found among the ruins of a bridge between Philippe-

ville and Constantine, Africa.

28. imp. Caes. T. Aelio Hadriano Antonino Aug. Pio p. p. IIII

|

1 2
et M. Aurelio Caesare II cos. per Prastina Messalinum |

leg. | Aug. pr. pr., vexil. |

leg. VI Ferr. 3 via |
fecit.

C. I. L. VIII. 10230. Cut in the natural rock on the road over Mons
Aurasius at Tiganimin, Africa. 1 145. 2 For C. Prastina Messalinus see
(latio) leg(ionis) VI
VIII. 2535 (144 A.D.), 2536 (145 A.D.). a vexil

Ferr(atae).
316 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S

MILESTONES

29. a) M. Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepidus cos.

1
|
CCJ_ XIIX. 2
(On the side) XV.
6) \_M.~]
Aemilius M. f. M. n. | Lepid.
1
cos. |
CCXXCVI.
(On the side) XXI.
c)
M. Aemi[7is M. f. M. n.~\ \
Lepid. [cos.] |
CC . . . .

C. I. L. I. Three milestones of the Via Aemilia were found near

535-530.
Bologna (Bononia), where they are still preserved in the museum of the
University. These cippi (a and 6) once stood on the Via Aemilia
separated from each other by a distance of 18 miles. The numerals cut
on the sides at a later period indicate distances on another road where
these stones were afterwards set up. 507/187. Mommsen doubts
1

whether these miliaria are of the age indicated, since the letter P is
closed Aemilius is for the earlier Aemilio, cos is for consol, and finally
;

a cognomen is added the form of the cippi does not conform to that
;

of other miliaria of the sixth century of the City. See Miliarium

Popilianum, p. 251.
2 The number of miles
from Rome later the miles ;

were counted from Ariminum.

30. S. Postumius S. f. S. n. |
Albums cos.
1
[C]/X[//] Genua
C[remonam] ///XXVII.
C. /. L. I. 540 = Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Postumia,
V. 8045.
now at Verona. Borghesi has shown that this refers to the consul of
600/148. Postumius made a road from Genua to Cremona M P CXXII
and from thence, i.e. from Cremona M P XXVI! to the place where
the cippus once stood.

31. T. Quinctius T. f. |
Flamininus |
cos.
1
|
Pisas XXXII. 2
C. I. L. I. 559. Inscribed on a milestone found at Pietrafitta near Florence.
1
631/123.
2 The number is not legible and is known only from a copy.
The miles are counted to the end of the road, not, as is customary, from
the beginning, as in Italy from Rome.

32. L. Caecili Q. f.
|
Metel. cos. 1 CXIX Koma. |

C. L L. IX. 5953. Inscribed on a milestone of the Via Salaria found at

S. Omero, near Asculum, where it still exists. The stone appears to
be out of its original position, or the road running to the shore of the
Adriatic once ended at Castrum Novum or Hadria and not at Castrum
Truentinum. l 637/117.
 INSCRIPTIONS OX PUBLIC WORKS
33. C. Calvisius C. f.
|
Sabinus cos. imp. .LXXVIII. 1
C, I. L. X. 6895. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Latina, found near
existing DOW in copy. Miles from Rome.
J
Aquino (Aquinuin),

34. XXXVIII. | imp. Nerva j

Caesar Augustus | pontifex maximus, |

1
tribunicia | potestate, cos III, pater patriae |
faciendum
curavit.

(7. /. L. IX. 5963. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Tiburtina or

Valeria, found near Arsoli, where it still exists. l
97 A.D.

35. Ti. Claudius. Drusi f. Caesar Aug. Germa|nicus pontifex

maxumus, tribunicia potestajte VI, cos. IV/'imp. XI, p. p.,
censor viam Claudiam Augustam quam Drusus pater Alpi-
|

bus bello patejfactis derex[e]rat munit. ab |

Altino usque ad
flumen Danuvium m. p. CCC_L
|

C. L L. V. 8002. Inscribed on a miliarium found six or seven miles from

Feltre (Feltria), where it still exists. 1
A.D.
(J47

36. a) X. imp. Caesar divi Nervae filius Nerva

| | | |
Traianus Aug.
Germanicus Dacicus pontif. max., trib. | XIIII, imp. | pot.
1

VI, cos.
V, p. p. XVIIII sua pecunia stravit. LIII.
silice | |

6) ddd. nnn. FFF. 111. 2 |

Theodosio Arcadio et Honorio PPI
FFF. 3 | semper A A A. ggg.
4
|
bono reip. natis.
5
c) Constantino.
'

C. L L. X. 6839, 6840, 6841. Inscribed on a miliarium found at Terra

cina, existing now in
copy. 110. 1 2
Fl(avii).
3
P(ii) F(elices)
* 5
A(u}g(usti). In inverted letters.

37. imp. Caesar divi Traiani Parthici f. divi

|
Nervae nepos | (

Traianus Hadrianus Aug. pont. max., trib pot. VII, cos III | j
1

viam Appiam per millia passus XV ^CCL longa |

vetustate
amislsam adiectis rfS Xl| XLVII ad |
rfS DLXIXC quae
possessores agro|rum contulerunt, fecit.

C. I. L. IX. 6075. Inscribed on two cippi found on the "Via Appia at

n Passo di Mirabella, near Beneventum, still in existence. :
123.
318 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

MILESTONES OF THE PROVINCES

38. M'. Aquillius M' f. cos. CXXXI | |

1
| [Mdvtjos [vAA[i]os
1
MaVlOU VTTttTOS 'P<t)/JML(i)V pXtt. \

C, I. L. III. 7183. Inscribed on a milestone on the road leading from

Ephesus to Pergamos, found not far from Pergamos. Similar stones
have been found on other roads in Asia. (C. /. L. III. 479, 6177, 7184,
7205.)
l
The number of miles from Kphesus to the location of the stone.
Strabo XIV., p. 646, states that M'. Aquilius, the consul 625/129, ruled
Asia after it was brought under the Romans by the will of Attalus.

39. M' Sergi M' [/] | procos. |

XXI.
C. I. Inscribed on a miliarium found near Barcelona (Barcino),
L. II. 4956.

Spain, existing in copy. It is not known when Sergius was proconsul in

Spain, but the form Sergi for Sergius points to an early date. The road
towhich this milestone belonged is unknown, as well as the place from
which the distance is reckoned.

40. imp. Caesar divi f. Augustus cos. XIII, |

trib.potest. XXI,
|

pontif. max. a Baete et lano August ad |

Oceanum _LXIIII.
|

C. 7. L. II. 4701. Inscribed on a column which once stood on the road

leading from the Guadalquivir (Baetis) to Cadiz (Gades), and which
was found at Cordova, where it is still preserved.The inscription was
set up in 752/2, before February 5, at which time Augustus accepted
the title of pater patriae.

41. imp. Caes. |

M. Aurel. Anto|nino Aug. pont max., tr. pot. XVI, | |

cos. Ill et imp. Caes. L. Aurel. Vero Aug. tr. pot. II, cos.
| | |

II !
; |
a col. Agripp |
m. p. XXX. 2
Brambach, Inscrip. Rhen. 1931. Inscribed on a miliarium of a road from
Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis) to Remagen, not far from the last-
named town. l 162 A.D. 2 a Col(onia) Agripp (inensium) m(ilia) p(as-
SWMWI) XXX.
1
12. imp. Caes. P. [.HeJvU'jo Pertinace | Aug. p. p., trib. p., |
cos II,
L. Nae vio Quadra|tiano leg. A|ug. pr. pr. 2
; [a] Lajmbaese j
m.
P- L///
C. I. L. VIII. 10242. Inscribed on a square cippus found at Sba Meghata,
on the road between Lambaesis and Biskra, Africa. l 193 A. u. 2 Other
stones have curante or curam agente.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 319

43. ex auctoritate | imp. Caes. T. Aeli Ha[driani Antonini | Aug.

l
Pii p. p. via a Mile|vitanis munita ex indulgentia eius de |
-,

vectigali rotarL II. |

C. I. L. VIII. 10327. Inscribed on a column found near Mila (Milev),

Africa, still in existence. l
138-161 A.D.

44. imp. Caes. |

M. Aurelio Anto|nino Invicto Pio |
Felici Aug. 1 p.
m., |
trib. p., cos., p. p.
v |
procos.^r. p.
m. D. 2
C. /. L. VIII. 10381. Inscribed on a column found at Henschir el Moghrab,
near 'Ain Zana (Diana), Numidia, Africa.
J
Caracalla or Elagabalus.
2
r(es) p(ublica) m(unicipii) D(ianensium).

BOUNDARY STONES
45. C. S[e]mpronius Ti. f. Grac. | Ap. Claudius C. f. Pole., |
P.
1
Licinius P. f. Cras. |
III vir. a. i. a.

C. L' L. I. 552, X. 3861. A cippus found at Formia (Formiae), above

Capua, now in Museum of Naples. This boundary stone was set up
after the death of Ti. Gracchus, 621/133, who had appointed himself,
his brother C. Gracchus, and Ap. Claudius, his father-in-law, as trium-
viri agris dividendis. P. Licinius Crassus takes the place of T. Gracchus.
1
tres jn'r(i) a(gris} i(udicandis) a(dsignandis) or adtribuendis. On the
top there appear the lines and angles of the kardo and decumanus, i.e.

kardo undecimus, decumanus primus I

^ ].
The date is 622/132-
623/131. X_y
46. M. Folvius M. f.
[^]ac. |
C. Sempronius Ti. f. Grac. |
C.

Paperius C. f. Garb. |
III vire a. i. a.

C. I. L. I. 554 ;
IX. 1024. A small round column found in the country of
the Hirpini, between Aeclanum and Compsa, near Rocca San Felice.
M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 629/125, and C. Paperius Carbo, consul
634/110, were substitutes in place of P. Licinius Crassus and Ap. Clau-
dius at their death, in 624/130, to which year this inscription may
belong. It is possible to assign it to the year
625/129, when jurisdiction
as regards the land was taken away from these triumviri, and they
ceased to be termed ab agris iudicandis. An inscription found on the
top has not as yet been explained.
320 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

47. M. Terentius M. f. Varro Lucullus pro pr. tenninos restitu-

| | |

endos ex s. c. coeravit qua P. Licinius, Ap. Claudius, C.

| | |

1
Graccus III vir. a. d. a. i. statuerunt, |

C. I. L. I. Found between Pesaro (Pisaurum) and Fano (Fanuin),

583.
Umbria. Borghesi VII., p. 350-51, places this inscription between the
praetorship of M. Terentius Varro Lucullus in the year 078/76 and his
consulship in the year 681/73, when he was in Gallia Cisalpina as pr<>-

praetore. Mcmrasen assigns it to the year 672/82 or 673/81, when, as

an adherent of Sulla, Varro was in charge of the army in Gallia Cisalpina.
1
a(gris) d(andis) a(dsignandis} i(udicandis) .

48. a) \_L. Caeicili^ns Q. f. pro cos. terminos finisque ex senati |

consulto statui iousit inter Atestinos et Patavinos.

|

6) L. Caeicilius Q. f.
prjo cos. |
. . terminos | finisque ex senati |

consulto statui |
iusit inter Atestinos | Patavinosque.
C. L L. I. 547, a, ft, V. 2491. Found on Mt. Venda, one of the Euganean
hills, in the Atestinian district, dating 013/141 ? or 638/116?

49. a) ...... |
senati [c]o[wstt]lto sta[w] |
iusit.

pro cos. terminos finisque ex senati con-

'

6) L. Caicilius Q. f. | | |

solto statui iusit inter Patavinos et Atestinos. [ |

C. I. L. I. 548, a, b ;
V. 2492. Inscribed on two columns found on the
Euganean hills, near Padua, now in the museum at Padua. The larger
had been hollowed out to receive the smaller. J
Perhaps L. Caecilius
Metellus, who was consul 612/142 (Moinmsen).

TERMINI OF THE POMERIUM

50. Ti Claudius |
Drusi f. Caisar |
Aug. Germanicus | pont. max.,
1
trib. pot. imp XVI,
VIIII, censor, cos IIII, p. p., auctis
|

populi Komani finibus pomerium amplia^it

|
terminal/it q.
(On the top) Pomerium. (On the side) VIII.

Notizie deyli Scnvi, 1885, p. 475. One of the four known examples of the
cippi set up by Claudius in marking out the pomerium. (See C. I. L.
VI. 1231.) This was found in its original location near Monte Testaccio,
Rome. 1 Jan. 25th, 49-50. See Tac. Ann. XII. 23. For the numbers
on these cippi see Huelsen, Hermes, XXII., p. 621. See also I> tlefsen,
Hermes, XXI. (1886), p. 497. O. Richter, Topographic von Rom, in
Miiller's Handbttch, Vol. III., pp. 773-775.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 321

1
51. [imp. Caesar \
Vespasianus Aug. pont. ?7i]ax., trib. pot. VI, im[p
XIII 2
'], p. p., censor, cos VI desig. V[// ef] T. Caesar Aug.
f. Vespasianus imp. VI, pont., trib. pot. IV, censor, cos.
| |

IV design. V, auctis p. R. finibus, pomerium ampliaverunt

terminaveruntq. (On the tide) XL VII. (On another side) p. CCCXX
. . . VII.
C. I. L. VI. 1232. Inscribed on a tall cippus of travertine found between
Monte Testaccio and the Porta San Paolo. l July, 74-75 but the num- ;

ber of the consulship shows that the inscription was set up in 75. 2 See
p. 129. See Pliny N. H. III. 5, 66.

52. collegium | augurum auctore imp. Caesare divi Traiani Parthici

j
|

f.
|
divi Nervae nepote Traiano Hadriarip Aug. pont. max., |

1
trib. | pot. V, cos. Ill, procos. |
terminos pomerii |
restituendos
CUravit. (On, the right side) V. (On the left aide)
p. CCCCLXXX.
C. I. L. VI. 1233. Inscribed on two cippi of travertine found at Rome, one
of which is still in existence. l
121 A. D.

TERMINI BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROPERTY

1
53. C. Clodius Licinus |
Cn. Sentius Saturninus |
cos. |
terminarunt
loc. | publicum ab privato.
C. I. L. VI. 1263. Inscribed on a tablet of travertine cut from a cippus
found at Rome, existing on a copy. l Consules suffecti in 4 A.D.

54. [imp. <7]aesar Augustu[s] a privato in publicum restituit in | | |

partem dexteram recta- regione ad proxim. cippum ped. |

CLXXXII et in partem sinistram recta regione ad proxim.

cippum |
ped. CLXXVIII.
C. I. L. VI. 1262. Inscribed on a block of travertine found at Rome,
existing in copy.

TERMINI OF THE BANKS OF THE TIBER

55. a) P. Serveilius C. f. |
Isauricus |
M. Valerius M. f.
|
M'. n.
1
Messall. cens. ex. |
s. c. terrain.

6) M. Valerius M. f. M'. n. Messall. |

P. Serveilius C. f.
|

Isauricus cens. j
ex. s. c. terrain, j

LAT. INSCRIP. 21
322 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. VI. 1234. Inscribed on a number of cippi found on the banks of

the Tiber, Home, some to-day. of which
699/55-7 00 /."it. exist l

Borghesi (fL'm-rt'n, IV. 21) has referred to the fact that the bank of tin-
Tiber was finally determined after the flood in 700/54. Cf. Dio Cassius,
XXXIX. 01.

56. C. Marcius L. f. Censorinus |

C. Asinius C. f. Gallus |
cos. ex s.

prox. cipp. p. XX.

1
c. terrain, r. r. Curatores riparura qui
priini terrainaver. ex s. c. restituerunt. |

C. I. L. VI. 1235 Inscribed on a cipptts found on the right bank of the

f.

Tiber, existing now in copy. Censorinus and Gallus were consuls in

B.C. 8. 1
r(ccto) r(igore), cf. Bull. Com. 1890, p. 326, and Ulp. IH<j.
XLIII. 15. I. 5, ripa ita recte definietur id quod flumen continet
naturalem rigorem cursus sui tenens.

57. imp. Caesar divi f.

| Augustus | pontifex maximus, |
tribunic.

potestXVII |
ex. s. c. terminavit; |
. r. prox. cipp. ped.
CLXVIS.
C. I. L. VI. 1236 i. Inscribed on a c.ippus found at Rome, existing in a
copy. A number of cippi with similar inscriptions, but different num-

bers, have been found, some of which exist to-day. The numbers denote
the distances between the stones. See C. I. L. VI. 1236 a-i, and Notizie
degli Scavi, 1890, p. 82.

58. L. Caninius Gallus, 1 L. Volusenus Catulus f., C. Caedicius

| |

Agrippa, M. Acilius Memmius Glabrio, Q. Fabius Balbus

| | |

curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis ex. s. c. reficiundam cura- |

ver. ideraque probaverunt.

Bull. Com. 1889, p. 165. Inscribed on a large block of travertine, found

near the bridge Cestio-Graziano, Rome. These are the five curatores of
the senatorial order of the collegium established by Tiberius in 15 A.D.
1
Perhaps the consul of 2 B.C.

59. ex. auctoritate imp. Caesaris divii |

Nervae fili Nervae |
Traiani
Aug. Germanic, pontificis maximi. trib. |
potest. V, cos. II II,

p. p. |
Ti. lulius Ferox curat. alvei et | riparum Tiberis et |

cloacarum urbis terminav. | ripani. r. r. proximo cippo p. |

CLXXXIIIIS.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON PUBLIC WORKS 323

C. I. L. VI. 1239 a. Inscribed on a cippus of travertine found on the bank

of the Tiber, now in the Vatican Museum. A number of stones with
similar inscriptions have been found, C. I, L. VI. 1239 a-h.

BOUNDARY STONES OF AQUEDUCTS

1
60. Virg. |
Ti. Caesar. Aug. pontif. maxim.,
| |
trib. pot. XXXVIII, |

cos. V, imp. VHP |

IIII. p. CCXL. 3
|

C. I. L. VI. 1253 b. Inscribed on a cippus of Alban stone found at Rome,

now in the Vatican Museum. l
Virg(o Aqua).
2
3(5-37 A.D. 3
This is

the fourth stone from the place of the distribution of the water, and
between the several stones the intervals are 240 feet in length.

61. lul. Tep. Mar.

1
| imp. Caesar |
divi f.
|
Augustus |
ex s. c.
|
XXX. |

p. CCXL.
C. L L. VI. 1249 c. Inscribed on a cippus of travertine found at Rome,
existing now in copy only.
l
Iul(ia) Tep(ula) Mar(cia).

62. imp. Caes[ar] divi f.

|
Augustus |
ex s. c.
|
ooCd^II p. CCXXJ,.
C. L L. VI. 1251 a. Inscribed on a large cippus of travertine, now at
Tivoli (Tibur).

63. iussu imp. Caesaris Augusti circa eum rivom qui aquae
| | |

ducendae causa factus est octonos ped. ager dextra sini-

| |

straq. vacuus relictus est. |

C. I. L. X. 4843. Inscribed on several cippi which were found near the

aqueduct of Venafrum, traces of which still remain, extending over a
distance of 14 miles from Venafrum to the source of the Volturnus.
These inscriptions exist in copies.

64. iussu imp. Caesaris qua aratrum ductum |

est.

C. L L. X. 3825. An inscription on several large cippi found at Capua, one

of which is to be seen in the museum at Naples. These boundary stones
mark the pomerium of a colony, cf. Lex Coloniae Genetivae, c. 73 ne quis :

intra fines oppidi colon(iae)ve, qua aratro circumductum erit, hominem

mortuom inferto. Cf. Cic. Phil. II. 40, 102.
324 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

65. ex auctoritate | imp. Caesaris Vespasian! Aug. loca publica

| |

a privatis | possessa T. Suedins Clemens tribunus, rausis |

cognitis et |
mensuris factis, rei | publicae Ponipeianoruin |

restituit.

C. I. L. X. 1018. Inscribed on a cippus found at Pompeii, now in the

museum at Naples. T. Suedius Clemens in Tac. Hist. I. 87 and II. 12 is
called a primipilaris and in an Egyptian inscription of 79 A.D. is spoken
of as praefectus castrorum,

66. fin[/]s inter Neditas et Corinienses derectus, mensuris actis iussu

|
Meceni Gemini l
leg. per A. Resium Maximum legionis |

XI principem posteriorem co[r.] I et per D. A[e]butium

2
|

Liberalern eiusdem leg. astatum posteriorem chor. I. |

C. L L. III. 2883. Found at Karin (Corinium) in Dalmatia, existing in a

copy.
l
Mommsen reads here M. Duceni Gemini, believing that he is the
legatus referred to. Tacitus refers to him as of consular rank in 62 A.D.
(Ann. XV. 18), and as prefect of the city in 69 A.D. (Hist. I. 14).
2
c0[r(ts)].

67. termini positi inter Igilgilitanos in quorum finibus kas|tellum

| |

1
Victoriae positum est, et Zimiz. ut sciant Zimizes non plus
| |

in usum ex aucto|ritate M. Vetti La|tronis proc.

se haber.

pr. LXXXIX
2 3
Aug. qua in circuitu. a muro kast. p. B |
;

4
Tor|quato et Libone cos.
C. L L. VIII. 8369. Inscribed on a large stone found at Djidjelli (Igilgili),
in Africa, where it still exists. 1
Zimiz (es). 2
p(assus quingentos).
3 4 128 A.D.
(anno) pr(ovinciae).

1 2
68. ter. August. dividit | prat. leg. |
IIII et agr|um Iulio|brig.

C. L L. II. 2916. Inscribed on several cippi found near Retortillo, in the

2
northern part of Spain. prat(um). Ac-
l
ter (minus) August(alis~) .

cording to Hubner this Macedonica, known from the

is legio quarto,
coins of the colony Caesaraugustana, which was quartered in Spain from
the time of Augustus until the time of Claudius, who withdrew it to
Germany. This gives some knowledge of the date.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 325

INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

1. tt) vl/ &) *\ <0" upper face.)

C-CAESAVG-P-P (On outer edge.)
C. I. L. II.
a) 4962, 1 ; b) 4962, 4.
a) A weight of black marble, with bronze handle, weighing 16253 grammes ;

therefore the libra = 325.06 gr., since the mark denotes quinquaginta
librae. Another weight, entirely of bronze, found at the same place, is
marked X and weighs 325.4 gr., hence the libra = 325.4. These results
do not differ much from the normal estimate of the libra = 325.8 gr.
6) Bronze s(em)u(ncia) with inserted letters, found at Cordova. The
weight is 12.88 gr., so that the libra is 319.12 gr., hence very light.

2. L-HATILIVS

C. I.L. X. 8067, 11.

DSD
FELIX
A
X
MAG
ten-pound weight of 3249.6 gr. found at Pompeii,
now in the museum at Naples. 1 Mommsen reads magnar(ins),
NA?
1

AtryaXe'/xTropos, disregarding the point. Dressel reads mag(ister') mar

, .
., not explaining the latter.

3. PHILOXENVS-L-
AED-L-FAM-D-D 1
-

C. 7. L. X. 8067, 12. A weight of travertine equal to 9.6 kilog., now in the

museum at Naples.
l
l(ibertus) aed(ituus) L(aribusJ fain(iliaribus)
d(onnm} d(edit).
4. HI Q
Q G R Al

C. I. L. X. 8067, 9. A weight of marble = 9400 gr., found at Pompeii.

Diph(ili) Q. Grant.
5. Ill
CATAPLVS- L. ET
L I M E N F L 1

E T F D D
C. I. L. X. 8068, 3. A stone weight of 1000 gr., now at the Cdgliari
Museum, Sardinia. l
Limen f(ilius) l(ibertis) et f(amiliae).
326 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

6. TI-CLAVD.CAES-/V ^
L V T E LL COS
I I I I
<
EXACT AD ARTIC 1

J,
. I V S A E D2 ^
_j

C. /. L. XIV. 4124, 1. A
marble weight found at La Serpentara (Fidenae).
1
Artic(uleiana) (por>dera). Articuleius was one of the aediles in 47
A.I>. It was the duty of the aediles to examine weights and measures

(Dig. I. 48, 10 ; 32, 31). After Trajan this function fell to the prefect
2 3
of the city. aed(ilium). L. Fl(avius) Ana(tellon) was the owner.
The date is 47 A.D.

7. TI.CLAVD.CAES-7V-L-VIT.TTT
L
IVSSV AED EXACT -
AD ARTIC I C 1

C. I. L. XIV. 4124, 2. A weight of white marble found at Praeneste.

1
Perhaps f(n) C(apitolio}.

8. TI-CLAVDCAES //// V I T E L .

I I I COS EX ACTA AD ARTIC

CVRA-AEDIL
C. I. L. X. 8067, 2. On the shaft of a statera found at Herculaneum, dating
47 A.D.

9. a)EME ETHABEBIS
6)/VR-CAVE MALVM
C. I. L. X. 8067, 5, 6. On lead weights found at Pompeii.

GLADIATORIAL TESSERAE

1. MENOPIL-ABI-L-S
(Figure of a thunderbolt.)

SPECTAVIT
C - \Aj M hE R
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLP: OBJECTS 327

Ephem. Ep. III. p. 203. Found near Terracina, in ancient Latiuin.

Date 661/93. Menop(h')il(us') Abi L(uci) s(ervus). C. Val(erio) M.
Her(ennio) (consulibus).

2. PILOTIMVS
H S T I L I

SP PR N SEX
P LEN CN ORE

C.I. L. I. 720. Found at Rome. Date 683/71.

,

Hostili(i) (serous). The

consuls are P. Lentulus and Cn. Orestes.

3. PAMPHILVS
SE R V I LI -
M S
S P E 1
K F E B
C CAES M -
LEP .

C. I. L. I. 736. Found at Rome. Date 708/46. 1

Servili(i) M(arci)
s(ervus) spe(ctavit).

4. M A X I M V S
V A L E R I

S P I D I A N
T-CAES-AVG-F-m-AELIAN-rT
C. I. L. I. 774. Found at Rome. Date 74 A.D.

LEAD SLING SHOTS

1. \f P I S I
F) (COS
C. I. L.
I. 642. From Castro Giovanni (Henna) in Sicily, dating 621/133,
in which year L. Calpurnius Piso waged war in Sicily and stormed
the towns of the Mamertines. Valerius Maximus, II. 7-9, states that
Piso employed funditores in this war,
328 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

2.
a) FIR 1
b) F E R l\ /POMP 2
c)FVGITIVI 3

/ \ PERISTIS
d) T A M E N e) LEG- XI
EVOM ES
M N E M

C. I. L. IX. 608(5. a) vi, 6) ix, c) xn, d) xxvui, e) xxi. Inscriptions

on lead bullets found near Ascoli (Asculum) and Corropoli, or in
the Castellano river near Ascoli. In the year 664/90 the Romans
fought against the people of Picenum who had instigated a revolt among
the Italians. The Roman leader, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, meeting at first
with defeat, finally besieged and after a desperate battle captured the
city of Asculum. The above inscriptions are from some of the lead
sling shots which were used in this, the Social war, and which have been
obtained from the neighborhood of the battle. 1
Many glandes with
this inscription have been found. It is variously explained as Fir(riio

missa) or Firmani (funditores)

2
The reference is to Pompeius Strabo
.

3 The term
the besieger of the town. fngitivi was probably applied by
the Romans to the rebels. It has been suggested that the term was
applied by the socii to the libertini who for the first time took part
in war.

3. a) k ANTONI CAKVIIX /C CAMSARVS

PIIRISTI ) \ VICTORIA

6) L. XII '\ /PR Pllr

SCAEVA/ V

C. I. L. I. 085, 700 Ephem. Ep. VI., p. 59. Inscriptions on lead bullets

;

found at Perugia in Italy. In the year 713/41 L. Antonius, the consul,

with Fulvia, his brother's wife, betook himself to Perusia, where he
was besieged by Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus, and finally by Caesar
himself. In March 714/40 he surrendered. Appian, V. 86, informs us
that glandes phnnbeae were used in this war, and his testimony is
supported by the finding of the above missiles. l l(egio} XII. Scaeva,
Pr(imus) pil(ns), perhaps M". Caesius Scaeva, honored by Caesar in the
Civil War, 706/48. Caesar, B. C. III. 53 cf. Valer. Maximus, III. 2, 23.
;
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 329

CO
330 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

3.
a) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM XVI .
COS 1

6) IVLI/E MAMI/E MATRIS AVG N

c) FAVIA GLYCERA FEC 2

d) AYR IRENE .
FEC 2

e) CORNELIAE PRAETEXTATAE C F 3

/) PLVTIOR NICEFORI NICEFORIAN ET FILIORV 3

Lanciani, Comentarii di Frontino, Silloge Epigrafica Aquaria, Nos. 106,

324, 563, 131, 402, 505. Inscriptions on lead pipes found in various
parts of Rome. 1 93-4 A.D. 2 These women probably owned a plumber's
officina, and hired slave labor. 3 These are the names of the owners of
private houses who have water rights.

4. C A/REL AARlN -
T Q .
I MERCfiOR .
L1 F

C. I. L. XII. 5701, 26. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at De"cines in the

De"p. de ITsere, France, now at Lyons. J
L(ugdunf).

5. COL AVG NEM 1

TIBERINVS L F F S F

C. L L. XII. 5701, 58. Inscribed on a lead pipe found at Balaruc-les-Bains,

now at Montpellier in the museum. l
Col(oniae) Aug(ustae) Nem(au-
sensium) L. F . . . F . . .
s(ervus~) f(ecit~).

6. a) REI PVB -
SALON
6) REIPVBLICAE MVNICIPIVM .
CANVSINO
SVB-CVRA. L- EGGI MARVLLI
c) FELIX PVBL TERG F

Wilmanns, 2818. Inscribed on lead pipes found at (a) Salona, (6) Canosa
(Canusium), (o) Trieste (Tergeste).
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 331

ARTICLES OF BRONZE, SILVER, AND GOLD

1. CER F (On handle, in ra ised letters.)

BRICONIS (Scratched with a stilus.)

C. I. L. XII. 5608, 4. On a bronze patera found at Forest St. Julien,

l
France. Cer(ialis) f(ecti).

2. V R R
AMOR
E T V
C. I. L. XII. 5698, 18. On a bronze fibula found at Geneva, where it

is preserved in the museum.

3. CORIIKIA NYPII AVRV .

hAIV'O'c) XX
C. L L. X. 8071, 1. Inscribed in litterae punctatae on the inside of a gold
bracelet, in coils, found at Pompeii, now in
form of a serpent with three
themuseum at Naples. Corelia Ny(m)p(h)e auru(m} p(ondo) ....
XX. The bracelet weighs 170.85 gr. and XX Attic didrachma = 174.6
gr.
J
This word is unintelligible.

4. M MASCAl .
P Vri 1

C. I.L. X. 8071, 12. Inscribed on a silver patera weighing 549.85 grams,

found at Pompeii, now in the museum at Naples. l p(ondo) V semunciam
(scriptuhim) I or 1655 gr., so that three paterae were weighed at the
same time.

5. CORNELIAS CHEliDONI
C. I. L. X. 8071, 38. Stamped on both handles of a bronze urn found at
Pompeii, now at Naples in the museum.

6 -
IHOVIAIOOiN IdID
'
d
SORS MERCVRI
C. I. L. III. 6017, 9. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase found
on the bed of the river Laibach. A similar motto occurs on a vase
found at Herculaneum. Bergk (Bull. delV Inst. 1859, p. 229) comment-
ing on the phrase /cX^pos 'Ep/uoO states that among the Greeks it implied
the best lot, so here means good luck to the purchaser.
332 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

7. T I
.
R B L I I S I
l

C AILI HANNON
C. I. L. III. 6017, 12. Inscribed on the handle of a large bronze vase, in
letters of the best period, found near Teplitz, in Bohemia. The names
probably indicate the maker and the owner.
l
Si(ta) . . .

SlGNACL'LA OF BRONZE

1. SEXcsAEBVTI
P Y T H I A E

C. I. L. XII. 5690, 5. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at St. Martin

de Castillon, France. The letters are raised and run from right to left,
as is common with these signacula. A palm branch is engraved on the
handle.

N,

2. EVMOLPIsj
PCS CALPVRNI
A T I L I A N I &
C. I. L. XII. 5690, 43. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Ge"menos,
France, now at Marseilles. A palm branch is engraved on the other side.

3. PAREGORVS
COELI AVIT/E 1

C. I. L. XII. 5690, 101. Inscription of a bronze stamp found at Toulouse,

where it is preserved in the museum.
l
Coeli(ae) Avitae.

4. M A R C I A N I

A V G N &
C. I. L. X. 8059, 256. A bronze stamp found at Sassari, Sardinia, now in

possession of Mr. Olcott, Columbia College, New York. The inscription

given in C. I. L. is a copy and shows 8 as the last letter, but with com-
ment postremum xiyiinm corona videtur esse. The original shows a
wreath and not a letter.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 333

OCULISTS' STAMPS

1. M IVL SATYRI DIASMYRJNES POST IMPET LIPPITi

M IVL SATYRI PENI CIL 2 LENE EX OVO
M IVL SATYRI DIA LEPIDOS AD ASPR 3
M IVL SATYRI DIALI BANV 4 AD SVPPVRAT 5
Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 21, 1893, p. 306. Found in England, now in
2 3
British Museum. 1
lippit(udinis). penicil(lum) .
aspr(itudinem}.
4 5
dialibanu (m) .
suppurat (tones) .

2. L CAEMI PATERNI AVTHEJMER LEN EX O 2 ACR

-
1 .
EX AQ 8
L CAEMI PATERNI STAC TON AD C SC ET CL* .

L CAEMI PATERNI CRO COD 5 AD ASPRITVDIN

L CAEMI PATERNI CHE LID" AD GENAR CICA 7

Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 30. Found at Lyons, France, exist-
2 3 4
ing in a copy.
1
authemer(um). o(w). acr(e) ex aq(ua). ad
~
5 6
g(enas) sc(abras~) et cl(aritatem). crocod(es~). chelid(onium). ad
genar(um} cicatrices').

3. ALBVCI CHELID AD CALIG GEN 1

SCABR
ALBVCI .
DIAPOBALS 2 AD OMN CALIG DELAC 8
ALBVCI MELIN DELAC EX EM PVL*
ALBVCI TRIT 5 |
AD CLARITVD
Revue Archeologique, 3 Ser., 22, 1893, p. 145. Found at Naix (Meuse), now
in museum at Bcsan^on. l
(et) yen(as).
2
dia(o~)pobals(amum).
3
de-
* 5
lac(rimatorium). ex em(endato~) pul(rere). trit(icum').

INSCRIPTIONS ON BLOCKS OF MARBLE

1.
tt) C C I I I
C) N C C X X <0 one side)
D I

C C /t S 2 C (On other
R NH side)

&) N CDXCII 1
d) P-V T E L A N C > 3 I

C. I.L. VIII. a) 14598, 6) 14599, c) 14596, d} 14593. On blocks of marble

found near quarries at Hr. Schemtu (Simitthus), Africa. The numerals
indicate the number of the block among those ready at the port to be
shipped to Home a certain year. l n(umero}.
in 2
Corinthi(i) Caes(aria)
3
(servi). C'a[es(/im)] (servi) or cae(swra).
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

L'. EX.M.N'.CAESARIS-N.R.D.A-.SVB.CVR.C-CERIALS-PR'
SVBSEQ .SERGIO-LONG0.7.LEG.XXII.PRIMIG-PROB
4

CRESCENTE- LIB 5 N Vllll

(On, one nl dt) N Vllll

(On another side painted in minium) CXXX N Vllll

Bruzza, Iscrizioni dei Marmi Grezzi (Annali dell' 1st. 1870), 1. On a block
of Carystian marble found at the Emporium, Rome. l
ex m(etallo)
2 *
n(ovo). n(ostri) r(ationis) d(ominicae) A(ugustae). procurator is).
4 5
subseq(uente). prob(ante) Crescente lib(erto).

3. IMP VESPASIANO VI (On the other face) EX RAT' L/ET SER

TITO C/S- Nil COS 1
N 3
LXXXV

Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 147. On a block of Chian marble found

at the Emporium, Rome. 1 75 A.D. 2 ex ra(tione). 3
n(umero).

4. a) C XVI COS 1

6) M
XV RAW III COS 2
XII
%
CXVICOS 3 ^
c xxxxv
c)
cZARO II T
SEVER COS 4 d) LARG T MISSAL COS 7

LOCO CCXXX LOCO XXXVII REPR*

B TERT 5
. OFF ASIAT
OFF PELA 6
C. /. L. III. ) 7000, 6) 7011^ c) 7025, d) 7027. On blocks of Phrygian
marble found at Itschki Karahissar (l)ocimum), Phrygia. l C(aesare)
XVI cos = 92 A ix, i.e. Domitian. 2 [rjrafao III co(n)s(ule) = 100
C(aesare) XVI cos = 92, i.e. Domitian. Blocks marked with
3
A.D.
two consulates are common in Phrygia. 4 (Srxto) (Erucio) [Cl~\aro II
5 6
et Sever(o) co(n)s(ulibns). b(racchnim) tcrt(ium). Pela(gii).
7 8
Larg(o) et Messal(a). repr(obatum) ?
 INSCRIPTIOXS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 335

5. AVGVRN-COS 1
(On. one side) LXXXR
L- LXXX -R- (On another vide) N LXV
C/t- N
Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 6. On a block of Carystian marble found
at the Emporium, Rome. l
132. r(a)t(ionis). As Z(oco) indicates
2

the portion of a quarry, this block numbered 80 in the quarry, but 65 at

the port.

6. L-AELIO
CAESARE N ~E BAL II

BINO COS RATIONIS 1

VRBICAE SVB CVR IRENAEI

AVG LIB PROC CAESVRA TVLLI
SATVRNINI V LEG XXII PRIM
(On the lower part of shaft.)

(On the middle part.) (On the upper part.)

LOCVS N 2
II CIA 3 OFF PA 4
N LXXXVI
3
LOG XVI B
Bruzza, Iscrizioni (Annali, 1870), 258. On a column of Synnadic marble
2
found near the Tiber. l 137 A.D. Locus, as well as bracchium, indi-
cates the section of the quarry ;
in this case the section is numbered.
3
CIA and B thus far defy explanation. *
Pa(piri).

7. CCCV OF GENII MONTIS

N 1

IMP COMMODO AVG TTTT T VICTORINO [/]! COS

CAESVRA MAXIMI PROC
C. L L. VIII. 14588. On a large block of marble found at Hr. Schemtu
1
(Simitthus), Africa. of(flcina). Date, 183 A.D.

PIGS OF LEAD

1. M P 1
-
ROSCIEIS M -
F MAIC 2
G. I. L. II. 3439. More than thirty pigs of lead, with similar inscriptions,
1
have been found in mines near Cartagena, Spain. M(anius) (e)
2
Maic(ia) (tribu).
:',:;; I.ATIX INSCKIITIOXS

2. BRITANNIC/ AVG Fl
'

V-ET-P 2

C. I. L. VII. 1202. Found near Blagdon, Somerset, Kngland, now in

*
British Museum. 1
f(ilii). Probably V(eranio) et P(ompeio). Date,
49 A.D.

3. NEROI^S A/G EX K I A/ INI COS 1

BRT 2
(0**tp
eXK IVL P M GS .
3
10,

EX ARGENT 1

CAPASCAS 4 V (On another xi<l,-.i

XXX
C. I. L. VII. 1203. Found near Stockbridge, England; now in British
Museum. Date, 59 A.D.
l
ex k(alendis~) Ian(uariis) IIII co(n)s(//.s)-
2 3
Britannicwm. ex k(alendis) Iul(iis~) p(ontificis) m(aximi) co(n)-
4
Unintelligible.

4. IN/P.VESP-VTT.T.IN/P.V. COS !
(^ ^y-y,,, ,

DE CEA- to,, //,, ,v/,/,..)

C. /. L. VII. 1205. Found near Lichfield, England, now in British Museum

l
Date, 70 A.D. c.o(n}s(ulibus). -de Cea(ngis).

5. IMP CAES HADRIANI AVG MET -

LVT 1

C. I. L. VII. 1208. Found near Matlock, Derbyshire, England, now in

British Museum. Date 117-138. l

met(allorum) Lut(udensium ?).

PIGS OF SILVEB

1. E X F F L
H N R I N I

C. I. L. VII. 1196. Found in Tower of London together with coins of

Arcadius and Honorius, now in British Museum, ex of(ficina) Fl(un'i/i.

2. EX OF PA
T R I C I

C. L L. VII. 1198. Found near Coleraine, Ireland, now in British Museum.

 337

INSCRIPTIONS ON TILES AND BRICKS

1.
a) COS CN OC C SC C /W 1

|
2

b} L NAEV C03 L COTT L

3 .
|
.
MAN
c) M COCCIO L GELLIO COS 4
L I/IAEVI -
L .
F
d) M CRASSO CN LNV COS
.
|
. .
5

|
L .
N/tVI .
FELIC
C. L L.a) 777, b) 784, c) 795, d) 797.
I. Stamped inscriptions on bricks
found at Veleia, Italy, now in the museum at Parma. l co(n^)s(ulibus)
On. Oc(tavio) C. Sc(ribonio), 678/76. 2 C. ., the name of the Mu . . .

figuluswho alone made stamps with letters sunk beneath the surface
while the others made inscriptions in relief. 8 L. Naevius
figulus of
4 5
686/68-710/44. 718/36. 740/14.

BRICKS FOUND IN ROME

1. ^ OP DOL EX PR AIACIA AR\L EPAGft 1

MAXIM ET AVIT COS 2

C. L L. XV. 9. Impressed on bricks found on the Esquilinr ia Latina, .

and elsewhere in and about Rome. l expr(aedis) Aiacia(nis) Arul(eni)

2 144.
Epagath(i).

2. ^ M R L 1

Q AQVILIO NIGRO M REBVLO

APRONIANO COS 2

BRV 3

C. I. L. XV. 25. Impressed on bricks found in walls between the Pantheon

3
and Baths of Agrippa. l
M. R(utili) L(upp -117. Bru(tiana\

3. O a) OP DOL EX PR C FVL PLAVT PR PR

C V COS FIG BVCCONIA1
II

EH 6) L-NVMER
IVSTVS FEC
C. I. L. XV. 47. Impressed on bricks found in tearing down the church of
S. Peter and Marcellinus, near the Lateran. l ex pr(aedis) C. Ful(vi)
Plaut(iani} pr(aefecti') pr(aetorio) c(Jarissimi} v(iri). The date is
between 203 and 205. b is on the same brick as a, but in a differently

shaped stamp.
LAT. INSCRIP. - 22
338 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

4. EX PRAEDI ANNI LIBO OPV

I I SALA EX OF ANNI DECEMB 2
1

SERVIANO III ET VARO

C. I. L. XV. 512. Impressed on bricks found in the Gardens of Sallust
and elsewhere Home, also at Ostia.
in l
opu(s) Sala(rese).
'*
ex
of(ficina) Anni Decemb^is). The date is 134.

5. ^ EX OFIC OP .
DOL EX PR CAES "N

Q OPPI PROCVLI 1

C. L L. XV.Impressed on bricks found in many places in and about

364.

Rome, on the Esquiline, Via Appia. l op(us) dol(iare) ex pr(aedls)

e.g.

Caes(aris) n(ostri), (ex officina) Q Oppi ProculL

6. ^ OP DOL EX- PRAED AVG N FIG

OCEANAS MAIORES
C. I. L. XV. 371. Impressed on bricks found on the Esquiline, on the Via
Ardeatina, Via Appia, etc. This dates in the time of Severus.

7. O EX PRAEDIS HEREDVM -
CC VV PASSENI
AE PETRONIAE NEC VAL CATVLLO
.

C F
C. I. L. XV. 419. Impressed on bricks found, among other places in Rome
on the banks and in the bed of the Tiber, in the cemetery of S. Peter
and Marcellinus, also in the Stadium of Domitian, near the temple of
Juppiter Stator. ex praedis heredum (duorum) c(larissimorum) v(ir-
orum) Passeniae Petroniae c(larissimae) f(eminae'), negotiatore) Val-
(erio) Catiillo. This dates in the time of Commodus.

8. EXFIGDOMITIAE
DOMITIANI SVLPICIANV 1

C. L L, XV. 550. Impressed in litterae cavae on bricks found in the

Forurn Romanum near Basilica lulia, near the Baths of Diocletian,
and elsewhere in and about Rome. 1 Sulpicianu(m) (opus). The date
is about 123 A.D.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 339

9. ^ DE FIG PEDANIES QVINTILL/E CONDV 1

C LABERIVS ZOSIMV
C. I. L. XV. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine, and on the
643.
banks and iii This dates in the early part of the
the bed of the Tiber.
1
reign of Hadrian. conductor or (quas~) condu(xit).

