GAUHATI UNIVERSITY

TDC Semester Curriculum Structure

(A) Major Course:

Sem-I Credit Subject without Subjects with practical

practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
English 1 3 3/50
Language & Communication
MIL 1 3 3/50
History & Culture of Assam 3 3/50
Core 1: Cell Biology-I 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Core 2: Microbiology-I 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Core 3: Biochemistry-I 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Total 27 9/150 24/450

Sem-II Credit Subject without Subjects with practical

practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
English I 3 3/50
MIL II 3 3/50
History of Science & Scientific Method 3 3/50
Core 4: Cell Biology-II 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Core 5: Microbiology-II 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Core 6: Biochemistry-II 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Total 27 9/150 24/450

Sem-III Credit Subject without Subjects with practical

practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
Env. Studies I 3 3/50
Core 7: Biophysical Chemistry 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 8: Human and animal Physiology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 9: Basics of Biocomputing 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Optional - 1.1 Pisciculture/ Sericulture 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Optional - 1.2 Enzymology / 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Clinical Biochemistry
Total 33 3/50 36/750

Sem-IV Credit Subject without Subjects with practical

practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
Env. Studies II 3 3/50
Core 10: Genetics 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 11: Plant Physiology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 12: Immunology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Optional - 2.1Environmental 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Biotechnology/ Toxicology
Optional - 2.2 Clinical &Industrial 6 4/100 2 Cr/50
Microbiology/ Food Microbiology &
Bioprocessing
Total 33 36/750
Sem-V Credit Subject without Subjects with practical
practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
Core 13: Molecular Biology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 14: Plant Biotechnology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 15: Animal Biotechnology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 16: Computational Biology & 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Bioinformatics
Core 17: Bioinstrumentation 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Total 30 40/750

Sem-VI Credit Subject without Subjects with practical

practical
Course Lecture (hour) Lecture (hour) per Practical per week/
per week/marks week/marks marks (1cr = 2hr)
Core 18: Genetic Engineering 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 19: Biostatistics 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 20: Developmental Biology 6 6/100 2 Cr/50
Core 21: Bioethics, Legal Issues, Patenting 6 3/50
Core 22: Project 6 15/250
Total 30 42/750
Grand Total
(Semester I+II+III+IV+V+VI) 180 202/3900

Note:

Elective paper 22 for project: 200 marks will be dedicated to dissertation report to be
given by the Internal & External Examiner. The other 50 marks will be given by the External
examiner based on the student’s presentation and Viva-voce.

 
Core 1: Cell Biology-I: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Origin of life - Theory of Chemical Evolution, Formation of RNA and DNA, Formation of
nucleoproteins, Natural Selection of Self replicating Polymers

Unit-2 Basics of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Biology (structure & function) – Historical
Background, Discovery of cell and Cell Theory; Comparison between plant and animal cells.

Unit-3 Ultrastructure of Cell I: Cell wall, Plasma membrane, their structural organization, transport of
nutrients, ions and macromolecules across the membranes. Cytoskeleton; Protoplasm;

Unit-4 Ultrastructure of the cell II:; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi complex. Lysosome, endosome
and microbodies; Ribosome.

Unit-5 Nucleus and nucleolus, chromatin structure and organization.

Cell Biology-I: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Microscopy and calibrations

02 Preparation of stains, Grams staining
03 Study of cell division - different stages of mitosis in Onion root tip squash
04 Differential staining of blood cells
05 Cell Counting using Haemocytometer

References:

1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI Edition. John Wiley
& Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII Edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V Edition. ASM
Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the Cell. VII
Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

 
Core 2: Microbiology-I: Theory (100 marks)
Unit-1 An introduction to microbiology: History of microbiology, Theories of biogenesis and
abiogenesis, concepts of microbial diversity, scope and applications of microbiology.
Unit-2 Microscopy and specimen preparation: Light microscope, bright and dark field microscopy,
fluorescence microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, TEM and SEM.Concepts of fixation and
specimen preparation, stains and staining techniques; Definition of auxochrome, chromophore,
dyes. Theories of staining, Mechanism of gram staining, acid fast staining, negative staining,
capsule, flagellar and endospore staining.
Unit-3 Prokaryotic cellular architecture: The cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane. Transport across
the membrane, mesosomes, flagella, pilus, fimbriae, ribosomes, carboxysomes, sulfur granules,
glycogen, polyphosphate bodies, fat bodies, gas vesicles; endospores, exospores, cysts.
Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
An introduction to Eubacteria and Archaea, their major structural differences, Grams reaction.
General characteristics and classification of viruses, differences between bacteria and viruses,
physical and chemical features of different Viruses. Bacteriophages; lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Prions and viriods.
Unit-4 Eukaryotic microbial diversity: An introduction to protists and fungi, basic cellular
organisation and reproduction. Mycelia of fungi and Actinomycetes, cytoskeleton filament,
heterocysts and akinets of Cyanobacteria.
Unit-5 An introduction to sterilization: Principles of sterilization and its importance, physical and
chemical methods of sterilization, determination of phenol coefficient of disinfectants.
Unit-6 Microbial growth and nutrition: Principles of growth and growth curve, methods of growth
determination and factors affecting growth.Phototrophic, chemotrophic and heterotrophic mode
of nutrition, growth mediums and pure culture techniques; isolation, preservation and
maintenance of cultures.