10. ^ TEG -
TVN DOL 1
EVTVCHVS SE .

IVLIAE PROCVL/E 2

C. I. L. XV. 647. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine and Esquiline,

also in and about the Tiber. l
teg(ula) Titn(neiana) dol(iaris).
2
se(ryws) luliae Proculae (fecit).

11. ^ VALER NICE EX PR PL AVG 1 2

OP .
D
P/TIN ET APRON
SOO
C. I. L. XV. Impressed on bricks found in extensive ruins perhap/ o
692.
the baths of Agrippa or of the temple of Minerva, in the Gardens of
Sallust, and elsewhere in Rome. The date is 123. 1
Valer(iae)
2
Nice(nis). Pl(otinae) Aug(ustae) or Aug(usti).

12. ^ OPVS DOL EX PR AVRELI CAES -

T FAVS
TINAE AVG VLPI ANE
CETIANI
C. I. L. XV. 719. Impressed on a brick now in museum at Paris. The
date is about 1GO.

13. ^ DOL ANTEROTIS SEVERI 1

CAESARIS N
C. I L. XV. 811. Impressed on bricks from the Pantheon.
J
Severi(ani).

14. ^ EX FIG Q ASINI MARCELLI

D OP -
F C NVISFORTVNA. 1
Q ART p/t ET PRON'A
COS
340 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. XV. 847. Impressed on bricks found on the Falatine, in the

Gardens of Sallust, on the Esquiline and elsewhere in Rome. l C.
Nun(nidius) Fortuna(tus). The date is 123.

15. OP DOL EX P DOM LVC EX

FIG QVARTIONIS
C. I. L. XV. 1063. Impressed on a brick found on the Via Tiburtina. The
date is about 140.

16. & VAL QVI FEC 1

CN DON/f -
AAANDI
C. I. L. XV. 1097. Impressed on bricks found on the Palatine. The date
1
is about 75-108. val(eat) quifec(if).

17. a) LEG II ADI P F

6) LEG II ADI P F ANT 1

C. I. L. III. 3750. Impressed on bricks found in many places in Pannonia

Inferior, principally at Buda and S6tny. Ant(oniniana).
l

18. a) LEG X G P F

6) LEG XIII GUM IV

c) LEG XIII GE R/FI 1

C. 7. L. III. a) 4659, 6) and c) 4660. Impressed on bricks found in

Pannonia Superior. J
The officer in charge of the manufacture of bricks.

19. a) LEG XXII P .

P F 1

2
IVL PRIMVS F

Brambach, Impressed on bricks found in the neighbor-

Inscr. lihen. 1491.
hood of Mainz. *p(nmigenia) p(ia) f(idelis). 2 /(ecrt). That Julius
Primus was figulus for this legion is shown by the frequent occurrence
of his name on the bricks stamped XXII.

20. VEXIL 1
LEGIONVM
I VIII XI Xllll XXI
Bull. Epigraph., Vol. IV. 1884, p. 66. Impressed on bricks found at
l
Mirebeau. vexiKlationes).
 INSCRIPTIONS OX MOVABLE OBJECTS 341

21. a) COM I M_P P 1

6) COM -
VII BR AN 2

C. I. L. III. 3756, 3757. Impressed on bricks found at Buda in Pannonia

l
Inferior. P(annoniorum?).
'*
Br(eucorum) An(toniniana).

VESSELS OF CLAY
Dolia.

1. D F 1
C CLVENTI *
(Caduceus)
A M P L I A T I >

(Orescent, palm branch, Crescent, palm branch,

~-
} wreath)
CORINTHVS S F2
(

wreath)

L. X. 8047, Impressed on dolia found at Pompeii.

1
C. I. 7. de f(iglinis) ?
2
s(ervus) f(ecit).

2. PHILEROS
M-FVLVI-SER
C. L L. X. 8047, 15. Impressed on a dolium found at Pompeii.

3. S E R .
A L L 1

/EGtT
C. /. L. XII. 5684, 1. Impressed on a dolium found at Nismes. 1
Unknown

Amphorae.
4. M-S/ENAhi SA" 1
C. I. L. XII. 5683, 267.. Stamped on an amphora, found at Ste-Colombe,
now at Lyons. ]
Sat(urnini).

5. SAXOFERREO
C. L L. XII. 5683, 212. Stamped on an amphora in the museum at Aries.
342 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

6. M-T'CCI-L-F-^O 1

2
G A. E N V S

C. I. L. XII. 5683, 296. Stamped on an amphora found at Uzes (Ucetia),

*
France, perhaps brought from
1
Italy. Tro(mentina). Galeon[i]s.

7. C POMPONIO C ANICIO COS

EX FVNDO BADIANO
BISF- ID AVQ BIMVM

(7. /. L. IV. 2551. Painted in white coloring on the fragment of an amphora

found at Pompeii, where it is still preserved. It is unknown to what
year the consuls should be assigned. An Anicius Cerialis was consul in
65 A.D., and his colleague is not known, hence some assign the amphora
to this date. The third line seems to indicate that the wine, already two
years old, was placed in the amphora on the Ides of August. Cf. Hor.
Car. III. 8, 9. BISF is inexplicable. Schoene suggests DIFF (usum).

8. F A V S
TI-CLAVDIO MM
COS
L V I T E L L I Ml
C. I. L. IV. 2553. Painted in red on an amphora found in Pompeii, where
it still remains. We know from Pliny, N. H. XIV. 62, that the Faus(ti-
anum) mnum was the best kind of Falernian wine. The date is 47 A.D.

9. SWR
XXI
VESPASIANO Ml
ET FILIO C^S
C. I. L. IV. 2555. Painted on the neck of an amphora found at Pompeii,
existing in copy. Since Vespasian was consul III in 71, with Cocceius
Nerva as colleague, and Domitianus and Pedius Cascus were the suffecti
of the same year, Mommsen suggests that II should stand in place of
III. But in Pliny, N. H. II. 67, we find imperatoribus Vespasianis
patre tertiumfilio II or iterum (Paris Ms. eins} consulibus. Henzen has
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 343

suggested that Pliny and the writer of the inscription carelessly named
as colleagues those who, though consuls of the same year, did not hold
office at the same time. In the quotation from Pliny, // or iterum must
be rejected.

10. L I
Q V A M E N
P T I M V M
C. L L. IV. 2592. Painted in black coloring on a small pitcher found at
Pompeii, now in museum at Naples.

11. PRESTA Ml -
SINCERV- SIC TEAMET QVECVSTO-
DIT ORTVVENVS
C. I. L. IV. 2776. Inscribed with a graphium in the clay before baking on
the bowl of a vase found at Pompeii, now at Naples. Presta mi sin-
cerw(m) ; sic te amet qu(a)e custodit (h)ort,u(m~} Venus. Cf. Varro, De
It. B. I. 1, 6. Item adveneror Minei~oam et Venerem quorum uniuspro-
curatio oliveti alterius hortornm.

12. G E N I P
P V L I F E
L I C I T E R

C. I. L. XII. 5687, 44. Stamped on the flange of a red earthen vase found
at Vienne, France. Similar expressions are found on other vases, e.g.
mihi et meis feliciter (46), Sequanis feliciter (50).

On one side. (Marsyas stands playing on a double flute. Apollo, sitting, holds the
lyre and plectrum. Gods and goddesse* are gathered about.)
13. PALLADOS EN STVDIO DIDI
CISTI MARSYAS CAN'V 1
DV
MQVE TIBI TITVL.VM QVAE
RIS MALA POENA REMAS 2

On the other fide. (Hercules ; Bacchus and Ariadne sitting on a couch ; two satyrs,
Silenus, a Bacchanet ; on the right leg of Hercules is inscribed the following :)

APOLLINAR 3

CERA
344 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. I. L. XII. 5(587, 9. Stamped on a large flask which was probably found

in the south of Gaul, now in the museum of S. Germain. l Cantu(m).
'
2
rema(n)s(it).
3
Apollinar(is), the name of the artist.

14. (ononeeide) OSPITA REPLE LAGONA CERVESA

(On the other Me) COPO CNODITV ABES EST REPLENDA
Mowat, Inscriptions de Paris, p. 69. Painted on a vase found at Paris.
(H)ospita, reple lagona(m} cerves(i)a! Copo, conditu(m) (h)abes, est

replenda.

Paterae.

15. a) SEX ANN SEX ANN, ANNVS etc.

|
I,

6) CN ATEI, CNA~EI, GN /, ATEI, ATE etc.

c) ATTICVS L ANNI, OF ATICI, "A~TI etc.

d) FELIX F, FELICIS NAN, FELICIS M, FELIX FEC etc.

Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found on paterae and other clay

vessels, particularly throughout Spain and Italy.

16. a) ALBINVS, ALBINI, ALBINI MA, ALBINVS FE etc.

6) OF CALVI -

c) GERMANVS, GERMAN F

d) IVCVNDVS, OF IVCVND
e) PRISCVS, PRISCI MAN
Wilmanns, 2833. Stamped inscriptions found in general in Britain, Gaul,
Germany, and Illyria.

Pelves.
17. APOLLONI-ET
(Palm branch) ISMARI-CN CN ( Palm branch)

DOMITIORVM
C. L L. X. 8048, 7. Stamped on a shallow bowl found at Pompeii.

18. CN-DOMITIVS
sECVNDVS- FEC
C. 1. L. X. 8048, 18. Stamped on the flange of a bowl found at Pompeii.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 345

Lamps.
19. a) C OPPI RES 6) C COR VRS c) L CAE SAE
d) FORTIS
(7. /. L. a) II. 4969, 41 ; 6) IX. 6081, 22 ; c) 6081, 13 ; d) 6081, 33.
Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Italy and Spain.
They frequently exhibit the tria nomina.

20. a) FORTIS 6) STROBILI c) ATIMETI

d) COMVNIS e) CRESCE
s

C. L L. XII. 5682. a) 50 ; 6) 110 ; c) 9 ; d) VII. 1330, 10 ; e) III. 12012, 6.

Stamped inscriptions on lamps found generally in Britain, Gaul, and
Illyricum.

21. B
C I V I S
1
S E R
C. L L. II. 4969, 2. Stamped inscription on a lamp found in Sevilla
also found in l
(Hispalis), Spain ; Italy. ser(vatos).

22. A N N V M
N M V .
FA/
ST V M F E L
IC E M M I H
H V C 1

C. L L. II. 4969, 3. Stamped on lamps found frequently in Italy and

l
Spain. mih(i) hu(ri)c.

23. EX
1
Fl VIC
T R I S
C. I. L. 4969, 54. Stamped in a circle on a lamp found at Tarragona
II.
l
(Tarraco), in Spain. ofi(cina).
346 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Vascula Galena.

24. a) fr CANofcEloS \i F .
FECIT
b) C GABINIO/ /. T
-
N CALIINO

c) RIITVS GABINIO C S CAHIBVS I'lIC -

Til 1

d) RIITVS GABINIO C s CAIEBVS FECIT - .

E
e) L GABINIVS L F FIICIT

/) SIIRVIO QABINIO T .
S IMICIT

C. I. L. X. 8054. These inscriptions are stamped with bas reliefs on the

inside of the bowls or paterae found at Calvi (Cales in Campania), now
in various museums at Home, Paris, and St. Petersburg. The form of
the letters points to a period prior to the second Punic war. 1
Perhaps
fec(i) te(stam).

THE DUENOS INSCRIPTION

love Sat. deivos qoi ined mitat, nei ted endo cosmis virco sied,
Ope Toitesiai pakari vois. Duenos med feced en manom,
asted, noisi
einom dze noine med mano stated.

An earthen vase found in 1880 at Rome on ffie Quirinal, now at Rome in the
possession of H. Uressel. The purpose of the bowl and its inscription has been
variously explained by scholars, but without satisfactory and conclusive results.
See page 16.
H. Dressel in Ann. delV 1st. H. Jordan, Bull. delV 1st. 1881,
1880, p. 158.
p. 81 ; Hermes, XVI. 1881, 225; Vindiciae Sermonis Latini Antiquissimi,
p.
Konigsberg, 1882. Fr. Buecheler, Bhein. Mus. XXXVI. 1881, p. 235. H. Ost-
hoff, Bhein. Mris. XXXVI. 1881, p. 481. M. Brfial, Comptes-rendus des
Seances de V Academic deft Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres, Paris, 1882, IV series,
vol. X. p. 23 Revue Archeol VII. 1882, p. 82. C. Pauli, Altitalische Studien,
;

I. Hannover, 1883. E. Baehrens, Neue lahrb. 129, 1885, p. 833.

Comparetti, V Iscrizione de Vaso Dressel, Museo Italiano I. Firenze, 1885.

The various interpretations are as follows :

qoi med mitat qui me mittat Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff, Jordan.

mittat = optative, Dressel ; future, Buecheler ; potential = quisquis mittat,
Jordan.
 INSCRIPTIONS ON MOVABLE OBJECTS 347

love Sat. deivos = lovi Sat(itrno') dels, Dressel, Buecheler ;

= lovei, Jordan ;

= Iove(m} Sat(urnom) deos, Osthoff; loveis at deivos = luppiter aut deus!

Hrial.
net ted endo cosmis virco sied = ne te intus comes virgo sit, Dressel, Bue-
clieler ;
ne in comis virgo sit, Jordan netted endo cosmis vir cosied = nitat,
te ;

i.e. nitatur (curef) intus comis vir consit, Osthoff nei ted endo cosmisu irco,
;

sied, i.e. ne te endo, commissi ergo, sit, Br&il.

asted noisi ope toitesiai pakari vois, i.e. adstet, nisi Opi Tntesiae pacari vis,
Dressel, Buecheler, Osthoff ; ast nisi, etc. =
Jordan ast ted nois, io peto, ites
;

iai pakari vois =

ast te nobis, eo penso, XITCUS Us, pacari velis, Bre'al.
Duenos med feced = Duenus me fecit, Dressel, Buecheler, Jordan, Bre'al en ;

manom, i.e. proper mortmim, Dressel, Buecheler ad manium sacrum, Jordan

; ;

in bonum, Bre'al.
einom dze noine med mano statod = et die nono me mortuo sistito, Dressel,
Buecheler igitur die noni me mano sistito, Jordan cinom duenoi ne med malo
; ;

statod nunc Dueno ne me malo sistito, Bre'al.

Conway, in the American Journal of Philology, X. 1889, p. 445, regards the
inscription as an exsecratio, and interprets thus :

Io. Vei. Sat. deivos qoi med mitat nei ted endo cosmis virco sied. Asted noisi
Ope Toitesiai pacari vois. Duenos med feced en Manom, einom Duenoi ne med
malo statod.
May the gods Jove, Vejove, Saturn (grant) that Proserpine, to whom they
suffer this vase to be dispatched, show thee no favour. Unless thou, indeed, art
willing to make thy peace with Ops Toitesia.Duenos made me (as a curse)
against Manus, and let not evil fall to Duenos from ine.
 CHAPTER VIII

DOCUMENTS
INSTKUMENTA

EPIGRAPHIC material may be divided, as has been shown above,

intotwo great classes. The first class, tituli, has been treated in
what has just preceded. It now remains to consider the second
class, instrumenta.
These are documents which have been placed for publication and
preservation on stone and metal, and which have an importance in
themselves and in the information which they convey, apart from
the objects upon which they appear. They are, however, of such
a character, as to place them in the field of Roman literature and
law, rather than in the domain of epigraphy.
Since, however, such documents have been preserved for us in
inscriptions, as well as in the works of ancient writers, it belongs to
the student of epigraphy to consider what documents have thus
come down to us, their formal presentation as well as the principles
which appear to have controlled their individual form and arrange-
ment.
LAWS AND PLEBISCITES

(Leges et. Plebi Scita)

The word lex, originally a special term denoting the. enactments

of the comitia centuriata, after the equalization of the legislative
authority of the comitia tributa with that of the patrician comitia,
and the recognition of plebi scita as leges through the passage of the
Lex Hortensia, 467/287, became a generic term applicable alike to
the enactments of both bodies. Hence we find in the Lex Latina
Tabulae Bantinae, 7 (dating between 621/133-636/118), and the Lex
Agraria, 2 (643/111), the phrase ex hace lege plebeive scito.
348
 LAWS AND PLEBISCITES 349

Leges and plebi scita are arranged in three divisions. I. Index or

Praescriptio ; II. Rogatio, the body of the law; III. Sanctio, the
conclusion.

I. The index or praescriptio sets forth in stereotyped form the

name of the proposer (rogator) of the law, the office of the same, the

place, the day of the month, and, finally, the name of the body
(centuria, tribus) entitled to vote first, and the name of the man
casting the first vote.

As no complete praescriptio has been preserved for us in the

inscriptions, we obtain our knowledge of its form fyom that of the

Lex Quinctia de Aquaedactibus given by lulius Frontinus in
l
c. 129.
T. Quinctius Crispin us consul [d(e) s(enatus~) s(ententia)'] populum
iure rogavit jjopultisque iure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi lulii

pr(idie) [k.~\
lulias. Tribus Sergio, principium fait, pro tribu Sex.
L.f. Virro [primus scivit].
When the law, a plebi scitum, was proposed by a plebeian magis-
trate, i.e. tribunits plebis, the expression in the praescriptio was
plebem rogare.
The first line of the praescriptio was written in larger letters than
the body of the law. 2

II. Rogatio. The text of the law was divided into sections or
chapters which were indicated either by spaces, after which, in some
cases, the first word or a part of the first word of the paragraph
extended into the margin {Lex Cornelia de XX
Quaestoribus ) or by
3

numbers adjoining the spaces as in Lex Rtibria. 4 The titles of the

sections were in some instances introduced by the letter B, = rubrica,
as in the municipal law known as Lex Malacitana (see p. 351).

III. Sanctio. This is in reality the conclusion of the law, and

contains provisions against its infraction, and states the penalties
for those who transgress. The sanctio might also contain a declara-

Bruns, Fontes Juris Romani Antiqui,* 1893. p. 115.

1

2 See liitschl, P. L. M. E., for representations of bronze law plates.

8 C. I. L. I. 202. Ritschl, P. L. M. E. tab. 29.
*
C. I. L. I. 205 ;
XI. 1146 P. L. M. E. tab. 32.
;
350 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

tion annulling any previous act against which this particular statute
was directed. 1 The lex was then termed perfecta, but if such a
declaration were lacking it was termed imperfecta. Non-interference
with previous enactments was denoted by the formula EX H L
N R = ex h(ac) l(ege) n(ihilui)i) r(ogatur). See Lex Rubria, 2
XXI. 24.
The principal laws and plebiscites which have come down to us
in inscriptional form are :

Lex Acilia Repetundarum, 631/123 or 632/122. This was engraved on a

bronze plate and provided for the institution of a court where charges of extor-
tion brought by the socii against Roman magistrates might be considered.
C. /. L. I. 98 P. L. M. E. tab. 23-25.
;

Lex Agraria, 643/111. This is engraved on the reverse of the bronze

tablet on which the Lex Acilia is preserved. It is the last of the three laws

passed after the death of C Gracchus annulling his agrarian laws. (7. /. L. I.

200 P. L. M. E. tab. 2(5-28.

;

Lex Cornelia de XX Qttaestoribus, 673/81. This law, engraved on a bronze

tablet, was the eighth of the laws of Sulla and referred to the introduction of
additional quaestors. C. I. L. I. 202 ;
P. L. M. E. tab. 29.
Lex Antonia de Termessibus, 683/71. A plebi scitum on a bronze tablet by
which the autonomy of Terrnessus was confirmed. C. I. L. I. 204 ; P. L. M. E.
tab. 31.
Lex Rubria de Civitate Gall^ae Cisalpinae, 705/49. A bronze tablet found
among the ruins of Veleia, near Piacenza. By means of this law. jurisdiction
of municipal magistrates in Gallia Cisalpina was established. C. I. L. I. 205 =
XI. 1146; P. L. M. E. tab. 32.
Lex lulia Municipalis, 709/45. This law, commonly termed Tabula Hera-
cleeiisisfrom the place of its discovery, Heraclea, is engraved upon a bronze
tablet, on the opposite side of which is a Greek psephisma. It treats of the dis-

tribution of corn, duties of aediles in Rome, and rules of municipal goveniment.

C. I. L. I. 206 P. L. N. E. tab. 33 and 34.
;

In the imperial period legislation was in the hands of the senate

and emperor, so that the leges assumed the form of senatus consulta
and constitutiones of the emperors.

1
Dig. XL VIII.
19, 41 Sanctio legum quae novissime poe.nam irrogat us qui

praeceptis legis non obtemperaverint. Cicero, Ad Att. III. 23.

2
Brans, Fontes luris Romani, p. 101.
 LAWS AND PLEBISCITES 351

The Lex de Imperio Vespasiani (67 A.D.), a specimen of the leges de imperio
which conferred the various powers of the principate upon the emperor on his
accession to the throne, sets forth the decree of the senate as a senatus consultum
and yet assumes in some respects the character of a lex. 1

The termlex was also applied to the constitutions given by those

in authority to civitates, based upon traditional principles once
applied to the government of coloniae and municipia. They are
similar to the leges which were given to the people of Campania
when they became Roman citizens, by L. Furius, praetor 436/318
(Livy, IX. 20, 5).
The following are of this character :

Lex Coloniae Genetivae

luliae sive Ursonensis, 710/44. colony of Roman A
citizens, known
as Colonia Genetiva Julia, was established by M. Antonius,
under the direction of Julius Caesar, at Urso (now Osuna) in Spain. The lex
given by Antonius to this colony originally consisted of no less than eight
tabulae, of which only four remain, and those in a fragmentary state. C. L L.
II. 5439 Ephem. Ep. II. 105, 221.
;

Lex Municipalis Salpensana, 81-84 A.D. A portion of a lex municipalis

given by the emperor Doinitian to the municipium Salpensa, inscribed on a
bronze tablet found near Malaga, Spain. C. I. L. II. 1963.
Lex Municipalis Malacitana, 81-84 A.D. A similar law given by Domitian
to the municipium Malaca, inscribed also on bronze and found in the same

place. C. I. L. II. 1964.

Lex Metalli Vipascensis. Given by one of the Flavian emperors as a con-
stitution for a mining settlement in Portugal. Ephem. Ep. III. 165.

X lAJI

A portion of the Lev Malacitana.

R(ubrica) LII. De Ex II viris qui mine sunt, item ex is,

comitiis habendis. \

qui deinceps in eo municipio II viri erunt, uter maior natu erit

| \

comitia II mr(is), item aedilibus, item quaestoribus rogandis subrogandis

A(ac) l(ege) habeto.
1
This is termed Senatus Consultum de Imperio Vespasiani in Bruns, Fontes

luris Bomani. See Momm. Staatsr. 2 3 876-9, as to whether it is a lex or

,

senatus consultum. C. I. L. VI. 930.

iJ52 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

DECREES OF THE SENATE

(Senatus ConsuUa)
These decrees of the senate of the Roman people, written down
under the direction of the presiding officer in presence of witnesses,
have been preserved for us in literature and in small numbers in a
monumental form. They are arranged as follows :

Introductory portion, consisting of the name of the relator with

I.

the phrase senatum consuluit, the date, i.e. day and month (not later,
however, than 707/47), and place of assembly, names of witnesses
with phrase scribundo adfuerunt.
[Q]. Marcius L. /., S(p.~) Postumius L. f. cos. senatum consoluerunt
n(onis) Octob. apud aedem Duelonai. Sc(ribundo) arf(uerunt) M.
Claudi(s) M.
/., L. Valeri(s) P. f., Q. Minuci(s), C. f. (Senatus
Consultum Bacchanalibus, 568/186 C. I. L. I. 196).
de. ;

II. The statement of the relatio, i.e. the question proposed, intro-

duced by the formula quod (ille) consid verba fecit or quod verba facta
sunt de ilia re. This formula verba fecit may be followed by an
infinitive clause expressing the purpose of the relatio. The formulaic
ending of this statement, quid de ea re fieri placeret, Q D E R F P,
occurs first in decrees of the Augustan period.
III. The sententia of the senate, introduced by the formula de ea
r<> it<i censuerunt, D E R I C. At the close of the consultum the
word censuerunt (censuere) is repeated either in full or represented
by the letter C. The same word occurs after each section when the
vote was taken upon each article.
The senatus considta which had reference to Greek people were
translated into that language, 1 and these are the oldest documents of
this kind which have been preserved to our time.

The earliest senatus consultum written in Latin which has been preserved is
a fragment of the Latin version of the S. C de Asclepiade Clazomenio Sociisque,
676/78, of which the Greek translation has also been preserved. It refers to

1
For list documents see Bulletin de Correspondance Hdleniqne,
of these
lS87 f p- and for the formulae, the vol. of 1885, p. 455. Paul Viereck,
225 ;

Graecus quo S. P. Q. E. usque ad Tiberii Caesaris aetatem in scriptis

* M*i sunt examinatur. Gottingen, 1888.
 IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS 353

three Greek captains who, on account of their services to the state, are declared
amici populi Eomani. C. I. L. I. 203.
Other senatus consulta date from the
latter part of the first century H.C.
Twofragments of these documents, referring to the ludi saeculares, are pre-
served on marble tablets. They date May 23, 737/17. S.CC. de Ludis
Saecularibus. Ephem. Ep. VIII. 225. See also C. I. L. VI. 877.
8. CC. de Aedificiis non Diruendis. Two decrees inscribed on the same tablet
which refer to the destruction and rebuilding of houses in Rome, the first dating
between 44-46 A.D., the second in the year 56. C. I. L. X. 1401.
8.C. de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis, 138 A.D. Inscribed on two stones found
at Henschir Begar, Africa, containing a permit for a market in the district
Saltus Beguensis. C. I. L. VIII. 270, and Sup. 11451.
S.C. de Cyzicenis, 138-160 A.D. Inscribed on a stone tablet found in the
ruins of Cyzicus, now in the British Museum. C. I. L. III., Sup. 7060.
S.C. de Sumptibus Ludorum Gladiatorum Minuendis, 176-7 A.D. Inscribed
on a bronze tablet found in 1888 near Italica, a city of Hispania Baetica.
C. L L. II., Sup. 6278 ;
Momm. Ephem. Ep. VII. 388.

*The two documents familiarly known as S.C. de Bacchanalibus

and S.C. de Tiburtibus are letters of magistrates written in the form
of senatus consulta. See page 359.

IMPERIAL DOCUMENTS

(Instrumenta Imperatorum)

Many documents of imperial authorship, embodying the

state
enactments of the Roman emperors when acting with legislative
authority, form most valuable and interesting epigraphic remains.
These documents assume several forms :

Orationes. These were addresses before the senate made in per-

son or by messenger, which formed the means whereby the emperor
presented a bill or proposition to the senate as the legislative
body, so that in the form of a senatus consultum it might become a
law. Subsequently the oratio itself was recognized as a law when
the empty formality of reference to the senate was appreciated.
A certain form of oratio is seen in the speech of the Emperor Clau-
dius in the senate, bearing upon the admission of Gallic citizens to
1
the honores. This was engraved upon a bronze tablet, a portion of
1
Boisseau, Inscriptions de Lyon, p. 136 ; Bulletin iSpigraphique, vol. 2, 1882 ;

Dessau, p. 52.
LAT. INSCRIP. 23
354 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

which was discovered at Lyons, where it is still preserved. An

abstract is given by Tacitus in Ainnilcs, XI. L'.'i-LT).

A small portion of an oral in of Vespasian appears in the sepul-

chral inscription of Ti. Plautius, upon whom the emperor proposes
to confer triumphal honors. C. I. L. XIV. 3608.

Constitutiones.

1. Edicta. These were general directions of legislative force

made on the analogy of the republican magisterial edicts. They
were introduced by names and titles of the emperors, followed by
dixit.

Edictum Augusti de Aquaeductu Venafrano, giving water privileges to the

colonia established by Augustus at Venafrum. This is inscribed on a marble
tablet found at Venafrum, where it is still preserved. C. I. L. X. 4842.
Edictum Claudii de Civitate Anaunorum, 46 A.D. Inscribed on a bronze
tablet found near Tridentum. C. I. L. V. 5050.
Edictum Diocletiani et Collegarum de Pretiis Rerum Venalium (301 A.D.) is
written in Latin and Greek, and gives the prices of all kinds of merchandise
throughout the Roman Empire. C. I. L. III., p. 801 ; Ephem. Ep. V., p. 87 ft'
;

Hermes XXV. 1890, p. 17.

2. Decreta. Decisions of the emperor in his judicial capacity.

Decretum of Comrnodus relating to the colonists of the Sctltus Burunitanus

in Africa. C. I. L. VIII. 10570, Sup. 14464 ; Ephem. Ep. V. 470.
Decretum M. Aurelii etCommodi (176-180) propter controversies quae inter
mercatores ortae erant. Copies of this decree were probably placed at each one
of the gates of Rome. The one found before the Porta Salaria has come down
to us entire. C. L L. VI. 1016 ; Ephem. Ep. IV. 787.

3.. Rescripta. Provisional decisions on consultation with magis-

trates or private persons. These take the form of epistulae, intro-
duced by (ille) salutem dicit, and closing with vcdete.

Epistula Vespasiani ad Vanacinos (72 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate

found in Corsica. It refers to a boundary dispute. C. I. L. X. 80.38.

Epistula Vespasiani ad Saborenses (78 A.D.). Inscribed on a bronze plate

found in the town Cafiete, between Malaga and Sevilla, Spain. C. I. L. II.
1423.

Epistula Domitiani ad Falerienses (82 A.D). Addressed to the inhabitants

of Faleriiand referring to their difficulties with the Firmani. C. I. L. IX. 5420.
 MILITARY DIPLOMAS 355

Epistula Severi et Caracallae ad Tyranos (201 A.D.). A marble tablet found

on the bank of the river Dniester, in Bessarabia, containing directions to the
officials Ileraclitus and Tertullus, and relating to the confirmation of privileges

granted to the Tyrani, a people of Illyria. G. I. L. III. 781, and p. 1009.

4. Instruments Conferring Rights of Citizenship and Marriage

upon Veteran Soldiers (Privilegia Militum Veteranorum de Civitate
et
Conubio).

Among the constitutiones of the emperor should also be classed the

documents familiarly known as diplomata militaria. These were
formal documents issued upon completion of the term of service,
conferring upon foreign soldiers the privileges of citizenship, and
upon Roman citizens legal marriage even with foreign women.
These constitutiones were engraved upon bronze tablets and set up at
first on the Capitol, but after the time of Domitian on the Palatine.

The names of the soldiers to whom the constitutio applied were

written underneath. These bronze tablets l have perished, but special
certified copies of many of them which were made for the individual
soldiers have been preserved; they differed from the original in
that they contained only the name of the soldier for whom the copy
had been made.
These copies were engraved on two tablets of bronze of oblong
shape, about 4| inches by 6 inches, bound together into diptychs by
bronze threads passing through two holes set in the edge. 2 Two other

1
Some fragments remain, because those who made the copies of constitutiones
of the years 243 and 248 used the original tablets of earlier constitutiones which,
though cut in pieces, still show traces of the earlier writing.
Those diptychs which are extant are given in C. I. L. III. p. 844 seq. ;

Ephem. Ep. II. p. 452-466 IV. p. 181-187, 495-515 V. p. 92-100, 610-617,

; ;

652, and C. I. L. III. Sup. See also Arneth, Zwolf Romische Militardiplome,
Vienna, 1843, and Leo Renier, Recueil de Diplomes Militaires, Paris, 1876.
The fac-simile on p. 358 is from Cagnat's Cours d'lZpigraphie, p. 269, origi-
nally from Renier' s work just mentioned.
2
Paulus, Sent. V. 25,6. Amplissimus ordo decrevit, eas tabulas, quae publici
vel privati contractus scripturam continent, adhibitis testibus ita siynari, ut in
summa marginis ad medium partem perforatae triplici lino constnngantur, atque
impositae supra linum cerae signa imprimantur, ut exteriori scripturae fidem
interior servet ; aliter tabulae prolatae nihil momenti habent.
356 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

holes were used for fastening and sealing the diptych. Through
these holes bronze threads of triple thickness were drawn, and
fastened on the outside by the seals of seven Roman citizens whose
names were engraved alongside of the seals. While the seals them-
selves have perished, parts of the thread are still seen in the holes
of some diptychs. This was the legal method of fastening these
documents.
The text of the constitutio was written both on the inside and
outside of the diptych. On the outside of the second tablet the lines
run in the direction of the shorter side, on the inside of both tablets,
in the direction of the longer side. The outside of the first tablet
held the names of the witnesses, the groove for the threads and seals
dividing each name into two parts. Probably in the earliest diptychs
only one copy of the constitutio was given, and that on the inside.
One of these diptychs (Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae, 1994) is stL' in
existence. The object of the repetition of the constitutio outside w. s
the avoidance of the opening of the diptych. This custom seems to
have resulted in the gradual neglect of the inner copy which in real-
ity wag the important part of the document, for some diptychs are
found in which the inside inscription is scarcely legible. The largest
number of these documents which remain to us are assigned to vet-
erans from the alae and the auxiliary cohorts, a much smaller num-
ber belong to the classiarii, and still fewer relate to Roman citizens
discharged from the praetorian and urban cohorts. No diplomata of
this kind seem to have been given to the legionary soldiers if we

except those of the two legions, Prima Adiutrix and Secunda Adiutrix,
who were enrolled from the classici.
The formal arrangement of .the constitutio was as follows:

1. The name and titles of the emperor.

2. The class of soldiers and the special body to whom the privilegium was
granted, also the department of service and the name of the commander-in-chief,
i.e. the governor of the province.

3. The number of the years of service.

The phrase item dimissis honesta missione emeritis stipendiis occurs in certain
diplomata, thus extending the privilegium so as to include those who have been
previously discharged honesta missione. After Trajan honesta missio is always
 MILITARY DIPLOMAS

SSr ^?5:

2^825361
rr-H^f-Cj^/ZoQ^Z^fi 4.'
sag^f^sf
gBS25z &
X^ CSa 2
-, ^
^>< Zuitf^srcyr^rt:
vj^^ai^ j^i:
:JLU
p^5
iILs8522gS s4,lo|i3 J|f
5Sd5?ig?2SzoSS
^rw^^oi^P^C lu >^S ^
feo ^^p^^S^^o^S
^dtggZo^^^^^ ^G%'
^^385^
<
2*.
>vJ. in^ <^T'^lUJ ><- g2^K;
>ec-
^^s ^^^zS^o2^
-^|S2|g2

g5^
^JtL o23z-^3
yt-d^rwu LIH

Fac-simile of military diploma of the year 98. See p. 355.

358 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

given before the bestowal of these privilegia, and hence the form becomes
militibus qui militaverunt quinis et vicenis pluribusve stipendiis emeritis dimissis
honesta missione.
4. The formula quorum nomina subscripta sunt followed by the formal exten-

sion of these privileges to their descendants, ipsis, liberix, posterisque eormn, ;i

formula appearing before 145 A.D., and tlien not until 178. l
When the privilegia were conferred upon soldiers of the praetorian or urban
cohorts, the formula following the name of the emperor was nomina militum
qui in praetorio meu militaverunt subieci.
. . .

5. The privileges conferred and conubium i.e. a legal Roman mar-

civitas

riage upon those already mai'ried, or upon those who may marry. Civitatem
dedit et conubinm cum uxoribus quas tune habuissent cum est civitas Us
data aut, si qui caelibes essent, cum us quas postea duxissent, dumtaxat sinyuli
sinyulas.
The formula reads somewhat differently in the constitutiones of soldiers of
the praetorian or urban cohorts, quibus, fortiter et pie militia functis, ius tri'mn
conubi dumtaxat cum
siuyulis et primis uxoribus, ut etiam si peregrin' iuris
feminas matrimonio suo iunxerint proinde liberus tollant ac si ex duobus ct 'Ims
Itomanis natos. The right of citizenship is not referred to, because the un MI
soldiershad already obtained IMS civitatis before entering service. These cohorts
were recruited mainly from the inhabitants of Italy.
6. The date day, month, year.
7. The name, in the dative case, of the soldier, together with the designation
of his country. This name may be preceded by that of his cohort and that of his
commander, cohort(is) Lusitanorum cui praeest C. Cisso C. f. Ste. Honoratns ;
also by a phrase indicating the rank of the soldier, expedite, introduced thus by
ex when the soldier has received honesta missio.
8. The formula, dexcnptum et recognitum ex tabula aenea qitae fixa est
Eomae in muro post templum divi Auyusti ad Minervam or in Capitolio post
aedem Fidei populi Kumani in muro.

DECREES OF MAGISTRATES
Decreta Magistratuum

The instrumenta of magistrates, like the constitutiones of . the

emperors, assume the form of edicta, decreta, and rescripta.
Edicta were voluntary statements of the rules which the magis-
trate intended to follow in the interpretation of the law.

Rescripta were replies to special requests.

1
Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 510 ff.
 DECREES OF MAGISTRATES 359

Decreta were the decisions of the magistrate in any particular

case within his jurisdiction.
The oldest document of this kind known is the decretum of L.
Aemilius Paulus, the victor at Pydna, as proconsul of Hispania
Ulterior. It is cut in a bronze plate which was found in Spain,
at Alcala de los Gazules, near Cadiz, in ancient Baetica, and is now

^NT
ES5 B N rACR-VM-OPPfD VMp>

1 p VM'P op ZAtftfFNA VJCXVE

V5/T-
ROMANTV5'VE I LET ACT

Decretum of L. Aemilius Paulus, 565/189.

preserved in the Louvre, Paris. It belongs to the early life of

Paulus, when he was praetor in Spain. The object of the decree is

the setting free of the Lascutani of southern Spain from the control
of their neighbors of Hasta..1
With these instrumenta should also be classed the following :

Epistula Consulum ad Teuranos de Bacchanalibus, familiarly known as

Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, dating 508/180. This letter, engraved on
a bronze plate according to directions found on line 20, contains the substance
of a senatus consultum directed against the Bacchanales in Italy. It was sent

by the consuls to the Teurani, a people of the Brutii. C. I. L. I. 196 X. 104. ;

The commonly known as the Senatus

epistnla of L. Cornelius the praetor,
Consultum de Tiburtibus, was engraved upon a bronze tablet found at Tibur,
but now lost. It dates 595/159. It was addressed to the people of Tibur, and
referred to some suspicion under which they had fallen. C. I.-L. I. 201, XIV.
3584.
i
Livy, XXXV. 24 ;
XXXVI. 2 ;
XXXVII. 2, and 46.
360 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

A number of these documents belong to the imperial period. Decretum

Proconsulis Sardiniae, 69 A.D. This was the sententia of L. Helvius Agrippa,
engraved on a bronze plate referring to a boundary dispute between two people
of Sardinia. C. I. L. X. 7852. Epistula Praefectorttm Praetorio, 168 A.I>.
This epistula was addressed to the magistrates of Saepinum and Bovianum by
the praefecti praetorio Bassaeus Rufus and Macrinus Vindex, for the purpose
of preventing the ill treatment of the conductores gregum oviaricorum of the

emperor. It is inscribed on a stone which is still to be found at Saepinum,

near the gate leading to Bovianum, through which runs the sheep-path to-day.
C. I. L. IX. 2438.
We may add to these, the sententia of C. Avidius Nigrinus, the legatus
Augusti propraetore of Trajan inscribed on a marble tablet, C. /. L. III. 567 ;

and the rescript of Claudius Quartinus inscribed on bronze, dating 119 A.D.,
addressed to the duoviri of Pompaelo, Spain, C. L L. II. 2959.

1VDICEAKCAE-FERR.AR

VIDVC-SAQRDCT

AD vi D^VI\M;I WRBMWIT
From an in.-nii i]>tion giving the letters of Claudius Paulinus, propraetore of Lusitania, and
Aedinius ulianus. jiraefectwt praetorio, on a large marble pedestal found at
I Vieux
In Aremoricae, now in the Castle Thorigny.

Hubner's Mcempla, p. 208.

- adsedit etiam in provincia Lug\dunense M. Valeria Flnro trib(uno~)

mil(itum) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae) iudire arcae ferrar(iarum) tres
\ |

prov(inci'ie) (!all(iae) pr ..... sua volunt(nte) posuerunt ......

\

Sollemnem istum oriundwn ex cicitate Viduc(asfsium) sacerdot(em~) quern

\
,

propter sectym yravitatem(que) Sollemnis iste metis proposito eorum |

restitit. is certus honoris mei erga se ad videndum me in urbem venit.

|

Creuly in Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de France, 1876, p. 27 ff.

 PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS 361

A number of formal letters, such as the above, and official state-

ments of various authorities have been preserved in the inscriptions.

The libellus of L. Septimius Adrastus with its accompanying exemplaria

litterarum of the rationales of Severus relating to the erection of a building by
Adrastus, inscribed on a marble cippus, dating 193 A.D., C. I. L. VI. 1585;
and the interlocutiones of the praefecti vigilum bearing upon the refusal of the

collegium of fullones to pay either ground rent or more probably for water
rights, inscribed on an altar of Hercules and dating 244 A.D., (7. /. L. VI. 266.

PUBLIC AND SACRED DOCUMENTS

1
Acta Publica et Sacra

It will be convenient and consistent as well to describe under this

documents associated in a general way with public interests
title all

and related also, in however slight degree, to religion and religious

worship.
1
FASTI

The most important of these inscriptions are the fasti. This

word, in its earliest sense restricted to the days upon which legal
business could be transacted, was later applied to the lists of these
days and finally denoted calendars and chronological records in
general. These fasti are represented in the inscriptions by two
great classes of records.
Annual records and chronicles of events intended for the eyes of
people in general, containing the names of the chief magistrates of
the year, mainly the eponymous magistrates, and brief statements
of the principal occurrences and events, are represented by the Fasti
Consulares and Acta Triumphorum.
The lists of days for legal business which became Jcalendaria,
containing an enumeration of the days and months and festivals of
the year as well as brief notices of a religious and historical char-
acter, are represented to-day by the Fasti Anni luliani.

1
This subject is treated fully in C. I. L. vol. I. and in the editio altera of the
same volume published in 1893.
362 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Fasti Consulares and Ada Triumphorum

The first of these give the names of consuls, dictators with their
magistri equitum, the tribuni militares with consular power, and the
censors with the lustrum which they completed. These data are
arranged in chronological order accompanied by their dates ^accord-
ing to the Catonian era) at intervals of ten years.
The Acta Triumphorum give the names of the triumphatores with
a statement of the people over whom they have triumphed and the
date of triumph, and at times some brief description of the victory.
These Fasti and Acta are arranged in C. I. L. I. 2 in two sub-
divisions. I) Fragmenta Quae Dicuntur Capitolina, II) Cetera Quae
Supersunt Fragmenta.
I. As early as the latter part of the fifteenth century i few frag-
ments of these fasti were known to Italian scholars. In he year
1546, however, many fragments were discovered which were collected
and arranged by Delphinius and other scholars under the direction
of Cardinal Farnese, who transferred them from his own gardens
to the Capitoline and placed them in the Palace of the Conservator!,
where they remain to-day. This disposition of the fragments ac-
counts for the name Fasti Capitolini, by which they have ever since
been known. Other fragments were discovered in 1816-1818 while
excavations were being made in the Forum under the direction of
Carlo Fea, of the Kircherian Museum. Again, in the extensive and
systematic investigations which were carried on between 1872-78
ten fragments were discovered, and finally in 1888 another frag-
ment of the fasti triumphales which referred to the years 567-569
was taken from the bed of the Tiber.
These fasti of the magistrates and triumphatores were engraved on
solid blocks of marble over a foot and a half in thickness, which had

evidently formed part of the walls of some prominent building, in

all probability of the Regia of the pontifex maximus.

The date of the engraving of these fasti is set by Borghesi J

between 718/36 and 724/30. Hirschfeld 2 believes that they were

inscribed in 742/12, when Augustus assumed the office of pontifex

i
(Euv. IX. 1. p. 6. See C. I. L. I. 2 , p. 10. 2
Hermes, IX., p. 93.
 FASTI CONSULARES 363

maximus. It is probable that the tabulae of the fasti consulares were

engraved in 718/36, when Doinitius Calvinus dedicated the new
Regia, and that separate supplementa were added up to about the
year 766 = A.D. 13. Although the fasti were disregarded in the City
after this period, they were still maintained in the municipalities.
The acta triumphalia, however, were set up in 742/12, when Augustus
became pontifex maximus.
The following is a portion of the fasti consulares running from
524/230-532/222.

M.AIMILIVS-L.F.Q-N BARBVLA M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N PERA

CENS Q-FABIVS-Q.F.Q.N. MAXIM VERRVCOS.M.SEMPRONIVS.C.F-M.N.TVDITAN-L.F-XL
L-POSTVMIVS-A-F.A.N ALBINVS-H CN-FVLVIVS-CN F.CN-N-CENTVMALVS
SP.CARVILIVS.SP.F.C.N.MAXIMVS-M Q-FABIVS-Q-F-Q-N-MAXIM-VERRVCOS-IT
P-VALERIVS-L-F-M-N FLACCVS M-ATlLIVS-M-F-M-N REGVLVS
M-VALERIVS-W-F-M-N MESSALLA L-APVSTIVS.L-F C-N FVLLO

BELLVM-GALLICVM-CISALPlNVM
L.AIMILIVS.Q.F-CN-N PAPVS C-ATILIVS-M-F-M-N REGVLVS
CENS.C.CLAVDIVS-AP.F-C.N.CENTHO M.IVNIVS-D-F-D.N.PERA.L.F.XXXXII

T.MANLIVS-T.F.T.N.TORQVATVS.IT Q-FVLVIVS-M-F-Q-N FLACVS-M

L.CAECIUVS.L.F.C.N.METELLVS DICT
COMIT H4B CAVSSA
. .

N-FABIVS-M-F-M-N BVTEO MAG-EQ

DXXX-C-FLAMINIVS-C.F.L NEPOS P-FVRIVS.SP-F.M-N PERILVS
CN.CORNELIVS-L.F.L.N.SCIPIO.CALV M-CLAVDIVS-M-F-M-N-MARCELLVS

524. M. Aimilius L. f(ilius) M. lunius D. f(ilius) D.

Q. n(epos) Barbula,
n(epos) Pera Cens(ores') Fabius Q. f(ilius) Q. n(epos) Maxim(us~)
Q.
Verrucos(us), M. Sempronius C.f(ilius) M. n(epos) Tuditan(us) l(ustrum)
f(ecerunt) XLI.
525. L. Postumius A. f(ilius) A. n(epos) Albinus 77, Cn. Fulvius Cn. f(ilius)
Cn. n(epos) Centumalus.
526. Sp. Carvilius Sp. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Maximus 77, Q. Fabius Q. f(ilius)
Q. n(epos) Maxim(us) Verrucos(us^) II.
527. P. Valerius L. f(ilius) M. n(epos) Flaccus, M. Atilius M. f(ilius) M.

n(epos) Segulus.
628. M. Valerius M\f(ilius) M. n(epos) Messalla, L. Apustius L. f(ilius) C.
n(epos) Fullo.
364 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Bellum Gallicum Cisalpinum.

529. L. Aimilius Q. f(ilius) Cn. n(epos) Papws, C. Atilius M. f(ilius} M.
n(epos) Regulus. Censor(es) C. Claudius Ap. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Centho,
M. lunius D. f(ilins) D. n(epos) Pera l(ustrum) f(ecerunt) XXXXII.
5:)0. T. Manlius T. f(ilius) T. n(epos) Torqnatus II, Q. Fulvius M. f(ilius)

Q. n(epos) Flaccus II.

^
L. Caecilius L. f(ilius) C. n(epos) Mctellus,

dict(ator}, N. Fabius M. f(ilius~) M. n(epos) Bute.o, mag(ister) eq(uitum),

comit(iorum) hab(endorum) caussa.
531. (Anno) XXX. C. Flamini[us C. f(ilius) L. n~\epos, P. Furius Sp. f(ilins)
M. n(epos~) Perilus.
532. Cn. Cornel[ius L. f(ilius) L. n(epos) Sc]ipio Calv(us), M. Claudius M.
M. n(epos) Marcellus.

'

The following are portions of the Acta Triumphorum c the years

494, 495, and 632.

494/260. C. Duilius M. f(ilius) M. n(epos) co(n~)s(ul) primus navalem

(triumphum) de (SiCMi(i) et classe Poenica egit, an(no) CDXCIII k(alendis)

interkalar(ibus).
495/259. L. Cornelius L. f(ilius} Cn. n(e,pos) Scipin co(n)s(wZ), de Pueneis
et Sardinia) Corsica, an(no) CDXClV V id(us) Mart(ias).
632/122. L. Aurelius L. f. L. n. Orestes cos., ex Sardinia), pro an(no)
DC[XXXI] VI idus Dec(embres).

II. The second class of the fasti consulares and acta triumphontm
includes the fragments of the fasti, which various priestly colleges
and Italian municipalities framed for their own use, as a means of
recording and dating public events. These are named from their
origin or from circumstances associated with their discovery or
preservation, e.g. Fasti Amiternini.
 FASTI ANNI IULIANI 365

BEUVM'ACTIESCLASS
CVMMANtONIO
IMKAESARDlVIf fi"l

A portion of the Fasti Conaulares of Amiternuiu.

Hubner's Exempla, No. 952.

723/31. Bellum Actie(ii}s(e) class(iarium) cum M. Antonio, Imp. Caesar divif.

HI M. Valerius Messal(la) Corvin(us), suf. M. Titus L. f. Cn. Pompeius
Q-f-

Fasti Anni luliani

These calendars, which are essentially religious documents, repre-

sent the early lists of days and festivals which were kept at first
exclusively by the priests, but were afterward (450/304) published
through the efforts of Cn. Flavius, who placed a copy of the calendar
in the Forum. From this time the custom prevailed of exposing in a
public place the list of days and festivals, which was determined
by the priests.
The municipalities and collegia adopted a similar custom, and set
up in cities, temples, and even private houses, copies of the calen-
dars, the originals of which were made by the pontifices at Eome.
There are in existence to-day thirty of these calendars, engraved
or painted on stone, and in a more or less fragmentary state, with
the exception of the Kalendariiim Maffeianum, which is almost com-
plete. They are all of about the same age, arranged according to
the Julian year, which brings the date later than 709/45. They
were all made, however, in 'the time of the Julian and Claudian
emperors, since the oldest belongs to the middle of the reign of
Augustus, while the latest dates in 804 A.U.C., 51 A.D.
The Koman calendars as they appear in these fasti consist of a
series of columns of which the first indicates the eight days of the

week by the litterae nundinales ABCDEFGH, which are repeated

for the successive weeks. Certain days of the Roman year have
names which belong to themselves alone, while the remaining days
are named from these and specialized by the addition of a numeral.
The days tlws named recur every month or year. Those recurring
every month are the Kalends, (K) Nones, (NON) ; ; Ides, (EID).
366 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

April 14, Loedi C(ereri)

LOEDi C " Loedi C(ererf)

15, Ford(icidia).
"
16,

"
17,
" 18,
" Loedi in
19, Cer(ialia~). Cer(eri)
LOED-CERINt
c(i'rco)
"
20,
" 21, Parilia. Roma cond(ita)
R.OMACOND
FER-COROf ATIS OM "
22, Feriae coronatis om(nibus~)
" Yen
VEMER1 23, Fern (aha). ~i

"
24,
" 25, Rob(igalia)
"
-26,
"
27,

-<
r
^^^
" 28, Loedi Flor(ae). Fer(iae) q(uod)

CirC~^I-OEI>F VES-MNDOMOP indomo P(alatina)\dedic(atum)

^Hi ^S^ BEDIC " 29, Loed(i) F(lorae)
jLOED-F " " "
30,
Fasti Caeretani.

April.
Hubner's Eaeemjilti. No. 976.

Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, now in the Palazzo dei Conser-
vator! at Rome. The date is about 34 A.D.

The names of the days which recur yearly are the following :

Jan. 9 Agonalia Mar. 19 Quinquatrus May 23 Tubilustrium

" 11 Carmentalia " 23 Tubilustrium June 9 Vestalia
" 15 Carmentalia 15 Fordicidia " 11 Matralia
Apr.
Feb. 15 " 19 Cerialia
Lupercalia Quinct. 5 Poplifugium
" 17 " 19 Lucaria
Quirinalia Apr. 21 Parilia
" 21 Feralia " 23 Vinalia " 21 Lucaria
" 23 Terminalia " 25 Robigalia " 23 Neptunalia
" 24 9 Lemuria " 25 Furrinalia
Regifugium May
" 27 " 11 Lemuria Sext. 17 Portunalia
Equirria
Mar. 14 Equirria
" 13 Lemuria " 19 Vinalia
" 17 Liberalia Agonalia " 21 Agonalia " 21 Consualia
 FASTI ANNI IULIANI 367

Sext. 23 Volcanalia Oct. 13 Fontinalia Dec. 17 Saturnalia

" 25 Opiconsiva " 19 Armilustrium " 19 Opalia
" 27 Volturnalia Dec. 11 Agonalia In(ualia?) " 21 Divalia
Oct. 11 Meditrinalia " 15 Consualia " 23 Larentalia

In addition to the litterae nundinales and the names of certain days

the calendars contain letters indicating the ius et natura of the days.
These are as follows F : =
fastus, which marked the days on
which the praetor might say the words do, dico, addico, and legal
business might be transacted. F P. This is of uncertain mean-
ing, perhaps equal to f(astus) p(rincipio~), i.e. fastus in the first part
of the day.

Q R C F = q(uandoc) r(ex) c(omitiavif), f(as~), i.e. the day was

fastus after the rex sacriftculus, had presided in the comitia calata
called twice a year 'for the making of wills. These letters are
attached to March 24th and May 24th.
Q S T D F = q(uandoc) s(tercus') d(elatum) f(as), i.e. the day
is fastus after the rubbish has been carried from the temple of Vesta.
These letters are attached to June 15th.
N = n(efastus~). The courts are closed, hence no legal business
may be transacted.
NP in many but hF in Fasti Pighiani. This also signifies
fasti,

nefastus, but thesedays are nefasti (Mores) because of some festival,

and not nefasti (tristes~) as the preceding, connected with religious
observances. Mommsen explains hP as originating in an N of four
strokes made, as A/V for Manios, for the sake of differentiation. Some
explain NF as equal to n(efastu's) f(eriatus) or n(e)f(astus).
EN = endotercisus or intercisus. 1 The day on which the victim
for sacrifice was slain in the morning, and the exta offered in the
evening, the intervening time was fastus.
C = c(omitialis dies').
2

1
Varro L.L. 6, 31. Intercisi dies sunt, per quos mane et vesperi est we/as,
medio tempore inter hostiam caesam et exta porrecta fas, a quo, quod fas turn
intercedit aut eo est intercisum nefas, intercisum.
2 Macrob. Sat.
1, 16, 14. Comitiales sunt quibus cum populo agi licet, et

fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus utrumque
potest.
368 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

E K'AVGVSTA E s?u AD-FOIWAVHOUTOJUVM

F ii" N ^^^oj^m^^Kl^^^lL
(TJ
Cin CITIMOREM.VIC1T
H Cr*

ANO KJ AE SAlvrl-iNCOut-Qinn Krxit-JAC8.iriciv^

5 MM P tVBllCVM,
A portion of the fasti Vallense*.

August.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 973.

Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Rome, now in the museum at Naples.

The date is prior to 14 A.D.

Aug. 1. k(alendae~) Augustae. Spei ad forum holitorium. \ Natal(is~) T.Claudii

Germanici.
" 2. Feriae quod hoc die imp(erator) Caesar Hispaniam citeriorem vicit.
" 5. Nonae. Saluti in colle Qtiirinale sacrificium publicum.
C. I. Z,. I., 2 p. 240.

Menologia Rustica,

Another form of calendar is that which is represented to-day by

the Menologium Rusticum Colotianum
l
and Menologium Rusticum
1
Vallense. They were prepared for the guidance of farmers, and
therefore state facts of value to that particular class. The former
of these was discovered in Rome, and is still preserved in the
museum at Naples. The calendar is engraved on the sides of a
cubical marble altar in twelve columns, each containing the list of

days for the month. At the head of each column is a sign of the
zodiac, underneath which is the name of the month, the number of
days, the day of the nones, the hours of the day and night, the
name of the sign through which the sun, the god of the month,
passed, the agricultural labors appropriate to the month, and the
principal festivals. See pp. 369, 370.

iC. /. Z. I. ,2 p. 282.
 MENOLOGIUM RUSTICUM 369

LAT. INSCRIP. 24
370 LATIN INSCRIPTION'S
 SACRED DOCUMENTS 371

SACRED DOCUMENTS
The documents relating to the consecration of temples and con-
nected with objects of religious worship, such as altars and conse-
crated treasures, form another class of acta.
I. The first to be mentioned are the leges templorum, referring to
the consecration of temples and altars, of which the following are
examples.
1. The lex fani of the temple of Juppiter Liber at Furfo, a Sabine town,

dating 090/68. C. I. L. I. 003 = IX. 3513. The introductory form is,

L. Aienus L.f., Q. Baebatius Sex.f.aedem dedicarunt lovis Libert Furfone a.d.

Ill idus Quinctileis, L. Pisone A. Gabinio cos.

Introductory portion of one of the Leges Arae Narbonensis dating 11 A.D.

Hubner's Exempla, No. 1099.

2. The laws dedicating an altar at Narbo to the divinity of Augustus, prob-

ably inscribed in the time of the Antonines, when the altar was rebuilt. C. I. L.
XII. 4333. The first sentence of the lex on the front of the altar is given above.
The lex on the side is introduced as follows :

[Plep]s Narbonesis a [ram] j

numinis Angusti de[di~\cavit legibus
Us q(uae~) i(nfra) s(criptae) s(ttnt}:
Numen Caesaris Aug(usti) p(atris) p(atriae~), quando tibi hodie hanc aram
dabo dedicaboque, his legibus hisque regionibus dabo dedicaboqite, quas hie
hodie palam dixero, uti infimum solitm huiusque arae titulorumque est.

3. A law dedicating an altar of Jupiter at Salona in Dalmatia, dating 137

A.D. C. I. L. III. 1933.

C. Domitius Valens II vir i(ure) d(icundo'), prae\eunte C. lulio Severo pon-

tif(_ice},~\ legem dixit in ea verba qnae infra scripta
sunt.
372 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

ENSA-OMNI'EXOPLNATV
Portion of a lex templi inscribed on a marble tablet found at Caere, dating 114 A.D.
Hubner's Exetnpla, No. 1074.

Vesbinus Aug(usti) l(ibertus} phetrium Augustalibus municipi Caeritum loco \

accepto a re p(ublica) sua inpensa omni exornatum donum dedit. De-

\ \

scriptum recognitum factum in pronao aedis Martis ex commentario quern \

iussit proferri Cuperius Hostilianus per T. Itustium Lysiponum scribam, \

in quo scriptum erat id quod infra scriptum est :

\
L. Publilio Celso II C.
ClodioCrispino co(n)s(M^'6?ts) idibus Aprilib(us), M. Pontio Celso \

dictatore, C. Suetonio Claudiano aedile iuri dicundo, praef(ecto) aerari.

Commentarium cottidianum municipi Caeritum, inde pagina XXVII
\

kapite VI: \
M. Pontius Celsus dictator et C. Suetonius Claudianus
decuriones in templo Divor(um) corrogaverunt . . .

Act(um} idib(us~) lunis Q. Ninnio Hasta P. Manilla Vopisco co(n)s(ulibus).\

Dedicatum K(alendis) Aug(ustis) isdem co(n)s(ulibus). C. L L. XI. 3614.

II. Enumeration of offerings or ornaments belonging to a sanctuary

or attached to the statues of divinities.

1. An inscription on marble from the temple of Diana Nemorensis, giving

the res traditae fanis, e.g. signa n(umero) XVII; caput Solis I; imagines
argenteas IIII, etc. C. L L. XIV. 2215.
2. A list of ornaments on a statue of Isis, in Spain, e.g. in digito minima
anuli duo gemmis adamant (ibus). C. L L. II. 3386.
3. Two marble tablets containing an inventory of the res sacrae of the
people of Cirta.
Synopsis lovis Victor argenteus in Kapitolio habens in capite coronam
argenteam. C. L L. VIII. 6981-82.
4. A
list of offerings dedicated to the god Aesculapius, found at Riez, in

Gallia Narbonensis. C. I. L. XII. 364.

III. these inscriptions belonging to sacred objects, we

With
should also class the sortes l or lots supposed to be given by divini-

1
C. L L. L, p. 268 ff., and also XI. 1129 a-c.
 SACRED DOCUMENTS 373

ties,and serving as oracular responses in the practice of divination.

These were little tablets of wood or bronze, upon which some
proverb or wish was written, regarded as an omen when the tablet
was properly drawn. Seventeen of these lamellae, made of bronze,
oblong in shape, provided with a handle for carrying, were discov-
ered at Padua, not far from Fans Aponus, a seat of divination.

LAETVS LVBENS QVOD PETITO -

q DABITVR .
GAVDEBIS SEMPER
C. I. L. I. 1448.

IV. Monumentum Ancyranum. 1

This famous inscription, engraved upon the walls of a temple, but
not in a religious sense associated with the sacred building, is, with
difficulty, classed with any other inscription. Some 2 regard it as
an epitaph, but Mommsen likens it to the inscription on the tomb
3

Commagene on the Nimrud Dagh, in Mesopotamia.

of Antiochus of
The Monumentum Ancyranum, as termed by Suetonius, an index
rerum a se gestarum, is most valuable in giving information as to the

history of the early Empire. It was originally cut on bronze tab-

lets, so as to be placed in front of the mausoleum of Augustus in

Rome, quern incidi vellet (Augustus) in aeneis tabulis quae ante

Mausoleum statuerentur* and was reproduced in Latin on the inner
wall of the vestibule, and in Greek on the outer wall of the temple
of Augustus and Roma at Ancyra in Galatia, Asia Minor. This
copy is still in great part in existence, so that the substance of the
whole may be, with few exceptions, fully determined. Selections
from the praescriptio and capita I and XIX are given below.

1
C. /. L. III., p. 769 ff. Momrasen, Res Gestae
; Augusti, 1883. DM
Bormann, Bemerkungen zum Schriftlichen Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus,
2

p. 15 ff. Philologus, 1885, p. 157 ff. ; p. 170 ff. Bullettino Comunale, 1889,
p. 1 ff. ; p. 57 ff.
3
Historische Zeitschrift, 1887, p. 385.
*
Suet. Aug. 101 Dio Cass. LVI. 33.
;
374 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

From the Monumentuin Ancyranum.

Hubner's Exempla, No. 1090.

PRAESCRIPTIO Iterum gestarum dim Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio

:

populi Rom(ani) subiecit et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populum-

\

que Ro\_ma~\nnm fecit, incisarnm in duabus aheneis pilis, quae su[n]t

\

Bomae positae, exemplar subiectum.

CAPUT I: Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata im-
comparavi, per quern
pensa \
. . .

CAPUT XIX Curiam et continens

: ei Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in \

Palatio cum porticibus .... fed.

V. Documents of the Collegia of Priests.

The documents belonging to the various sacerdotal colleges are

represented in the inscriptions by fragments which, with one excep-
tion, namely, the acta of the Arval brotherhood, are of comparatively
small account. 1

Acta Collegii Fratrum Arvalium.

The corporation or brotherhood of the fratres arvales is believed
to have been an ancient institution dating from the time of the
kings, which, becoming obsolete, was revived by Augustus. It was
a company of priests, twelve in number, whose original purpose
appears to have been to offer sacrifices and prayers for the fertility
of the fields. They presided at the festival of Dea Dia in May, for
which function alone they were regarded as priests.

1
See Fasti, Acta, Tituli Sacerdotum Publicorum Populi Bomani, C. I. L. VI.,
p. 439.
 MILITARY DOCUMENTS 375

The members of the brotherhood were chosen by cooptation and

held position for life. Their place of worship was in luco Deae Diae
ora Campana apud lapidem V. (C. I. L. VI. p. 575.)
The acta of this priestly college have been preserved for us in a

large number of inscriptions which have been discovered in the

Vigna Ceccarelli, near the fifth milestone from Rome, on the Via
Portuensis.
There are in existence to-day acta dating from the time of
Augustus to the reign of Gordian, 241 A.D. These contain various
details, e.g. the names of those attending, the date, place, method
of procedure, etc., of various ceremonies associated with events in
the lives of the reigning emperor and members of his family. They
are of great value in the determination of dates.
A number of these inscriptions were published at Rome in 1795
by Gaetano Marini in Atti e Monumenti de' FratelU Arvali. The
modern work on this subject is Acta Fratrum Arvalium Quae
1

Sitpersunt, W. Henzen, Berlin, 1874.

In the account of the ceremonies as found in the acta of the year
218 A.D. of the reign of Elagabalus, there occurs the famous chant, 2
which has tested the ingenuity of many scholars.

VI. Commentarium of the Secular Games.

Among these instrumenta sacra there should also be mentioned
the recently discovered acta of the Secular Games (commentarium
ludorum saeculariuvri), dating 737/17, and containing the famous
reference to the poem of Horace, the Carmen Saeculare. s

DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ARMY 4

The most important documents associated in their origin with

the Roman army are the lists of soldiers (latercula militum) which
1
See also C. I. L. VI. 2028-2119 ;
Bullet. Comunale, 1889, p. 116 ff.; Ephem.
Ep. II., p. 211 ff. VIII. p. 316.
; ,

2
C. I. L. VI. 2104, 1. 32. C. I. L. I. 28.
3
Monumenti. Antichi of the Accad. Lincei, L, 1891, p. 3 ff. R. Lanciani,
Pagan and Christian Rome, p. 73.
4
Latercula of soldiers stationed at Rome are given in C. I. L. VI. See also
Ephem. Ep. IV., p. 315 ff. Kellerman, Vigilum Bomanorum Latercula Duo
376 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

appear often as additions to other inscriptions either dedicatory

or honorary in their character. The names of the soldiers, accom-
panied by the name of the tribus and native town, and in some
cases by indications of rank, are arranged in sections according to
centuries, with the name of the centurion in the genitive case, head-
ing each section. Probably with the intention of making a docu-
ment regular and orderly in appearance, the final letters of the
nomen and cognomen, as well as of the indications of origin, are
separated from these words.

V MAXIMINI

TORQVATO ET
SEX BAEBIV S
TESS
C VASENV S
T ENNIV S
M
SEX PATVLCIVS
T CALINIV S

"^C ARMINIV S
C VALERIV S
 DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 377

At the camp discovered at Lambaesis, in Africa, there have been

found a number of interesting inscriptions connected with the
l
army :

1. Register of centurions of the legion III Augusta, dating 162 A.D. Ephem.
Ep. V. 1276.
2. Address of Hadrian at the time of his visit in June or July, 128 A.D.

This is extant in a fragmentary state. C. I. L. VIII. 2532.

3. Regulations of the collegia of under officers established in the camp of

the legion III Augusta, dating in the time of Septimius Severus. C. /. L.

VIII. 2552-2557.

DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES

I. Decrees of the Decuriones.

The decrees of the municipal senate are closely related in their

character to the senatus consulta of the general government at Rome,
and hence are similar in form, giving the date, place of assembly,
and the usual formulae, scribundo adfuere with names of wit-
nesses, and q(uid) d(e) e(a) r(e)f(ieri) p(laceret), d(e) e(a) r(e) i(ta)
c(ensuere).
A number of these documents have been preserved in the inscrip-
tions, of which the following are examples :

1. The most ancient is the Lex Parieti Faciendo of Puteoli, dating 649/105,
which, however, in its present form, is a restoration of the second century A.D.

C. I. L. X. 1781. See page 378. .

2. Cenotaphia Pisana of 3 A.D. inscribed on a marble tablet. These are

decrees of the Senate of Pisa relating to the honores given to Lucius and Gaius
Caesar, the grandsons of Augustus. C. I. L. XI. 1420.
3. The decree of the Senate of Gabii on a marble tablet dating 140 A.D.

This refers to memorial honores given to Domitia, wife of Domitian. C. L L.

XIV. 2795.
4. The Decretum Tergestinum. This decree refers to L. Fabius Severus,
quaestor urbanus, who has rendered service to the decuriones and people of
Tergeste. The date is 138-161. C. L L. V. 532.

Cagnat, ISArmee Romaine

1
d'Afrique. Mommsen, Bulletin des Antiquites
Africaines, 1884, p. 282.
378 LATIN ENSCRIPTIONS

OMKb^'s v z^Sscbas
!g<gpfagz^3fe2Si^
'% axSR ^g^ijgs
?5sS3i5aslg|5 u __
SsSllsSl&SS
at5c!>^B2S^frt;2CS :
9fet>cit:i

uj qi ^ ,< <, -< .

'
__:.- : : -: -^ ^ u. ^-<. -

Ifi iillip liii 111^^^

|i|i||||5iilii^|g||ii
I^||g||s^i8|l^8g|g^|-'
 DOCUMENTS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 379

II. Registers of Deeuriones.

There are also in existence two examples of the lists of municipal
senators.

1. A bronze tablet from Canusium (Canosa), dating 223 A.D. C. I. L. IX.

338. L, Mario Maximo II, L. Eoscio Aeliano cos // viri

quinqiienn(ales) nomina decurionum in aere incidenda curaverunt.

The names are classified as of patroni c. c. v. v., patroni e. e. q. q. H.B., quin-
quennalicii, allecti inter quinq., II viralicii, aedilicii, quaestoricii, pedani, prae-
textati.
2. The album ordinis Thamugadensis, dating in the last years of Constantine
or in the time of Julian. C. I. L. VIII. 2403.
The names are classified as of v. v. c. c , sacerdotales, curator, duo viri, ponti-
fices, augures, ediles, quaestores, duomralicii.

III. Tabulae Patroiiatus.

Mention has already been made of the customs associated with
hospitium and the gift of tokens in portable form, tesserae hospitales,
denoting such relation.
Similar to this custom was that which led communities to present
to distinguished persons whom they made their patroni, bronze
tabulae patronatus et hospitii, which could be placed in the atrium of
the house or in some public position.
These inscriptions assume either the character of decrees or have
a form peculiar to themselves.
One class of the less formal of these documents, 1 in which senatus populusque
or a similar phrase forms the subject of the verb, may be illustrated by the decree
of the Pagus Gurzensium in Africa; by which L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, grand-
father of Nero, is made patron.
P. Sulpicio Quirinio Q. Valgio co(ri)s(ulibus). Senatus populusque civita-
tium stipendiariorum pago Gurzenses hospitium fecerunt quom L. Domitio
Cn. f. L. n. Ahenobarbo proco(n}s(ule) eumque . . .
patronum co(o}ptaverunt,
isque eos . . . in Jidem clientelam suam reccpit. Faciundum coeraverunt ille,
ille, ille. C. I. L. VIII. 68-69.
In another class 2
the name of the person honored is the subject of the phrase
hospitium fecit.

Of patronatus found at Rome, C. L. VI.

1
this character are the tabulae /.

1685-1687 ;
at Brixia, V. 4919, 4922 ;
in Sardinia, X. 7846.
2
C. L L. VIII. 8837 : II. 1343.
380 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

C. Pomponiu[s .] hospitium tesseram[que

. . .
| hospitalem quom} \

senatu populoque Cur[_ubitano .... fecit eidemque] eius studio beni- \

ficieis [. . devincti publice] preivatimque C. Pompon[ium

. .
posteros- . . .

que] eius patronum sibei po[sterisq(ue) sueis cooptaverumt decretumque ?] \

quom hospitale tessera [. '. .

?]] Himilconis f(ilius)
attulerunt legati
Zentuc(. . .
.) [ ] suffetes Muthunilim Hi[
| ] Milcatonis |

f(ilius) Baric(. .) . .
H[ ] Ammicaris f(ilius) Zecenor. Ammi-
|

caris f(ilius) Lilva(. . .

.), Mi[ ] | act(a) d(te) K(alendas)
Mai(as~) C. Caesar[e ] co(n)s(ulibus').

Inscribed on a bronze tablet, dating 693/61 or 706/48 or 708/46. C. I. L.

VIII. 10525.

DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA 1

The instrumenta of the collegia recall the documents of the munici-

palities which they resemble in character and form. The most im-
portant of these acta are the following :

I. Registers of Members.
1. A register (album') of the ordo corporatorum lenuncularior(um)
tabulariorum auxiliariorum Ostiensium is inscribed on marble
tablets which date 152-192 A.D. C, I. L. XIV. 250, 251. The
names are arranged in classes as in the album of the decuriones,

e.g. patroni, quinquennales, plebs.

2. A register of a collegium of Herculaneum. C. L L. X. 1403.
3. A register of the dendrophori dating 251 A.I>. C. I. L. X. 3699.
4. A roll of &familia of gladiators of C. Salvius Capito lanista, arranged
in categories according to the classes of gladiators, e.g. equites,
Thraeces, murmillones, retiarii, sagittarii. C. 7. L. IX. 465-466.

II. Decrees.
1. Lex Collegii Aesculapi et Hygiae, of the year 153. C. L L. VI. 10234.
2. Decretum of the dendrophori of Puteoli, of 196 A.D. C. I. L. X. 1786.

1
W. Liebenam, Decrete der Collegien, Leipzig, 1890.
 DOCUMENTS OF THE COLLEGIA 381

IPACEIEI VTEiaWl-COMLEGr65EiVEMAGSTf
*

f
S VfV 7M0 VEt CO/AfAG El-LOC VS 1/^-TE ATRI-O
CS5ETTAA^QyA SEl-Si!LVOOS FEdSSE NT I

!
L- AVEVSTIV5 bbSTR ATO-G ANTO Nl VS NV L

DIOPANT

PHILlrxICA/
Ql-LlV^
NTIQCVS

Zea;
N.F

Pagana
AMD^/V-AAVNN fVS-N-l
II lO-Cff CA LDO
AHFMOBARB COS
of Herculaneum. 660/94.
y
Kitschl's P. L. M. E. Tab. LXV.

Pagus FTerculaneus scivit a. [d]. X Termina\lia~\, \ conlegium, seive magistrei

lovei Compagei [sunt], utei in porticum paganam reficiendam \ pequniam
consumerent ex lege pagana, \
arbitratu On. Laetori On. magistreif. \

pag[ei~], uteiqne ei conlegio, seive magistri \

sunt lovei Compagei, locus in
teatro \
esset tarn quasei sei Zw[d]os fecissent. C. L L. I. 571 = X. 3772.

This a decree of the magistri pagi directing the officers of the

is

collegium of libertini, named from Juppiter Compagus, the god of

brotherhood, to spend money in public improvements rather than

on games.
382 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PRIVATE DOCUMENTS

Epigraphic remains of this character are comparatively rare be-

cause of the absence of the necessity of preservation and publication
which naturally belonged to documents of a public character. Hence
whatever has been preserved to us of any importance has been asso-
ciated with other inscriptions such as titnli lioiiomrii or titnfi .svy>///-
crales. The acta ad sepnlcrales sjiectantia mentioned above and given
in C. I. L. vol. VI. are examples of such inscriptions.

Wax Tablets.

There still remain to us, however, very interesting inscriptions of

a private nature on the wax tablets of Dacia and Pompeii.
As early as 1786 and also in more recent years there have been dis-
covered in the mining regions of Dacia, at modern Verespatak, wax
tablets which extend in date over a period of forty years, 131-107
A.D. These are preserved to-day in the Museum of Pesth. 1
Other wax tablets have also been found at Pompeii in the house
2
of L. Caecilius lucundus, the banker.
These wax tablets, similar in form to the bronze tablets mentioned
above, with the exception that most of the former are triptychs, i.e.
of three tablets, while the latter are diptychs, are made of wood
with inner sides covered with black wax and sunk below the surface.
The rim or border of each tablet is pierced with holes for binding

purposes. Across the middle of the second page of the second

tablet, i.e. the fourth of the triptych, a groove is cut parallel to the
shorter edge. At the ends of the groove holes are pierced, through
which triple strings were drawn which were fastened in the groove.
The third tablet was not fastened, in order that an abstract of the
deed, which in Dacian tablets appeared on the fifth and a part of
the fourth page, but in the Pompeian triptychs only on the fifth,

1
C. I. L. III., p. 921, Instrumenta Dacica in Tabulis Ceratls Conscripta.
2 G. de Petra, Le Tavole Cerate Pompei in Atti dell' Academia dei Lincei,
vol. III. 1870. Mummsen, Hermes, XII. 1377, p. 88. Overbeck, Pompeii, 4th
ed. by Mau, 1884, pp. 489 ff. Notizie degli Scam, 1887, pp. 415-420.
 PRIVATE DOCUMENTS 383

Inner face of the first tabula of a Dacian triptych. The second tabula is shown on pages
384, 385; the third has disappeared.

Maximus Batonis pnellam nomine \

Passiam, sive ea quo alio nomine est,
1
an\norum, cirriter p(lus) m(inus') sex, empta sportellaria, emit manci-
\

pioque accepit \
de Dasio Verzonis Pirusta ex Kaviereti[o~]
3t ducentis \

quinque lam pnellam sanam esse a furtis hoxisque solntam, fiigitium

\ \

erronem non esse, praestari. Qunt si qnis e[a~]m puellam partemve quam
\ \

ex eo l
quis evicerit, \ quominus Maximum Batonis quo\ve ea res pertinebit,
habere possi\dereque recte liceat, turn qnanti \
ca puella empta est, [tan~\tam
pecuni[a]m. C. I. L. III. p. 937.

This is a cautio de puella empta, dating March 17, 139 A.D., now in the
museum at Pesth.

1
Mommsen believes that the words empta sportellaria imply that the girl was,
sportulae causa, given with her mother without additional charge, sportula
having the meaning of gratuity.
384 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

might be seen without disturbing the seals. The Dacian tablets

have wax surfaces on all but the first and sixth pages, which were
not used. In the Pompeian tablets the first, fourth, and sixth pages

Inner face of second tabula of the Dacian triptych shown on p. 388.

Et alterum tantum dari, fide rogavit \

Maximus Batonis, fide promisit Dasius \
Verzonis, Pirusta ex Kavicreti[o~\. \ Proque. ea puella, quae. s(upra) s(cripta)
est, } ducen\tos quinqn'e acccpisse e.t habere \
se dixit Dasius Verzonis a
Maximo Batonis. \
Actnm Karto XVI k. Apriles, \
Tito Aelio Caesare
Antonino Pio II et Bruttio \
Praesente II cos.

are plain wooden surfaces, so that the names of the witnesses which
are written in both cases on the fourth page are cut in the wooden
surface of the Pompeian triptychs.
These tablets are inscribed in cursive letters and contain business
documents of various kinds.
 PRIVATE DOCUMENTS 385

Devotiones.

We may also class with these private documents the devotiones

or deftxiones which contain phrases of ill wishing directed against

Outer face of the second tabula of Jhe Pacian triptych shown on ]>p. 3si. ::-4.

Maximi Ve\neti princi\pis |, Masuri Messi \ dec(urionis) \

Anneses An\dunoc-
netis, Plant Verzo\nls Sclaietis |, Liccai Epicadi Marciniesi], Epicadi
| \

Plaren\tis qui et Mico Dasi Vevzonis ipsius vendi\toris.

\ \

The abstract of the deed in the above is the same as the deed on the first
tabula except that it is not completed, running only to ea res ; et is inserted in
line 9, earn takes the place of iam, and a is omitted in line 10, noxaque appears
for noxisque, fugitivam f or fugitium, earn for em.

personal enemies or those guilty of some offence. They consist of

formulaic expressions consigning the one disliked to some sinister
deity to whom the deftxio is addressed. Most of these devotiones
LAT. INSCRIP. 25
386 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

are written in a rude cursive style on tablets of lead or bronze which

were placed in sanctuaries or tombs. -

A few of them are in monumental form, as e.g. one l

found in Spain addressed
to DeaAtaecina, Dea Ataecina
Tttribriy(ensis), Proserpina, per tuam maies-
tatem te rogo oro obsecro, uti vindices quot mihi furti factum est.

Deflxio inscribed on a lead tablet found at Bath, England. The words, with
few exceptions, are in retrograde order.
Hubner's Exempla, No. 947.

Q(ui) mihi ma(n)teliu(r>i) in[v]olavit, |

com aqua ella m[u]ta, ni q(ui) earn [sa~\lv\avit

sic liquat (c) |

Anniu(s) vel exs \nper e(i) us [V^erianus, Se\verimis, A(u)gustalis,

Com\itianus, Catusminianus, \ Germanilla, lovina
See also Zangemeister, Hermes, XV., p. 688.

WALL INSCRIPTIONS

Inscriptiones Parietariae

It is. difficult to classify either as tituli or instrumenta the inscrip-

tions which appear upon walls of buildings such as those of Pompeii
and, in less number, those of Rome for in reality they partake of
;

the nature of both, so diverse is their character and purpose.

The inscriptions which are painted or scratched with a yraphiam
upon the clay walls of the houses of Pompeii are edited by C.
Zangemeister in C. I. L. vol. IV. and Epliem. Ep. I. 49, 177 ff.
1
C. /. L. II. 462.
 WALL INSCRIPTIONS 387

The Pompeian inscriptions belonging to the pre-

earliest of these

Augustan period are those painted in red on the tufa walls of the
houses, and consist mainly of recommendations for election of
candidates for municipal offices.

N BARCHA -
II V V BO VFITA V BEIS .
VENVS POMP SACRA

N(umerium) Barcha(m) II v(irum) v(irum) b(pnuin) o(ro) v(os) f(aciatis),

ita v\_o~\bns Venus Fomp(eiana) sacra [sancta propitia sit]. C. I. L. IV. 26.

Some of these are advertisements of various kinds, e.g. for a vase that has
been stolen (No. 64), and again others give lists of officers, as the magistri vici

et compiti (No. 60, 707/47).

The painted inscriptions of a later date (Nos. 84-1176) contain information
of a similar character to those just mentioned.
A large number of these wall inscriptions are announcements .of gladiatorial
games (Nos. 1176-1204). They are introduced at times by some formula as pro
salutedomus Augustae, giving the alleged cause for the holding of the contests.
This statement is followed by the name of the man to whom the/aroi7ia gladia-
toria belongs, the number of pairs matched, the place, time, other events, and
additional attractions, as sparsiones, vela, etc.
Ln[creti~]i Valentis flaminis Neronis Aug(usti) f(ilii) perpetui, D. Lucreti(i)
Valentin filial), [fam(ilia) glad(iatoria) pugn(abit) Pompeis~\ k(alendas) V
April(e.s) ; venatio et vela erunt, p. colonia ... C. I. L. IV. 1185.

The inscriptions scratched with a graphiurn on the walls of the

houses are mainly of a private character.
XII k(alendas~) Maias tun(icam) pal(liwn\ nonis Mais fas (ciani), VIII idus
Ma(ia~)s tunicas duas (lavandas dcdi or accepi). C. I. L. IV. 1393.

Others illustrated by the following contain verses from well-known poets.

C. L L. IV. 1895-6.
388 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

1. Quid pote tan durum saxso aut quid mollius undo,

Dura tamen molli saxsa cacantur aqua. Ovid. A. A. I. 475.

The Ms. reading is quid magis est saxo durum, quid mollius unda ?
2. Ubi perna cocta est si convivae npponitur
Non gustat pernam lingit ollam aut caccabum. Plautus, Persa I. 3, 25.

7. Z;. IV. 1891-98-94.

Littera Theorianis semper dictura salutem

Nomine mine dextri tempus in omne manet
Surda sit oranti tua ianua laxaferenti
Audiat exclitsi verba receptus [am]a[w*]. Ovid. A. A. I. 8, 77.

Janitor ad dantis vigilet, si pulsat inanis

Surdus in olductam somniet usq[ue] seram. Propert. V. 5, 47.

CONSULAR DiPTTCHS 1

(Diptycha Consularia)
In the later empire it became the custom for consuls when entering
upon their official duties to present to senators and other prominent
persons, carved ivory tablets. These contained representations of
the spectacles which marked their entrance to office, together with
the names and portraits of the consuls. They were in all probability
a sort of invitation to the initiatory festivals. The oldest of these
diptychs dates 406 A.D. and the latest 541.
i
C. 7. L. V. 6836, 8120 ;
XII. 133. W. Meyer, Zwei Antikf. Elfenbein-

tafeln, Abhandlung der K. Bayer, Akad. XV., Munich, 1879.

I., cl., vol.
He"ron de Villefosse, Feuille de Diptyque Consulaire Conservee au Louvre in
Gazette Archeologique, 1884.
 DOCUMENTS 389

DOCUMENTS
Lex Antonia de Termessibus
de Termesi(bus) Pisid(is) mai(oribus).
C. Antouius M. f., Cn. Corne[lttw] |

C. Fundanius C. f.
tr(ibunei) pl(ebei), de s(enatus) s(ententia)
plebem [ premius scivit. j

I. Quei Thermeses maiores Peisidae fuerunt, queique eorum legibus |

Thermesiura maiorum Pisidarum ante k. April., quae fuerunt |

1
L. Gellio Cn. Lentulo cos., Thermeses maiores Pisidae factei
[

sunt, queique ab |
ieis prognati sunt erunt, iei omnes postereique |

eorum Thermeses maiores Peisidae leiberei amicei socieique

populi Komani sunto, eique legibus sueis ita utunto, itaque
j

ieis omnibus sueis legibus Thermensis maioribus Pisideis |

utei liceto, quod advorsus hanc legem |

11011 fiat.
|
.

Quei agrei quae loca aedificia publica preivatave Thermensiun

maiorum Pisidarum intra fineis eorum sunt fueruntve L.
2
Marcio Sex. lulio cos., | quaeque insulae eorum sunt fueruntve
|
ieis quei supra scriptei sunt, quodque earum
consolibus, |

rerum ieis consulibus iei habuerunt possederunt us[e fruct- [

eique~\ sunt, quae

de ieis rebus locata non s[unt, utei antea \

habeant possideant; #]uaeque de ieis rebu[s agreis loceis |

aedificieis locata su]nt ac ne locentur [sctncitum est sanctione,

|

g]uae facta |
est e[of] \\_ege rogata L. Gellio Cn. Lentulo cos.,

e]a omnia Ther[meses maiores Pisidae habean^t possideant ;

ieisque [rebiis loceis agreis aedificieis utantur /rjuantur ita, |

3
utei ant[e Mitndatis bellum, quod ^>]reimum fuit, habueru[w |

possederunt useifrucf] eique sunt.

Quae Thermensorum m[aior]m Pisidarum publica preivatave |

praeter [Zocato] loca agros aedificia sunt |

fueruntve ante bellum
Mitridatis, factum est, quodque earum rerum
quod preimum j

iei anteahabuerunt possederunt usei fructeive sunt, quod

| |

eius ipsei sua voluntate ab se non abalienarunt, ea omnia |

Termensium maiorum Pisidarum, utei sunt fuerunt, ita sunto, |

itemque ieis ea omnia habere possidere uutei frueique liceto.

|
|
390 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

Quos Thermenses maiores Pisidae leiberos servosve |

bello Mitri-
datis ameiserunt, magistratus pr[oi;e] magistratu, quoia de ea |

re iuris dictio erit qu[oque] de ea re in ious aditum erit, ita de

\

ea re ious deicunto iudicia recuperationes danto, utei iei eos

recuperare possint.
Nei quis magistratus prove magistratu legatus ne[/ue] quis alius |

meilites in oppiduin Thermesum maiorum Pisidarurn agrumve |

Thermensium maiorum Pisidarum hiemaiidi caussa introdu-

|

cito, neive quo quis eo meilites introducat quove ibei

facito, |

meilites hiement, nisei senatus nominatim, utei Thermesum

maiorum Pisidarum in hibernacula meilites deducantur, de-
creverit: neive, quis magistratus prove magistratu legatus |

neive quis alius facito neive inperato, quo quid magis iei
|

dent praebeant ab ieisve auferatur, nisei quod eos ex lege

|

Porcia |
dare praebere oportet oportebit. |

Quae leges quodque ious quaeque consuetudo L. Marcio Sex. |

lulio cos. inter civeis Romanes et Termenses maiores Pisidas |

fuit, eaedem leges eidemque ious eademque consuetudo inter |

ceives Romanes et Termenses maiores Pisidas esto; quodquo

quibusque |
in rebus loceis agreis aedificieis oppideis iouris |

Termensium maiorum Pisidarum ieis consulibus, quei supra

scriptei sunt, fuit, quod eius praeter [locata] loca agris aedi-
ficia ipsei sua voluntate ab se non abalienarunt, idem in eisdem
rebus loceis agreis |
aedificieis oppideis Termensium maiorum
Pisidarum |
ious esto; et quo minus ea quae in hoc capite
scripta |
sunt ita sint fiant, eius hac lege nihilum rogatur. |

Quam legem portorieis terrestribus maritumeisque Termenses

maiores Phisidae capiundeis intra suos |
fineis deixserint, ea
lex ieis portorieis capiundeis |
esto, dum nei quid portori ab
ieis capiatur, populi Romani vectigalia redempta
quei publica |

habebunt. Quos per eorum fineis publicanei ex eo vectigali

|

transportabunt [eorum fructuum portorium Termenses ne

capiunto].
C. I. L. I. 204, P. L. M. E. tab. XXXI. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found
at Koine in the sixteenth century, now at Naples. This is a part of the
law of C. Antonius (cos. 691/63), tribune of the plebs, and his colleagues,
 DOCUMENTS 391

establishing the autonomy of Tefmessus Maior, a town of Pisidia. It

* 2
dates in 683/71, at least not long after 682/72. 682/72. 663/91.
3 It
began in 660/88. The portion printed in Italics is known from a
copy of the sixteenth century, as it has disappeared from the plate.