Microbiology-I: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Safety measures in microbiology laboratory.

02 Cleaning and sterilization of glassware.
03 Study of instruments: Compound microscope, Autoclave, Hot air oven, pH meter, laminar
airflow and centrifuge.
04 Staining Techniques Simples, Negative staining, Gram Staining and Endoscope staining.
05 Media preparation.
06 Isolation and characterization of bacteria and fungi from air, water and soil.

References:

1. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David Stahl, David
P. Clark; Benjamin Cummings; 13 edition.
2. Microbiology, Pelczar; McGraw-Hill Inc., US; 5th edition.
3. Prescott's Microbiology, Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton; McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math; 9 edition.
 
Core 3: Biochemistry-I: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Basic chemistry of biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids

Unit-2 Amino acids: Classification and properties

Unit-3 Proteins: Classification based on structure and functions, structural organization of proteins
(primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures), biosynthesis of protein

Unit-4 Carbohydrates metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation,

Gluconeogenesis, Pantose phosphate pathway, Glyoxylate cycle.

Unit-5 Photosynthesis: Structure of photosynthetic apparatus, Light and Dark reactions, C3 and C 4

cycle

Unit-6 Lipids: Structure, properties, classification and functions

Biochemistry-I: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Preparation of stock and working solution: PPM solution, Percent solution,

Normal solution, Molar solution and Millimolar solution
02 Qualitative and quantitative tests of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids
03 Separation of amino acids and plant pigments by TLC/paper chromatography
04 Determination of isoelectric point of protein
05 Blood smear – differential staining

References:

1. Principles of Biochemistry- AlbertL. Lehninger CBS Publishers & Distributors

2. Biochemistry – Lubert Stryer Freeman International Edition.
3. Biochemistry – Keshav Trehan Wiley Eastern Publications
4. Fundamental of Biochemistry – Dr. A.C. Deb
5. Biochemistry- L.U. Satyanarayana, Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd.
6. Outlines of Biochemistry- Conn and Stump, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Biochemistry-Voet and Voet, John Wiley and Sons.
8. Biochemical Methods- S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, New Age International Publishers,
New-Delhi.

 
Core 4: Cell Biology-II: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Cellular energy transactions,

Unit-2 Chemical components of a cell; Catalysis and use of energy by cells.

Unit-3 Cellular basis of differentiation and development – mitosis, gametogenesis and fertilization

Unit-4 An overview of cell cycle

Unit-5 Apoptosis and necrosis

Unit-6 Methods in Cell Biology: Elementary idea of microscopy and cell fractionation.

Cell Biology-II: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Use of Micrometer and calibration, measurement of onion epidermal cells.

02 Isolation of genomic DNA from bacteria or plant

03 Isolation of mitochondria

04 Mounting buccal epithelium and observing living cells using vital staining.

05 Preparations of temporary mount of Grasshopper testis / onion flower bud anthers and study the
different stages of Meiosis.

06 Chironomous - Salivary gland Chromosome squash preparation

References:

1. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI Edition. John Wiley
& Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII Edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Edition. ASM Press
& Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the Cell. VII
Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

 
Core 5: Microbiology-II: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 An introduction to microbial taxonomy: Concept of microbial species and strains, classification
of bacteria based on-morphology (shape flagella), staining reaction, mutation and extreme
environment.
Unit-2 Prokaryotic genome: Physical organisation of bacterial genome (Structure of the bacterial
nucleoid, Replication and partitioning of the bacterial genome and Genome of Archaea).
Plasmids, types of plasmids (F Plasmids, R plasmid, Col plasmid) Copy number variations,
Episomes and transposable elements
Unit-3 Microbial Reproduction and recombination: Modes of microbial DNA replication, the rolling
circle and Theta models,transformation, conjugation (cointegrate Formation and Hfr Cells, F’
Plasmid) and transduction (generalized and specialized).
Unit-4 Microbial Metabolism: Bacterial Photosynthesis, photosynthetic apparatus in Prokaryotes,
photophosphorylation, assimilation of inorganic nitrogen phosphorus and sulphur. EMP, HMI
and ED Pathways
Unit-5 Microorganisms and health: Basics of host pathogen interaction, microbial commensalism,
colonization, infection and disease.
An introduction to Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Candida,
Aspergillus, Variola, Varicella-Zoster, Human immunodeficiency virus.
Unit-6 Plant microbe interactions: Plant microbe interaction in the rhizosphere, and factors affecting
this interaction. Carbon and Nitrogen cycle in nature - Biological nitrogen fixation - symbiotic
and non-symbiotic microorganisms , Basics of biofertilizers- Rhizobium, Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ( PGPR) - Mycorrhizae -
Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla

Microbiology-II: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Estimation of microorganisms-Total Count.

02 Isolation of Photosynthetic bacteria.
03 Purification of chromosomal / plasmid DNA and study of DNA profile:
Confirmation of nucleic acid by spectral study and agarose gel electrophoresis
04 Biochemical tests-starch hydrolysis, catalane & gelatin liquefaction.
05 Study of Rhizobium from root nodules of legumes.
06 Immobilization of cells and enzyme using Sodium alginate and egg albumin

References:

1. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David Stahl, David
P. Clark; Benjamin Cummings; 13 edition.
2. Microbiology, Pelczar; McGraw-Hill Inc., US; 5th edition.
3. Prescott's Microbiology, Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton; McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math; 9 edition.
Core 6: Biochemistry-II: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Animal hormones: protein and steroid hormones, mechanism of hormone action.

Unit-2 Plant hormones: auxins, giberllins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid

Unit-3 Vitamins: water and fat soluble vitamins, dietary source and deficiency syndromes

Unit-4 Enzymes: Classification, catalysis, mechanism of enzyme action, factors influencing enzyme
activity, immobilization of enzymes, co-enzymes and co-factors, Isozymes.

Unit-5 Nitrogen metabolism and fixation of nitrogen in leguminous plants

Unit-6 Contractile protein, neurotransmitter

Biochemistry-II: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Preparation of acetate and phosphate buffers with different pH

02 Detection of extra cellular bacterial enzyme production
03 Estimation of Vitamin C from plant samples
04 Test of salivary amylase
05 Estimation of total Protein (Bradford method & Lowry’s method)
06 Extraction of casein from milk

References:

1. Principles of Biochemistry- AlbertL. Lehninger CBS Publishers & Distributors

2. Biochemistry – Lubert Stryer Freeman International Edition.
3. Biochemistry – Keshav Trehan Wiley Eastern Publications
4. Fundamental of Biochemistry – Dr. A.C. Deb
5. Biochemistry- L.U. Satyanarayana, Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd.
6. Outlines of Biochemistry- Conn and Stump, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Biochemistry-Voet and Voet, John Wiley and Sons.
8. Biochemical Methods- S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, New Age International Publishers,
New-Delhi.
Core 7: Biophysical Chemistry: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. Composition, structure and function of
biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins).

Unit-2 Stablizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic
interaction, etc.).
Unit-3 Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative
properties).

Unit-4 Bioenergetics, substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer,
biological energy transducers.
Unit-5 Conformation and configuration of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary structure; domains; motif and folds). Conformation of nucleic acids (A, B, Z-DNA
forms), t-RNA structure, micro-RNA etc).

Biophysical Chemistry: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Standardization of digital pH meter and finding out the pH of an unknown solution

02 Verification of Beer lamberts law using standard solutions
03 Estimation of amylase activity on starch and determination of reaction kinetics
04 Estimating the variations in absorbance and transmittance of some colloidal substances with
spectrophotometer
05 Separation of biological samples through centrifugation and calculation of their densities
06 Estimation of total carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and lipids of some biological samples

References:

1. Voet, D. and J.G. Voet. Biochemistry John Wiley & Sons.

2. Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry W.H. Freeman & Co.
3. Segal, I.H. Biochemical calculations John Wiley and Sons
4. Creighton, T.E. Protein Structure and Molecular Properties W.H. Freeman & Co.
5. Freifelder, D. Essentials of Molecular Biology
6. Wilson, K. and K.H. Goulding A Biologists Guide to Principals and Techniques of Practical
Biochemistry
Core 8: Human and Animal Physiology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Physiological process in animals with special reference to man. Functional anatomy of the
digestive & respiratory systems. Physiology of digestion, gland in the alimentary canal & their
secretions. Physiology of respiration, mechanism of breathing.
Unit-2 Physiology of blood circulation The blood, plasma & tissue fluid, blood corpuscles,
hemoglobin, Blood groups & clotting of blood.
Unit-3 Physiology of Nervous System. Link between environment & central nervous systems. Nerve
Impulse & reflex action.
Unit-4 Endocrine system of various glands & their secretions.