Senatus Consultum de Nundinis Saltus Beguensis

l
SC. de nuridinis saltus Beguensis in t(erritorio) Casensi, descrip-
tum recognitum ex libro sententiarum in senatu die [to] rum
et

k(apite) VI T. luni Nigri, C. Pomponi Camererini co(n)s(ulum),

2 3
in quo scripta erant A[/n'ca]ni iura et id quod i(nfra)
s(criptum) est.

In comitio in curia. 4 . . .

[-Scrjibundo adfuerunt Q. Sa[7]onius Q. f. Ouf. [Zojngus, . . .

04] ni Quar[*]inus, C. Oppius C. f. Vel. Severus, C. For (?) . .

C. f. .
[Sex.
. .
rw]ciu[s], M. f. Quir. Clarus, P. Cassius L. f.

Aem. Dexter q(uaestor), P. Nonius M. f.

Ou[/]. Macrinus
5
q(uaestor). In senatu fuerunt C.
SC. per discessionem factum.
Quod P. Cassius Secundus, P. Delphius Peregrinus Aleius
Alennius Maximus Curtius Valerianus Proculus M. Nonius
Mucianus coss. verba fecerunt de desiderio amicorum Lucili
Africani c(larissimi) v(iri), qui petunt: ut ei permittatur in
6
provincia Afric(a), regione Beguensi, territorio Musulamiorum,
ad Casas, nundinas II II nonas Novemb. et XII k. Dec., ex eo
omnibus mensibus IIII non. et XII k. sui cuiusq(ue) mensis
instituere habere, quid fieri placeret,
de ea re ita censuerunt permittendum Lucilio Africano, c. v., in
:

provincia Afric(a), regione Beguensi, territorio Musulamiorum,

ad Casas, nundinas IIII non. Novemb. et XII k. Decembr. et
ex eo omnibus mensibus IIII non. et XII k. sui cuiusq(ue)
mensis instituere et habere, eoque vicinis advenisq(ue) nun-
dinandi dumtaxat causa coire convenire sine iniuria et incom-
niodo cuiusquam liceat.
Actuin idibus Octobr. P. Cassio Secundo, M. Nonio Muciano.
Fodem exemplo de eadem re duae tabellae signatae sunt.
Signatores: T. Fl(avi) Comini scrib(ae), C. Iul(i) Fortunati
392 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

scrib(ae), M. Caesi Helvi Euhelpisti, Q. Metili Onesimi, C. Iul(i)

Periblepti, L. Verati Philerotis, T. Fla(vi) Crescentis.

C. I. L. VIII. 11451. Inscribed on two tablets of stone found at Hr. el-

Begar, Africa, dating 138 A.D. On nundinae, see Pliny Ep. V. 4. Suet.
Claud. 12. C. I. L. III. 4121. Imp. Constantinus nundinas die solis
perpeti anno constitute. 1 Frontinus, Grom. 53. In Africa saltus now
minores habent privati, quam res publica territoria, immo longe maiores.
2 i.e. of
Lucilius Africanus mentioned below. 3 i.e. possessiones et lati-
fundia, in which he had asked that it might be granted him to hold min-
* In
dinae. the curia lulia built where the curia Hostilia had been,
5 6
i.e. in the comitium. See Ephem. Ep. II. p. 283. Tac. Ann. II. 62.

EPISTULA OF VESPASIAN TO THE SABORENSES

Imp. Cae. Vespasianus Aug. pontifex maximus tribuniciae potes-

tatis VIIII, imp. XIIX, consul VIII, p(ater) p(atriae), salutem
dicit I III viris et decurionibus Saborensium.
Cum multis difficultatibus infirmitatem vestram premi indicetis,
permitto vobis oppidum sub nomine meo, ut voltis, in planum
extruere. Vectigalia, quae ab divo Aug. accepisse dicitis,
custodio; si qua nova adicere voltis de his proco(n)s(ulem)
adire debebitis ego enim iiullo respondente constituere nil
;

possum. Decretum vestrum accepi VIII. ka. August. ; legatos

dimisi IIII. ka. easdem. Valete.
Ilviri C. Cornelius Severus et M. Septimius Severus publica
pecunia in acre inciderunt.
C. I. L. II. 1423. Inscribed on a bronze plate found in the town of Canete,
between Malaga and Sevilla, existing in copy. The date is 78 A.D.

MILITARY DIPLOMAS
1. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. pont. max., tr. pot. II, imperator
1
VI, p. p., cos. Ill, desig. IIII, veteranis, qui militaverunt in
classe Ravennate sub Sex. Lucilio Basso, 2 qui sena et vicena

stipendia aut plura meruerunt et sunt deducti in Pannoniam,

quorum nomina subscripta sunt, ipsis liberis posterisque eoruin
civitatem dedit et conubium cum uxoribus, quas tune liabu-
issent, euin est civitas is data, aut si qui caelibes essent cum
 DOCUMENTS 393

iis,quas postea duxissent dumtaxat singuli singulas. Non.

3
April., Caesare Aug. f. Domitiano, Cn. Pedio Casco cos. Platori
Veneti f., centurioni, Maezeio.
Descriptum et recognition ex tabula aenea, quae est fixa Romae
in Capitolio ad aram gentis luliae, de foras podio sinisteriore,
tab. I pag. II, loca XXXXIIII. T. lull Eufi Salonit. eq. R.
P. Vibi Maximi Epitaur. eq. R. T. Faui Celeris ladestin. dec.
C. Marci Proculi ladestin. dec. P. Caetenni dementis Salon.
P. Luri Moderati Risinitan. Q. Poblici Crescentis ladestin.

C. I. L. III., p. 850. Inscribed on a bronze diptych found at Salona, in

Dalmatia, now in Berlin.
l 2
See page 129. Tacitus, Hist. II. 100.
3
April 5, 71.

2. Imp. Caesar Vespasiamis Augustus, pontifex maximus, tribu-

nicia potestat. VIII, imp. XVIII, p. p., censor,, cos. VII,

design. VHP
Nomina speculatorum qui in praetorio meo militaverunt, item
militum qui in cohortibus novem praetoriis etquattuor urbanis
subieci, quibus fortiter et pie militia functis ius tribuo conubi
dumtaxat cum singulis et primis uxoribus, ut etiamsi pere-
grini iuris feminas matrimonio suo iunxerint, proinde liberos
tollant, ac si ex duobus civibus Romanis natos. A. d. IIII.
non. Decembr., Galeone Tettieno Petroniano, M. Fulvio Gillone
cos.
Coh. VI pr., L. Ennio L. f. Tro. Feroci, Aquis Statellis.

Descriptum et recognitum x tabula aenea, quae fixa est Romae

in Capitolio in basi lovis Africi.

C. L L. III., p. 853. Inscribed on a bronze tablet once forming part of a

diptych, found near Kustendje (Tomos) now
l
,
at Vienna. See page 129.

LOTS

(Sortes)

1. Conrigi vix tandem quod curvom l est factum [c]rede. 2

2. Credis quod deicunt : non |
sunt ita ;
credere stultu. 3
4
3. De incerto certa ne fiant, |
si sapis caveas.
394 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

4. Est equos perpulcer, sed tu vehi non potes istoc. |

5. Formidat omnes, quod metuit, id sequi satiust. |

5
6. Qur petis pos tempus consilium ? quod rogas non est.

C. I. L. I. 1438, 1439, 1440, 1442, 1444, 1454. Maxims or proverbial expres-

sions inscribed on bronze lamellae found at Barbarano, between Vicetia
and Padua (Patavium), but afterwards lost. They were probably used
at Fans Aponus, a seat of divination near Patavium. They date in the
seventh century of the city. The inscriptions of seventeen of these sortes
have come down to us. See Suetonius, Tiberius, 14. See also Stoll,
De Sortibus Praenestinis, Philologus, XI. 1856, p. 304. Kitsch!, Die
Lateinischen Sortes, Op. IV., p. 395. 1
Another reading is crw.
2 3
Inscription has rede. Inscription has ne fore stultu. Kitsch!, non
scin te ita re fore stultu(m'). Mommsen, non sunt ita, credere stultu(m).
*
Mommsen, cerium fiat.
5
Mommsen prefers roges.

FROM THE ACTA OF THE FRATRES AfiVALES

1. Isdem cos.
1
Ill idus Octobr. 2 L. Salvius Otho Titianus 8 mag.
.
collegi fratrum Arvalium nomine
immolavit in Capitolio ob
imperium Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici lovi
b(ovem) marem, lunoni
|
vaccam, Minervae vacc(am), Felicitati
publicae vacc(am), Genio ipsius taurum, divo Aug(usto)
b(ovem) marem, divae Aug(ustae) vaccam, divo Claudio
b(ovem) marem. In collegio adfuerunt: L. Salvius Otho |

Titianus mag., C. Piso, C. Vipstanus Apronianus, M. Valerius

Messalla Corvinus, A. Vitellius, 4 Sulpicius Camerinus, P.
|

Memmius Regains, T. Sextius Africanus. |

C. I. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in the Vigna

L. VI. 2041.
Ceccarelli, where was located the grove of the Fratres Arvales.
1 A.

Paconius Sabinus, A. Petronius Lurco consules snffecti in 58 A.D. 2 The

day Nero received the imperium.
*
The brother of the Emperor Otho.
4The emperor of 69 A.D.

*
2. Isdem co(n)sulibus pr(idie) idus Mart(ias) vota numcupata pro |

2
s[af]ute et reditu \_Vitelli~\ Germanici imp(eratoris), praeeunte
L. Maecio Postumo, 3 mag(isterio) [
|
Vitelli~\ Germanici imp(era-

toris), promag(istro) Maecio Postunio, coll(egi) fra(trum) |

 DOCUMENTS 395

Arval(imn) nomine Iov(i) b(ovem) m(arem), lun(oni) vac-

:

c(am), Min(ervae) vacc(ain), divo Aug(usto) \_b(ovem) m(orcm)],

|
divae Aug(ustae) vacc(am), divo Claudio b(ovem) ui(arem).
In colleg(io) adf (uerunt) L. Maecius Posturnus. j

C. I. L. VI. 2051. Inscribed on a marble tablet found in the Vigna Cecca-

relli. l
Galba and Vinius, the consuls, were slain Jan. 15, 69. Otho and
2 On the 14th of
his brother Titianus succeeded them. March, on which
day Tacitus (Hist. I. 90) declares that Otho departed from the city.
These vota were made for the safe return of Otho and not Vitellius, but
when Otho was defeated, since the acta of this day had not yet been
written down, the name of Vitellius was substituted for that of Otho, and
was afterwards erased. For the name Germanicus given to Vitellius, see
3 He seems to have been
Tac. Hist. I. 62 II. 64. ; put in the place of
Otho Titianus, who accompanied his brother to the war, cf. Tacitus,
Hist. II. 33.

TABULAE PATRONATUS
1
1. M. Crasso Frugi L. Calpumio Pisone |
cos. |
III non. Febr., |

civitas Themetra ex Africa hospitium |

fecit cum C. Silio C. f.

Fab. Aviola [ew]m liberos posterosque eius sibi liberis |

posterisque suis patronuni cooptave|runt. C. Silius C. f. Fab. |

Aviola civitatem Theme|trensem liberos posterosque eorum |

sibi liberis posterisque suis in fidem clientelamque suam |

recepit |
egerunt. Banno
|
Himilis f sufes, Azdrubal Baisillecis
.
|

f.
|
Iddibal Bosiharis f.
|
leg.

C. I. L. V. 4919. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found at Brescia, now lost.

!A.D. 27.

2. Nerone Claudio Caesare | Aug. Germanico L. Antistio Vetere |

1 2
cos. k. Augustis Q. lulius Q. f. Qui. Secundus legatus pro
|

praetore hospitium fecit cum |

decurionibus et colonis colonia j

lulia Aug. legionis VII Tupusuctu sibi |

liberis posterisque suis

eosque pa|trocinio suo tuendos recepit, agentibus legatis Q. |

Caecilio Q. f. Palatina Firmano M. Pomponio M. f. Quir. |

Vindice.
C. I. L. VIII. 8837. Inscribed on a bronze tablet found near Constantine
(Cirta), Africa, now in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. I
A.D. 55.
2 Secundus was perhaps the legatus of the Province of Baetica.
396 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PRIVATE DOCUMENTS
1'llKCHASE OF A HOUSE

Andueia Batonis emit m.a,nci[_pioque] accepit domus partem

dimidiam, interantibus partem [deafjtram, que est Alb(urno)
maiori vico Pirustar[wm w] t[er] adQ/mes Platorem Accep]-
tianum et Ingenuin Callisti } trecentis de Veturi[o Valente].
Earn domus partem dimidiam, q(ua) d(e) a(gitur), cum su[/
s]aepibus saepimentis, finibus, aditibus, claustris, fienestris,
ita uti clao fixsa et optima maximaque est, h(abere) r(ecte)
l(iceat) ; [e]t si quis earn domum partemve quam quis [e]x
[ea] evicerit q(uo) m(inus) Andueia Batonis e(ive), a(d)

q(uem) e(a) r(es) p(ertinebit), h(abere) p(ossidere) u(suque)

c(apere) r(ecte) l(iceat) ; qu[o]d ita licitum u[o]n erit, t(antam)
p(ecuniam) r(ecte) d(ari), fide r(ogavit) Andueia Batonis, fide
promisit, Veturius Valens. Proque ea do[mu partem d.',/i]idiam
pretium X CCC Vetur[ws Fjales a[6 .4]n[dw]ei[a .Ba]tonis
accepiss[e ef] ab[ere se dixit].
Convenitq(ue) int[e]r eos, \_nti~\
Veturius ~V&[lens pro ea] domo tributa usque ad recensum
dep[e]n[c?af|.
Act(um) Alb(urno) maiori prid. nonas Maias Qui[?*,]tillo et
Frisco cos.
L. Vasidius V[i]ctor sig(navit). T. Fl. Felicis. M. Lucani
Melioris. Platoris Carpi. T. Aureli Prisci. Batonis Annaei.
Veturi Valentis venditoris.
C. I. L. III. 944. Bruns, Fontes luris Homani, 6 p. 291. Inscribed on the
inner face of a wax tablet found at Verespatak, in Dacia. Square
brackets indicate supplements from outside copy.

EXECRATIONS
Devotiones
1. Quomodo mortuos qui istic sepultus est nee loqui nee sermonare
| |

potest, seic Rhodine apud M. Licinium Faustum mortua sit

|

nee loqui sermonare possit. Ita uti mortuos nee ad deos nee
| | |

ad homines acceptus est, seic Rhodine aput M. Licinium| |

accepta sit et tantuni valeat, | quantum ille mortuos, quei J

istic
 WALL INSCRIPTIONS 397

sepultus est. Dite Pater, Rhodine tibei commendo uti semper |

|
odio sit M. Licinio Fausto, item M. Hedium Arnphionem, | |

item C. Popillium Appollonium, |

item Vennonia Hermiona, |

item Sergia Glycinna.

C. I. L. I. 818. Inscribed on a lead lamina found in a tomb near Rome,
now in the Kircherian Museum, Rome.

2. Dii i(n)feri, vobis com(m)e(n)do, si

quic(q)ua(m) sactitates

(= sanctitatis) h[a]betes (= habetis), ac tadro ( trade)

Ticene (=
Tychenem, Tychen) Carisi, quodqu[o]d agat, |

quod i(n)cida(n)t omnia in adversa. Dii i(n)feri, vobis

| |

com(m)e(n)do il(l)ius mem(b)ra, colore(m), figura(m), caput,

capilla ( = capillos), umbra(m), cereb|ru(m), fru(n)te(m),
supe[rc?7]ia, os, nasu(in), | me(n)tu(m), bucas, la[6ra, vejrba,
1
(h)alitu(in), colQu^ii), iocur, umeros, cor, pvdmones, i(n)tes-
tinas (= intestina), ve(n)tre(m), brac(h)ia, digitos, maims,
u(m)b(i)licu(m), visica ( =
vesicam), femena ( femina),
=
genua, crura, talos, planta(s), tigidos ( digitos). Dii i(n)feri, =
si illa(m) videro tabesce(n)te(m), vobis sacrificiu(m) lubens ob
2
an(n)uversariu(m) facere dibus parentibus il(l)iu[s] voveo(?)
peculiu(m) (?) ta[6e]scas!
C. I. Inscribed on a lead plate folded up and pierced with a
L. X. 8249.
nail,found in a tomb near the amphitheatre of Minturnae. l This is
Zangemeister's suggestion for the letters on the plate which seem to read
vitucolu. Bormann
suggests visu colu.
2 Schneider reads
sacrw(m)
t7(7)wd v(otum) venio [o]6 'anuversariu(m} facere, making venio facere
= faciam.

WALL INSCRIPTIONS OF POMPEII

Painted Inscriptions

1. M. Marium |
aed. faci. 1 oro vos.
2
2. Q. Caecil. q. v. benific. o. v.

3. A. Vettium Firmum |
aed. o. v. f., dign. est, | Caprasia cum
Nymphio rog. |
una et vicini o. f .

4. Sabinum aed. |
Procule fac et ille \
te faciet.
398 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

5. pro salute |
...... Caesaris Augu[sta'] 8 li[6]e[ro]rumqu[e |

eius et
ob~\ dedicationem arae [/am. gladiat.~\ Cn. [^4//]ei
Nigidi Mai flami[ws] Caesaris Augusti pugn. Pompeis
. . .

sine ulia dilatione 1III non lul., venatio vela erunt.

6. A. Suetti Certi aedilis familia gladiatoria pugnab. Pompeis

| j pr.
k. lunias, venatio et vela erunt. 4

7. Otiosis locus hie non est, discede morator.

C. I. L. IV. 61, 29, 171, 635, 1180, 1189, 813. 1

aed(ftem) faci(atis).
2 3
q(uaestorem') v(irum) benific(um) 0(7-0) v(os). Either imp. Caesaris
4
Augusti or imp. Ti. Caesaris Augusti. Suettius probably gave gladia-
torial exhibitions under the direction of Nero between 54-59 A.D.

Engraved with a Stilus

1
8. Nucerinis f
infelicia.

9. Ill idus Aprilis |

tunica 2 5 I [
III;

10. Amianthus, Epaphra, Tertius ludant

3
;
cum Hedysto lucundus
Nolanus petat; nu[m]ere[w]t Citus et Acus, Amianth[ws].
C. I. L. IV. 1329, 1392, 1936. Tac. Ann. XIV. 17. J
tunica (lauta) denario 2

3 The reference is to a
uno. game of ball (trigon). Of. Seneca, Ep. "><>, 1,
si vero pilicrepus supervenit et numerare coepit pilas, actum est. Cf.

Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 822.

CONSULAR DIPTYCHS
1
1. Fl. Felicis v. c., com. ac mag. utrq. mil., patr. et cos. ord.
2
2. Fl. Astyrius v. c. et inl. com., ex mag. utriusq. mil., cons. ord.
3 4
3. Nar. Manl. Boethius v. c..et inl. ex p. p., p. u. sec., cons. ord. et

patric.

Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 1298, 1300, 1301 = C. I. L. V. 8120. 1.

Inscribed on ivory diptychs on which are also drawn the figures of consuls.
2
1
Felix, consul ordinarius in 428 A.D. Consul of 449 A.D. mentioned by
8 *
Sidonius Ep. VIII. 6, 5. Consul ordinarius of 487. ex p(raefect<>)
p(raetorio), p(raefectuis) u(rbi) sec(undo).
 CHAPTER IX
RESTORATION AND DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS
ABBREVIATIONS

Restoration of Defective Inscriptions.

An
account of the science of Latin Epigraphy would be incom-
plete no attention were paid to the renewal of inscriptions which
if

remain to us in imperfect form, for it is a fact readily understood

that epigraphic material consists, in a very large degree, of frag-
ments which would be of little and value were it not possible
service
for scholars to make restorations more or less satisfactory, and which
in many cases have been shown, by subsequent discoveries, to be
correct.
It would be manifestly impossible to suggest a method of treat-
ment which would be useful in every case, since this depends almost
absolutely of the individual inscription itself.
upon the character
Nevertheless, certain general principles may be stated which will be
of assistance in this most important and most interesting side of
epigraphic study. It is a cardinal principle that nothing associated
in any way with a fragmentary- inscription is so insignificant as to be

unworthy of consideration in the task of supplying portions that are

lost. It is, therefore, imperative that the most exact copy attainable
should be within reach of the student. 1 This has resulted in the use
of the so-called "paper squeezes," which are made by moistening
sheets of stout white paper and pressing them into the indentations
of an inscription by means of a brush with short stiff bristles.

Reproductions of inscriptions of this form have been found very

satisfactory in their exactness. In the case of small articles, wax
impressions are more convenient.
1
See Uber Mechauische Copieen von Inschriften. E. Hiibner. Berlin, 1880.
399
400 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

The study of an inscription must involve both an internal and

external consideration of all that is associated with the same. It
must include an examination of the method of engraving, the forms
of the letters and words, and of the character of the subject matter,
but it must also be turned to the circumstances of the discovery, the
location, and the association with other inscriptions.
The form of an incomplete letter, supplemented by a knowledge
of what the normal letter in its complete shape would be, often
determines the word which has disappeared. A knowledge of the
numerous ligatures is very useful, particularly in the inscriptions
found in-Africa. In supplementing defective words, much attention
should be given to the subject of abbreviations, for it must be
remembered that certain words are regularly given in abbreviated
form, but others very rarely.
The most common injuries exhibited by stones are such as destroy
the beginning or end of the lines. It is, therefore, necessary to
determine the original length of the line, so as to calculate the num-
ber of letters required to make it complete. This knowledge may
be obtained from the general outline of the inscription, and from
a comparison of the lengths of the remaining lines. We may say,
in a general way, that a number of the lines in an inscription are of
the same length. The first and last lines are regularly shorter than
the others, because of the character of their subject matter, but they
are proportionate in length to the other lines, and their middle

points correspond with the middle points of the others. By knowl-

edge thus obtained, the determination of the number of letters to
be supplied may be accomplished with a fair degree of exact-
ness.
The next important step is the consideration of the class of
inscriptions towhich the one in question belongs. This is necessary
in order that a knowledge of the formulae likely to occur may be
obtained, and comparison with other inscriptions made possible.
Other important data are, the natural succession of honores in the
various cursus honorum, the imperial names and titles, and the
customary order of the same, the history of the legions, their
enrollment, location, and length of service.
 RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 401

The following example,

originally given by Renier as illustrating
'

the scientific restoration of a defective inscription is also used in

like manner by Cagnat 2 .who regards it as a perfect model of its
kind.

R-EQV IT-ROM IVT-XVIR

LITIB IVDIC.QVAES R PROVINCIAE
-

RETAE-ET-CYRENAR MP-VESPASIANI
AESARIS AVG LEG X FRETEN D N I S MIL!
B IMP VESPASIANO CAESAR T CAESARE AVG F
ELLO IVDA1CO CORONA .
MVRALI .
VALLARI AVREA HASTlS PVRIS
EXILLIS DVOBVS TR PL . .
PR LEG
. -
PROVING PONTI ET BITHYNIAE
AECINIA A F LARGA VXOR ET
RCIA A F -
PRISCILLA .
FILIA .

It is evident that the inscription is honorary in character and that it has been
set up perhaps at his tomb by the wife and daughter of the person whose name
has disappeared. The honores are given in the ascending order.
Before the quaestorship which appears in the second line we would look for
the military service and the The latter may be readily supplied
vigintivirate.
thus, XVI R sJLITIB IVDIC ;
shown by IVT which is part of the
the former is

name Ad IVT rix. There were two legions thus named, Prima Adiutrix and
Secunda Adiutrix. Although it is uncertain which legion is here indicated,
Renier has shown from the inscription itself that the person referred to was
made a quaestor under Vespasian and since he was tribunus militum about two
years before this time, and the legion // Adiutrix was formed under Vespasian, it
is probable that the first legion is the one named. Following the usual form we
may supply then, trib. mil. leg. I Ad\V~[. The honorary title which was often
given to those who had not yet attained the quaestorship readily suggests itself
for the first part of this line, so that we read: seviR EQVIT ROM. The
quaestorship was either of the city, which would give simply QVAEST., or
provincial, which would give QVAEST. pr. pr. = quaestori pro praetore. In the
former case the following function would naturally be leg(ato} pr. pr(aetore),
but for this there is evidently no room hence the line may be completed thus
;
:

QVAEST pr. pR. After the quaestorship a person might become legatus of a
proconsul in a senatorial province of the praetorian grade, or hold the next

Explication et Restitution d'une Inscription Decouverte a Nettuno. L.

1

'
2
Renier in Mem. de V Acad. des Inscr., 1867, p. 269. Cours d" Epigraphie 1

Latine, p. 337.
LAT. INSCRIP. 26
402 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

magistracy, the tribunate of the plebs or the aedileship. In this case, however,
the function following the quaestorship is evidently that of legatus of a legion,
so that we may supply legatus iMP VESPASIANI cAESARIS AVG LEG X .

FRETENsis. The words donis militaribus would naturally be preceded by

donato, hence read donato DONIS M\L\taribus. The next line refers to the two
emperors who conducted the Jewish war, and we may read aB IMP VESPASI-
ANO CAESARe Aug et T CAESARE AVG
- F 6ELLO IVDAICO.
At the beginning of the seventh line the number of the vexilla has dis-
appeared, but according to the rules controlling military decorations two
1

vexilla would be assigned to a man of quaestorian grade. Inasmuch as the

legati of praetorian grade alone have the right to three vexilla, three hastae
purae, and three coronae, it is evident that duab(us) is needed here. The
cursus honorum is now complete with the remaining functions tribunus plebis,
praetor, legatus provinciae Po iti et Bithyniae.
The first word of the next line is the nomen of the wife who has thus honored
her husband. The remnant aecinia would suggest CAECINIA, but GVAECINIA is
possible. The nomen Graecinia, taken from Graecinus, is hardly admissible for
the wife of a senator in the time of Vespasian. Still further, the father, a
Graecinius or Caecina, is named A(ulus), as A -filla shows, but we do not know
of a Graecinius with the praenomen A(ulus), and it must be remembered that in
a family of rank the range of praenomina and cognomina was limited to a
certain number. We do not know of a cognomen Largus with a Graecinius,
hence we naturally select CAECINIA. We know also of two consuls, A. Caecina
(13 A.D.) and A. Caecina Largus (42 A.D.), which fact confirms the selection.
The nomen of the daughter may be either PoRCIA, J/rtRCIA, or ZaRCIA.
Aulus, however, is not found with Porcius, and is rare with Marcius, but is
common with Larcius. We find still further in this family, if not a Priscillus,
at least a Priscus, so that the name of the daughter is Z/RCIA PRISCILLA, anil
of her father, A. Larcius.
Renier has pointed out that the legatus of the legion X
Fretensis at the time
of the capture of Jerusalem is spoken of in Josephus (Bel. lud., VI. 4) as A.

Larcius Lepidus. From this we can conclude that the inscription is in honor
of thisman, and the first line "must contain his name. Between the nomen and
cognomen we would expect the indication of descent and the tribus. The first
of these is uncertain, since we do not know the praenomen of the father,

although we may conjecture that it is the same as that of the son. The inscrip-
tion was found at Nettuno, hence we would expect Quirina, a tribus which

actually appears in an inscription of an A. Larcius Priscus, legatus of Numidia,

2

found recently at the same place and referring probably to the father of the
person honored in the inscription before us.
1
See page 193 note.
2
Ephem. Ep. V. 696. R. Cagnat, Bulletin pigr. 1884, p. 12.
 RESTORATION OF INSCRIPTIONS 403

The completed inscription is as follows :

a I a r c i o a f i I q u i r i n a I e p i d o

seviR EQVIT ROM trib. mil leg. adIVT XVIR

sJLITIB IVDIC QUAES* pr . -
pR PROVINCIAE
cRETAE ET CYRENARwm leg iMP-VESPASIANI
cAESARIS AVG LEG X FRETENs donato DONIS Ml Lltartf&u*
. . .

aB IMP VESPASIANO CAESARe augusto et T CAESARE AVG F -

6ELLO IVDAICO CORONA MVRALI VALLARI AVREA HASTIS PVRIS

dwa&oEXILLIS.DVOBVS-TR-PL-PR LEG PROVING PONTI ET BITHYNIAE .

c A E C I N I A A F- LARGA VXOR ET
ZaRCIA -
A F .
PRISCILLA FILIA .
FECERVNT

SPECIMENS OF IMPERFECT INSCRIPTIONS

MEMORIAE
lANI-F TORQVATI-NOVELLI.P.F
A I A N I ATTICl X VI Rl STLIT I VD
I C I N E P MIL LEG T TRIB .
VEXILLAR
NERVAE -
PRONEP VATTVOR T V XX XXl Q AED
0-HADRIANO AD- HAST CVR LOG PVBLIC
ONINO-AVG.PIO D CENS ACCIP ET .
DiLECT ET
MAXIMO- TRIBVN S-PROVINCIAE-NARBON
AT IT COS IT P P VS- HONORIS- FINE
VS POPVLVSQVE AGENS XXXXII.l'
VlNVS VETERES 0- IVLlI DECESSIT .

1. C. I. L. XIV. 2100. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Civita Lavinia

(Lanuvium), existing now in copy. The date may be obtained from the
table, p. 133. The inscription began thus imp. Caesari. :

2. C. I. L. XIV. 3602. Inscribed on a marble tablet found at Tivoli (Tibur),

existing in a copy. Torquatus was tribune of the vexillarii of four legions.
In line nine read in cuius honoris. Borghesi assigns this inscription to
Novellius Torquatus of about the time of Tiberius, and refers to Pliny Nat.
Hist. XIV. 22, 144, who testifies to his being praetor and proconsul.
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PATER PATRIAE IVS

IMP CAESAR DIVI F DECVRIONA

AVGVSTVS PONT HONOR AEDILI
IMVS COS X HS M DCXXXXII
II N"

GNATVS XT ISSET ADI ECTA AM

TRIBVNI SE PECVNIA FECIT IDEMQ
VI I I VIT DD ET AMPLIVS
VL POPVLO DEDIT

1. C.I. L. XII. 5488. Inscribed on a miliarium of the Via Aurelia, between Aix
and Aries, existing in a copy. The restitution has been verified from simi-
lar stones of the same locality. The date is 751/3.
2. C. 7. L. VIII. 14296. On a marble pedestal found at Hr. Schuegi, Africa.
In second line supply ob honorem; in line eight ep]wZ[jra], others suggest

sport]ul[as. The first line may be cum pater e]ius or [cwm

pater eius . . .
.] atus.

ANO -
FIL SVO
VIXIT ANN -
XVII HADRIANI AN
BVS DIEB XXIII ET AUG-PII-P.P.
POSTERISQV CORPUS PISTO
IN FRONTE PED .
VIII COLONIAE
IIA PRIMA DONAVIT P PORTUS VTRIV

I M .
M
VRELI ANTONIN
AVGVSTORVM
LEG XXlT PRIMIG
IVSSVS
CVM AEDIF

1. . L XIV. 1509 a. Found at Ostia. In line 6 IIA is all that remains of

L.
the nomen of Prima.
2. C. L L. XIV. 101. Found at Civitavecchia, now existing in a copy. C. I. L.
gives in the first line M. Aelio Aurelio, in the second Caesari, in third the
beginning of the name of his father. The corpus pistorum Ostiensium et
Portuensium is referred to.
 DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS 405

3. C.I. L. XI. 596. Found at Forli (Forum Livi), where it still exists. The
second line begins probably with pro salute or ob reditum. The third line
may have contained formerly the name of Geta. Supply visu before iussus.
Mommsen thinks it probable that Caracalla and Geta returning to Italy
after the death of their father visited the camp of the twenty-second legion
at Moguntiacum.

D M SEX IVLIO SE D
P V I C VOL VERINO POM
AE QV MINI AEDIll M ADI
ANN IS NERARIO PAT VIX -ANN
M-X.D.XIII TRIVM DECVR 111 ."POM
AVG E N D NVM CVM FIL VS MES
FILIAE IN VIVS SINI FECIT R -
AMA
CEN T SS MI I

PATRI

1. C. I. L. VIII. 4458. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa.

2. C.I.L. XII. 522. Inscribed on a marble cippus found at Aix, existing in a
copy.
3. C. I. L. VIII. 4459. Inscribed on a cippus found at Ksar Scheddi, Africa.

Dating of Inscriptions.
The determination of the date or period of inscriptions demands
in many cases the consideration and study of inscriptions from
every point of view.
Constant reference has therefore been made in what precedes to
the various indications of date which the occurrence of certain
usages belonging to well-defined periods provides.
The various suggestions leading to the determination of date may
be classified as obtained either from an external or formal consider-
ation of an inscription or from an internal or material view of the
same.
The first of these implies 1) A study of the object upon which
:

the inscription appears, its size, ornamentation, circumstances of

discovery, such as the depth beneath the surface and proximity to
other inscriptions. Such data may be useful in identifying in its
406 . LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

date the inscription in question with others which admit of assign-

ment to certain periods 2) a consideration of the inscription itself,
;

the nature of the engraving, the morphology of the letters, the

orthography and the grammatical formation and interrelation of the
words.
The secondclass of suggestions leading to the determination of
date concerned with the subject matter of the inscriptions.
is

We have already seen on page 123 how inscriptions of the. im-

perial period may be dated from the titles and salutations of the
emperor. If an inscription contains the names of consuls, it is

possible in most cases to assign a date by reference to the Fasti

Consulares. It is necessary to be cautious in thus depending on
consular names, since those who acted as substitutes, consules suffecti,
as well as those who received the consularia ornamenta, are fre-

quently named as consuls. It must be remembered also that the

title cos., followed by a numeral of iteration, accompanied the
name of the emperor even when he was not actually holding office.

Augustus was consul for the second time in 748/6, and was con-
tinually designated thus until 18 A.D., when he became consul for
the third time. Any inscription containing simply the name of
Augustus with cos. // may be assigned to any year between 748/6
and 18 A.D.
Names of distinguished personages and officials are often of much

importance in this respect. Such are the names of the high officers
at Home and in the provinces, also of associates and friends of the

emperor. The date of the official career of prominent men may

often be learned from historical sources, and the period of inscrip-
tions may thus be determined.
A
very important source of chronological information is found in
the history of the various legions, which may be compiled from
historical writings and from a comparison with dated inscriptions,
and particularly from the military diplomas which contain certain
exact dates.
The following tables will be of use in determining the date of

inscriptions.
 DATING OF INSCRIPTIONS 407

TABLE OF ARCHAISMS
ai AND ae ;
ae is found replacing ai in some words in S. C. de Bacchanalibus
(186 B.C.), alongside of the earlier spelling. It is the established form for

the Lex Bantina (133-118), the Lex Bepetundarum of 123-122 B.C. The
transition form, aei, appears about the close of the second century B.C.
The archaic spelling was restored in the reign of Claudius.
oi FOR oe AND u ;
about 200 B.C. u begins to replace oi and oe. u is found in
the Scipio epitaph of the beginning of the second century B.C. and in the
Mummius inscription of 146 B.C. oi and oe continue to be used, especially
in official inscriptions, even to the Ciceronian period.
ou AND u; u replaces ou about 100 B.C. It appears for ou in Lucius in the
Scipio epitaph, dating not later than 200 B.C. Both are seen in Lex Bantina
(133-118 Lex fiepetundarum (123-122
B.C.), B.C.), but ou is disregarded
entirely in Lex Cornelia (81 B.C.).
ei AND I ; ei represents in the inscriptions either original ei, as in defco, or

stands for the long i. The first is found in the early inscriptions, and
appears in the S. C. de Bacch. (186 B.C.). The spurious diphthong ei is
found in audeire in Lex Bepetundarum of 123-122 B.C., and in ameicitiam
of Lex Agraria of 111 B.C.
ASPIRATION OF CONSONANTS see page 29. ;

FINAL s AND m
the letters s and in are frequently omitted in early inscriptions,
;

but this omission ceases about 130 B.C.

FINAL d; this final letter of the ablative case is written in the 8. C. de Bacch.
(186 B.C.), but is not found in the decree of Aemilius Paulus of 189 B.C.
It may be said to have disappeared from use a little after 200 B.C.

xs FOR SIMPLE x this spelling does not occur before its appearance in the S. C.
;

de Bacch. (186 B.C.). It then is found particularly in inscriptions of 130-

120 B.C., and again in the Augustan period, and later.
DOUBLE CONSONANTS see page 29. ;

DOUBLE VOWELS see page 30. ;

-os AND -om these forms were reduced

;
to -us and -um except after u and v in
the nominative and accusative cases of o-stems about 234 B.C.

-es, -eis, -Is

;
these endings mark the nominative case plural of o-stems of the
close of the second century B.C., and of the beginning of the first.

-us, GENITIVE ; the -us ending of consonant stems is found in early inscriptions,
as in the S. C. de Bacch. (186 B.C.), also in the Lex Agraria (111 B.C.)
and the Epistula ad Tiburtes (100 B.C.), but ceases about 100 B.C.

NOTE. See chapters I. and II., also Index of C. I.L. vol. I.; Ritschl's Opus-
cula Philologica, vol. IV., p. 765, and P. L. M. E. p. 123 ff. Lindsay's The ;

Latin Language; Schneider's Dialecti Latinae Priscae et Faliscae Selecta

Exempla, Index.
408 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

TABLE OF LEGIONS

II. Augusta. Formed by Augustus, 27 B.C. Quartered in Egypt, in

Moesia (5 A.D.), on the Rhine (9), with Gennanicus (15-16), Britain
(43).
III. Augusta P(ia) V(index). Formed by Augustus, 27 B.C. Service in
Africa, surnamed Liberatrix by Galba, in Numidia, surnamed Pia
Vindex by Septimus Severus, against the Parthians (216 A.D.), dis-
banded by Gordian III, re-formed by Valerian, in wars against
Formus (373) and Gildon (398).
III. Cyrenaica. Formed by Lepidus in Africa. Service in Egypt (66),
with Vespasian in 69, in the East with Trajan.
III. Formed by L. Munatius Plancus in Gaul. Service with M.
Gallica.
Antonius against the Parthians, in Moesia (5 A.D.), with Corbulo in
Armenia, in Moesia (68), in Syria under Vespasian and Domitian,
with Trajan in the East, with Hadrian in Judea and Phoenicia.
IV. Macedonica. Formed probably by Brutus in Macedonia. Quartered in
Spain in time of Augustus, in Mauretania under Caligula, in Germany
(Moguntiacum) in 43, favored Vitellius (68), disbanded by Vespasian.
IV. Scythica. Formed by M. Crassus in 29 B.C. Quartered in Syria (27
B.C.), in Moesia (5 A.D.), in Germania Inferior (47), with Corbulo
in the East (58), surrendered to Vologeses (62), in Syria (63),
with Trajan in Judea (114).
V. Alauda. Formed by Julius Caesar. Quartered in Spain (27-24 B.C.),
in Germany, in Pannonia (6-9 A.D.), in Britain with Claudius, in
Moesia in time of Vespasian, destroyed by Sarmates (84) or disbanded

by Vespasian.
V. Macedonica. Formed by Brutus in Macedonia. Service in Syria up
to 5 A.D., then in Moesia, with Corbulo in the East (62), in Judea
with Titus, defeated Sarmates (84), in Dacia, in Moesia.
VI. Victrix P(ia~) F(elix~). In Spain after the reign of Augustus, on the
Rhine (70 A.D.), in Germania Inferior up to time of Hadrian, in
Britain (120). Trajan gave the name Pia Felix.
VII. Claudia P(?a) F(idelis). Quartered in Macedonia, about 10 A.D. sent
to Ualmatia, to Pannonia by Nero, recalled to Italy (68), sent to
Moesia by Galba, to Germany under Mucianus, in Moesia (71).
Claudius gave the name Claudia Pia Fidelis.
VIII. Augusta. Formed by Augustus. Quartered in Pannonia, in Moesia in
time of Claudius (47), called to Italy (68), in Moesia in time of Galba,
in Germany under Mucianus.
IX. Hispana. On the Danube in time of Augustus, sent to Africa (20 A.D.),
to Spain (24), to Britain (43), destroyed by the Britons (120).
 TABLE OF LEGIONS 409

X. Gemina P(i'a) F(idelis'). Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. under name

X Augusta. Quartered in Spain, lost its name in 19 B.C., named
Gemina after 5 A.D., sent to Germany in 58, to Spain in time of
Galba, in Germany in time of Vespasian until reign of Trajan, in
Dacia with Trajan, in Pannonia.
XI. Claudia P(ia~) F(idelis^). In Pannonia in time of Augustus, then in
Dalmatia, called to Italy (68), in Germania Superior (70), in Moesia
in time of Trajan.
XII. Fulminata. Formed by Augustus. Quartered in Egypt, sent to Syria
(18 A.D.), with Corbulo (62), in Armenia, surrendered to Vologeses,
in Syria, in Cappadocia.
XIII. Gemina P(ia) F(idelis). Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. Service in
Pannonia, with Germanicus in Germany, in Pannonia, called to Italy
(68 A.D.), at Bedriacum and Cremona, sent to Pannonia by Vespasian,
in Dacia. Nero probably gave the name Pia Fidelis.
XIV. Gemina Martia Victrix. Formed by Augustus in 27 B.C. Service in
Germany with Tiberius and with Germanicus, in Britain (43 A.D.),
summoned by Nero (68), opposed Vitellius, after Bedriacum returned
to Britain (69), sent to Pannonia (92). Nero gave the name Martia
Victrix.
XV. Apollinaris. Formed by Augustus. Service in Pannonia (6-9 A.D.),
with Corbulo in the East (63), in Judea with Vespasian and Titus,
in Egypt and Pannonia, with Trajan in the East.
XVI. Gallica. Sent to the Danube by Augustus, in Germany after disaster
of Varus, disbanded by Vespasian.
XVII. Gallica. Destroyed with Varus at Teutoburg Forest (9 A.D.).
XVIII. Gallica. The same as the above.
XIX. Gallica. The same as the above.
XX. Valeria Victrix.Form'ed in 27 B.C. by Augustus, quelled insurrection
in Pannonia (6 A.D.), and received name Valeria Victrix, with Ger-

manicus, in Britain (43), fought under Agricola.

VI. Ferrata. Formed by Augustus in Syria (5 A. D.). Service with Corbulo
in Armenia (58 and 62), in Syria in time of Vespasian, with Trajan

against the Parthians, after Hadrian in Judea.

X. Fretensis. Formed by Augustus in Syria (5 A.D.), with Corbulo in
Armenia (62), in Egypt in time of Nero (65), in Judea with Vespasian
and Hadrian.
I. Germanica. Formed hastily in 9 A.D. after destruction of Varus, sent
Germany, disbanded by Vespasian (71).
into
XXI. Bapax. Formed in 9 A.D. Service in Germany, fought for Vitellius at

Bedriacum, in Illyria, in Germany against Civilis, in Moesia in 101.

XXII. Deiotariana. Formed 9 A.D. Quartered in Egypt, supported Ves-
410 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

pasian (69), in Judaea with Titus, annihilated in an ambuscade by

the Parthians (162).
XXII. Primigenia P(ia) F(idelis). Formed in 43 A.D., sent to Moguntiacum,
in Italy (69), favored Vitellius against Galba, sent to lllyria, to Pan-

nonia, returned to Germany (91 ). Hadrian gave the name Pia Fidelis.
I. Italica. Formed by Nero in Italy, sent into Gaul, after Cremona sent
to lllyria, then to Moesia.
XV. Primigenia. Formed probably in time of Claudius. Service in Pan-
nonia, called to Italy by Nero (68), sent to Pannonia by Galba, dis-
banded by Vespasian because of revolting to Civilis.
I. Formed by Nero for the fleet (68), enrolled as legion by
Adiutrix.
Galba, sides with Otho, after Bedriacum sent to Spain by Vitellius,
in Germany, in Moesia, 86-91, and in time of Trajan, in Paimonia.
VII. Gemina F(elix). Formed by Galba in Spain under name Galbiana or
Hispana (68 A.D.), in Pannonia. Vespasian gave the name Gemina
F(elix) in Spain.
,

II. Enrolled under Vespasian from the fleet at

Adiutrix P(t'a) F(idelis).
Ravenna, on the Rhine with Mucianus, on the Danube (85), in
Pannonia after 107. Vespasian gave the name Pia Fidelis.
IV. Flavia F(elix). Formed by Vespasian (71 A.D.), sent to Dalmatia,
to Pannonia, in Moesia, in Dacia under Domitian and Trajan.
Hadrian gave the name Felix.
XVI. Flavia P(ia} F(idelis). Formed by Vespasian (71 A.D.). Service in
Cappadocia, against the Parthians. Trajan gave the name Pia
Fidelis.
I. Minervia P(ia) F(idelis). Formed by Domitian (85 A.D.). Service
in Lower Germany (91), in Moesia, in Germany (107), Trajan gave
the name Pia Fidelis.
XXX. Ulpia Victrix. Formed in 101 by Trajan. Service in Germany, in

Mesopotamia, under Constantius II.

II. Traiana Fortis. Form,ed in 105 A.D. by Trajan. Stationed at Alexan-
dria, in Parthia (114), sent to Alexandria by Hadrian, where it
received the name Fortis (137).
II. Italica. Formed by M. Aurelius before 170 A.D. In Noricum in time
of Alex. Severus.
III. Italica. Formed by M. Aurelius before 170 A.D. In Rhaetia in time
of Alex. Severus.
I. Parthica. Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered in Mesopotamia,
in Arabia, and at Palmyra.
II. Parthica P(ia} F(idelis'). Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered
at Alba in Italy. name Pia Fidelis.
Elagabalus gave
III. Parthica. Formed by Septimius Severus. Quartered in Mesopotamia.
 TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS 411

THE MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY

The following list includes all the members of the Imperial Family,
from Augustus to Constantine, whose names appear in inscriptions.
Those that were honored after death with the title Divvs, DIVA are
marked with *. Those whose memory was execrated, and whose
names are erased from the monuments, are designated by f. For
names of the Emperors themselves see Chronological Table, p. 123.

*AVGVSTVS 14. M. AGRIPPA (POSTVMVS) (also

1. OOTAVIA, sister of wife (1)
Aug. ;
called PVPVS AGRIPPA and
of M. Antonius, (2) of C. Mar- AGRIPPA IVLIVS), son of M.
cellus. Agrippa and lulia.

2. ANTONIA (MINOR), daughter of 15. TIBERIVS, son_of_Ti._Claudius

M. Antonius and Octavia wife ;
Nero and Livia adopted son of
;

of Drusus (16). Aug. husband" (1) of Vipsania

;

3. MARCELLA (MAIOR), daughter of Agrippina, (2) of Julia (6).

C. Marcellus and Octavia. 16. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS, son of
4. MARCELLA (MINOR), daughter of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia ;

C. Marcellus and Octavia. husband of Antonia Minor (2).

5. SCRIBONIA, first wife of Aug. 17. DRVSVS IVLIVS, son of Tiberius
6. IVLIA, daughter of Aug. and Scri- and Vipsania Agrippina hus- ;

bonia; wife (1) of M. Marcellus, band of Livia, the sister of Ger-

(2) of M. Agrippa, (3) of Ti- manicus and Claudius.
berius (15). 18. GERMANICVS CAESAR, son of Dru-
7. M. VIPSANIVS AGRIPPA, second sus (16) and Antonia Minor (2);
husband of Julia ;
son-in-law husband of Agrippina (13).
of Aug. 19. *CLAVDIVS, son of Drusus (16)
8. *LIVIA DRVSILLA (also called and Antonia Minor (2).
IVLIA AVGVSTA), wife (1) of 20. C. CAESAR, infant son of Germa-
Ti. Claudius Nero, (2) of Aug. nicus (18) and Agrippina (13).
9. M. LIVIVS DRVSVS CLAVDIANVS, 21. Ti. CAESAR, infant son of Ger-
father of Livia. manicus (18) and Agrippina
10. ALFIDIA, mother of Livia. (13).
11. C. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa 22. CAESAR, infant son of Germa-
and Julia grandson of Aug.
;
nicus (18) and Agrippina (13).
12. L. CAESAR, son of M. Agrippa 23. NERO CAESAR, son of Germanicus
and Julia grandson of Aug.
; (18) and Agrippina (13).
13. AGRIPPINA L, daughter of M. 24. IVNIA, daughter of Q. Caecilius
Agrippa and Julia wife of ;
Metellus Creticus Silanus ;

Germanicus (18). bride of .Nero Caesar.

412 LATIX INSCRIPTIONS

25. DRVSVS CAESAR, son of Gennani- 44. FLAVIA DOMITILLA III., daughter
ciis (18) and Agrippina (13). of Flavius Sabinus and Domi-
26. tCALIGVLA, son of Germanicus tilla II. ; grandchild nf Vesp.
(18) and Agrippina (13). 45. *IvLi.v AV<;VSTA, daughter <>f

27. t AGRIPPINA II., daughter of Ger- Titus.

inanicus (18) and Agrippina 46. DOMITIA LOXUINA, daughter of

(13) ;
fourth wife of Claudius. Cn. Domitiue Corbulo ;
wife of
28. *!VLIA DRVSILLA, daughter of Doraitian.
Germanicus ( 1 8) and Agrippina 47. CN. DOMITIVS COIMIVI.O, father of
(13). Domitia Longiua.
29. IVLIA LIVILLA, daughter of Ger- 48. *NKKVA
manicus (18) and Agrippina 49. SEKGIA PLAVTILLA, daughter of
(13). Sergius Laenas mother of
;

30. MEDVLLINA, bride of Claudius. Nerva.

31. DRVSVS, infant son of Claudin- *TRAIANVS
and Plautia Urgulanilla. 51. *M. VLPIVS TRAIANVS, father of
32. AXTOXIA, daughter of Claudius Trajan.
and Aelia Petina. -V2. *PLOTINA, wife of Trajan.
33. t VALERIA MESSALINA, third wife 53.
of Claudius. -34. *.MXIIDIA (MAIOR), daughter of
34. OCTAVIA, daughter of Claudius Marciana niece of Trajan.
;

andMessalina; first wife of Xero. 55. *ViniA SAIUXA, daughter of L.

35. Ti. CLAVDIVS CAESAR BRITANNI- Vibius and Matidia Maior;
cvs, son of Claudius and Mes- wife of Hadrian.
salina. "><>. MATIDIA (MINOR), daughter of
36. tNERO,son of Cn. Domitius Ahen- L. Vibius and Matidia Maior.
obarbus and Agrippina II. (27). 57. HABRIANVS
37. *POPPAEA SABIXA, second wife of r>8. DOMITIA PAVLINA, sister of Ha-
Nero. drian.
38. DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS, hus-
C.v. 59. L. AELIVS CAESAR, adopted son
band of Agrippina II. (27) ;
j
of Hadrian.
father of Nero. 60. CEIONIA PLAVTIA, daughter of
39. *VESPASIANVS Aelius Caesar.
40. FLAVIA DOMITILLA, wife of Ves- 61. *ANTOMNVS PIVS
pasian. r. ARRIA FAIULLA, mother of An-
41. *TITVS, son of Vespasian and toninus Pius.
Dninitilla. 63. *AXNIA GALERIA FAVSTINA (MA-
42. tDOMITIANVS, son of Vespasian IOR), sister of L. Aelius Caesar ;

and Dnmitilla. wife of Antoninus Pius.

43. *FLAVIA DOMITILLA II., daughter 04. M. AVRELIVS Fvi.vvs ANTOXINVS,
of Vespasian and Domitilla ;
infant son of Antoninus Pius
wife of Flavius Sabinus. and Faustina.
 TABLE OF IMPERIAL RELATIONSHIPS 413

65. M. GALERIVS AVRELIVS ANTONI- |

84. *!VLIA DOMNA, second wife of
NVS, infant son of Antoninus Septimius Severus aunt of ;

Pius and Faustina. Julia Soaemias (93) .

66. AVRELIA FADILLA, daughter of 85. *CARACALLA, son of Sep-

Antoninus Pius and Faustina. timius Severus and Julia
67. *ANXIA FAVSTiNA(MiNOR),daugh- Domna.
terof Antoninus Pius and Fau- tGETA, son of Septimius Sev-
stina wife of M. Aurelius.
;
erus and Julia Domna.
68. *M. AVKELIVS 87. tFvLviA PLAVTILLA, daughter of
69. ANNIVS VERVS, father of M. C. Fulvius Plautianus ;
wife
Aurelius. of Caracalla.
70. DOMITIA LTCILLA, mother of 88. tC. FVLVIVS PLAVTIANVS, father
M. Aurelius. of Fulvia Plautilla.
71. T. AVRELIVS ANTOXIXVS, infant 89. tMACRINVS
son of M. Aurelius and Faus- 90. tDIADVMENIANVS, son of
* tina Minor. Macrinus.
72.' T. AELIVS AVRELIVS, infant son 91. tELAGABALVS
ofM. Aurelius and Faustina 92. SEX. VARIVS MARCERLVS, father
Minor. of Elagabalus.
73. DOMITIA FAVSTINA. daughter j
93. tlvnA SOAEMIAS BASSIANA,
of M. Aurelius and Faustina ,
mother of Elagabalus.
Minor. 94. *t!vLiA MAESA, mother of Julia
74. M. ANNIVS VERVS, son of M. j
Soaemias sister of Julia
;

Aurelius and Faustina Minor. Domna (84).

75. VIBIA AVRELIA SABINA, daugh- 95. IVLIA CORNELIA PAVLA, wife
ter of M. Aurelius and Fau- of Elagabalus.
j

stina Minor. 96. tSEVERVS ALEXANDER,

76. *L. VERVS, son of Aelius Caesar cousin of Elagabalus.
(59); adopted son of Antoni- 97. tlvLiA AVITA MAMMAEA, sister
nus Pius. of Julia Soaemias ;
mother of
77. ANNIA LVCILLA, daughter of M. Severus Alexander.
Aurelius and Faustina Minor ;
GNEIA SEIA HERENNIA SALLVS-
wife of L. Verus. TIA BARBIA ORBIANA, wife of
78. *tCOMMODVS, son of M. Aure- Severus Alexander.
and Faustina Minor.
lius 99. tMAXIMINVS
79. BRVTTIA CRISPINA, wife of Com- 100. *CAECILIA PAVLINA, wife of
modus. Maximinus.
80. *PERTINAX 101. tMAXIMVS, son of Maximinus
81. tCLODIVS ALBINVS and Paulina.
82. *SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS 102. *GORDIANVS I.

83. PACCIA MARCIANA, first wife of 103. *GORDIANVS II., son of Gor-
Septimius Severus. dian I.
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

104. *tGORDIANVS III., grandson of I 129. ,

son of Carus.
Gordian I.; nephew of Gor- 130. MAGNIA VRBICA, wife of Cari-
ilian II. nus.
105. FVRIA SABINIA TRANQVILLINA, 131. *NIGRINIANVS, son of Ciirinus
wife of .Gordian III. and Magnia Vrbica.
106. tPHILIITVS I. 132. t DIOCLETIAN VS

107. tMARCIAOTACILIA SEVERA,Wife 133. *tMAXIMIANVS I.

of Philip I. 134. *CONSTANTIVS (CHLORVS),
108. tPHILIPPVS II., son of Philip adopted by Maxim ian.
I. and Otacilia Severa. 135. FLAVIA IVLIA HELENA, wife of
109. tTRAIANVS DECIVS Constantius Chlorus.
110. HERENNIA CVPRESSENIA ETRV- 136. *tGALERIVS VALERIVS
SCILLA, wife of Trajan Decius. MAXIMIANVS, adopted by
111. fHERENNivs ETRVSCVS, son of Diocletian.

Trajan Decius and Herennia 137. tFLAvivs VALERIVS SEVERVS,

Etruscilla. adopted by Maxiinian.
112. tHosriLiANvs, son of Trajan 138. tGxLERivs VALERIVS MA"XI-
Decius and Herennia Etru- MINVS (DAZA), adopted by
scilla. Diocletian.
113. GALLVS 139. tMAXENTivs, son of Maximian I.
114. AFINIAGEMINABAEBIANA.Wife 140. VALERIA MAXIMILLA, wife of
of Callus. Maxentius.
115. VOLVSIANVS, son of Gallus. 141. *VALERIVS ROMVLVS, son of
116. *VALERIANVS I. Maxentius and Maximilla.
117. *tGALLIENVS,sonofValerianI. 142. tVALERIVS LlCINIANVS LlCINIVS
118. tVALERiANvs II., son of Vale- I., brother-in-law of Constan-
rian I. tine the Great.
119. CORNELIA SALONIKA, wife of 143. (FLAVIA CONSTANTIA, sister of
Gallien. Constantine the Great ;
wife
120. tSALONiNvs, son of Gallien and of Licinius I.)
Salonina. 144. VALERIVS LICINIANVS LICINIVS
121. t*VALERiANvs III., son of Gal- II, son of Licinius I and Con-
lien and Salonina. stantia.
122. *CLAVDIVS II. 145. *CONSTANTINVS I. (MAG-
123. QVINTILLVS, brother of Clau- NVS), son of Constantius
dius II. (134) and Helena (135).
124. *tAVRELIANVS 146. tFLAvivs IVLIVS CRISPVS, son of
125. VLPIA SEVERINA, wife of Aure- Constantine the Great and his
lian. first wife Minervina.
126. tPROBVS 147, FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA, sec-
127. tCARVS ond wife of Constantine the
128. tCARINVS, son of Cams. Great.
 ABBREVIATIONS 415

148. FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTAN- 150. FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS II.,

TINVS (IVNIOR), SOU Of CON- son of Constantine the Great
stantine the Great and Fausta. and Fausta.
149. tFLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS, SOU 151. FLAVIVS DELMATIVS, nephew of
of Constantine the Great and Constantine the Great.
Fausta.

Abbreviations (Notae, later Sigla).

It has already been seen from what has preceded that initial let-
ters and various other abbreviations of words enter very largely into
the language of the inscriptions, and that consequently a familiarity
with the most common of these forms is essential to facility in
reading. The student is referred to the very complete table given
pn p. 417 ft".,
which has been obtained from the Cours d fipigraphie j

Latine of Professor Rene Cagnat.

Certain general principles 1 will be found of advantage in the
interpretation of abbreviations.
1. Words written in abbreviated form consist either of the initial

letter (si^g^ijla) or of a continuous group of letters more or less

restricted in number. In the latter case the final letter of the
abbreviation is the first consonant of a syllable, but this is not an
exact rule. T= Titus; T B=
I Tiberius ; CLAVD, CLAV, CLA =
Claudia; QVIR, QVI, Quirina. Q=
2. If a word is composed of several members, the above rule

applies either to the word treated as a whole or to each of the com-

ponent parts regarded as individual words. Thus signifer may be
abbreviated synthetically SIG or SIGN, or analytically SIGF for
signum and fer, so BENEFIC, BENEF, B, or again B- F = bene-
ficiarius, DVMTAX or D T = dum taxat, Q Q V = quoquoversus,
P .
Q = populusque.
This in theory is the system of abbreviations up to the end of
the third century A.D.
When a disregard of these principles first made itself felt in the
formation of abbreviations cannot be exactly determined, but it is
probable that ignorance or a misunderstanding of the second rule,

R. Mowat, Sigles et Autres Abreviations in Bulletin JZpigraphique, IV., p. 127.

416 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

combined with a lack of knowledge of the component parts of words

as determining the abbreviated forms, led to the violation of the

principle of continuity of the letters, so that we find PD jjedes,

=
MN = minus, PBL = publicus, LG = legio, VT = vixit, MM = me-
moriae, DPS = deposit us, etc.
3. Again, we tind in the inscriptions a peculiar form of abbrevia-
1
tion occasioned by the repetition of the terminating consonant.
This probably arose from the collocation of several praenomina, as
in the designations of the patrons of liberti. This system appeared
in Rome about the beginning of the Christian era, and was limited
in the first century to the initial letters of praenomina. COSS for
consules appears for the first time in two Christian inscriptions of
the year 107 and 111.

a) This form indicates two, three or four individuals, the exact

number being defined by the number of repeated letters. AVGG =
duo Augusti, CCC = Gaii tres, DDDD NNNN = domini nostri quat-

tuor,V\ VI R AVGG = seviri Augustales duo, FLL P P =

Jlamines perpetuo duo.
6) The doubling of the last letter, however, may denote simply
the plural number. PROCC = procurators, PONTIFF = pontifices,
CAESS = Caesares, HERR = heredes.
In some instances other letters have been doubled, and the follow-
ing forms are the result :

N NOBB = nobilissimi duo, AAVVRR = Aurelii, EEQQRR = eguites

Bomani.
It is necessary to mention here also certain special signs which
are used to mark abbreviations and to distinguish them from other
2
letters in the inscriptions.
-

1) A line of differentiation is placed over the letter or group of

letters
3
; e.g. AVG = Augustus, D N = dominus noster, N =natione,
QQ = quinquennalis, V C = vir
clarissimus, COS = -consul.
Sometimes the line crosses the letter; e.g. &=beneficiarius, & = dicit,
or dies, or domo, M = menses, O = obiit or obitus, N = nummum.
1
C. Jullian,Den Lettres Rqdoublees in Bulletin fipigraphique, IV., p. 170.
2 E. Htibner, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae, p. Ixxii.
* This custom becomes prevalent from the beginning of the second century.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 417

2) The bar may be replaced by an apex or circumflex, a custom

common from the third century on; e.g. D M= diis manibus, FF
= felix fidelis, T M = lovi Optimo Maximo, AED = aedilis,
COM PR = cohors praetoria.

8) Some letters serving as abbreviations are reversed ; e.g.

=
Gaia, standing for mulier, S = puella, = caput(?), or conductor, or
contra, or corona(?).

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

A
418 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
ADI VTP' 4
Adiutrix sextuin pia sextum fldelis AKU aereus
VI-F (logio) AER aerum (= stipendiorum)
ADL adlectus AER-COLL aere collato
A UL'AER, AERA adlectus aerario AKIi'MIL aerarium militare
A D LEG adlectus AER-8, SAT aerarium Saturni
ADLEC-IN-DEC, adlectus in decurias, in quin- AEST aestiinutiis
IN'V-D, DEC que decurias AET aeternus, aeterna
ADN, ADNEP adnepos AEV 2 evocatus
ADOP adoptivus AF, AFR Africa
AD'P-F Adiutrix pia fldelis (legio) A FRVM a friunento
ADQ adquiescit A FRVM'CVB a fruinento cubiculariorum
AD Q8 ad quaestiones AG ager
A'D'S ager divisus Sigensibus AG Agonalia
ADSOR 1 adsessor AGIT agitator
ADVOC'PVB, PVBL advocatus publicus AGO, AGON Agonalia
A'E acturn esse AGONOTH agonotheta
AE Aelius AGR agraria
AEC, AECVR, Aecorna, Aecurna (dea) AGR-DAND- agris dandis adtribuendis iudi-
AEQVOR ADTR'IVD candis
AED aedes A'G'T augustus
AED aedilis AG-V'P'P agens vices praefectoruin praeturio
AED aedituus A'G'IV'C'P arborum genera quattuor cetera
AED'CER aedilis cerialis privata
A ED 'COL aedilis coloniae A-H'N'P ad heredem non pertinet
AED'CVR aedilis curulis A A
I
agris iudicandis adsignandis
AEDD aediles (duo) AID aidilis

AEDD'QQ aediles quinquennales AID-CVR aedilis curulis

AED-EQ aedilitas equestris AID-PL aedilis plebis
AED-ET-PR-SAC- aedilis et praetor sacris Vol- AID-SEN-COP aedilis senator cooptatus
VOLK-FAC cano faciundis A'lN'C area in circuitu ?

AED-HAB-IVR- aedilis habens jnrisdictionem A'L actarius legati

DIC'Q-PRO' quaestoris pro praetore A'L (etsi qui) alii liberti (erunt)

PRAET A'L'F anirno libens fecit

AEDIO aedicula A'L Augusti, Augustae libertus, liberta
AED- I'D nedilis jure dicundo A-L-XXXHI area lata (pedes) xxxm
AEDIF aediflcavit ALAMANN Alaiiiannicus
AEDIT aedituus ALB-VET album veteranorum
AED-IVR-DIC aedilis jure dicundo A-L'F animo libente fecit
AED-LVSTR aedilis lustralis A LIB a libris
AED'P aedilicia potestate ALIM alimenta
AED-PL aedilis plebi ALIMENT alimentarius
AED-PL-CEK aedilis plebis cerialis ALLECT'ARK allector arcae
AED'PRO'Q aedilis pro quaestore ALLEC'IN V allectus in quinque decurias
A E -Q'P
I aedilis quaestoriciae potestatis
) DECVR
A F.I) -V-A-S-P- aedilem viis aedibus ?' sacris? ALP Alpini (cohors)
P-V'B'D-R- ? procurandis ? virum
publicis A'L'P animo libente posuit
P'O'V'F bonuin dignum republica ora- ALT altns
iiius ut faciatis ALV-TIB-ET-RIP- (curator) alvei Tiberis ,-t ri-

AED-POT aedilicia potestate ET'CLOAC-VKi: ]i:iniin ct cloacarum urbis

A EG Aegyptus AM'B'M amico bene nicrenti
AKI, Aclius, Aelia A'M'C auiicis memoriae cau>a
A KM Aciiiilia (tribus et regio) A MIL amilitiis
AEMI, AEMIL, AEMILI Aemilia (tribus) AMP amphora
AE-PI-F'FI aeterna pia felix fldelis AN annus, anno, annum, annorum,
A EH acra annis, annos
AER aerarluin AN Aniensis (tribus)

(7. /. /.. VIII. 27T7. s C. I. L. VIII. 411)7.

 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 419

AN Annius ARCHIG archigallus

AN'D ante diem ARCHIG archigybernes
ANI, ANIE, ANIEN, Aniensis (tribus) ARCHIT architectus
ANIENS, ANIES ARC'MVST archimista
ANN Aniensis (tribus) ARG argentarius
ANN annoua ARG argenteus
ANNI Aniensis (tribus) ARG argentum
ANN'FR annona frumentaria ARG'P argenti pondo
ANN'V'R annona urbis Romae ARG'PVB argento publico
AN'P anno provinciae ARGT'V' argenti p(ondo) V pecunia sua
ANT Antonius P'S'P posuit
ANTE8IGN antesignanus ARK area, arcarius
AN'XV'PR annorum quindecirn progressus ARM armamentarium
H'O'C'S hostem occidit civetn servavit ARM armatura
A'O amico optimo ARM 1 armatus or armiger (Mars)
A'O'F'C amico optimo faciundum curavit ARM Armenia
A'P aedilicia potestate ARM armilustriurn
A'P animo pio ? ARMATV armatura
A'P anno provinciae ARM armorum (= armorum custos)
AP ApoUinaris (legio) ARM'CVST'armorum custos
AP Apollo ARMEN, ARMENIAC Armeniacus
AP (tribunus militum) a populo ARMO armorum (custos)
AP Appius ARN, ARNE, ARNEN, Arnensis (tribus)
AP Aprilis ARNEN8
AJP area publica ARNI, ARNIEN, ARNN Arniensis (tribus)
A'P argent! pondo ARV Arvalis
A'P'C ager publicus Cirtensium A'SA '

ala Sabiniana
A'PL'M'IVG agri plus minus iugera AS a sacris
APOL, APOLLIN ApoUinaris (legio) AS a senatu
A POP (tribunus militum) a populo AS a solo
APP appellationes A8C ascia
APP Appius A8C ,
Asclepiades
A'P'R aerarium populi Rornani A 8'F, F'C a solo fecit, fecerunt, faciendum
APR Aprilis curavit, curaverunt
A'P'R'O anno post Romam conditam ASP aspritudines
A'PV argento publico AST (h)astatus (prior, posterior)
AQ aqua, aquarius AST Astures (ala)
AQ a quaestionibus A 8VB8CR a subscriptionibus
AQ'CO aquarius cohortis ATR, ATRI atriensis, atriarius
A Q'P, PR a quaestionibus praefecti AT Atta or Attus
AQ'STA Aquae Statiellae A'V aediles vici
AQV aquilifer A'V argenti unciae
AQV, AQV A aquarius A'V ave or ave vale
A Q'E'R'P' (ei)ad quern ea res pertinet, perti- AV Augustus, Augusta
PR'L nebit recte licet AV Aulus
AQVIL aquilifer AV Aurelius
AQVIT Aquitani (cohors) AVCT auctoritate
AR a rationibus A'V'F'O'D' aediles vici Furfensis opus de vici
AR arletes V'S'C scitu curarunt 2
AR Arnensis (tribus) AVG augur
AR artifex AVG augustalis
AE Aruns . AVG Augustus, Augusta
ARAB Arabicus AVGG August! (duo)
A RAT, A RATION a rationibus
ARE, ARBITR arbitratu 1
Brambacb, 906.
ARC area, arcarius
1 Wilmanns (Ea-empla,
p. 712) thinks this is
ARC archimimuB corrupted from the earlier M(nglstri) v(ici)
ARC architectus /(aciundum) c(urarunt) d(e) v(ici) so(itu).
420 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
AVQGG August! (tres) r. I >
Bona dea
AVGG NN August! nostri (duo) B'D'M bene de (se) merenti f
AVG'L August! libertus B'D'S'M bene de se merenti
AVG'MAX' augur maximus augurum (Cirtn BE beneflciarius
AVG and Cuicul) BE'DE'S'M bene de se merenti
AVG'N Augustus noster BEL Belgae (cohors)
AVG'P'AN Augustn Pannoniorum Antonini- BE'ME benemerenti
ana (ala) B'E'M'M'FECl bene merenti memoriam fecit
AVG'P'F Augusta pia fldelis (legio) BENE'D'S'M bene de se merenti
AVG'P-F'CO Augusta pia fldelis Uoinraoda BENEF beneflcium
AVG'PP augustalis pcrpetuus BENEM benemerenti
AVG'PVB' augur publicus populi romani Qui- BENIF beniflciarius = beneficiarius
P'R'Q ritium BE'ME'DE bene merenti de (se)
AVGVS Augustus (mensis) BE'ME'DE'S bene merenti de se
AVGVST augustalis, augustalitas BE'ME'FEC bene merenti fecit
AVGVST Augustalis (sodalis") Claudialis BENEFIC, BENIF beneflciarius
CLAVDIAL BEN'M benemerenti
AVGVSTPERP augustalis perpetuus BEN-MER bene merenti
A'V'L agens vices legati BEN'M'M'Fbene merenti memoriam fecit
AVN 1 avunculus BE'TR benettciarius tribuni
A'V'P agens vices praesidis B'F, BF beneficiarius, beneflciatus
AVR aurariae B'F Bona Fortuna
AYR Aurelius B'F bonum factum ?
AVR Auriana (ala) B'F bos fetnina
AVRR Aurelii (duo) BF, & beneflciarius
AVTHEM authemerum B'F'A'IVNCT boves feminae auro jnnctae
AYG* Aegyptus BF'COS benettciarius consularis
BF'LEG'LEG beneficiarius legati legionis

B BF'SEXM beneflciarius (tribuni) semestris

BIB bibes
B Badius BIP bipedalis
B beneflciarius BIS bisellarius
B Belinus BIS F bis fusum (vinum)
B* beteranus = veteranus BIS'VI'AVG bisellarius sevlr Augustalis
B bixit = vixit BIX'PRI bixellarius (= vexillarius) princi-
B bonus, a palis
B bos B'K'M beteranus classis Misenensis
B brachium (secundum, tertium) B'M bene merenti
etc. 4 B'M bona mens
B beneflciarius B'M bonae memoriae, or bene memo-
BAD badius rius
BA'L balneator B'M bos mas
B'A'S ;
B'A VG'S Bacaci Augusto sacrum B'M'D bene merenti de (se)
BASIL, BA8SIL basilica B'M'D'S bene merenti de se
BB beneflciarii B'M'D'S'F bene merenti de se fecerunt
B'B bonis bene B'M'F bene merenti fecit
B'B'ET'MAL'B bonis bene et mails bene B'M'F bonae memoriae femina
BB-FF beneflciarii B'M'F'C bene merenti faciundum curavit
B'B'M'B bonis bene, malls bene or curavertint
B'B'M'M bonis bene, mails male B'M'F'D'S bene merenti fecerunt de suo
BB'MM bene merenti B'M'FEC beno merenti fecit
BB-VV boni viri B'M-FF bene merenti fecerunt
BB'WQQ boni viri quinquennales B'M'M'P bene merenti memoriam posuit
&& beneflciarii B'M'P bene merenti posuit
B'COS, CONS beneflciarius consularis B'M'P bonae memoriae puella
B'M'P'C bene merenti ponenduin curavit
III. 158. * C. I. L. III. 85.
Ephem. Ep.
' C. I. 4
L. X. 749. See page 884. C. I. L. III. 1956.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 421

B'M'R bonae memoriae religiosa C comitialis (dies)

B'M'S bonae memoriae sacrum C communis (hora)
B'M'V bonae memoriae vir C compos (voti)
BN bene C coudemno, condemnato
B'N'M bene merenti C condidit
B'N'M bonae memoriae C congius
B'OPIF bona opifera C coniux (m. or f.)
B'P bonus puer (deus) C consule, consulibus
B'PR beneficiarius praefecti C con stan s (legio)
B'PR'PR beneficiarius praefectorum prae- C crocodes
torio C cuneus
B'Q' bene quiescat or quiescant C curator, curavit or curaverunt,
BR B.euci (eohors), Britones (cohors) curante or curantibus
BR Britannia C curia
BRAC Bracaraugustani (cohors) caput ?

BRITO Britones (numerus) jj- centurio

BRIT Bruttium 0, 7, 5 Gaia = femina
BRITT Britones (numerus) 3 conductor
B'R'N bono rei publicae natus 7 contra (legem, retiarius, etc.)
B'R'P'N bono rei publicae natus 0, 7 contrascriptor
B'S bonus suis ? 7 conventus
B'S, SEC brachiutn secundum 3 coronarum in inscriptions of gladi-
B'SPR beneficiarius subpraefecti ators
B'TR beneflciarius tribunl CA candidatus
B-V bene vale CA carcerarius
BV, BVC, BVCC BVCIN buccinator CA carissimo
BVL buleuta C'A curam agens or curam egit
BV'SIG bucranium signavit C'A custos armorum
B-VIX bene vixit C'A'A'A colonia Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
BV 8V buccinator supra (numerum) C'A'AQ colonia Aurelia Aquensium
B'V'V balnea, vina, Venus C'A'D'A'I colonis agrorum dandorum adsi-
gnandorum jus
CAEL, CAELT Caelestis (dea)
CAES Caesar
O cacus, capsarius CAES caesura
C Caesar CAESARIBB Caesaribus (duobus)
C Gaius CAES'N Caesar noster
C Kalendae C'AGENT curam agente
C candidatus CAL Calabria
C castrum, castra CAL caligo
C cedit CALAB Calabria
C, C 1 centurio CALC calciator
C censuere CAM Camilla (tribus)
C cicatrices CAM'D campidoctor
C cineres CAMIL Camilia (tribus)
C clrciter CAMP Campania
C circus, circenses (ludi) CAMP campestris (cohors)
C citra CAMPED 3 campidoctor
C civis, civitas CAN canabae, canabenses
C claritas CAN Canatheni (cohors)
C classiarius C'A'N colonia Augusta Nemausus
C Claudius, Claudia (tribus) CAND, CANDID candidatus
(QVN) C- (VINSIN)* (cum) co (vbd) CANN Canninefates (ala)
C codicillarius CAP, CAPIT capitalis
C cohors C'AQ civis Aquensis
C colonia, colonus CAR carcerarius

See page 183. * C. I. L. IX. 2892. <7. 7. L. V. 8773.

422 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

CAR Carmen talia CEN censor

( \l; Carpicus CEN ccnturio
CAK'M Carpicus maximus CEN8 censitor
OAKU carcerarius CEN8 censor, cen sores
CAS castra, castris (oriundus) CEN8 censuit, censuerunt
CATER Caterenses = Cattherenses (nume- CENS'ACC (legatus Augusti) censlbus acci-
rus) piendis
CATTHR Cattharenses (numerus) CENT centenarius
C'B colonia Beneventana CENT centonarii
C'B compos boti ? CENT centurio
C'B coniux bona CENTO centonarii
C'BEL civis Bellovacus C'E'Q cineres ei quiescant or curam fegit,
C'B'F coniugi bonae fecit Quintus
C'B'M conjugl bene merentl CER Cerealia
C'B'M'F conjugi bene merenti fecit CE8 censor, censores
C'B'M'P coniugi bene merenti posuit C'P clarissima femina
CC Caesares (duo) C'P clarissirnus fllius
CC Gail duo C'F coniux fecit
C'C censuerunt cuncti C'F'C censores faciundum curarunt
C'C certa constans (legio) C'F'C'C collegium ftibrum centonariorum
CC cives C... Comensium
C'O collegium centonariorum C'F'C coniux faciendum curavit
C'C colonia Claudia C'F'F carissimae flliae fecit

C'C colon! coloniae C'F'N conductor ferrariarum Noricarum

C'C constans Commoda 7 FR centurio frumentarioruin
C'C (agens)cm-am careens C'G civis gratissimus ?

J), ,
3 Gaiae (= feminae) duae C'G'P'F cohortes germanicae piae fldelcs
CCA Caesaribus (duobus) CH c(o)hors
C'C'A colonia Caesaraugusta CHELID cbelidonium
C'C'A'A'A coloni coloniae Augusta Alexan- CHO, CHOR c(o)hors
drianae Abellinatium C'l clarissimus iuvenis
C'C'C coire convocari cogi C'l colonia lulia
C'C'C colouia Copia Claudia C'l'A'A colonia lulia Augusta Apollinaris
C'C'C tres Gaii C'I'C colonia lulia Carcase
C'C'C cum consilio collocutus CIC, CICA cicatrices
OOO Gaiae (= feminae) tres CICATRI'V cicatrices veteres
C'C'C' A VG' colonia Claudia Copia Augusta C'l'F'S colonia lulia Felix Sinope
LVG Lugudunum C'l'K colonia lulia Karthago
C'C'C'D cum consilio collocutus dixit C'l'P'C'N'M colonia lulia Paterna Claudia
C'C'C'IVL coloni coloniae Claritatis luliae Narbo Martius
C'CENT collegium centonariorum C'I'P'A colonia lulia Paterna Arelate
C'C'I'K coloni coloniae luliae Karthaginis CIRT Cirtenses (cohors)
C'C'I'V'C' coloni coloniae luliae 'Veneriae fJ'I'S colonia lulia secundanorum
8'N Cirtae Siccae nostrae CIV civis, civitas, clvitate (oriundun)
C'C'N coloni Castri Novani CIV'AQV civis Aquensis
CC'NN Caesares nostri CIVI'8 VMA civitate Sumalocenna
C'C'R curator civium Romanornm
-
CIVIT civitas
C'C'R'CON' curator civium Homanorum con- C'lVL'N colonia lulia Numidica (Simitthus)
HE ventus Ue[lvetici] C'K coniux karlssima
CC'88 consulibus C'K'F coniugi karissimae fecit

CC'VV, C'C'V'V clarissimi viri C'L Gaii libertus, liberta

OO EX8ERC centuriones (duo) exercitatores C'L cives Latini
C'D compos dat CL clarissimus, claritas
C'D consulto decurionum CL classis
C'D-D creatus decreto decurionnm CL Claudius. Claudia, Claudialis
C'E curam egit CL Clusturnina (tribus)
C'E'B'Q cincres eius bene quiescant C'L colonia Lambaesitana
CEL cells C'L conliberti ?
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 423

O'L mulieris Hbertus, liber^a COINQ coinquendi

I/O mulieris liberta COIR coirarunt = ourarunt
CLA Claudia (tribus) COL collegium, collega
CLA'BRI classis Britannica COL Collina (tribus)
CL-ALIS Claudialis ? COL colonia, coloni, colonicus ?
CLA claritas COL columbarium
CLAK clarissimus, clarissima COL'BEN colonia Beneventum
CLAR'ET clarissima et inlustris feznina COL'CENT collegium centonariorum
INL-FEM COL'COL coloni coloniae
CLARI claritas COL'CONC' colonia Concordia Ulpia (Hadrume-
CLAS'BKIT classis Britannica VLP turn)
CLAS'PR classis praetoria COL'FAB collegium fabrum
CLASS classicus COL'F'I'A- colonia Faventia lulia Augusta
CLAV, CLAVD Claudia (tribus) P-BARC Pia (Barcino)
CLAVD Claudialis (flamen) COL-FL'AVG colonia Flavia Augusta
CL'BR, CL-BRIT classis Britannica COL'HORR coloniae horrearius
CL'G'P'F classis Germanica pia Udells COL'IVL-G colonia lulia Gemina
CL'PR classis praetoria COLTV'T colonia lulia Victrix Triumphalis
CL'PR'M, MIS classis praetoria Misenensis COL'KAL collocatum Kalendis...
CL'PR'RAV, classis praetoria Ravennas COLL collapsum
RAVEN COLL collegium
CL'V clarissimus vir COLL coloniae
CLV, CLVS, CLVST Clustumina (tribus) COLLIB collibertus
C'M % civitas Mattiacorum COL-LIB coloniae libertus
C'M collegium or corpus mensorum COLL'AER collegium aerariorum
C'M'F clarissimae memoriae femina COLL'CENT collegium centonariorum
C'M'P; C'M'V clarissimae memoriae puer, vir COLL'DENDR collegium dendrophorum
C'N Caesar noster COLL'FAB, FABR collegium fabrum
CN Gnaeus COLL'FAB- collegium fabrum et centonario-
C'C civitasor colonia Nemausensium ET'CENT rum
CN consulatus COLLIN Collina (tribus)
CNAT natus COL'L, LIB coloniae libertus, liberta
CNS consulatus COLL'S'S' collegium suprascriptum
CNTA cognata ? COLON'G- colonia Gallieniana (?) Augusta Fe-
CO codicillarins A-F-MED lix Mediolanum
CO cohors COL'SARN'MIL colonia Sarniensis Milev
CO coniux COL'SEP colonia Septimia
C'O coniugi optimo COL'SER ooloniae servus
CO Coventina (dea) COL'VAL colonia Valentia
CO'CA coniugi carissimo COL' YEN colonia Veneria
COD codicillarius COL'VEN-COR colonia Veneria Cornelia
COD'TR codicillarius tribuni COL'VLP colonia Ulpia
COER coeravit = curavit COM Commageni (cohors)
COGN'SACR cognitiones sacrae COM comes
COH cohors COM commanipularis
COHERR coheredes COM commentariensis
COHH cohortes COM commune
COH'I'C'E cohors I civium Romanorum C'O'M cum omnibus meis
COH'EQ'oo cohors equitata miliaria COM'AVG comes August!
COHTF'PED cohors I Flavia peditata COM'L commentariorum loco
COH'I'FL' coh. I Flavia miliaria equitata COMM, COM- commentaria, commentariensis
oo EQ'SAG sagittariorum MEN
COH'I'P'C cohors I pia constans COMMIL commilito
COH' .. PR cohors praetoria COM-S'B-M commilitoni suo bene merenti
COH- .. VIG cohors vigilum COM'S'C comes sacri consistorii
COH-I-VLP cohors I Ulpia... Antoniniana COMTAR commutare
.. ANT CON coniux
COH'VRB cohors urbana CON constat
424 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

CON consul COR'PR cornicularius praefectl

CON contubernalis CORR corrector
CON'B'M coniugi bene merentl COR'S PR cornicularius subpraefecti
CON'CELL contubernalis cellarius COR'T, TRIB cornicularius tribuni
COND conductor COR'VALL corona vallaris
CON'FER' conductor ferrariarum Norlci, COS consul, consules, consularis
N'P'D Pannoniae, Daciae? COS'A'A'S' consules alter ambove si els vide-
COND'P'P conductor public! portorii E'V retur
COND'P'P'ILL- conductor public! portorii 111- COS'AD LEG consistentes ad legionem
YEIC-ET R'T yrici et ripae Thraciae COS'AMPL consul amplissiinus
CONDVO conductor COSE consensu
COND'IIII' conductor quatuor publicorum Af- COSOB'CVH-EGl consobrinus curam egit
P'A FR ricae COS'ORD consul ordinarius
CON'FER' conductor ferrariarum Noricarum COSS consules
N'P'D partis
* dimidiae CO'TR codicillarius tribuni
CONG coniugt COVET Coventina (dea)
CON'KAR coniugi carissimo CO'VI'CE'P cohors sexta, centuria prima
CONL conlatus C'P'C cacus praefecti cohortium
CONL conlegium C'P Castor (et) Pollux
CON'M'F coniugi merentl or memoriam C'P castra praetoria
fecit C'P censoria potestate
CONNS8 consulibus C'P clarissiuius puer
CON'R'F'C coniugi rarissimo faciundum cura- C'P, C'l clarissima puella
vit C'P comprobatum pondns
CONS consensu C'P coniugi pientissimae or posuit
CONS conservus C'P cui praeest
CONS consistens C'P'C cacus praefecti cohortium
CONS C'onsualia C'P'EST cui praeest
CONS consul, consulibus, consularis, con- C'P'F Claudia pia fidelis (legio)
sulatus C'P'L civitas Pictonum Limonum
CONS'MEM'V consularis memoriae vir C'P'M classis praetoria Misenensis
CONS'ORD consul ordinarius C'P'M'P coniugi pientissimae inemoriam
CONS'P consularis provinciae posuit
CONS'P'S consularis provinciae Siciliae C'P'P conductor public! portorii
CONSS consules C'P'Q'K clarissirnus puer quaestor candi-
CONS'S'S consulibus supra scriptis datus
CONT contarii (ala) C'Q cum quo or cum qua (vixit)
CONVEC convectio C'Q'V cum quo or qua vixit
CONV convenerunt C'Q'V'A cum quo or qua vixit annis
COOPT cooptatus C'R civis Romanus; cives Roman!;
CO'P coniugi pientissimae civitas Romana
COR cohors CREM cremavit
COR Cornelia (tribus) CRET'ET C Creta et Cyrenae
COR cornicen, cornicularius 7 RET contraretiarius
COR corpus, corporati CRIOB criobolium
COR curavlt C'R'M cives Roman! Mogontiaci
COR corona C'R'P curator rei publicae
CO'RA'FE coniugi rarissimo fecit CRY, CRVST Clustumina (tribus)
COR'ANAL corona analempsiaca CRVST, CRVSTVL crustulum
COR'AVR corona aurea CS Caesar
COR'CLASS corona classica C'S carissiuius sibi
COR'FAB coi-pus fabrutn C'S carus or cara suis
COR'MVR corona muralis C'S coniugi sanctissimae
CORN, COR NIC cornicen, cornicularius C'S coniugi suae
CORP'CVST corporis custos C'S (de) conscriptorum (?) sententia
CORPOR corporati, corporis CS consularis
CORPOR'C corporatus Caesariensis C'S cum suis
CORP'N'RHO corpus nantarum Rhodanicorum O'S contrascriptor
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 425

C'S'B'M coniugi suae ? benemerenti CYR, CYREX Cyrenaica (legio, cohors)

C'S genas scissas (on an oculist's CYR, CYRIN Quirina (tribus)
stamp)
OSC or 7SC, SCR contra scriptor
C'S'P'N'C consularis sexfascalis provinciae
Nuinidiae Constantinae Dalmatia ?
C'S'N civitas saltus Nucerini dat,do mi m
C'S'O cum suis omnibus decurio
C'T civitas Tolosa deus, dea
CT 1 catabolensis decem
G'T, TR codicillarius tribuni December (mensls)
C'TR, TRE civitas Treverorum Decimus..
O TEA contra decessit
C'V civitas Ulpia decitnamis
C'V clarissimus vir decretum
C'V colonia Viennensis, colon! Vien- decurio, decuriones, decurla
nenses dedit, dederunt, datum
CV cura, curator defunctus
CVB, CVBIC, CVBICV cubicularius denarius
C'V'I'B colonia Victrix lulia Baeterrae designatus
CVI-PR cui praeest Diana
CVLT cultores dies, die, diebus
C V'MT cum uxore? memoriam posuit
? dignus
CVN cuneus dispensator
CVNC 2 concubina divus
CVNS s consul dixit
CVR cura, curavit, curanta or curanti- doctor
bus, curator dominus, domina
CVR curia domo
CVR curulis donavit, donaverunt, donat, do-
C'V'K'A coloni veteres ? Reienses Apolli- nant, donatus
nares D duumvir
CVR A curavit D duplarius, duplicarius
CVR'AER curator aerarii D dux
CVR'AG- curam agente [) defunctus, dicit, dies, domo
CVR'ALV'TIB curator alvei Tiberis DA Daci (cohors)
CVR'ANN curator annonae D'A defunctus annorum
CVR AT curator D'A discens aquiliferum
CVR'COL curator coloniae Dacicus
CVR'F'P curator frumenti public!? DAC'APVL Dacia Apulensis
CVR'IVV curator iuventutis DAC'MALV Dacia Malvensis
CVR'KAL curator kalendarii DAC'POROL Dacia Porolissensis
CVR'MIN curator Miniciae D'ACC de acceptore
CVIl'P'P curator pecuniae publicae DA'M Dacicus inaximus
CVR'R-P curator rei publicae DAMAS Damasceni (cohors)
CVRR curatores D'AQ discens aquiliferum
CVR'SCO curator scolae D'AR discens armaturam
CVR'VIAT curator viarura D'A'R'ARCAK discens a rationibus arcarii
CVR' )f PL curator denariis flandis DAT'COLL'S'S datum collegio supra scripto
CVS'BASIL custos basilicae D'B'M de (se) bene rnerentl ?
CVST custos D'B'S d(iis ?) b(onis) sacrum
CVBT'TABVL custos tabularii D'C decreto conscriptorum or deeuri-
C'V'T'P colonia Ulpia Traiana Poetovio onuin consulto
CYMBAL cymbalistria D'C decurio civitatis, or coloniae
DC decessit
1
C. 1. L. VIII. 2408. DC decurio
*
Orelli, 2463. D'C decurionum consensu or decreto
s C. 1. L. XII. 2384 (year 491). conscriptorum
426 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

D'C'D de conscriptorum decreto DD-MM Dlis Manlbus

D'COL de collegia D-D'N-N, DD'NN domini nostri (duo)
D'C'R'MOG decurio civiuin Romanorum Mo- DD'NN-NOBB- domini nostri (duo) nobilissimt
gontiaci CAESS < acsares
D'C'8 de conscriiitorum sententia D'D'O dis deabus omnibus
D'C'8 de consilii sententiu D'D'O donum dato o ? . .

D'C'S de collegil sententia D'D'P decurionum decreto publice

D'C'S'C de conscriptorum sententia cura- D'D'PEC' decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
verunt PVB lica
DC8M dulcissimae D'D'P'P decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
D'COLL'S de collegii sententia lica
D'C'S'T decurio civitatis saltus Taunensis D'D'P'P'P decreto decurionum pecunia pub-
D'D damnas dainnates Hca posuerunt
D'D dare debebit, dare debeto D-D-Q dedicavit que
D-D dea Dia D'D'S de deeurionum sententia
D'D dea Diana D'D'S'F'C de decurionum sententia faciun-
D'D decreto decurionum dum curavit, curaverunt
D'D dedit dedicavit or donum (dono) DDS dedit or dederunt de suo
dedit, or dedicavit (dedicatus, D'D'S'P dedit de sua pecunia ?
dedicante) D'D'8'8 deus dominus sanctissimus Sa-
DD 1 defensor? turnus
DD devoti D'D'V'L dono dedit votum laetus libens
D'D dextra decimanum L'M merito
D'D dii deae D'D'V'S'L' dono dato votum solvit libens
D'D domini duo L'M laetus merito
D'D domus divina DE dea
D'D'D datum decreto decurionum DE decetn
D'D'D deo donum dedit DE December (mensls)
D'D'D dedit dedicavit ? D'E decurio
D'D'D domini tres DE devotus
D'D'D dono dedit dedicavit; or dedit DEC December
dedicavit DEC decemiugis
D'D'D'ADL, decreto decurionum decurio ad- DEC decesslt
ADLECT lectus DEC Decimus
D'D'D'D datum de decreto decurionum ? DEC decretum
D'D'D'D donum dat dicat dedicat DEC decurio, decuriones, decurionatus ;

D'D'D'D' donum dat dicat dedicat libens decuria, decurialis

L'M inerito DECC decuriones (duo)
D'D'D'E'S dare damnas dnmnates esto sunto DEC'C'A decurio coloniae Agrippinensis
D'D'D'L donum dat dedicat libens ? DEC'COS' decuria consularis et praetoria
D'D'D'N datus decreto decurionum Nemau- ET'PR
sensium DEC-DEC
DDDNNN domini nostri tres DEC-DEC,
DDD NNN' domini nostri Flavii (tres)
'
DECR
FFFLLL DEC'N-M'M decurio numeri militum M..
D'D'E dare damnas esto DE CONL'SENT de conlegii sententia
D'DEL'S de delectorum sententia DEC'POP'Q decuriones populus que
D'D'H'C decreto decurionum hie consacra- DECR decretum, decrevit
vit DECR'DEC decreto decurionum
D'D'I dis (U-ftbiis imrnortalibus? DE C'8 de consilii sententia
D'D'L donum de,1it. libens ? DKCV decurio
D'D'L'D' dono dedit or dedit dedicavit DEC'VIAT decuria vlatorum
D'D loco dnto decreto decurionum DED dedit or dedicavit, dedicatus
D'D'L'M donum dedit libens merito DED deductus
D'D'M'C'F decreto decurionum munlcipli I > Kite dedicatus
Celelant facta DE-D'D'L Deanae ? donum dat libens
DED'XX'P- deducta vigesima populi Roman!
'
C. I. L. X. 701T. K-D dedit
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
DBF defunctus DIFF diffusor
DEF'ANN defunctus annorum (tot) DIG dignus
D'E'F'V'L decuriones et familia villae Lucul- D'I'I'M deus invictus, invictus ? Mithras
lanae ? D'I'M deus invictus Mithras
DEIOT Deiotariana (legio) DIM dimidia
DEL delator DTM Manibus
dis inferis
DELIC deliciaris DI'MA Di(is)Manibus or D(iis) i(nferis)
DELM Dalinatae (eohors) Manibus
DEND, DENDR dendrophori DI'N dierum numerus
DENDROPHORR dendrophori D'INV-M deus invictus Mithras
DEP depositus DIS dispensator
DE PAG'SEN de pagi sententia DIS dispunctor
DE PAG'SEN' de pagi sententia faciundum DIS'I'MA Diis inferis Manibus
FAC'COER coerarunt DIS'M, MA, MAN, MANI Diis Manibus
DE PEQ'POB de pequnia poblica DIS'MAN'MEM Diis Manibus memoriae
DE PVB de publico DISP dispensator
D'EQ discens equitem DISP dispunctor (particularly in
D'E'R de ea re Mauritania)
D'E'R'I'C de ea re ita censuere DISPEN, DISPES dispensator
D'E'R'Q'D'R'A de ea re qua de re agetur DISP'P'S dispensator provinciae Sardiniae
DES designatus DISP'RAT'COP- dispensator rationis copiarum
DESCR descriptum EXPED'FEL' expeditionum felicium Ger-
DE-SEN-SENT de senatus sententia GERM manicarum
DESIG, DESIGN designatus DISP'REIP dispunctor.rei publicae
DE S'P de sua pecunia DISSIGN dissignator
DE S'S, DE S-SEN, DE SEN' de senatus sen- D'L dedit libens
SENT, DE SEN A -SEN tentia D'L'M dedit lubens merito
DEST destinatus D'L deus Liber
DE SVA PEQ, DE de sua pecunia D'L die Lunae
8VA PECVN D'M dea magna or deum mater
DESVLT desultores D'M deus Mithras
DEV'N'M' devotus numini maiestatique eius D'M decurio municipii
Q-EIVS D'M , devotee memoriae ?

DE V'S, DE VI -S, DE VIC'S de vici scito D'M Diis Manibus

DE V DEC de quinque decuriis D'M .
divino tnandatu
D'F dare facere D'M dolus mains
D'F decima facta D'M'A'E' dolus malus abesto et ius civile or
D'F de flglinis I'C iurisconsultus
D'F defunctus D'M'E devotus maiestati eius
D'F duplarius frumentarius ? D'M'ET M Diis Manibus et memoriae
D'F dulcissimae filiae D'M'I dea magna Idaea
D'F'P dare facere praestare D'M'I Dis Manibus inferis
D'F'P'EFFE- (hunc) decuriones funere pub- D'M'ID dea magna Idaea or (mater) deum
RVNDVM lico efferundum censuerunt magna Idaea
CENS D'M'IN Dis Manibus inferis
DI dimachaerus D'M'S deo Mithrae sacrum
DIA diatheses D'M'S diis Manibus sacrum
DIABSOR diabsoricum D'M'V'F diis Manibus vivus fecit
DIACHO diacholes D'N Dea Nehallenia
DIAGLA .
diaglaucen D'N dominus noster
DIALEP dialepidos D'N'M'E devotus numini maiestatique eius
DIAPSOR'OPO diapsoricum opobalsamatum D'N'M'Q devotus numini maiestatique
DIAZMYR diaziriyrnes D'N'M'Q'E devotus numini maiestatique eius
DIG dictator D'N'P'E devotus numini pietatique ? eius
1

DIC'N'M'Q dicatus numini maiestatique eius D'O dari oportet

EIVS DO domino
DICT dictator DO donum, donatus ?
DIE S die solis DO'AF domo Africa
428 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

DOC'EQ'AC P 1 doctor equitum ac peditum D'S'L'M de suo libens merito

DOL doliaris D'S'M de se meritus
DOL Dolichenus D'S'M Diis sacrum Manibug
D'O'M * deo optiino maximo ? D'S'P de sua pecunia or de suo posuit
DO.M-NOSTK douiinus noster D'S'P'C de suo ponenduin curavit
DON donavit D'S'P'D de sua pecunia dedit
DON'POS donum posuit D'S'P'D'D de sua pecunia dono dedit
D'P de proprio D'S'P^'EX' de sua pecunia ex decreto decuri-
D'P deus patrius D'D onum
D'P diis Parentibus D'S'P'F de sua pecunia fecit
D'P donum posuit D'S'P'F'C de sua pecunia faciendum curavit
D'PAG'S de pagi scitu or sententla D'S'P'L'D' de suo posuit loco dato decreto
D'P-D de proprio dedit D'D decurionum
D'P'D-M Dili patri, Diis Manibus D'S'P'P de sua pecunia posuit
D'P'E devotus pietati eius D'S'P'R de sua pecunia restituit
D'P'P dii Penates public! D'S'P'R'C de sua pecunia reflciendum curavit
D'P'P de pecunia publica D'S'R de suo restituit
D'P'S de pagi scitu or sententia D'S'S de senatus sententia
D'P'S de pecunia sua, or de parcimonio D'S'S desuosibi?
BUO, or de peculio suo, or de D'S'S'C'F de suo sibi coniugi filius ?
proprio suo D'S'S'F'C de senatus sententia faciendum
D'P'S'D de pecunia sua dedit curavit
D'P'S'D'D de pecunia sua dono dedit or dedit D'S'V decreto senatus Vocontiorum
dedicavit D'S'V'L de suo vivus libens
D'P'S'D'L' de pecunia sua dedit; loco dato D'T duintaxat
D'P publice D'T de thesauro
D'P'S'F de pecunia sua fecit D'T'S dii te servent
D'P'S'F'D de pecunia sua factum (factam) DV -

duovir, duumvir
dedit D'V'V'A'S' duumvir viis aedibus sacris pub-
D'P'S'P de pecunia sua posuit P'P licis procurandis? (from Pom-
D'Q'F" Decimi quondam ? fllia ? peii)
D'Q decurio quaestor DVC ducenarius
D'Q'A de qua agatur DVC'DVC duce ducenario ?
D'Q'L'S'TT'L die qui legis : sit tibi terra levis D'V'I'D duum vir hire dicundo
D'R'P digriuin republica D'V'L'M dedit? or Dianae ? votum ? Hbens
D'R'S deae Romae sacrum merito
D'S de suo DVM'T, TAX dum taxat
D'S deus sanctus, dea sancta DVPL duplarius, duplicarius
D'S deus Saturnus DVPLI, DVPLIC duplicarius
D'S deus Silvanus D'V'S de vici scitu
D'S discens signiferum D'V'S'F'C' de vici scitu faciundum curarunt
D'S (Silvano) domestieo
sacrum I'Q'P idemque probarunt
D'SANCT'SATVR dominus sanctus Saturnus D'X'PRIM' duplarius decem primus p...
D'S'B'M de se bene meritus P'P p....
D'S'D de sententia decurionum D'XX'P'R deducta vigesima popull Rotnani
D'^'D de suo dedit (dat)
D'S'D'D de suo donum dedit or dedicavit
D'S'EX'V'P de suo ex voto posuerunt
D'S'F de suo fecit E eius
D'S'F'C de suo faciendum curavit E (h)eres ,

D'S'I'IMP deus Sol invictus imperator E est

D'S'I'M deus sol invictus Mithras E evocatus
D'S'L'L'M de suo laetus libens merito E exsculpslt
E'A'CA exactum ad Castorls
C. I. L. IX. 952. E'A'E eques alae eiusdem
C. I. L. XII. 1069. Not a Christian inscrip- E'C eius causa?
tion. BCD ecdicus
Orelli, 1470. ED (a)ediculam
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 429

EE'QQ equites ESQ, ESQVIL Esqullina (tribus)

E'E'Q'Q'E'E equites Eomani E'S'K exemplum sacri rescript! ?
EE'VV egregiiviri ESS, ESSE essedarius
EE'VV, EE'MM'VV eminentissimi viri ESSE'LIB essedarius liberatus
EG'M'V egregiae memoriae vir E'T ex testamento
E'H'L'IVS' ex hac lege ius potestasque esto E'T'F ex testamento fecit
POT E' V egregius vir, more rarely eminen-
E'H'L'N'E eius hace lege nihilum rogato tissimus vir
E'l eius index EV evocatus
EID eidus E'V'L'M'P ex voto libens merito posuit
EIQ eique EVOC, EVOK evocatus
EIS'Q'I'S'S eis quae infra scriptae sunt EVOC'AVG evocatus August!
E'L'P e lege Papiria, Petronia E'V'S ex voto suscepto
EM emeritus EX exceptor
E'M ex monitu EX AC exactor, exactus
EM'B emeritus beneficiarius EX A'C ex aere conlato
E'M'D'S'P'F e monitu de sua pecunia fecit 1
EX'A(AD) CAS, CAST exactum ad Castoris
E'M'V egregiae memoriae vir EX A'P ex argento publico
EM'V eminentissimus vir EXAE exarchus
EN endotercisus (dies) EX A RG ex argento
E'O'B'Q eiossa bene quiescant EX AVC, AVCT ex auctoritate
EP Eppius EXC exceptor
EPIP epiphorae EXC'PE, T exceptor praefecti, tribuni
EQ eques, equestris, equitata EX C'C ex co.nscriptorum consulto
EQ Equirria EX CC ex ducenario
EQ'CATAF equites cataphractarii EX CCC ex trecenario
EQ'C'E equitata civium Itomanorum (co- EX COM'DOM ex comite domesticorum
hors) EX CONS ex consensu or consulto
E'Q'D'D eademque dedicavit EX D. ex devotione
EQ'EX'N eques ex numero EX D'D ex decreto decurionum
EQ'G equitum gradus
2 EX D'D' ex decreto decurionum ex pecunia
EQ'P equo publico EX P'P publica
EQ'P'EXOR equo publico exornatus EX D'D'P' ex decreto decurionum pecunia
EQ'PVB, PVBL equo publico P publica
EQQ equites EX DEC'C' ex decreto centum virorum pe-
EQ'E eques Romanus PEC'SEV cunia Severiana
EQ'E'E'M' eques Romanus egregiae memoriae EX DEC'DECRET ex decurionum decreto
V vir EX D'OKD ex decreto ordinis
EQ'R'E'P, eques Eomanus equo publico EX D'P'A ex decreto provinciae Africae
EQ'PVBL EXElt'PAN'INF exercitus Pannoniae Inferioris
EQ'E'F equitis Roman! films EX EEC exercitator
EQ'S (SING) D'N eques singularis dominl nostrl EXEEC exercitus
E'E ea res EX F'B ex fide bona
EE (h)eres EX FIG, FIGL ex figlinis
E E'P e re publica EX'G(GEE) INF exercitus Germaniae Inferioris
EX TP ex imperio posuit EX H'L'EX' ex hac
lege, exve decreto decuri-
E R'P'V e re publica videri VE'D'D onurn
E'E' A ea res agitur EX H'L'N'E ex hace lege nihilum rogato
E'E'C (cum) ea res consuletur EX IMP'IPS ex imperio ipsius
E E'P e re publica EX IV, IVS ex iussu
EE'TF.STAME (h)eredes testamento EX IVS'IPSA ex iussu ipsarum
E S'C'E'C e senatus consulto reflciendum EX IVSS'E ex iussu eius
curavit EX IV'V'S' ex iussu votum solvit libens merito
E'S'F'S'F'L ei sine fraude sua facere liceto L'M
EX N ex nomine
i
Orelli, 2467. EXO exodiarius
* From the theatre at Orange (C. I. L. XII. EX O ex ovo
1241). EX OF, OFF ex officina
430 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

EX PAGI'D ex pagi decreto F figlinae

EX P'D ex pagi decreto F filius, fllla
EX PEQ'PVB ex pecunia public F fines
EXPL exempluin F fiscus
EX P'L ex pecunia legata F fiunt
EXPLIC explicarius F flamen
EX P'D ex parte dirnidia? F Flavius, Flavia (legio) Flaviensis
EX PL'BAT exploratores Batavi F Fortuna
EX P'P ex pecunia publica F Fretcnsis (legio)
EX P'P'F'C ex pecunia piiblica faciundum F functus
curavit F fund us
EX PR ex praediis E liliii. femina

EX PR exceptor praefecti FAB Fabia (tribus)

EX PR'C'C' ex praediis coloniae copiae Clau- FAB fabrica
C'C diae curatum ? FAB fabri, fabrum (praefectus)
EXPVRG expurgatio FAB'COS, PU (praefectus) fabrum cousularis,
EX R ex ratione (PRAET) praetorius
EX R'P ex response posuit FABR'CENT fabri centonarii
EX R'VRB ex ratione urbica FABR-TIG, TIGN fabri tignarii
EX S'C ex senatus consulto FAC faciebat
EXSERC' exercens artem cretariarn FAC'COER-EIDEMQ- faciundum coerarunt ei-
ART'CRET PROB demque jirobarunt
EX S'P'F'C ex sua pecunia faciendum curavit FAC'CVR ;
FACIV' faciundum curavit, cura-
EX8 TEST'F exs testamento fecit CVR runt
EX S'VOTO ex suscepto veto or exs voto FAC'LOCAR-EIDEMQ- faciundum locarunt
EXT, EXCTR exceptor tribuni PROB eidemque probarnnt
EXT exterus FACT factio
EXT ex testamento FAL Falerna (tribus)
EXT'F'I'C ex testamento fieri itissit, faciun- FAL, FAL A Falernae (vites)
dum curavit FALC Falcidia (lex)
EX T'P ex testamento posuit FALE, FALL Falerna (tribus)
EX TR ex tributario FAM familia
EX T'T'F' ex testamento titulum fieri iussit ; F AM "GLAD familia gladiatoria
I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit F'A'PERP flamen August! pcrpetuus
EX V ex voto FARMAC'PVBLIC farmacopola publicus
EX VIK ex vicario FAS fascia
EX V'L'M ex voto libens merito FAV8 Faustianiim (vinnin)
EX V'L'S' ex voto libenter suscepto solvit F'B'F filio bono fecerunt
S'M merito F'B'M bene inerenti
filio, filiae

EX VO (VOT) L-POS ex voto libens posuit F'C faciendum curavit or curaverunt

EX VP ex voto posuit FC fecit or fecerunt
EX V'P'L' ex voto posuit libens laetus merito F'C curator
fisci

L-M F'C frumenti curator?

EX V'S'L'A ex voto solvit libens animo F'C'A Forum
Clnudii Augnstl
EX V DEC ex quinque decuriis FCC faciundum curaverunt ?
F'C'EIDQ'PRO, faciundum curarunt eidemque
PROB probarunt
F'C'I'P faciendum curavit idem probavit
fabri F'C'I'Q'P faciundum curarunt idemque pro-
faciunt, fecit, fecerunt, factus, fa- barunt
ciendum F'COIE faciendum coiravit or coiraverunt
Falerna (tribus) F'C'P fulgur conditum publice
fanum ? FCT fecit
fastus (dies) F'l) fecit dedicavlt
feliciter Ih filio dulcissimo or filiae dulcissimae
ferloe FD fundus ?

fida F'D'EX' (praefectus) frumenti dandi ex

fldelis (legio) S'C senatus consulto
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 431

F'D'F filiac dulcissimae fecerunt FLAM flamen, flaminicn, flamonium

FD-IVB fide iubere FLAM'AVG flaminica Augustae
F'D'N feliciter domino nostro ? FLAM-CLAVD flamen Claudialis
F-D-Q fecitdedicavitque FLAM-DIALIS Flamen Dialis
F'D'S fecerunt de suo FLAM-MART flamen Martialis
F'D'S'S'C faciunduin de senatus sententia FLAM-PERP flamen perpetuus
curaverunt FLAM'P, PR flamen provinciae
FE Februarius (mensis) FLAM-QVIR flamen Quirinalis
FE fecit FLAM-ROM' flamen Romae et August!
FE feliciter ET AVG
FEE Februarius FL-F Flavia felix, firma, fidelis
FE'B'B feliciter bonis bene FL'FEL Flavia felix (tegio)
FEBR Februarius (mensis) FLL flamines
FEC fecit, fecerunt F'LOC faciundum locarunt
FECR fecerunt FL'P flamen perpetuus
FEL felix (legio) F-LIB-ET PEC fiscus Hbertatis et peculiorum
FELIC felicitas F'L'P funus, locum publice
FEE Feralia FL'PP flamen perpetuus or flamonium
FER LAT feriae Latinae perpetuum
FERR ferrariae FL'SACR'PVB flamen sacrorum publicorum
FERR Ferrate (legio) F'L'S'P- funus locum statuam orsepultu-
FERT Fertor D'D rae publice decuriones decre-
F-ET'D fecit et dedicavit verunt
F-ET-F filii et flliae F'M filio merenti or filio mater

F'EX 9'C" feriae ex senatus consulto quod eo F'M-F filio mater fecit

Q-E-D die, etc. F'M-P matri posuit

filius
FF fecerunt or fecit ? FO Forturia
F-F fecit feliciter FORD Fordicidia
F'F felix fidelis FORT Fortenses
F-F fieri fecit ? FORT'HOER Fortuna horreorum
FF filii F P ? (See p. 367.)
F-F filius or (filia) fecit or filii fecerunt F'P filio piissimo or fllio posuit or
F'F fiscus frumentarius posuerunt
F'F Flavia felix firma fidelis (legio) F'P filii posuerunt
F'F (viam) Flaviam fecit F'P filius pientissimus
F'F-B-M filii fecerunt bene merenti FP
-
flamen perpetuus
FF DD fundi ? F'P Fortuna Praenestina or Primige-
FFLL Flavii nia
FF'PP flamen perpetuus F'P frumentum publicuin
F-F-P-P-P fidelis frater ? pro pietate
-
po- F'P funus publicum
suit (??) F-P'A-D'X- frumentum publicum accipit d...
FI filius TCXL K-C X, t... CXL, k... O
F'l fieri iussit F'P'C filius poneadum curavit
FID fidelis (legio) F'P-D'D Fortunae Primigeniae donum dant
FID fidicen F'P'D'M-P filius patri dulcissimo matri piissi-
FIG, FIGL figulinae, figlinae mae or filius parentiuus de (se)
FIL-K-F filius karissimus fecit or filio ka- merentibus posuit
rissimo fecit F'P-F fili pii or patri feoerunt
FIL'PAT filius patroni ? F'P-F filius patri fecit
FIR-IVL- (colonia) finna lulia Secundano- F-P-M'F filii pientissimi or patri merenti
8ECVND rum fecerunt
FISC'STAT- fiscus stationis hereditatium F'P'P fecit pro pietate
HEREDITATI . F'P'P filia patri piissimo or fllio piissimo
F-IVS fieri iussit posuit
F'K filio karissimo F'P-P fratri pio or frater plus posuit
F-K-F filio karissimo fecit F'P'P'M posuerunt patri merenti
filii

FL flamen, flaminica, flamonium F-P'PR Fortuna Primigenia Praenestina

FL, FLA Flavins, Flavia F'P'VET fundus possessoris veteris
432 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

F'N fuerunt or fiunt numero <;\1. Gallia, Galllca (legio)

F'Q faciundum curavit GALER (ialrm ttrilms)
F'Q-E-E-V tideque ei esse videbitur GALL Gallk-a (lcfri>
FB frater GAR-CAST garum castuin
FB Fretensis (legio) G'C'D Genius collegii dendrophororum
FB fruinentarius G'C-N Genius <i:iii ni)>tn
FBA frater G'D Genius domus?
FRANC Francicus G'D'A'S Genio D. Augusto sacrum
. . .

KR-ARV frater A rvalis G'D'N Genius Dcciini nostri

FKAT'O'P fratri Optimo posuit G'D'N Genius domini nostri
FRET Fretensis (legio) G'D'S Germanicus Dacicus Sarmaticus
FR-IV fronte dextra GE Geinina (legio, cohors)
FR'KA fratres karissimi GE genitura
8

FRONT Frontoniana (ala) GEM Gemina (legio)

FB'S fronte sinistra GEM-P-F Geinina pia fidelis
FRT fronte or fratri GEM'SEV Gemina Severiana
FRV fruinentarius, frumentum GEN-ET'HON Genius et Honor
FBV'EMV (ad) frumentum emundum GEN genttrix
FBVM fruinentarius, frumentum GEN gentilis
FEVMENT fruuientarius GENAK'CICA genarum cicatrices
FBVMM frumentarii GER, GERM, Germania, Germanicus
F-S filii sui, filio suo GERMA
F-8 fecit sibi GER, GERM' Germania Inferior or Superior
F'S femina sanctissima? INF or SVP
F'S Fortunae sacrum GERM-SVP Germania Superior
F'S'A Flavia singularium Autoniniana G'F garum factum
1

(ala ) G'F Gemina felix (legio)

F'S'ET'S fecit sibi et suis G'H'L Genius huius loci
F-S-ET'S'L- fecit sibi et suis libertis libertatus GIL gilvus
L'P'Q'E posterisque eoruni G'L Genius loci
F'S'S flunt supra script! (ae, a) GL gladiatores
F'V'L familia villae Lucullanae GLAD gladiarius, gladiator, gladiatorius
FVL'CON'P fulgur conditum publice GLA'PRIM" gladiatores priini Campaniae
FVLM'FVL Fulminator Fulgurator CAMP
FVLM, Fulminata certa constans (legio) G'M gens M
FVLMI-C-Ci G'M Genius municipii
F'V'P liliiU' vivtis posuit G'M'S Genius municipii Satafensis
F'M'P-P fllil inatri piae posuerunt G'M'V gemina Martia victrix (legio)
GN Gnaeus
GN gnatus
G GOR Gordianus
G Galus GOT, GOTHIC Gothicus
G Galeria (tribus) G'P'AVG Genius patriae Augustus
G Galli (cohors) G'P'A'S Genio pagi A. ..sacrum
G Gallica (legio) G'P-F Gemina pia fldelis (legio)
G Gallienus, Galliena G'P'R Genius populi Romani
G garum G-P'R'F Genio populi Romani fellciter
G Getnina (legio) G-Q-N Genius Quinti nostri
G gener G-R Gallica rapax (legio)
G Genius G-R Germani Raeti
G gens (in Africa) GRAMM grammaticus
G centuria * GRAN granatum or granianum (vinum)
5

GA Galeria (tribus) GRAT gratuitus

GAL Galatia GREG'VRB gregis urban!
GAL Galeria (tribus) G'8 Gerinauia Superior

1 V.
Kphtm. KI>. p. 82, n. 61. C. I. L. V. 5020. Orelli, 441.
C. I. L. XIV. 2278. C. I. L. IV. 2566.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 433

G'T-N Genius Titi nostri H'C'E hie conditus est orcrematus ? est
GTBER, GYBERN gybernator H'C'E'C'E' hie conditus est; cineres ei bene
B'Q quiescant
H'C'I'R honore contentus impensam remi-
H sit

H habens, habet H'C'P heres curavit ponendum ?

H hie, haee H'C'S'P'P honore contentus sua pecunia po-

H hastatus stiit

H haustum HD Hadrianus
H Hercules H'D'S heredes de suo
H heres H'D'S'P heres de suo posuit
H hie HE herus ?
H Hispana (legio), Hispani (cohors) H'E hie est
H homo, homines H'E'B'P hie est bene positus f
H horrearius H'E'B'Q hie est ; bene quiescat
H hora HE'ES heic est
H Horatia (tribus) H'E'F heres ejtis fecit or heredes ejus fe-
H'A Herculaneus Aujustalis cerunt
HAB habens HEL Helvetia
H'A'B'Q hie a... bene quiescat HELIOP Heliopolitanus
HABT habeant HELV helvetia
HAD Adiutrix (legio) HEM, HEMAES, HEMES Hemeseni (cohors)
H'ADQ hie adquiescit H'E'N'H heredem exterurn non habebit
HADE Hadrianus H'E'N'S heredem exterum non sequetur
H'A'H'N'S haec ara heredem non sequetur H'E'P hie est positus
H'A'l'R honore accepto impensam remisit H'E'P-C heres ejus ponendum curavit
H'AQ hie adquiescit HER heres, hereditates
HAR haruspex HER Herius
HARM 1
armorum (custos) HER'BEN'MER heres bene merenti
HARN Arnensis (tribus) IIERC'SAX, SAX AN Hercules Saxanus
HAR'PRIM' haruspex primus de sexaginta HERC'V Hercules Victor
DE'LX HERED, HEREDIT hereditates
H'P hastatus prior HERED'NON'SEQ heredes non sequetur
H'A'S'A'H' habet aedes Salutis Augustae hoc IIER'FIDVC heres fid uciarius
L'L'Q'D' loco leges quas Dianae Romae in HER'PON'C heredes ponendum curaverunt
R'IN'A Aventino HER'POS heres posuit
H'A'S'F'C heres a se faciundum curavit HERR heredes
HAS hastatus HERVC Herucina (Venus)
HAS'P, PR, PRI hastatus prior, posterior
;
H'E'S hie est situs, sita or sepultus,
PO, POST sepulta
HAST hastatus HE'S'EST' heic? situs est; ossa bene quie-
HAST'POST, POSTER hastatus posterior OS'B'Q scant
HAST-P, PR, PRI hastatus prior H'E'T heredes ex testamento
H'B homo bonus H'E'T'F heres ex testamento fecit
H'B'C hie bene cubet H'E'T'F'C heres ex testamento faciendum
H'B'F hoinini bono fecit curavit
H'B'M'F heres bene merenti fecit H'E'V'O hie est;
volo ? ossa
H'B'Q hie bene quiescat H'EX T, TT heredes
ex testamento
H'O hie conditus or hie cubat H'F heres fecit or heredes fecerunt
H'C Higpania Citerior H'F honestissima femina
H'C honoris causa H'F honore funetus
H'C honore contentus H'F'C heres faciendum curavit, heredes
H'C horrearius cohortis faciendum curaverunt
H'C'D'D honoris causa dedit dedicavit II H heredes
H'C'D'N'S honoris causa Dianae Nemorensi H'H'F homini honestissimo fecerunt ?
sacrum ? H'H'M'NON'S heredem hoc monumentum non
sequetur
C. I. L. X. 3395. H'H'P'R homines hostes populi Romani ?

LAT. INSCRIP. 28
434 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

H'H'Q heres heredesque H'M'H'M' hoc monumentum heredem meum

H'l Hercules invictus N'S non sequetur
HI Hispanl (cohors) H'M'H'N'C hoc monuuifntum heredi HUM
HIEROF hierofanta cedit
H'l'E'S hie intus est situs ? H'M'H'N'S hoc monumentuin licicdcm non
H'INNOC homo innocens sequetur
HIS Hispania, Hispanus, Hispani H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentuin heredem non
HI'SP hie sepultus NHH' '

sequetur nee heredes hen s < 1 i

HISP Hispania, Uispanus, Hispani H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredeiu tion

HIST Histria NEQ'LIB' sequetur neque libertos [fins
H'L haec lex EROS neque post]eros
H'L hie locus H'M'H'N'S' hoc monumentum heredem non
H'L'A'N hunc locum alienari nolo ? N'L'S sequetur nee locus sepulturae
H'L'D'M'A huic loco dolus malus abesto H'M'H'S hoc monumentum heredes M-qm--
H'L'ET'M' hie locus et monumentum heredem tur
H'N'S non sequentur H'M'I'A huie monumento itus actus
H'L'H'N'S hie locus heredem non sequetur H'M'L'S'AB huic monumento, loco sepulturae,
H'L'I'R'Q hac lege ius ratumque (esto) abesto (dolus malus)?
H'L'O (uti) hac lege oportebit H'M'M honesta missione missus
H'L'R (ante) hanc jegem rogatam H'M'M honor magisterii Mercurialium
H'L'S'E hoc loco sepultus est H'M'N'S heredem monumentum non seque-
H'L'S'H'N' hie locus sepulturae heredem non tur
8 sequetur H'M'S'D'M hoc monumentum sine dolo malo
H'L'T'C'S hunc locum tessellavit cum suis H'M'S'L'H' hoc monumentum sive locus here-
H'M hoc monumentuin N'S dem non sequetur
H'M homo mereus H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M (dimissis) honesta missione F'C est faciendum curaverunt
H'M honeste missus H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum
sive sepulcrum
H'M'A'H'N' hoc monumentum ad heredem non H'H'N'S non sequetur
est heredes
P pertinet H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'A'M'R hoc monumentum apud meos re- H'M'N'S est heredem meum non sequetur.
manebit ? H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'C'P (nihil ultra crudelius) hoc inonu- H'N'S est heredem non sequetur.
mento cernere potes ? H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'D'M'A huic monumento dolus malus N'N'S est n ? non sequetur

abesto H'M'S'S'E' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum

H'M'D'M'A' huic monumento dolus malus abe- N'S est non sequetur
B'M'M'C sto ; bene merenti memoriae H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
causa H'EX'N'S hoc heredem exterum non se-
H'M'E'H'N' hoc monumentum exterum here- quetur
S dem non sequetur H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'E'N'S hoc monumentum (h)eredem or M'N'S heredem? meum non sequetur
exterum (heredem) non seque- H'M'S'S'H' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
tur N'S heredem non sequetur
H'M'ET L' hoc monumentum et locus here- H'M'S'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcri
H'N'S dem non sequentur VSTRIN ustrinum
H'M'ET L' hoc monumentuin et locus sepul- H'M'S'V'L' hoc monumentum sive locus non
S'H'N'S turae heredem non sequentur N'S'Q sequetur
H'M'F honestae memoriae femina H'M'S'V'S' hoc monumentum sive sepulcrum
H'M'F'C'ET hoc monumentum faciundum cu- E'H'N'S est heredem non sequetur
S'A'D ravit et sub ascia dedicavit H'M'V honestae memoriae vir
H'M'H'E'N' hoc monumentum heredem exte- H'N'S heredem non sequetur
S rum non sequetur H'N'C Hispania Nova Citerior
H'M'HER' hoc monumentum heredem flducl- H'N'S'N' heredem non sequetur nee libertos
FIDVCI- arium non sequetur L'8 BUOS
All'N'S HO horrearius
H'M'H'H' hoc monumentum heredes heredis H'O'B'Q hie ossa bene quiescant
(non fequetur) HOC MON' hoc monumentum sive hoc se-
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 435

SI'HO'SE' pulcrum heredem non sequetur H'S'O'B hie situs ;

ossa bene
HR-NO'SEQ H'B'O'T hie situs ; ossa tibi
H'O'E'B hie ossa ei bene H'SP hie sepultus f

HON honor H'SP'E hie sepultus est

HON honoratus H'S'Q hie situs ; quiescat
HON'F honoribus functus H'B'S hie siti or sepulti sunt
HON'M honesta matrona H'S'S'H'T'B' hie situs sepultus hie tibi bene;

HOPL hoplornachus Q'H'E'S quiescat; heredes? eius? s...

IIOK bora H'S'S'S'V'T'L hie siti sunt. Volo terra levis
HOR Horatia (tribus) H'S'T hie situs; tibi
HOR horrea U'S'T'F'I hie situs ; testamento fieri iussit
HOROL horologium H'T hictu
HOKIJ horrearius H T'B hie tu bene
H'O'S hie ossa sita H'T'B'C hie tu bene cubes ?

H'O'T'B'Q hie ossa tibi bene quiescant H'T'B'Q hie tu bene quiescas ;
or tumula-
H'O'V'B'Q hie ossa volo or vobis bene quies- tus bene quiescas
cant H'T'F'C heredes testamento fieri curave-
H'P heres posuit runt
H'P hie positus or heredes posuerunt H'T'H'N'S hie tumulus? heredem non seque-
H'P homo probus ? tur
H'P'C heres ponenduin curavit H'T'O'B'Q hie tibi ossa bene quiescant
H'P'D Herculi? Primigenio? dedit? H'T'V'P heres testamento vivus posuit
H'PR hastatus prior H'V Hercules victor
H'P'R hostes populi Romani H'V honore usus
H'Q hie quiescat H'V'F heres vivus fecit

H'Q'B hie quiescat bene H'V'I'R honore usus impensam remisit

HRD heredes H'V'O'B'Q hie volo ossa bene quiescant
H'R'I'R honore recepto impensam remisit H'V'S'R honore usus sumptum remisit
H'S hie situs, sita; sepultus, sepulta H'V'S'R'L' honore usus sumptus remisit;
H'S'A hie situs a P'D'D' loco dato decreto decurionum
H'S'B'P'E hie situs bene positus ? est H'V-V'S Herculi victori votuni solvit
H'S'B'Q hie situs bene quiescat
H'S'D'M'A huic sepulcro dolus malus abesto
I
H'S'E hie situs, sita est or hie sepultus,
sepulta est I lanuarius (mensis')
H'S'E'B'Q hie situs est ;
bene quiescat I invlctus (Mithras)
H'S'E'H'EX hie situs est; heres ex testamento I itur
T'F'C faciundum curavit I lulius, lulia
H'S'E'H'F hie situs est ;
heres fecit I iunior
H'S'E'H'P hie situs est ;
heredes posuerunt I' A in agro
H'S'E'O'T' hie situs est ;
ossa tua bene quies- IA, IAN lanuariae
B'Q cant I'A'P in agro pedes
H'S'E'O'V' hie situs est ;
ossa volo bene qui- I-C in Capitolio
B'Q escant I'C'A ius civile (or iuris consultus)
H'S'E'S'TT'L bic situs est; sit tibi terra levis abesto
H'S E'T'F' hie situs est titulum fieri iussit
; ;
ID'IAN Idus lanuariae
I'H'F'C heres faciundum curavit I'D invictus deus
H-S'E-T'F'I'hic situs est; titulum fieri iussit; I'D lupiter Dolichenus
H'P heres posuit I'D iure dicundo
H'S'EX 8 heres secundus ex semisse ? IDB Idibus
H'S'H hie situs, heredes ? I'D'D'D lovi Dolicheno dono dedit
H'S'H'A' hoc sepulcrum heredibus abalie- ID E id est
N'L nare non licet I'D'P iure dicundo praeesse
H'S'H'E hie s.itus, heredes eius I'D'Q'C'P iure dicundo quinquennalis cen-
H'S'H'N'S hoc sepulcrum heredem non se- soriae potestatis
quitur I'D'Q'Q iure dicundo quinquennalis
H'S'L'P hoc sepulcrum libens posuit ? IDQ'P iideuique probaverunt
H'S'N'S heredem seeundum non sequetur ID'QVOT'D'F idem quotannis divisio fiat
436 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
I'E iudex esto INS .
Instante, instantia
I'E'V'Q'I' in ea verba quae Infra scripta sunt IN SING'H in singulos homines
8-8 IN'8'8 Infra script! or scripta sunt
I'F In fronte IN8TA instante, instantia
I'F'P In fronte pedes IN8T'TAB instrumentum tabularlorum
I -HER invictus Hercules IN 8VO CONST, E in suo constitult, erexit
I'H'M'I'A' In hoc tnonumentum itum aditiim INTER Interrex
S'C'F sacrorurn causa facere INT intulit
IIMMPP'CC- (duobus) imperatoribus Caesari- INV, INVI invictus
AAEE8S bus IN V'R'P'VE in urbe Roma proj.ius ve uibl
I'L'H ius liberorum habens V'R'P'M Romae passus inille
ILL illustris I'O'C lupiteroptlmus Capltolinus
IM imaginifer I'O'D lupiteroptimus Dollchenus
IM imperator I'O'D'E lupiter optimus Dolichenus E . . .

I'M invictus Mithras I'O'M lupiteroptimus maximus

IMA imaginifer I'O'M'A'D lupiter optimus inaxlmus Au-
IMAG imaginifer gustus Dolichenus
IM'C imaginifer cohortis I'O'M'B lupiter optimus maximus Baltnar-
IMM immolaverunt codes
IMM iniiniitiis I'O'M'C lupiter optimus maxlmus conser-
IMMAG 1 imaginifer vator
IMMV immunis I'O'M'C'O' lupiter opttmus maximus cete-
IMP imperator, Imperatum ?, imperium D'l rique oinnes dii immortales
IMP impetus I'O'M'CVL lupiter optimus mnximus culml-
IMP'D'N imperator dominus noster nalis
IMPE imperator I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus depulsor
IMPER imperator I'O'M'D lupiter optimus maximus Doli-
IMPET'LIPPIT impetus lippitudinis chenus
IMP'N imperator noster I'O'M'F lupiter optimus maximus fulmi-
IM'PP immunis perpetuus nator
IMPP imperatores (duo) I'O'M'F'F lupiter optimus maximus fulmi-
IMPP'CC imperatores Caesares (duo) nator fulgurator
IMPP'DD'NN imperatores (duo) domini nostri I'O'M'H lupiter oi>titnus maximus Heli-
IMP'P'Q'R imperium populusque Romanus opolitanus
IMP'S impensa sua I'O'M'H'A lupiter optimus maximus Heli-
IN (pater) infelicissimus opolitanus Augustus
IN A, IN AG, IN AGR in agro I'O'M'I'R' lupiter optimus maximus luno
IN CAL in caliga M'T'M regina, Minerva, Terra mater
IN C'D'C'D in cujus dedicatione cenam dedit? I'O'M'S lupiter optimus maximus, Suessn-
INC'FR'PVBL incisus frumento publico lanus
INCOMP incomparabilis lOVR'DIC lure dicundo
IND indictio I'O'S'INVI lupiter optimus Sol invictus...
IN E'V'Q' in ea verba quae infra scripta sunt ...R'N rupe natus
i'9'S I'O'S'P'D lupiter optimus Sol praestantissi-
IN F, FR in fronte MM]- dlgnus
INF'S'8 infra subscript! or scrlpti sunt' I'P iter prohlbltum
ING ingenua _ I'P'AVG lanus pater Augustus
IN H'D'D in honorem domus dlvinae I'P'QVE ius potestasque (esto)
IN HO in honorem I'Q'S'8'S ii qui supra script! sunt
INK'S in capita singula I'Q'P Idemque probavit
INL imustris I'R luno Hegina
INPP imperatoribus (duobus) I'S Infra scriptus
INP'S inpensa sua I'8'E (h)ic situs est
IN QVINQ in quinquennium I'S'M'R luno sospes magna regina
IN R in retro I'S'P impensis suis posuit
IN T in tergo ISPEC (i)speculator

<?. I. L. III. 1588. C.I.L. VIII. 2883.

 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 437

ISTAN instante, instantia K'O cannophori Ostienses

I9TR (i)strator K-Q Kalendae quinctiles
j.g.y.p jn guo v j v j posuerunt KR8 carissimus, carissima
IT item KRSMAE carissimae
IT iterum K'S carus suis
ITAL Italica (legio) KVR Cyrenaica (legio)
I'T'M'F'C idem testamento monumentum fa-
ciendum curavit
IT'V'S'M Ha votum solvam meritis ? L la turn
IVD iudicans, iudicandus, iudex L legio
IVD'DEC; IVD- iudex decuriae, iudex de L leuga
DE VDEC quinque decuriis L lex
rV'E'E'R' ita utei eis e re publica fldeve sua L liberatus
P'F'S'V'E videbitur esse L libertus, liberta
IVG iugera L librarius
IVL lulius, lulia L ligatuin
4

IVL'TEP-MAR lulia Tepula Marcia L lippitudo

IVN iunior L locus, loculus
IVN'REG luno retina L longum
IVR iuridicus L Lucius
IVR-DIC iure dicundo ;
juris dictio L luna
IVRID iuridicus L'A libens animo
IVS'SA iussione sacra LA-B laudabih's bonus ?
IW iuvenes (collegium iuvenum) LAC lacus
L'A'D libens animo dedit
K L'A'D'D libens animo donum dat, dede-
K Kaeso runt, dedicat
K kalendae * LANI8 lanista
K kalendarium LAP lapis
K calumnia LAPID lapidarius
K candidatus LAR Larentinalia
K cap ut L'AR'E librarius arcarii evocatus ?
K castellum, castellani, castrum, cas- LAR'ET IMAG Lares et imagines
tra LAR'MIL Lares militares
K coniux LAT laticlavius
K cardo LAT'FVER Latinae fuere
K carissimus, carissiina LARG largus
K casa L'A'SOL libens animo solvit
K corpus ? LATIC, LATICL laticlavius
X castra LAV'LAV Laurens Lavinas
K \ I. kalendae LAVR'LAV Laurens Lavinas
KANAL canaliclarius L'B libertus bonus
KAND, KANDID candidatus L'B'S libens solvit
KAR carissimus, carissima L'C laticlavius
KARC carcerarius L'C librarius capsarius ?
KARM Carmentalia L'C liber condicione ?
KAS, KAST castra L'C librarius cohortis ?
KAST'PER castra peregrina L'C locus concessus
K'K calumniae causa LC Lucius
KK castra L'C'D'D locus concessus decreto decurio-
K'L caput legis num
KLM s dementis L'O'IX liberatuscoronarum novem
L'D (votum) libens dat
1 VIII. 2957.
C. I. L. L'D libero damno
* Wilmanns remarks (Evempla, p. 723) that L'D locum dedit, loco dato, locus da-
this abbreviation is very common before 180 A.D. tus, locum donavit
and rare after. We find then generally KAL.
3 C. I. L. XIV. 8038. C. I. L, V. &414.
438 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

L'D'A REP locus datus a re publics L'ET F'D'D libertis, or Laribus et familiae do-
L'D'D libens donum dedit num dederunt
L'D'D'C locus datus decreto collegll L'ET L liberti et libertae
L'D'D'C'F'C locus datus decreto
collegil fabrum LEV leucoma
centonariorum L'F Latinae fuerunt
L'D'D'C'V locus datus decreto centumvlrum L'F laudabilis femina
L'D'D'CRE'C locus datus decreto centumvl- L'F liberti fecerunt
rum L'F librarius fisci J
L'D'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum L'F'D'D Laribus familiaribus donum dede-
L'D'D'D'D'D loco date decreto decurionum, runt
dono dederunt L'F'D'D ludos fecerunt decurionum decreto
L'D'D'D'P locus datus decreto decurionum LG legio
publice L-R-N'S locus heredem non sequitur
L'D-DEC'N-R loco dato decreto nautarum Rho- LI libertus ?
danicorum LIB libellus
L-D'D-p- loco dato decreto pagi Condatium LIB liber
COND LIB liberatus
L'D'D-PA locus datus decreto paganorum LIB liber, liberalitas
L'D'D'S-V locus datus decreto senatus Vo- LIB libertus, liberta
contiorum LIB librae
L'D'D'V locus datus decreto utriclarlorum LIB librarius
vicanorum LIB liburna
L'D-EX D'D locus datus ex decreto decurionum LIB Libya
L'D'EX D'PAG locus datus ex decreto pagi LIB-AGON Liberalia Agonalla
L'D'G legio decima Gemina LIB' AN libens animo
L'D'P locus datus publice LIBB liberti
L'D'P'C locus datus permissu collegii LIB-COS librarius consularis ?
L'D'P-D'D locus datus publice decreto decu- LIBEL libella
rionum LIBER libertas (dea)
L'D-P-p- locus datus pecunia publica, de- LIBER libertus
D'D creto decurionum LIB-LIBERTABVSQ- libertis libertabusque
L'D'PVB' locus datus publice decreto decu- SVIS'P'E suisposterisqueeorum
D'D rionum LIB'LIB'Q-P(POST)' libertis libertabusque po-
L'D'S'C locus datus senatus consnlto EOR sterisque eorum
LE lene LIBR libertns
LE'A'L lene ad lippitudinem LIBR, LIBRA librarius
LEG legatus LIBR'COMM ST' librarius commentarioruin
LEG legavit HER'T'K stationis hereditathmi t;i-

LEG legio bularii? kastrensls?

LEG'AVG legatus August! LIBTI8 libertatis
LEG'AVG'CENS' legatus August! censibus ac- LIC licet
ACC cipiendis LI'E-P-OP-N liberti eius patronooptimonostro
LEG'AVGG' legatus Augustorum duorum pro L-I-F-PIIH- locus in fronte pedes IIII; retro
PR-PR praetore R-P-IIII pedes IIII
LEG'AVG'P-P legatus August! pro praetore LIG Liguria
LEG'AVG' legatus August! pro pratore LI'M'V'S'L libens merito votum solvit laetus
PR-PR, PRAE L'IN'CIR ludl in circo
LEG'COR lege Cornelia L'IN'LA locus in latitudinem
LEG'IVR legatus iuridicus LINT lintiarius
LEG'LEG legatus legionis LIP,LIPP lippitudo
LEG'PL'VE' leges plebelve scitum senatusve LIQV liquamen
80'8'VE'C consultum L'L Laurens Lavinas
LEG'PROCOS legatus proconsulis I.I. legatus legionis
LEG'PRO'Q legatus pro qunestore L'L libens laetus
LEG'S'C legatus senatus consulto L'L liberti libertae

LEMO, LEMON Lemonia (tribus) L'L librarius legati or legionis

LEM Lemonia (tribus) L'L Lucii (duo)
LEM Lemuria L'LIB locus libertorum ?
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 439

L'LIBERT'POSTE- libertis libertabusque po- L'P'D'A'P lege Papiria de acre publico ?

RI8 Q'EOR sterisque eorum L'P'D'D'D locus publice datus decreto decu-
L'L'L'L'L'M l laeti libentes ? merito rionum
L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- L'P'I libens poni iussit (?)
rum L'P'IT legioprima Italica
L'L'L'P'O' libertis libertabusque... posteris- L'P'M legioprima Minervia
M'S que omnibus monumentum sta- L'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo-
tuit? rum
L'L'M laetus libens merito L'P'P'P loco publico pecunia publica
L'L'P'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- L'P'Q locus pedum quadratorum
rum L'Q locus quadratus
L'L'P'D laetus libens p... dedit L'P'8 libertis posterisque suis ?
L'L'P'Q'E libertis libertabus posterisque eo- L'R'P legas rogo praeteriens
rutn L'S libentes solverunt
L'L'P'S libertis libertabus posterisque suis L'S locus sepulturae
L'L'Q libertis libertabusque L'S'D locum sibi dante ?

L'L'T librarius (tribuni) laticlavii L'S'D' locus sepulturae datus decurionum

L'L'V'S laetus libens votum solvit D'D decreto
L'M libens merito L'SE'H locus sepulturae heredem non se-
L'M libertus ineus N'S quetur
L'M locus monumenti L'S'M locus sepulturae monumentique ?

L'M'A'P locus monumenti ante? pedes L'S 'PR librarius subpraefecti

(XX) LT laticlavius
L'M ludus magnus L'T, L'TR librarius tribuni
L'M'I) libens merito dedit LV Lucius
L'M'F libens merito fecit LVB'MER lubens merito
L'MIL Lares militares LVC Lycia
L'M'P libens merito posuit LVD'F ludos fecit
L'M'S libens merito solvit LVD'MAT ludus matutinus
L'N Lucius noster LVN'VET Lunense vetus
LO locus LVP, LVPERO Lupercalia, Lupercus
LOG locator L'V'S libens votum solvit

LOC'ACCEP' loco accepto decreto decurionum LVSTR'MON'SAC lustratio montis sacri

D'D LYC Lycaonia
LOC'ACCEP'DED loco accepto dedit L'V luna quinta
LOC'D locus datus
LOC'DAT'D'D locus datus decreto decurionum M
LOC'EMPT locus emptus
LOC'EMP locus emptus M Macedonica (legio)
LOO'H'S'P loco permisso. senatus
hoc sibi M magister
S'C'P'S consulto pecunia sua * M maiestas
LOC'LIB locus libertorum ? M maiora
LOC'MONVM locus monumenti M* manipularis
LOC'P'P locorum publicorum persequendo- M Manes
rum M manu
LOC'PVB loco publico M Marcus
LOC'PVBL' locorum publicorum persequendo- M marmora
PERSEQ rum M Martia (legio)
LOC'SEP locus sepulturae M mas (bos)
LON longus M maritus
L'P lexPetronia? M Mars
L'P locus pedum, or latus (longus) M mater
pedes M Matres or Matronae
L'P Liber pater M Mauretania (Caesariensis, Siti-

L'P libertus patrono fensis)

L'P libens or libertus posuit M inaximus

i
Brambach, 1815. *
Orelli, 1460 = 4712.
* C. I. L. X. 3595.
440 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

M memoria M'A'G'S tnemor animo grato solvit

M mi'iisis, menses, mensibus MAG-VIC magister vici
M Mrmirius MAG'IIII F magister ((iiartum factus
M merens, meritus MAI Mains (mciisis)
M metalla MAI, MA 1C Mae.ria (tribus)
M (votuin solvit buna) mente? MAIES'D majestas divina
M miles, militavit MAM Mamercus
M mille, milia MAN manipularis
M Minervia (legio) MANC mancipium
M Minerva MAN-ET CIN Manibus et cineribus f
M minus MANI Manibus
M missus (ex legione) MANIP, MANIPL, MANP* manipularis
M modius MAR Marcia (acma)
M moneta MAR margaritarius
M monutnentum MAR marinus
M mortuus MAR maritus
M muliebris MARG margaritarius
M munieipiuin MARM marmoreus
M murmillo MART Martins (mensis), Martia (legio)
M menses MART-VIC, VICT Martia victrix (legio)
M/ Manius MANB 3 manibus (see page 273)
A mortuus ? MANIPLR manipularis
MA maim MAR mars us
M'A Mercurius Augustus MAT mater
M'A militavit annas MAT Matres or Matronae
M'A munieipiuin Atria MAT'B mater bona
M'A'A munieipiuin Aurelium Apulum MATER'D- Mater deuin magna Idaea Dindy-
MAC, MA ('1C I) Macedonia; Macedonica (legio) M-I-D *"taena?
MACH machinarii MAT'F-F-CAR mater fecit filio carissimo
M' AD M' magister ad Martem Praenestinum MATR Matres or Matronae
PKAEN MAV Mavortius
MAE, MA EC Maeeia (tribus) MAV Mauri (cohors)
MA'ET PA mater et pater MAVR-CAE8 Mauretania Caesarieusis or Sitl-
MAG magister, magistri, magisterium, or SITIF or fensis or Tingitana
magistratus TINGIT
MAG'AVG magister Augustalis MAVRET Mauretania
MA< ;('!) magister c... dedit MAX maximus
MAG-COL magister collegii M'B munieipiuin Bergomatium
MAG'EQ magister cquitum M'B'M'F maritus bene merenti fecit
MAG'FIG magister figulorum M-B-D-D-D magistrae Bonae Deae donum de-
MAGG magistri, magistratus derunt?
MAG'FAB magister fabrum M'C mater castrorum
MAGN magnarius M'O Mauretania Caesariensis
MAG'PAG magistri pagi Augusti felicis su- M'C memoriae causa
AVG'F'S- burbani pro iudis ex decreto M.CA Mauretania Caesariensis
PRO LVD' dccuriunum 1 M'C'D'S momentum condiderunt? de suo
K\
'

!)!) M'C'F memoriae causa fecit

MAG'P, PERP, PP magister perpetuus MCP munieipiuin
MAG'l'K nmgister ]>rimus M'C'P'M miles classis praetoriao Misenatis
.MAIi'l'U magister privatae M'CL'PR miles classis praetoriae
M Aii'l'UIVAT magister ]>rivatae Aegypti et M'C'P'S'I Mithras Cautus Pater Sol invictus *

AEG'ET LIB Libyae M'C'T'R'N memoriaecausatituluinrenovavit ':

MAG'I'KOVE magistriittis prove magistratu M'D Manibus Diis?

MAG'P'R populi Komani M'D mater deum
\I A;'(><i magister (]iilnquennalis M'D mater dulcissima
M Aii QV IN magister qnlnquuuulis
C. I. L. X. 8535. C. I. L. VII. 1336, 585
i C. I. L. X. 853. *
Boissieu, IHRC. de Lyon, p. 24.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 441

M'D municipium Dianensium M'l magna Idaea (Mater)

M'D'A'N metalla domini August! nostri MI Maecia (tribus)
M'D'M Mater deum inagna MI Mithras
M'D'M'A monumento dolus malus abesto MIL miles, militavit, militia
M'D'M 'I Mater deum inagna Idaea MIL milia, miliaria
ME, MEC Maecia (tribus) MILL milia
M'E merita eius MILT militavit
ME Mesogites (vinutn) MILTS militis
MED Medicus MIL'P milia passuum
MED medicus MIL-PETIT militiae petitor
MED Meditrinalia MIN Minatius or Minius
MED'LVD'MAT medicus ludi matutina MIN Minervia (legio)
MED'Ol'D medicus ordinarius MIN Minicia
MED'TVC 1 Medixtuticus MIN minister, ministri
MEM memoria MIN minor
MEM 'COL (ad) memoriam colendam MINER Minerva (legio)
M EN Menenia (tribus) MINER-MEM Minerva mernor 2
MEN mensis MINIS minister
MEN mensor MIS missio, missicius, missus
MENEN Menenia (tribus) MISS'HON'M missus honesta missione
MENS'AGKAR, mensor agrarius, agrorum M'K mater castrorum
AGROR M'L miles legionis
MENSS menses ML miles
M'EQ miliaria equitata (cohors) M'L municipium Lambiriditanum
MER Mercurius W, \M, W, $'L mulierislibertus, liberta
ME It ineridianus (gladiator) M'M magister Mercurialis
MER merita, merens, meritus M'M malis male
MERC Mercurialis MM Marci duo
MERC'CAN Mercurius Canetonensis M'M Mater inagna
MERK mercatus MM memoriae
MER'S Mercurio sacrum M'M municipes municipii
MES mensis M'M'F marito monumentum fecit
MES mensor M'M'F memoriam fecit
MES Mesogites (vinum) M'M'F'A municipes municipii Flavii Ar-
MESOP Mesopotamia vensis
MET metalla M'M'I Mater magna Idaea
METR, METROP metropolis M'M'P'OR magister militiae per Orientem
M'F magister fani M'M'P'F marito merenti pia fecit
M'F mater fecit MMR memoria
M'F monumentum fecit or memoriam M'M'V municeps municipii Vicetiae
fecit M'N Mars Nabelcus
M'F miles factus M'N metalla nova
M'F munere functus M'N milia nummum
M'F (omnibus honoribus) municipali- MN minus
bus functus M'N municipium Novarla
M'F'A municipium Flavium Arvense M'O matri optimae
M'FE'SV memoriam fecit suis MO Montani (cohors), Montanae (deae)
M'F'F'M mater fecit fllio merenti or memo- MO monumentum
riam fecit, etc. MOL mulier
M'F'L'A magister fani Lamm Augustorum MOLIN molinarius
M'F'V municipium Fabrateria vetus MON monetalis
M'H'F'C memoriam or monumentum heres MON monumentum
faciendum curavit MONEM monumentum
M'H (HON)' M (MISS) missus honesta missione MON'H'M' monumentuin heredem meum non
M'H'N'S monumentuin heredem non se- N'S sequetur
quetur MONIM monumentum
1 2
Orelli, 3804. Orelli, 1427.
442 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

MON'SAC monitor sacrornm I

N Neronianas
MONT'P'C Montanorum pia constans(cohors) N niger
MONT monuinentum N nomine
M N" municipium Novensium N Nonae
M'P magister pagl N Noricum
M'P inaior pars N noster
M'P mater posuit N noviis. noviciuB
M'P memoriam posuit N noxia (hora)
M'P inillepassus, milia passuum N numeral
M'P municipium Placentia N Numerius
M'P (PO)' monuinentum positum Diis Mani- N numero, numerus
D'M bus N Numidia
M'P'F Minervia pia fidelis (legio) N n 1
1 iiii-ii

M'P'P matri piissimae posuit or maritus X. N <>/ M nuinini

pius posuit N \ymphae
M'P'V'L Marci, Publii, Vibii libertus NA naturalis (pater)
ME merens NA natione, natus
M'S Moesia superior N'A nauta Araricus
M'S Mars suus NAOFYL nauphylax
MS mensis N'ARARIC nautae Ararici
M'S merito solvit NARB Narbonensis
M'SEP'APVL municipium Septimium Apuluni N'A'S numini August! sacrum
M'S'P maritus sua pecunia NAT natione
M'S'S Mithrae Soli sacrum N'ATR nautae A tr...
M'S'S'E'H' monumentum sive sepulcrum est NAV navicularius, nauta
N'S heredem non sequetur NAVF nauphylax
M'T municipium Thibilitanum N'AVG numen August!
M'T'F memoriae titulum fecit NAVIC navicularius
M'TEIVMPH municipium Tritimphale NAV'LIG nautae Ligerenses
M'V municipium Verulanum N'BRIT nnmerus Britonum
MV Murtites (vinum) N'C Numidia Constantina
M'V'F monumentum vivus fecit, or uxori N'C'INFER... necul? inferre (liceat ?)
fecit, or maritus uxori fecit N'D nuinen deorum
M'VIC municipium Vicetia N'D'A'N'M nullum dolorem accepit nisi morte
MVL mulier NE 1 nemini
MV'L municipium Lamasba NE Neronianus
MVL'LIB mulieris libertus or liberta NEG negotiator
MVL'XX multis fvotis) vicennalibus NEG'FRV negotiator frumentarius
MVN municipium NEGOT negotiator
MVNER munerarius NEG'PAENVL negotiator paenularius
MVN'NAP municipium Napoca NEG'STIP'ARG negotiator stipis argentarii
M VN'SEPT municipium Septimium Apulum NEP nepos
APVL NER Neronianus
M'V'P'P maritus uxori piissimae posuit N'E'S'D numini eius semper devotus
MVR murmlllo N'EXPLOR'BREM numerus exploratorum
MVR'SCAEV murmillo scaeva or BREMEN Bremeuiensium
M'V'S memor voti solvit N7 nefastus (hilaris)
M'VX'P maritus uxori posuit N'F'F'N'S'N'C non fui, fui, non sum, non euro
N'F'N'S'N'C non fui, non sum, non euro
N N'l natione Itala
natalis N'LIC non licet
natione N'M numerus milltum
naturalis ? N'M'Q numini maiestatique
natus N'M'Q'E'D numini maiestatique eius dicatissi-
navarchus, nauta mus
nefastus (tristis) N'M Noricum mediterraneum
Nemesis ?
i IV. 286.
nepos Ephem. Ej>.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 443

N'M'V nobilis memoriae vir O'B ossa bene

NN nostri (duo) OB obiit or obitus
N'N numerus noster OB obiit or obitus
NNOBB'CAESS nobilissimi Caesares (duo) O'B'C ossa bene cubent?
NNXOOOBBB' nobilissimi Caesares (tres) OB H, HON ob honorem
CAESSS OB M'E ob nierita eius, memoriam eins
NO nobilissimus O'B'Q ossa bene quiescant
NO Novius O'B'Q'T ossa bene quiescant tibi
NOB'CAES nobilissimus Caesar OBR obrysum
NOB'FEM nobilissima femina O'C opus constat
NOB ! November O'C'S ob cives servatos
NOBB'CAESS nobilissimi Caesares OCT octogenarius
NOMI nomine OCT, OCTO, OCTOB October
NON Nonae O'D opus doliare
NONAGEN nonagenarius O-D'D'F-D- opus doliare de figlinis Domitiae
NOKICO Noricorum (ala) L'F Lucillae ; flglinae
NOT notarius O'D'S'M optime de se merito
NOV November O'E'B ossa ei bene
NOV Novius O'E'B'Q ossa ei bene quiescent
N'P natione Pannonius? Ponticus? OF Oufentina (tribus)
NP nefastus (hilaris) OF offlcina
N P Neptunus OF'AVR offlcina Aureliana
N P nobilissimus puer OFE, OFEN, OFENT, Oufentina (tribus)
N'P J (si fa to meliore fllias) non pepe- OFENTIN .

rissent OFF Oufentina (tribus)

N'R natione Raetus ? OFF officina, officinator
N'R, RHOD nauta Rhodanicus OFF offlcium
NRIS nostris OFF'CORN officium corniculariorum
N'S nomine suo OFFENT Oufentina (tribus)
N'S'S'I'M numen sanctum Solis invicti Mi- OFFI, OFFIC offlcina
thrae OFF-PA, PAPI offlcina Papiri
N'STAT numerus statorum OFF'PRAETER, offlcium praeteritorum, rati-
N'T'M numerus ? tegularum minorum 8 RAT onum
N'V nobilissimus vir OFF'S'R offlcina summae rei or summarum
NVB numinibus rationum
NVM numerarius, numerus, numero OFI, OFIC offlcina
NVM minimum O'H ossa hie ?
NVM'AVG numen August! O'H'F omnibus honoribus functas
NV.M'BAT'SEN numerus Batavorum seniornm O'H'Q'B ossa hie quiescant bene
NVM'DAL' numerus Dalmatarum Diviten- O'H'S ossa hie sita
DIVIT sium O'H'S'S ossa hie sita sunt
NVMM, NVMMVL nummularius, nummularia OIA omnia 4
N'VRSARIEN numerus Ursariensium OL oUa
NYMP nymphaeum OLL'D or D'S'D ollas dedit or de suo dedit
OL'PO'V olei pondo V

O O'L'S'T opto levis sit terra

O Olus O'L'T opto levem terrain
offlcina O'M ob memoriam
O hoplomachus O'M optime meritus
O optio O'M optimus maximus
O, P horae O'M'C'P'F' oppidtim municipium colonia pree
O _ ovum V'C'C'T fectura forum vicus conciliabu
O, O, O, 9, obiit, obitus lum castellum territorium
O'B optio balnearii O'M'D'S optime meritus de se
O'M'V ordo municipii V ...
1
Boissieu, Inge, de Lyon, p. 597. O'N'F omnium nomine faciundum
* C. I. L. V. 2956.
* *
Brambach, Inge. Rhen. 112. Orelli, 60tt.
444 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

O'O'D ornatus ornamentis decurionalibus

 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 445

PAL palatium P'C'N patronus collegii (corporis) nostri

PAL pallium P'C'O publicum coloniae Ostiensis
PAL Palmyreni (numerus) P'COL patronus coloniae
PALAT, Palatinus (Salius), Palatlna (tri- P'CONt) pagus Condatium
PALATIN bus) PCS post consulatum
PAN'INF Pannonia inferior P'D posuit dedicavitque
PANN Pannonia, Pannonii (cohors) P'DAT'D'D publice datum decurionum decreto
PANNO Pannonii (cohors) P'D'D posuit dedicavitque
PAP Papiria P'D'D publice decreto decurionum
PAPHLAG Paphlagonia P'D'D 'E populo dare damnas esto
PAQ Paquius P'D'D'P'P posuerunt decreto decurionum pe-
PAR parentes cunia publica
. PAR Parilia P'D'NON'F (misellas in)perpetuum dolorem
PAPER, PAPI, PAPIR Papiria (tribus) non funerassent 2
P'AREL pausarius Arelatensis PE Percennius or Pescennius
PARENT Parentalia PEC pecunia, pecuniosus
PAR'M Parthicus maximus PEC pequarius
PART, PARTH Parthicus, Parthica (legio) PED pedatura, pedes
PASS l passiva (venatio) PED pedites, peditata (cohors)
PAT pater PEDIS, PEDISEQ, PEDISQ* pedisequus
PAT patricius PED'SING pedes singularis
PAT patronus PEL pellis
PAT'COL patronus coloniae PEQ pacunia
PAT'ET CVR patronus et curator P'EQ'R'M patronus eques Romanus muni-
PAT'F'P'P pater filiae
piisimae posuit cipii
PAT'MVN patronus municipii PER Percennius
PATR patronus, patronatus PER peregrinus (praetor)
PATR'C patronus centuriae PER permissu
PATR 'COL patronus coloniae PERP perpetuus
PATR'COL' patronus coloniae rei publicae P'E'S'C publice e senatus consulto
R'P'R Riciniensis PET Petriana (ala)
PATRIM patrimonium P'ET H patronus et heres
PATR'MVN patronus municipii PERS Persicus
PATRN patronus PESC Pescennius
P'A'V provincia Africa vetus PET Petro
PAVIMEN pavimentarius P'F pater fecit or parentes fecerunt
P'B'F (fllii) patri bono fecerunt ? P'F pater fllio

PEL publicus P'F pia femina ?

P'B'M parentes bene merenti P-F pia fldelis

P'B'M patrono bene merenti P'F pius felix

P'B'P, P'B'PR principalis beneflciarius praefecti PF praefectus

P'BR'S plumbum Britannicum signatum P'F (in kalendas Februarias quae) prox-
or publican! Britanniae sanctae ? imae fuerunt
P'C patres conscript! P'F'C'R pia fldelis civium Eomanorum
P'C patronus civitatis, coloniae, col- (cohors)
legii, corporis P'FE'FILIE parent! (or parentibus) fecerunt
PO pecunia filiae

P'C pia constans (legio cohors) P'FEL pius felix

P'C pietatis causa P'F'F parentibus flli fecerunt?
P'C ponendum curavit P-F'F pia felix fldelis (legio)
P'C post consulatuin P'F'F'AET pia felix fidelis aeterna (legio)
P'C potestate censoria P'F'K'F pater fllio karissimo fecit
P'C'ET S'A (AS, ponendum cnravit et sub P'F'P, P'FI'P parentibus fllii posuerunt?
ASC)'D ascia dedicavit P-F'V pius felix victor
PG Primigenia
1 C. L. X. 3704, where Petra genetrix domini
I. itwrongly ex-
is P'G'D
plained as Pass(erum). The word is found in
full in Notizie Degli Scam, 1888, p. 237. 2 C. I. L. V. 2956. C. I. L. X. 6638.
446 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
P'G'N provincia Oallla Narbonensis PO Pobliu = Publiu8
P'G'S provincia Germania Superior P'O post obitum
PHAL phal.-I-ar PO
P'H'C provincia Hispania Citerior P praetorio
P'H'O'ADQ placere huic ordini atque e re pu- !'() princops optimus
E'R'P'V blica videri POB Poblilia (tribus)
PI plus P'O'C primi ordlnls comes
P'l poni iussit POL polio
PIC Picenum POL Pollia (tribus)
P'I'D, PBTD praefectus iuri dicundo P'O'M patrono optime merito
PI-F'F pia felix fidelis POM, POM KN. I'nMKNT, Pomptina (tribusj
PIL'PR, POST pilus prior, posterior POMI, POMP
P'l'S pius in MIII> POMP Pompeius
P'K praetor candidatus POMT Pomptina (tribus)
P'L patrono libertus or patronus 11- PON'CENS ponendum censuerunt
berto PON'CVR ponendum curavit
PL placuit PONDER ponderarius
PL Plancus PONT Pomptina (tribus)
PL Plautus ? PONT, PONT IF pontifex
1'L plebs, plebis (aedllis, tribunus) PONTIFF pontiflces
PL plumbum PONT'MAX pontifex maximus
P'L provincia Lugdunensis PONT'M'M pontifex munieipum municipii
PLA Plancus POP Pompo or Poimlius
PLA Plautus POP Poblilia (tribus)
PLAT'DEXT'E'Ni platea dextra eunti Nldam POP Popinia (tribus)
PLB plumbarius POPIN populus
PL'C plebs collegii POPLIF Poplifugiiiin
PL'CER plebis Cerialis (aedilis) FOR, POROL Porolissensis(Dacia)
P'L'L posuit laetus libens POR'PVBLIC portorium publicum
P'L'L 2 pro ludis lumiuibus POS Postumus
PL'M plus minus PORT portlcus
P'L'M posuit libens merito PORT Portunalia
PL'MIN plus minus POS posuit
P'L'P patrono lil>erti posuerunt POS'AED'CAS post aedem Castoris
P'L'P praefecti lege Petronia ? POS 'CONS post consulatum
P'L'S'F patronus liberto suo fecit ? POS'D'S posuerunt de suo
PLS'MINS plus minus POSE poseit= posuit
PL'SC plebi scitum POS'P'P posita (statua) pecunia publica
PL'VE'SC plebive scita POST Postumus
P'M patronus municipii POST CONS, CON, COL, CNS post consulatum
P'M patronus municipii POST H'L'ROO post nance legem rogatam
P'M plus minus POSV >osuit
P'M pontifex maior P'P >ater patriae
P'M pontifex maximus P'P >aterpatrum (Cult of Mithras)
P'M (et) post mortem (nihil) P'P >ater jxiMiit
P'M pro incritis P'P pater piissimus
P'M'C provincia Mauretania Caesafiensis P'P parentes pientissimi
P'MIS parcnti'S miserriinl P'P patronus pientissimus
P'M'F patrimerenti fecit P'P patronus perpetuus
P'M'V patronus municipii Verulani P'P pecunia posuit
P'N (conservator!) patrimonii nostri P'P pecunia publica
P'N praeses noster or Numidiae PP Penates puMici :-

P'N provincia Numhlia P'P prndens pondo

P'N'C provincia Xumidia Constantina P'P permissu pro<'onsulis s
PO Poblilia (trilms) P'P perpetuus
P'P pius-er pia posuit
Brambnch, 1311 et 1S12.
* C. 1. L. X. 856 855 et 857. ' in Africa alone.
;
cf. Very uncertain, occurs
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 447

p. p piissimo, piissimae, posuit or po- P'P'R'Q Penates populi Roman! Quiritum

suerunt PP'RROM pontifices Roman!
p .p populo postulante P'P'S posuit pecunia sua
P .p populus Parmensis P'P'S pro parte sua ?
p.p portoriuui publicum P'P'S provincia Pannonia superior
p .p praepositus P'P'STAT praepositus stationis
p.p praeses provinciae P'P'S pro pecunia sua
p. p primus pilus or primipilaris PP'VV perfectissimi viri
p.p pro parte P'P ^^ pro parte tertia
p.p pro pietate P'Q pedes quadrat!
p. p propria pecunia PQ pequarius
PP proprlo P'Q (petitio) persecutio que (esto)
p. p (aere) proprio posuerunt P'Q populusque
p .p provincia Paunonia P'QVOQVE VERS pedes quoque versus
p. p publican! provinciae P'Q'Q'V pedes quoquoversus
p.p publice positus P'Q'R populusque Romanus
P'P'A'A'V'V'G'G perpetui Augusti (duo) P'Q'S posterisque suis
P'P'ANN praepositus annonae PK parentes
P'P'AVGG perpetuis Augustis (duobus) P'R populus Romanus
P'P'BRT publicani provinciae Britanniae P'R post redituin ? or pro reditu ?

LON Londinienses PR praedium ?

P'P'C pientissimo ponendum curavit PR praefectus

P'P'D'D pecunia publica decreto decurio- PR praetor, praetorium, praetorius
num PR praepositus ?

P'P'F patri piissimo fecerunt PR pridie

p.p.p Primigenia pia fldelis (legio) PR Primigenia (legio)
P'P'F'C pecunia publica faciundum curavit PR Primus (praenomen)
P'P'F'D'D pecunia publica fecerunt dedi- PR primus, prior
carunt PR princeps, principalis
P'P'FL' praeses provinciae Flaviae Vien- PR privata (ratio)
VIEN nensis PR pro
P'PI 1
primipilus PR probante
P'P'INFER provincia Pannonia inferior PR Proculus
P'P'K praepositus kastris PR procurator
P'P'L Publiorum duoruin libertus PR promotus
P'P'M'S praeses provinciae Mauretaniae PR pronepos
Sitifensis PR provincia
P'P'N NVM praeses provinciae Numidiae PR provinciae (anno provinciae, in
P'P'O posuit patrono optimo Mauretania)
PPO praefectus praetorio P'R provincia Raetia
P'P'P pater pins posuit or parentes pii P'R publice restituit
posuerunt PRAE, PRAEF praefectus
P'P'P patri piissimo posuit or posuerunt PRAEF'AEDIL prafeectus aedilicia potestate
P'P'P proconsul pater patriae POT
P'P'P pro pietate posuit PRAEF'AER praefectus aerarii
P'P'P propria pecunia posuit or posue- PRAEF'AER'SAT praefectus aerarii Saturn!
runt PRAEF'OOH praefectus cohort!
p.p.p.Q primipilaris patronus coloniae PRAEF'C'A'V 2 praefectus centuriae accenso-
P'P'P-F (filii) pii patri pio or patri pro rum velatorum
pietate fuerunt PRAEFEC praefectus
PPP-FFF- Pii Felices Augusti (tres) PRAEF'EQ praefectus equitum
AAA'GGG PRAEFF praefecti
P'P'R praeses provinciae Raetiae PRAEFF'PR' praefecti praetorio
P'P'R (forma) publica populi Roman! PRAEF'F'D praefectus frumenti dandi
P'PR'BR publicani provinciae Britanniae PRAEF'I'D, praefectus iure dicundo
P'PR'LON publicani provinciae Londinienses IVR-DIC
i *
C. 1. L. XII. 2210. C. I. L. VI. 9219.
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

PRAEF-MIN praefectus Miniciae PR'L'V'P'F praetor ludos Victoriae primus

PRAEF'NVM praefectus numeri fecit
PKAEF'P' praefectus pueroruni pedisequo- P'R'N patrimonium ? regni Norici
PEDI8IC rum PRO proconsul
PRAEF'PRAET praefectus praetorlo PRO procurator
PRAEFTIR praefectus tironum PRO proflcisceretur
PRAEF'TVR praefectus tunnarum ? PRO pronepos
PRAEF'VEX, VEX1L praefectus vexillationl PRO protector
PRAE'N'H' praepositus nutnero Herculis An- PRO provincia
ANT tontniano PROB probavit, probaverunt, probante,
PRAEP praepositus probatus
PRAEPO l
praeposttus PROC proconsul
PRAEP'P- praepositus public! frumenti or PROG procurator
FRVM pecuniae fruraeutariae PROG'AD B procurator ad bona
PR-AER praefectus aerarii PROC'AVG procurator August!
PRAES praesentes PROC'AVG" procurator August! quadragesi-
PRAET praetor, praetorius XXXX mae (Galliarum)
PRAETT praetoriae (cohortes) PROCC procuratores
PR'BR'LON provinciae BritanniaeLondinienses PROC'CA- procurator capiendorum vectiga-
P'R'C'ANN post Roinatn conditam anno PIEND'VEC Hum
PR'CER'I'D, praetor cerialis lure dicundo PROC'K procurator kastrensis
IVR-DIC PROC'M'N procurator mannorum novorum
PR'C'R praetoria civium Romanorum PROC'VECT procurator vectigalis (Illyricii
(cohors) PROC'IIII procurator quattuor publicoriun
PREC precario P-AFR Africae
PREF praefectus PROCO proconsul
P-R'F J praefectus PROCONS8 proconsulatus
PR-GER'SVP provincia Germania Superior PRO-COS, PROCOS pro consule, proconsule
PR'G'N princeps gentis Numidarum PROCOSS proconsul, proconsulatus
PR'H'O'C'S progressus hostem occidit civem PRO'D provincia Dacia
servavit PRO DOM protector domesticus
PRI pridie PRO LVD'LVM pro ludis luminibus
PRI Primus (praenomen) PRO'M processum meritus
PRI princeps PROM promotus
PRI primus, prima PRO MAG promagister
PR'I'D praefectus or praetor iure dicundo PRON, PRONEP pronepos
PRID pridie PROP'P'C propria pecunia curavit
PRIM primarius PRO PR pro praetore
PRIM-IN-C (Fortunae) Primigeniae in colle PRO PR -

pro praetore ex senatus consulto

PRIM, PRIMIO Primigenia (legio) EX S-C
PRIMOP primipilus PRO Q pro quaestore
PRIMO'V primo (dative) unquam PROR proreta
PRIN princeps PRO 8 pro salute
PRINC princeps, principalis PRO S'D'N pro salute domini nostri
PRIN'COL princeps coloniae PROT protector
PRINC'PEREG princeps peregrinorum PROV provincia
PRINC-PRAET princeps praetorii PROV provocator
PR-IN PED principals in pedatura PROX proximus (ratlonum, tabulario-
PR'IV princeps iuventutis rum)
PR'IVV praetor iuventutis PROX'CIPP proximus cippus
PR-IVVEN princeps iuventutis PR'M praepositus militum
PR'K praetor candidatns PRM-FEL' Primant Felices lustiniani (nu-
PR'K'TVT praetor candidatus tutelaris IV8T merus)
PR-LV'LV' pro ludis luminibus PROV provincia
PRP propriis
lEphem. Ep. VII. 862. PR'PER praetor i>erejrrinus
* C. J. L. VII. 46C. PR'P'F Primigenia pia fidelis (legio)
C. I. L. VIII. 9045. PR-POS, POST princeps posterior
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 449

PR'PR praefectus praetorio P'V perfectissimus v!r

PR 'PR praeses provinciae P'V pia vindex (legio)
PR'PR pro praetore P'V portus uterque
PR'PRAET princeps praetorii P'V praefectus urbi
PR-POST, PR princeps posterior, prior P'V provincia utraque
PR'P'V praetoria pia vindex (cohors) PV publice
P'R'Q populus Romanus Quiritiura VI pupilla
PR'REL 1 praepositus reliquationis P'V'A pius vixit annos or minis
P'R'S procurator rationum summarum ? PVB publicus, publica, publice
PR'S profecturus sit PVB Publilia (tribus)
PR'SAC praetor sacrorum PVBCO publico
PR'SAC'VOLK' praetor sacris Volcano faci- PVB'FAC publice factuin
FAC endis PVBL publicus, publica, publice
PR'SEN'CONS praetor senatum consuluit PVBL publicanus
PR'S'P'S pro salute posuit PVBL'COL publicum coloniae
PK STA praepositus stationis PVBLI, PVBLIL Publilia (tribus)
PR'YIG praefectus vigilum PVBL'MVN publicum municipii
PR'VRB praefectus urbi or praetor ur- P'VB'P'R'Q publicus populi Roman! Quiritium
banus PVG pngnarum
PR'IIVIR praetor duo vir PVP Pupinia (tribus)
PR 'XX LIB procurator vigesimae libertatis PVP pupillus
P'S Pannonia Superior PVP Pupus
P'S Parthica Severiana (legio II) PVPI, PVPIN Pupinia (tribus)
P'S pater sacrorum P'V 'PHILIP pia vindex Philippiana (legio)
P'S pecunia sua PV'PO publice positus
P'S pius, pia suis ? PV'PV'L duorum puporum libertus, liberta
PS posuerunt PVR purpureus
P'S praeses Samnil P'V'S posuit volo soluto
P'S proprio sumptu
P'S pro salute
P'S
Q
proxumis suis
P'S'D'D pro salute domus divinae Q quaestiones
P'S'D'N pro salute douiini nostri Q quaestor, qunestoricius
P'S'F pecunia sua fecit Q quando
P'S'F'C pecunia sua faciunduin curavit Q que
P'S 'I pro salute imperil Q qui, quae, quod
P'S'P pecunia sua posuit Q Quinquatria
P'S'P'D pecunia sua posuit dedicavit Q quinquennalis
P'S'P'L'L pecunia sua posuerunt laeti liben- Q Quintus
tes Q Quirina (tribus)
P'S'P'L'L pro salute posuit laetus libens ? Q, <$ quondam
P'S'R pecunia sua restituit Q'A quaestor aerarii
P'S'R procurator summarum rationum Q'A quot annis
1 Pannonia Secunda Savia
P'S'S Q'AER'P quaestor aerarii public!
P'S'S pro salute sua Q'AL, ALIM quaestor alimentorum
P'S'S'P pro salute sua posuit or posne- Q'A'V qui annos or annis vixit...
runt QB S quaestor beneflciarius ??
P'S'S'S pro salute sua suorumque ? Q'B'F'F quod bonum faustum felix (sit)
P'ST posuit Q'C'A quorum curam agebat
PST CONSLTO post consulatum Q'C'C'R'M quaestor curator civiuin Romano-
P'S'V parentibus suis vivis NEG'MOG' rum Mogontiaci, negotiator Mo-
PT pater C'T *
gontiacensis, civis Taunensis
P'T posuit testamento ? Q-CONT qui continet
P'T'M posuit titulum memoriae Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate
PTR patronus Q'C'R quei cives Roman! (erunt)
Q'C'V quaestor coloniae Viennae
1
Ephem. Ep. III. p. 811.
2 3 *
Ephem. Ep. II. 884. Bratnbach, 24. Brambach, 756.

LAT. INSCRIP. 29
450 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
' >
I
>
quaestor designates Q'Q'V quoquoversus
Q'D quondam Q'Q'V'L'P quoquoversus locus pedum...
Q'D'A quo, qua or qulbus de agitur Q.Q.y.p quoquoversus pedes...
T
Q'D'E'R'F-P- quid de ea re fieri placeret, de Q-Q-V -p-Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos...
D'E'R'TC ea re ita ccnsuerunt Q'R'C'F quando rex comititivit f-.i<. /

Q-D'R qua de re quando rex comitio fugit (see

Q'D'R'A qua de re agitur page 867)
Q'E qui, quae, quod est QR Quirina (tribus)
Q'E'C'F (votuin libens aniino posult) quo- Q'R'P quaestor rei publicae
ius eum compotem fecit Q'R'P'A quae$turam rei publicae agens ?

Q'E'D quod eo die Q-R-8-H-F- ?

Q'F qui, quae,quod fuit or qui faciunt HTT'V

or quod factuin or quo facto QS quiescent ?

Q-F'P'D'E' quid fieri placeret, de ea re ita cen- Q'8 qui, quae, quod supra
R'l'C suerunt Q'8AO'P' quaestor sacrae pecuniae alimenta-
Q'F'IVG quod facit iugerum ALIM -riae
Q'H'CTR quo honore contentus impensam Q'S'F'E quod supra factuin est
remisit Q.g.p.p.g q uj gagfjg pu^licis praesto sunt
Q-HH'S-9 qui heredes script! sunt Q'S'S'S qui (quae) supra scripti (scripta t

Q'H'N'S quod heredem non sequetur sunt

QTD'P qui iure dicundo praeerit Q'ST'D'F quando stercus delatura fas (see
Q-INF'S'S qui(quae) infra script! (scripta) sunt page 367)
QIQE l
quinque QT quot
QIR Quirina (tribus) Q'V quoquoversus
Q'l'S'S qui (quae) infra scripti (scripta) QV quinque
sunt QV Quintus
Q'K quaestor kandidatus QV Quirina (tribus)
Q-I/S-V-T-L (dicite) qui legitis sit vobis terra Q-V qui vLxit
levis Q'V qui vocatur
Q-M qui militavit Q'V'A qui vixit annis or annos
Q'M quo minus QVAD quadrans
Q'M'C qui militare coeperunt QVADR quadrigae
Q-MIL qut militavit QVAE, QVAES quaestor
Q'N'9'S'S quorum nomina supra scripta sunt QVAE9IT-IVD quaesitor iudex
Q'P quaestoria potestate QVAE8-RET quaestum rettulit
Q'P quadrati pedes QVAEST'SAC quaestor sacrae pecuniae ali-

Q'P' A quaestor pecuniae alimentariae P'ALIM nientariae

Q'P'A'P quaestor pecuniae alimentorum QVAI8T quaestor (archaic)
pnblicorum QVANTI E' quanti ea res erit tantam pecuniam
Q'P'F qui primi fuerunt R-E-T-P
Q'P'P quaestor pecuniae publicae QVAR Quartus (praenomen)
Q'PR'PR quaestor pro praetore Q'VF'S'I'O quod verba facta sunt in online

Q'Q quaestores QVI Quinctilis

Q'Q quicquid QVI 8 Quintana? (ara)
Q-Q quinquennalis QVI Quirina (tribus)
Q-Q Quinti duo QVIB'EX' quibus ex senatus consulto coire
Q-Q'C'F' quinquennalis corporis fabrum'na- 8'C'C'P permissum (est)
NAV valium QVri'D'P qui iure dicundo praeest
Q'Q'C'P quinquennalis censoria potestate QVIN Quinquatria
Q'Q'P quoquoversns pedes QVIN quinquennalis
Q'Q'PER, Q' quinquennalis perpetuus or quin- QVINCT Qulnctilis
Q'P'P quennales perpetui QVINQ quinquennalis
Q-P'P'C'M quinquennalis perpetuus corporis QVINQ quinqules
mensorurn
1
Q-Q-9-S-8 quam qui supra scripti snnt Oruter, 886, 3, explains: Qui retro xeripti
QQ'TT quaestores heredf* ffceniii/ tin<- /itn/n/n. Tiiulo uxi.
It is probable that the abbreviations have not
de Lyon, s Rrainb. 1446.
Bolssieu, In*c. p. 698, ucv. been correctly copied.
QVIE Quirina (tribus) REST, RESTIT restituit, restituerunt
QVIR Quirinalia RET retiarius
QVIR Quirinalis (flamen) RET rettulit
QVIRI, QVIRIN Quirina (tribus) REVOC revocatus
Q'VIX qui, quae vixit RHOD Rhodanici (nautae)
(JVC) F quo facto R'lN C redactus in colonicum ?

QVOT quotannis R'L recte licet, licebit

Q'V'P quoquoversus pedes R'M'F reverentissimae memoriae femina ?

Q'V'P'Q quoquoversus pedes quadratos R'N regnum Noricum

Q'VR, VRB quaestor urbanus ROB Robigalia
QVR Quirina (tribus) ROM Romanus
ROM, ROMIL, ROMVL Romilia (tribus)
ROS rosalia
R'P ratio privata
R Raetia, Raeti (cohors) R'P res publica, rei publicae, re publica
R Rapax (legio) R'P'B res publica Bovillensium
R ratio R'P'C rei publicae constituendae
R recessus R'P'O res publica Carsiolorum
R R'P'C'A rei publicae caussa abesse
R restitult R'P'C'L res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae
R retiarius R'P'D rei publicae dedit
R retro R'P'M'D res publica mumcipii Dianensium
R Retus (praenomen) R'P'X res publica nostra
R revocatus R'P'P res publica Philippensium
R Romanus R'P'P'D'D res publica Phuensium decreto
R rubrica, rubrum decurionum
R Rufus R'P'R res publica Reatinorum
R ratio, Romanus (eques), rubrica R'P'R res publica Ricinensis
RAP Rapax (legio) R'P'R res publica restituit
RAS rarissimo R'P'RS'RTA 3 re publica Romanis restituta
RAT rationalis R'P'S'S res publica suprascripta
RAT-CASTR ratio castrensis RR rarissimae
RAT'PRIV ratio privata R'R'PROX' recto rigore proximo cippo
RAT'S'R rationalis sacrarum remuneratio- CIP'P pedes... f
2
nuin ? R'T ripa Thraciae
R'C reficiendum curaverunt R T, TIB ripa Tiberis
R'D'A ratiodominica Augusta RV'I rudis prima
RE Regina RVSS Russata (factio)
REC reciperator, reciperatorius
RECT'PROV rector provinciae
RED'IN C redactus in colonicum ?
RED'AB AER redemptor ab aerario S sacerdos
REF, REFE, refecit, refecerunt, refectus S Servius
REFEC S servus
REFIC'COER reficienda coerarunt (archaic) S sestertium
REFIC'D' reficiendas de conscriptorum seo- S Severiana (legio or cohors)
C'S'C tentia curaverunt f S Severus
REG Regina S sextarius
REG regio S Sextus
REIP, REIPVB rei publicae S si
RE'P rei publicae S Sicilia
REP reparari S sacerdos, sacrum
REPLET repletio S saeculum
RES restituit S saltus
RES P'C' res publica coloniae Lambaesitanae S salve or salutem
L-F fecit S Saturnus

1 C. I. L. VIII. 4037. * *
Orelli, 1090. C. I. L. VIII. 10S93.
452 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

scriba, scripsit, scrlptus S'A'F Saturnus Augustus Frugifer

8 se, sibi SAG sagittarii (cohors)
8 secundae SAL Salius
8 secutor SAL Salvius
8 semis SAL salve or salutem
S sententia S'AL Severiana Alexandriana (legio or
8 sepultura cohors)
8 slgnavit, signator SALA salararius
8 singuli SALARI'SOC salarius sociorum
8 Silvanus SAM SHI n j i is

S singuli, singularis SAR Sarmaticus

8 situs or sepultus SAR Sardinia
8 sol? S'ARK servus arcarius
S solvit 8ARM, 8ARMAT Sarmaticus
S soror ? S'A'S Saturno or Silvano Augusto sa-
8 Spurins crum
S stipendia SA'SAT sacerdos Batumi
8 studiosus l S'AS'D sub ascia dedicavit
8 sunt SAT-AVG Saturnus Augustus
8 suus, sui SATVR Saturnus
8 suppurationes SB'P'Q'S sibi posterisque suis
8 quinarius SB'D sub die
S servus, Sextus,
2 scriba? 8 SC * sacerdotium
8A sacerdos S'C sacra cognoscens
S'A (procurator) saltuum Apulorum ? SC scaenicus
8A salve or salutem S'C senatum consuluerunt
8A Salvius S'C senatus consulto
S'A Salus Augusta? SC (plebi) scitum
S'A Severiana Alexandriana (legio co- S'C singularis consularis
hors) S'C scribendum (curaverunt)
S'A Silvanus Augustus S'C sub cura
S'A somnus aeternalis S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciendum cnra-
SAB, SABATI, SABATIN Sabatina (tribus) vit
SAC sacer, sacrum, sacerdos, sacerdo- SCA scabillarii
talis, sacravit ^ SC'ADF scribendo adfuerunt
SACC sacerdotes SOAP, SCAPT Scaptia (tribus)
S'AC'D sub ascia dedicavit SCAPTIN8 Scaptiensis (of the tribus Scaptia)
SACER sacerdos SCAT Scaptia (tribus)
SACERD'CER sacerdos Cereris S'C'C senatus consulto curavit, curave-
S'M'D'XV sacerdos inatris Deum quindecim- runt
V viralis S'C'D'D socii cultores domus divinae
SAC'P sacerdos publicus S'C'D'D' s...creatus decreto decurionum
SAC'P'A'Asacerdos provinciae Africae anm... SC'D'M sciens dolo malo
SAC'PHRYG- sacerdos Phrygius maximus S'C'D'T senatus consulto de thesauro
MAX S'C'E servo conserva eius ?
SACR sacrum SCEN scaenicus
SACR'FAC sacris faciundls S'C'F'C senatus consulto faciundum cu-
SAC'SVP sacerdos superior ? raverunt
SAC'VRB sacerdos urbis SC'HR secundus heres
S'A'D,D'D sub ascia dedicavit S'C'P sacerdos Cererum publica
S'C'P'R senatus consultum populi Roman!
1 C. 1. L. III. 4876. su! cuiusque anni
S'C'Q'ANN
*The explanation "Secutor" suggested by SCR scriba, scripsit
Hubner (Exempt, script, epigr: p. Ixxlli), for SCR'ADF scribendo adfuerunt
n 2441 and 2547 of the VI volume of the S'C'R'C senatus consulto restituendum cu-
Corpus appears to Cagnat very doubtful. We raverunt
can in these two cases interpret as, Sextus.
* Bull,
fipigr. 1886, p. 94. C. L L. VI. 786.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 453

8CEI scriba, scripsit SER'VLIBER'V servus vovit, liber solvit

SCRIB'ADF scribundo adfuerunt S-E'S'F sibi et suis fecit
SCRIB'LIBR'Q scriba librarius quaestorius SESO., SE8QVIPL sesquiplicarius
SCRIB'Q'VI PR scriba quaestorius sexprimus SE'TR secutor tribuni
SCRIB'R'P scriba rei publicae -S'ETS sibi et suis
S'CRI'VLL sine critnine ullo S 'ET 8 -L'L'P'Q'E, sibi et suis libertis, liberta-
8CRP scripuli or LIB'LIB'POST' bus posterisque eorum
8CR-CER scriptus cerarii Q'EOR
8CRVT scrutarius SEV-AVG sevir Augustalis
80S sacerdos SEX sexmestris (tribunus)
SCVR scurra SEX sextilis
8CVT Scutata (cohors) SEX Sextus
SCYT, SCYTH Scythica (legio) SEXM sexmestris (tribunus)
S'D sancta dea SEXTIL Sextilis (mensis)
S'D Serapis? deus S'F sacris faciundis
S'D Silvanus deus S'F'8 sine fraude sua
S'D sinistra decumanum S'H secundus heres ?
S'D Sol deus S'H , so minora
8'D'L'S'D sacerdos del Liberi, sacerdos deae S'H signum Herculis ?
8'D'M sacrum Diis Manibus S'H sita hie ?
S'D'M sine dolo malo S'H summa honoraria
S'D'N (pro) salute domini nostri S'H'F'C secundus heres faciendum curavit
S'DO'M sine dolo malo S'l stlitibus iudicandis
S'D'8 Saturno deo or domino sacrum S'I'D Sol invictus deus
S'D'S Silvano domestico sacrum SI'E situs est
S'D'S'D Silvano deo sancto domestico? 8IF sifonarius
SE secutor 8IG signifer
SE secunda SIGF signifer
8E sestertius SIGN signator, signavit
8'E situs est SIGN signum, signifer
SEE Sebasteni (ala) 8IGNF signifer
8EBAC sebaciaria SIL'SILV Silvano silvestri
SEC secnndae S'I'M Sol invictus Mithras
SEC secutor SING singularis, singuli
SEC'H secundus heres SING'COS singularis consularis
SEC'TR secutor tribuni, trierarchi 8INGVL singularis
SEI V'E sei videatur eis S'I'N'M Sol invictus n Mithras
. . .

8EIVG seiuge S'lV sanctissimus iuvenis ?

SEM semel SL'IVDIK stlitibus iudicandis

SEM, SEMEN, SEMENS semestris S'L'L'M solvit laetus libens merito

SEN senatus S'L'M solvit libens merito
SEN senior S'L'P sibi libertis posterisque
SEN-SEN senatus sententia S'L'R (votum) susceptum libens reddidit
SEP September S'L'R'I'C'Q' siremps lex res ius caussaque omni-
SEP Septimius O'O'R'E bus oinuium rerum esto
SEP sepultura 8'L'V'S'P suo loco vivus sua pecunia ?

SEPT September 8'M sanctae memoriae

SEPT Septimius S'M secundum mancipium
SEQ Sequana (dea) S'M Sol Mithras
8EQ secutor S'M solvit merito
8ER Sergia (tribus) S'M submedicus
SER Servius 8'M'D sacrum matri Deum
SER servus, serva S'M'V sacra rnoneta Urbis
SER'AEQ'MONET servus aequator monetae 8'N sestertii nummi
SERG Sergia (tribus) S'N'P si non paret
SERT Sertor 8OC socius, socii
SER'7SC servus contrascriptor SOC'S sociorum servus
SER'VIL servus vilicus SOD sodalis
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

SOD-AVG, AVQVST sodalis Augustalls S'Q'H'A'P' si quis hanc arcam post excessnm
SOL solvit E'S'S'A' suprascriptonini ii|irrin- voln-
SOL'L'M solvit libens merito V'D'F erit,dabit flsco
g.Q.p.p gun t omn | s pedaturae pedes . . . S'QVE'ME'F suisque merentibus fecit
8P semper SR Sergia (tribus)
8'P servus publicus or serva publica S'R, RAT suinmae rationes
SP spectavit SR'D'S'F'C soror de suo faciendum curavit
8P Spurius S'RES'LEX'IVS" siremps res, lex, ius caussa-
8'P stolata puella ? CAVSSAQVE' que omnibus omnium re-
8'P sua pecunia or suo peculio or O'O'R'ESTO rum esto
sumptu proprio or sumptu pu- S'R'P'F- sumptibus rei publicae fecit et
blico ET D dedicavit
8'P sub praefectus 88 sanctissimae :

SPAER sphaerista 8'8 (Silvano) sancto sacrum

S'P'B slngulares pedites Britannic! ? S'8 script! or scripta sunt
S'P'C'P'S sua pecunia posuerunt S'8 semper scriptus
S'P'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit 8'8 senatus sententia
S'P'D'D'D sua pecunia dono dedit dedicavit 88 sestertius
8PE spectavit S'S siti aunt
SPEC, SPECVL' speculator, speculariarius SS solverunt (ambo)
8PECLAK S'S subscriptus
SPECTAT NVM 1
spectator numerator S'S sumptu suo
SI'-F spectabilis femina S'S supra scriptus. scripta
SP'F Spurii fllius S'S susceptum solvit
S P F sua pecunia fecit SS
'

sestertii, sextarii
S'P'F'C sua pecunia faciendum curavit SS'DD'NN salvis dominis nostris (duobus)
S'P'FE soror pia fecit ? S'S'F sibi suisque fecit
S'P'F'E'S' sua pecunia fecit et sibi vivus 8 'SI supra script!
VP posuit? S'8'L'L'M (votum) susceptum solvit libens
SPHAER sphaerista laetus merito
S'P'L senatus poptilusque Lavininus 8'S'P'Q'EOR sibi suis posterisque eorum
SPL splendidus, splendidissimus S'S'Q'P'P sibi suisque posterisque jiosuerunt
SPL'EQ'R splendidus eques Romanus S'S'S sicut sujira script!, scripta
S'PL'R sacra publica Romana S'8'8 summa supra scripta
'

S'P'M'A senatus populusque municipii An- S'S'S supra script!, scripta sunt
tinatium S'T secutor tribuni
SPP spectabiles ST Btatera
S'P'P sua pecunia posuit ST Statlus
S'P'P'C sua pecunia ponendum curavit 8T Stellatina (tribus)
S'P'P'L'D' sua pecunia posuit, loco dato de- 8T stipendia
D'D creto decurionum - STA stamen
g.p.p.g sacris publicis praesto sunt 8TA Statlus
S'P'P'S'F solo publico (or private ?) pecunia STAT static, stetionarius
sua fecit STAT statua
S'P'Q senatus populusque STAT'HER statio hereditatium
S'P'Q'A senatus populusque Albensis STAT'Q' quadragesimae civitatis Me-
statio
S'P'Q'C senatus popohuqne Corsiolanus C'M diomatricorum
S'P'Q'L senatus populusque Lavininus STE, STEL, 8TELL, Stellatina (tribus)
S'P'Q'R senatus populusque Kotnanus STELLA, 8TELLAT
S'P'Q'S sibipostfrisque suis STI, STIP stipendia
S'P'Q'T senatus populusque Tiburs ST'F stolata femina
S'PR sine pretio ST'HER statio hereditatium
8'P'R sua pecunia restituerunt STIP stipendia
8PR subpraefectus STL Stellatina (tribns)
S'P'S'F sibi posterisque suis fecit S'T'L sit terra levis

S'P'9'P sibi posterlsque suis posuit STL, STLIT IVDIC stlitibus iudicandis
8'TR secutor tribuni
1
C. I. L. XII. 6695. (See page 260.) STR strator
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 455

STRIG striganus ?
456 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

T'M'P tituluin memoriae posult TR'LAT trlbunus laticlavius

T'M'Q'F'E-REV tene me quia fugi et revoca TR'M tribunus militum
T'N'C'II'F'C 1 testamento non cavit ; heres TR'M n-iiici inodius

foclundum curavlt ??? TK'MIL ti-ibiiniis militum

T'O'B'Q tibi ossa bene quiescant TR'MIL'A P tribunus in lit HIM a populo
i

TOG togatus ^
= advocatus) TR'MIL'L, LEG tribunus militum legionls
TON tonsor TRO (legio) Troana (Trajana)
TOP topiarius TRO, TROM, TROMENT, Tromentina (tribus)
TORQ torques, torquata (ala or cohors) TROMENTIN
TORQ'ARMIL' (donatus) torqulbus, aruiillis, T'R'P'D'8- te rogo praeteriens dicas sit tibi

PHAL phaleris T-T'L terra levis

TOT Totates? (Mars) TR'PL tribunus plebis
T'P tanta pecunia TR'POT tribunicia potestate
T'P tertiae partis ? T'8 tataesuo*
T'P testamento or titulum posuit T'S'F'I testamento suo fieri iussit

T'P tribunicia potestate T'S'T'L terra sit tibi levis

T'P'I testamento or titulum poni iussit T'T tibi terram
T'P'M tituluin posuit memoriae T'T'L'S tibi terra levis sit
T'PO'L'L'M tituluin posuit libens laetus rnerito T'V titulo usus
T'Q'D totiusque domus T'V ture vino
TR Traianus, Traiana (legio) TVB tubicen
TR Transpadana TVB, TVBIL tubilustrium
TR Trebius TVB'SAC' tubicen sacrorum populi Roman!
TR Threx P'R-Q Quiritium
TR tribunus T'V'F titulum ? vivus fecit
TR trierarcha T'V'F ture vino fecerunt
TR trieris TVL Tullus
TR triumphator TVM tumulus
TR Tromentina (tribus) TVN, TVNG Tungri (cohors)
TRA Traianus, Traiana TVR turma
TR'A trierarcha August! TVT'AVG Tutela Augusta
TRAI Traianus, Traiana TVTEL tutelarius
TRAM tramare T'T Teretina tribus
TRA, TRAN, TRANSPAD Transpadana T'T-L'S terra tibi levis sit
TR'AVGG tricliniarcha Augustorum T'T'L'V terra tibi levis volo ?
TRE trecenarius
TRE Treveri (ala)
TREE Trebius V
TREC trecenarius vale
TR'ET NAV transvectuarius et navlcularius Valentia (dea)
TUEV Treveri (ala) Valerius
TR'FOR Traiana fortis (legio) vene = bene
TRI trierarcha veteranus
TRIE tribunus Venus
TRIB-ET NOT tribunus et notarius verna
TRIB'LAT, LATIC, tribunus laticlavius veteranus
LATICL via
TRIE-MIL tribunus militum Vibius
TRIB'MIL'A tribunus militum a popnlo vicit
P, A POP Victoria
TRIB-P tribunicia potestate victrix (legio)
TRIB'P tribunus plebis villa

TRIB'POT, PT tribunieia potestate vir

TRIB'SVC tribus Succusana Virtus (dea)
TRIPL Tripolitana urbs
TRIVMF, TRIVMP triumphator, triumphatrix vivus, viva, vivit, vbdt

1 * C. I.
Brambach, 1156. L. X. 1949.
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 457
v Voltinia (tribus) VEN venatio, venator
v votum, vovit VEN Veneta (factio)
V utere VEN Venetia
V uti V'E'PP vir egregius primipilaris
V uxor VER (Frisii) Verlutionenses (cuneus)
VA vale VER verna
VA vices agens VERB vertex
V-A vlxit annos or minis VESTIG vestigator
VAL Valerius, Valeria (legio) VET Voturia (tribus)
VAL valetudinarius, valetudinarium VET, VETER veteranus
V'A'L vices agens legati VEX, VEXI, VEXIL, vexillarius, vexillatio
VAL'BTZ Valeria Byzacena (provincia) VEXILL
VAL- VICT Valeria victrix (legio) V'F verba fecit or fecerunt
V'A'S'L'M votuin animo solvit libens merito V'F Viennae fecit
V'A'S'P'P viis aedibus sacris publicis procu- V'F vivus, viva fecit
randis ? VFEN Oufentina (tribus)
VB Ubii (cohors) V'F'ET L'E vivi fecerunt et locum emerunt *

V'B vir bonus V'F-I vivae fieri iussit ?

V'B'D'R-P vir bonus dignus re publica V'F'S verba facta sunt
V'B'M'P voto bene merenti posuit V-F'S > vivus fecit sibi
V'B'O'V'F virum bonum oro vos faciatis VF'S-ET S vivus fecit sibi et suis
V'B'S vir bonus sanctus V'F'T vivus fecit titulum
V'C vir clarissimus V'H vir honestissimus
VC unctor 1 V-H-A vixlt honeste ? annis
V'OA'V'P vir clarissiraus agens vices prae- VI Vibius
sidis VI vineae ?
V'C-CONS- vir clarissimus consularis provin- V'l vir inlustris
P'N ciae Numidiae VI vixit
V'C-D'D vir clarissimus dedit dedicavit VIAT viator, viatorium
VC'ET INL vir clarissimus t-t inlustris VIAT'TR viator tribuni
V'C'L'M voti compos libens merito VIAT-TR'PL viator tribuni plebls
V'C'P'P vir clarissimus pater patrum VI'AV Victoria Augusta
V'C'Q'K vir clarissimus quaestor candidatus VIB Vibius
V'C'R voluntarii cives Eotnani VIC vicit
. V'D vir devotus VIC victimarius
V'D'D Veneri ? donum dat VIC victoria
V'D'P'R-L-P unde de piano recte legi possit VIC vicus, vicani
V'D-P-T' vir devotissimus protector lateris VIC victoriatus
L-D dominici* VIC victor, victrix (legio)
V'D'S vovit ? de BUO VIC-AVG Victoria Augusta
VE Velina (tribus) VICE'S'C vice sacra cognoscens
VE veteranus VICIM vicimagister
VE S vetus? VIC'LOP vicus Lopodunensis
V'E vir egregius VIC'N victoriati minimi
V'E'A-V-P vir egregius agens vices praesidis VIC'POR Vicani Portuenses
VEC vectigal, vectura VIC'S vici scito
VECT, VECTIG vectigal VICT victimarius
V'E'D'F* vir egregius decurio factus VICT Victorienses (collegium) ?

V'E'EQ-R vir egregius eques Romanus VICT, VICTR victrix (legio)

VEHIC vehicula VIG vigiles
VEL velarius VIK vicani
VEL veles VIL vilicus
VEL, VELIX, VELL Velina (tribus) VIL'BR vilicus Brundisinorum
VILC (vigesimae libertatis) vilicus
i
Orelli, 8471. VILL vir illustris
1 Bullett. Comunale, 1873, p. 51. VILLA villatici
C. I. L. IX. 2585. VIL'PVB villa publica
C. 1. L. VI. 2010. VIL'R'S vilicus ripae snperiorls
 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

VIN Vinalia V-P vir porfco.tissimus

VIND, VINDKL Vindelicl (cohors) \ !' vivus posuit

VINL vir inlustris V'l' votum posuit
VINL'COM vir inlustris comes V-l' uxori picnti>siin:u- ':

VIN'VKB-ET OST vinarii urbani et Ostienses V P-A vixit pins annis

V'l'l'-AIf vixit phi minus, or annis vir prrfrctissimiis opens vices
VIRB Virbialis praesidis
VT8 verba infra scripta V'P'D vir perfectissimus dux
VI'S vici scitu V'P'F uxor piissima fcrit. / uxori piNsi-
VL (sine fraude) vel laesione ? mae fecit
VL verna libertus ? VP'L'M votum posuit libens merito
VL veteranus legionis V'P'M votum posuit merito
VL vir laudubilis y.p.p.p.jj yj,. perfectissimus prases provin-
VL'A'S votum libens animo solvit ci:n- Hispaniae
VL'LIB'M voto laetus libens merito y.p.p.p. yj,. perfectissimus praeses provin-
VL'L'M'S votum libens laetus merito solvit MAVR' ciae Mauretauiae Sitifensis
VL'M votum libens merito 8ITIF
V'L'M'S votum libens merito solvit fir perfectissimus praeses provin-
VLOC'F vivus locum fecit ciae Numidiae
VL'P votum libeus posuit rir perfectissimus praeses provin-
VLP Ulpius, Ulpia (legio) ciae Raetiae
VL'P'M votum libens posuit merito VQ viator quaestorius
VL'R votum libens reddidit V-Q'F valeat qui fecit
VL'S votum libens solvit or libentes VQVE (sine) ulla querella
solverunt VQ'R'F'E'V uti quod recte factutn esse volet
VL'S'M voto libens solvit merito VQ'R'F'E- uti quod recte factum esse volet
VM'F vene ( = bene) merenti fecerunt VS'D'M sine dolo malo
VM'L'P votum merito libens posuit VR vir religiosus
VM'L'3 votum merito libens solvit V-R votum reddidit
VN vene = bene VR urbs Roma
VNC, VNCT unctor VR urbicus
VO viroptimus ? VRB urban us, urbana (cohors)
VO Vopiscus VRBS urbis
VOC Vocontii (ala) VRL vir religiosus
VOL Volcanus VR'L'M votum reddidit libens merito
VOL Voltinia (tribus) VS vici scitu
VOL voluntarii (cohors) VS votum solvit, voto soluto
VOLC Volcanalia VS vir spectabilis
VOL'C'R voluutarii cives Roman! (cohors) VS Urbs sacra
VOLT, VOLTI, VOLTIN Voltinia (tribus) VS'A'L votum solvit animo libens
VL, VLT Voltinia (tribus) V'S'C vice sacra cognoscens
VOLVNT voluntarii (cohors) VS'D'N'F' votum solverunt Dianae Nemo-
VO'P viro optimo posuit (coniux) R-I-M rensi...
VO'P'L'S votum pater ? libens solvit VSE \nni sextarius ?
VOR Vordenses (ala) VS'F vivus or viva sibi fecit, vivi sibi
VO'S'L'M votum o... solvit libens merito fecerunt
VOX Voturia (tribus) VS'F votum solvit feliciter
VOT'FEL'SVCC ? votum feliciter suscepecunt VS'I vice sacra iudicans
LIBEN libentes VS'L votum solvit libens
VOT'X, XX vota decennalia, vicennalia VS'L'A votum solvit libens animo
VOT'D votum dedit VS'L'A'D votum solvit libensanimo dat?
VOT-FEC, votum fecit, solvit libens merito VS'L-A-F votum solvit libens animo felicitci-
SOL-L-M V'S'L'A'P'C votum solvit libens animo p... c...
VOT'M'F votum merito fecerunt VS'L'A'S votum solvit libens animo suo ?
VOT... M'S'L votum... merito solvit libens VS'L'H votum solvit libens II...

VOT-RED'L votum reddit libens VS'L'L votum solvit libens laetus

VOT'8'L'A votum solvit libens animo VS'L'L'B' votum solvit laetus libens bene
VOT'SOL-L-L votum solvit laetus libens MER merito
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 459

V'S'L'L'M votum solvit laetus libens merito V'V virgo Vestalis

V'S'I/P votum solvit libens posuit V'V uti voverant
V'S'M votum solvit merito V:V'C'C viri clarissimi
V'S'M'L votum solvit merito libens V'V'E'E viri egregii
V'S'M'L'M'S votum solvit merito libens, Mer- V'V'F vivus vivae fecit
curio sacrum ? VVLTIN Voltiuia (tribus)
V'SP vir spectabilis V'V'P vivus posuit or vivus vivo posuit
V'S'P vivus sibi posuit V'V'M Virgo Vestalis Maxima
y.g.p.g.g votum susceptum pecunia sua sol- V'V'P'P viri perfectissimi
vit VV'S'FECER vlvi sibi fecerunt
V'SS'L'A votum solverunt libentes animo Y'V'S'L'M ut voverat solvit libens merito
V'S'S'LV'M votum susceptum solvit lubens V'V'S'S'F fivis supra scriptis fecit
merito V'V'V vale, vale, vale !

VST ustrina VX vixit, uxor

VTEI IN II' utei in hac lege scriptum est VX'DVL uxor dulcissima
L'SC'EST VXT vixit
VT'F utere felix
VT'S'L'M votum solvit libens merito
V'V Valeria or Ulpia victrix (legio)
V'V Venus victrix Z* centurio
VV viri Z zeta = diaeta
VV vivior vivunt Z'T'L mulieris (et) Titi libertus ?
V'V vivus vivae
V'V vir venerabilis ? G. I. L. VIII. 9910.

rS sestertius IIII VIR quattuorvir, quattuorviratus

sestertius IIII VIR'I'D quattuor vir iure dicundo
4 dupondius IIII VIR'PR qnattuor vir praefectus
/_ as IIII'VIR Q, Q'Q, quattuorvir quinquennalis
'II duumvir QVINQ
IIS, H-S sestertius IIII VIR'V' quattuorvir viarum curandarum
II SIL duobus Silanis (consulibus) CVR
II V, II VIR duumvir, duumviratus V penterls
II VIR AB AER duumvir ab aerario V quinarius
II VIR'C'P' duumvir censoria potestate quin- V VIR'A 'D' quinquevir agris dandis adsignan-
Q quennalis A dis
II'VIR'I'D duumvir iure dicundo VI hexeris
II VIR Q, Q'Q, QVINQ duumvir quinquennalis Inul sevir
III tertium ITTfTI VIR sevir, seviratus
III trieris Iiml VIR AVG sevir Augustalis
III O'L trium mulierum libertus, liberta VI VIR EQ'R sevir equitum Romanorum
III PR, PROV tres provinciae (Galliae) VII VIR EPVL septemvir epulonum
III VIR triumvir X denarius
III VIR'A' triumvir agris dandis adsignandis X decemvir
B'A XVIR'A'D' decemvir agris dandis adsignandis
III VIR CAP, triumvir capitalis A' I judicandis
KA, KAP, XVIR SACR'FAC decemvir sacris faciundis
CAPIT, KA- X V(VIR)'S (8L, decemvir stlitibus judican-
PIT STL, STLIT)' dis
III VIR MON = triumvir monetalis =
auro ar- I(IVD,IVDIC,
A'A'A'F'F .
gento aere flando feriundo IVDIK)
IIII quadrieris XI PR undecim primus
IIII quattuorvir XV quindecimvir
IIII P'AFR quattuor publica Africae XV VIR'S'F quindecimvir sacris faciundis
460 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
XVIIII decennovlum (The Pomptine centesima
Marshes) ), Z, 2,\ centurio, centurta
XX LIB vigesima libertatis sextarius
XX HER, HEliE, HKKED, vigesima heredita- conventus
HEREDIT tium ducenarius
XX P'R'M vigesima populi Roman! minus duarum mulierum libertus
XXXX, XL G quadragesima Galliarum trecenarius
C centenarius quadrinjrenarius
C centesima quingentaria (ala or cohors)
C centumviri miliaria (ala or cohors)
CV centumviri
 INDEX

A, forms of, 5T. Censor, as Imperial title, 119 as municipal

Abbreviations, 415; table of, 417. magistracy, 185.
Aeta, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 69, 71 ; Fratrum Centenarii, 175.
Arvttlium, 374; examples of, 394. Centurio, 173.
Adlectio, 167, 173, 179. Chalcidian alphabets, 20.
Adopted persons, names of, 98. Cippi militares, inscribed, 55 terminates, ;

Aedileship, 166. inscribed, 254 examples of, 3W.

;

Aedilis, 167, 184, 185. Claudius, letters added by, 28, 66.
Aemilius Paulus, decree of, 29, 359. Cognomina, origin and history, 92 ; use of, 93 ;
Agnomen, erroneous use of the term, 93 note. position of, 83 ; used as praenomina, 88 ;
Alphabet, Phoenician, 17, 19 ; Greek, 17 Etrus- ; honorary, 93 ; of adoption, 93 ; as nicknames,
can, 21; Umbrian, 23; Oscan, 23; Volscian, 93; of women, 94; of emperors, 116.
24; Faliscan, 24; Latin: historical 17, mor- Coins, tables of denominations, 80.
phological 31, archaic 31, 33, monumental of Collegia, civil and religious officers of, 188;
Pvepublic 33. perfected 37, peculiarities of 24, inscriptions of, 220, 380.
modifications of 25. Coloniae and Municipia, magistrates of, 184;
Alphabets, Greek, classification of, 20 ; Italic, religious officials, 187 ; inscriptions of, 377.
classification of, 21. Columbaria, 241.
Amphorae, inscribed, 47, 56, 222. Columna Rostrata, 73, 243.
Annale* Jfaximi, 41. Constitutiones, 354.
Apex, 69. Consul, as imperial title, 119 ; ordinarius,
Apparitores, 182 inscriptions of, 207.
; 166; Mtffectus, 167.
Aqueducts, inscriptions of, 312. Consularis, meaning of the term, 179.
Archaisms, table of, 407. Comua, 58, 62.
Armor and missiles, inscribed, 261. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum :
plan, 6 ;

Army and navy, subordinate officers of, 182; false inscriptions, 8

;
valid inscriptions classi-
inscriptions of, 212. fied, 9; indices and tabulae, 9 ; inscriptions
Attius, double vowels introduced by, 30, 69. admitted, 10; methods of presentation, 12.
A n gut; 168. Cosa, coins of, 28.
Augusta as imperial title, 121. Cursushonorvm, history and classification, 164 ;
August ales, 184, 185, 187. senatorial, 165, 191 n., 192 n.; equestrian, 172 ;
Augustus as imperial title, 116. after Constantino, 179 ; of third class, 181.
Cypriote origin of certain Greek letters (sup-
B, forms of, 58. posed), 20.
Soustrophedon writing, 24.
Bricks and tiles, inscribed, 269 examples ; of, 337. D, forms of, 58.
Bronze, use of, for Inscriptions, 48. Dacia. wax tablets from, 382.
Date of inscription, how obtained, 123, 405.
C, forms of, 58; history of, 25. Decemvir Mitibns iudicand,is, 166.
Cadmus, tradition concerning, 17. Decreta imperatoriim, 354 ; magistratuum,
Caesar, as imperial title, 116, 120. 358.
Carmen Saliorum, 28. Decurio, 1S4.
Cecrops, tradition concerning, 17. Descent, indicated in the name, 95.
461
4fi-2 INDEX

Derotioiitx, 51, 885; examples of, 396. Imperial family, titles of, 120; Inscriptions of,
IHrtator, 184, 185. 148.

[>!jil<nititt<t iiii/itni'iii, 855; examples of, 392. J/iKci-i/itiiiinf. I'n riilnritif,, 50, 70; example*
Diptychs, inscribi'd, 4'J, 3S ; examples of, 398. of, 3t<i;, :;;IT.

Division of words. 71. Inscriptions, methods of making, 4.'i on silver, ;

Documents. :>4^: imperial, 353; public and 51, 264; on lead, 51 ; written, 50; stamped in
sacred, 361, 371 ; of priestly collfgiit, 874; of relief,56; painted, 47, 4s; rui-Mv.-, 4:'., :";
the army, 875; of municipalities, 377; of uncial, 43; illustrating form of KOIIUIH name,
<-i>llriiiii. :MI; private, 382; examples of, 390. 103; classification and description of
-

hiinii itiilitar-i-a, 193 n. dedicatory 225, examples 275; sepulchral 2- !o,

Double consonants, 29 ; vowels, 26, 30. examples 282; honorary, 248 on public build- ;

f>ucen<irii, 175. nj.'-s and structures 247, examples 308 ; on

Duenos inscription, 16, 25, 27, 28, 38, 62, 64; mile and boundary stones 251, examples 816;
text of, 346. on movable objects 256, examples 325 from ;

Duumvir quinquennalis, 184 ;

iure dicundo, quarries and mines, 268 on pigs of metal,;

184. 268; on bricks and tiles, 269; on vc-

clay, 273; of aqueducts, 812; of roads and
E, forms of, 58. bridges, 314; restoration of, 399; dating of,
K<1 ;<(, 854. 405.
Emperors, names, 114; titles, 117; chronologi- fntttrumenta, 348; imperatorum, 853.
cal list, 123 ; inscriptions of, 148. Inntrumentum domeslicum, 9, 56, 62, 256.
Ennius, his use of V for Greek Y, 28 ; double con-
sonants introduced by, 29. J, origin of the form, 26.
Eque* t,quo publioo, 172. Jewelry, inscribed, 264.
Equestrian order, inscriptions of, 200.
Equiles, preliminary civil service of, 174; in- K, forms of, 61 ; history of, 27.
lustrex, 178; raised to senatorial rank, 178. Kalendaria, 54.

F, forms of, 59. L, forms of, 61.

False inscriptions, determination of, 10, 47 ;
their Laminae, inscribed, 49.
place in the Corpus, 8. Lamps, inscribed, 56.
FatM, 47, 54,361 ; connulares, 362; nnni Lauilfitio Mntilidf, 293.
luliani, 365. Leges, 48, 71 ; order of arrangement, 348; list

Fetialen, 168. of, in inscriptions, 350.

Fibula Praenestina, 21, 25, 27, 33, 60, 62, 86, Legions, table of, 408.
265. Letters, documentary form of, 41 form influ- ;

Fistulae plumbeae, inscribed, 57, 263 ;

ex- enced by material, 81, 41 form influenced by ;

amples of, 329. subject matter, 41 ; individual forms discussed,

Flamen, 168.
"
57; instruments used in making, 47: cut in
Formello Vase, 18, 22, 23. stone, 47 ; cut in metal, 48 in clay, 51 ; ;

Fractions, 76. stamped in relief. 56, 57; painted, 47; made

Fratres Ar vales, 168, 874. with points, 49.
Freedmen, names of, 100, 101, 102. Lev Acilia Repetundarum, 47, 75. 92 An- ;

Functions, senatorial, list of, 169. ttmia de Termessikus, 889; Rubria, 71,
73.
G, forms of, 59
history of, 25. ; Ligatures, 67.
Gladiators, sepulchral inscriptions of, 237. Litterae incrustatae or caelatae, 48 ;
rubri-
Glandex plumbeae, inscribed, 57, 64, 262 ;
ex- cating, 48.
amples, 827. Long vowels, methods of indicating, 69.
Glass vessels, inscribed, 57. Lupercua, 168.
Graffiti (see Inscripliones Parietariae).
M, forms of, 62.
H, forms of, 60. Mayister, 184.
Ifederae dinlinguentes, 70. Magistracies, senatorial, table of, 167 ;
of
coloniae and munic-ipia, 184, 185.
I, forms of, 60 ; history of, 26. Maniu*, abbreviation for, 62, 63.
Illegitimate children, names of, 97. Measures, of surface, bl ;
of value, 77 ;
of weight,
Imperator, aspraenomen, 89, 115 ;
as title, 118. 81.
 INDEX 463

Menologia rwttica, 368. Praeneste, archaic inscriptions of, 33, 90, 94.
Mesha (Moabite) stone, 19. 230, 264.
Metal, pigs of, inscribed, 268. Praenomen, when conferred, 84.
Methods of presentation of inscriptions in the I'menomina, list of, 85; rare and foreign, 87;
(<>//;*, 12. of special families, 86; of women, 89.
Mi/itirid, 64; inscriptions of, 251; examples, Praetor, 166, 167, 1S4, 185.
316. Priesthoods, of senatorial order, 168; of eques-
Militiae tquextrex, 173 (with note). trian order, 176.
Mines, inscriptions from, 268. Primipilux, 173.
M<< amentum Ancyranum, 69,873. Princeps luvenlulix, 121.
Municipen, classes of, 184. Proconsul, as imperial title, 120.
Municipia, magistrates of, 184; religious offi- Procuratorex, 172, 174 classes of, 175
; ; Inscrip-
cials of, 187 ; inscriptions of, 216. tions of, 202.
Punctuation, 69.

N, forms of, 63. Pupus as praenomen, its significance, 84.

Name, the Roman, 82 ;

its history, 82 ;
con-
stituents of, 83; reduplication of, 94; addi- Q, forms of, 64.
tional elements of, 95. Quaextor, 166, 167, 184, 185.
Names, of women, 94 ; of illegitimate children, Quae*itor*iudex, 191 n.
97 ; of adopted persons, 98 ; of slaves, 99 ; of Quarries, inscriptions from, 268.
freedmen, 100 ; of naturalized citizens, 102 of ; Quattuorvir via rum- curandarum, 166;
emperors, 114; substitutions and erasures of, quinquennalis, 184; iure dicundo, 184.
122. Quindeeimvir sacris faciundis, 168.
Nationality or birthplace, expressed in inscrip-
tions, 97. R, forms of, 64.
Naturalized citizens, names of, 102. Kewripta, 354.
Naval officers, inscriptions of, 215.
Nicknames, 95; as cogrtomina, 93. S, forms of, 65.
Xonten, history and terminations of, 90; as Sdlius, 168.
praenomen, 89 formed from cognomen, 91
; ;
San Cesareo, archaic inscriptions from, 84, 94.
of Greek origin, 91 how given in inscriptions,
; Scipio family, epitaphs of, 26, 35, 48, 71. 233,
91 of emperors, 115.
; 294 if.
Non-Phoenician letters in Greek, 20. Scriptura quadrata or lapidaria, 37 ;

Numerals, 72 Mommsen's rules governing

; monumenhtlis, 37; actuaria, 41, 42;
them, 74. vulgarly 43, 52, 58, 59.
Secular games, commentarium of, 375.
O, forms of, 63. Semitic sibilants in the Greek alphabet, 19.
Official titles, 164. Senate, decrees of the, 352.
Oldest Latin inscription (see Fibula Prae- Senatorial order, inscriptions of, 189.
ffe#tii>ft). Senatufi Conxultum de Sacchanalibus, 26, 27 ;

Order of letters, how known, 17. de Nundinix Saltux Beguensis, 391.

Ordo decurionum, 184 ; Augustalium, 185. Septem-fir Epulonum, 168.
Seviri Auguntalex, 185, 187.
P, forms of, 64. Sexagenarii, 176.
Palamedes, tradition concerning, 17. Siemens, 30. 69.
Pater Patriae, as imperial title, 119. Signa, 95.
Pisaurian Dedications, 33, 89, 226. Simonides, tradition concerning, 17.
Plebeian officials, inscriptions of, 207. Sodalift Auguxtalix, etc., 168.
Pltbx, in municipia, 184. Sortex, 372 ; examples of, 393.
Pond/ex, 168; Maximus, 168; as imperial Spuriun, indicating illegitimacy of birth, 98.
title, 117. Stamps or seals, 266 ; oculists', 267.
Praefec.il, of senatorial rank, 170
;
of equestrian
rank, 172, 176; praetorio, inscriptions of, T, forms of, 65.
200; Aegypri, Annonae, Vigilum, in- Tabulae patronatus, 879 ; examples of, 395.
scriptions of, 201. Texnerae, 49, 57, 64, 257 frumentariae,
;

Praefectua cohort-it, 173 alae, 173 cas-

; ;
257 :theatralex, 258 ; hospitales, 259 ;
trorum, 173 legionig, 173
; iure dicundo, ; gladiatoriae, 259, examples of, 312C ; con-
184. vicialex, 261.
464 INDEX
Verrlus Flaccus, his attempt to Introduce a new
Tiles, inscribed, 51, 67.
Titles, official, 164 ; of honor :
senatorial, 168 ; letter, 28.
VigintivM, 165.
equestrian, 176.
Til nl i Sepulcrales, 47, 56, 282 ; sacH, 225,275. Virgo Vestalis, 168.

Treeenarii, 175.
Tribunicia Polentas, 118, 128, 148 n. Wax tablets, 41, 67, 75, 882.
Tribunus legionis, 178 ;
militum laticla- Weights and measures, Inscribed, 257 ;
ex-

vius, 166; plebis, 166, 167, 185. amples of, 825.

Ti' ibm, 96. Writing, early use of, by the Romans, 81.
Triumvir capitalist 165; ntonetaliit, 166.
X, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27.

V, forms of, 66 ; history of, 27.

Valid inscriptions, determination of, 10. Y, forms of, 66; history of, 27.

Vases, inscribed, 59, 278.

Verres as nomen, 91. Z, forms of, 66 ; history of, 28.
 TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS

indicates the number of the inscription in C. I. L. ;

a i. L. i.

29
30
31

34
38
41
43
49
50
110
168
170
177
179
204
258
530
535
536
538
540
541
547
548
552
554
559
466 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

<'. /. L. IV.
 TABLE OF INSCRIPTIONS 407

a i. L. vni.
468 LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
C. I. L. XIV. PAGE C. I. L. XIV.
 p . r

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