Human and Animal Physiology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Study of frog/human blood film.

02 Finding the coagulation time, blood groups, RBC count, TLC, DLC
03 Haemolysis: effect of isotonic, hypotonic & hypertonic solution on Erythrocyte.
04 Determination of Haemoglobin
05 Preparation of haemin crystals.

References:

1. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edn.; Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall.

2. Introduction to Animal Physiology; Ian Kay
3. Essentials of Animal Physiology, 4th Edn.; S. C. Rastogi.
4. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th Edn.; Valerie C. Scanlon, Tina Sanders.
Core 9: Basics of Biocomputing: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: What is a computer, Functions of a computer,

Functional components of a computer, Hardware and Software, Strength and Weaknesses of
Computers
Unit-2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS: Generations of computers, Types of computers
Unit-3 SOFTWARE BASICS: Types of software, System software, Utility software, Application
software, Flowchart.
Unit-4 BASICS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
UNIX, LINUX and WINDOWS operating system and their basic commands. Using command
prompts. Downloading and installing software in LINUX and Windows system.
Unit-5 Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number system
Unit-6 DATABASE CONCEPT AND FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET: Electronic mail, Web
browsing advanced concept LAN, FTP, HTTP, MODEM and ROUTER.

Basics of Biocomputing: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Downloading and installing softwares

02 Establishing a network connection
03 Using MS-Excel for simple statistical problem
04 Writing a simple program
05 Using a database program

References:

1. Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, Tata McGraw Hill Company.

2. Computer Networks and Internets by Douglas E. Comer, Pearson Education Asis

3. The complete reference MySql by Vikram Vaswani, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition.

Optional-1.1: Pisciculture: Theory (100 marks)
Unit-1 Pisciculture-history, definition scope and importance, fishery resources of India in general and
northeastern region in particular. Abiotic and biotic factors affecting fish diversity. Ecological
characteristics of ponds, streams, rivers and water bodies. Planktons and their importance in
fish culture.
Unit-2 Fish diversity-major and minor carps of India, other economically important fishes of India,
endemic fishes of northeast India, mono, poly, mixed and composite fish farming, sewage fed
fish culture, paddy cum fish culture, criteria for choosing fishes for intensive fish farming.
Ornamental fishes and their culture. Biochemical characteristics of fishes.
Unit-3 Fish breeding- fish breeding in natural conditions, bundh breeding, breeding in closed water
bodies and beels, hypophysation and stripping. Different types of crafts and gears used in fish
catching, transport of live fish and fish seed, preservation and processing of fish, dry fish and
its importance, bye products of fish industry.
Unit-4 Principles of Fish genetics and Biotechnology-fish genetic resources of Northeast India,
karyotyping chromosomes of fishes, cryopreservation of gametes, establishment of fish gene
banks, sex determination of fishes, monosex culture, sterile fish. Hybridization of Indian carps,
interspecific and intergeneric hybrids, inbreeding, cross-breeding and selective breeding.
Unit-5 Freshwater fish farm engineering-selection of site, construction of fish farm, soil chemistry.
Design, layout of fish ponds, setting and management of freshwater aquariums. Age
determination, schooling of fish, spawning, migration, mass mortality and control measures.
Common fish diseases and control, fish parasites, fish marketing and storage.

Pisciculture: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Microscopic identification and estimation of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and common

freshwater benthic organisms in freshwater bodies.
02 Analysis of turbidity, pH, dissolved O2, alkalinity in water bodies and estimation of primary
productivity by light and dark bottle method.
03 Quantitative determination of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, reducing sugars and nucleic acids
in fish tissues.
04 Fish blood staining (giemsa), differential count of WBCs and cell viability test.
05 Dissection of pituitary gland in fishes, preparation of pituitary extract and identification of fish
endocrine glands after dissection.
06 Methods of food analysis in guts of fishes with different food habits inhabiting different aquatic
ecosystems.

References:

1. Jhingran, V.G., 1985. Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Corporation,
Delhi,666 pp.
2. Trivedi, K.K. (Ed), 1986. Fisheries Development, 2000 AD. Association of India Fisheris
Industries, Oxford and LB.H., New Delhi, 268 pp
3. Bal, D.V. and K.V. Rao, 1984. Marine Fisheries, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 470 pp
4. Bardah, Ryther and MoLarrey, 1972. Aquaculture, John Wiley, New York, 868 pp
5. Shapherd and Bromage, 1988. Intensive,Ship Farming, BSP Professional Books, London,
404 pp.
6. David Cushing, 1979. Fisheries Resources of the Sea and their Managements, OUP & ELBS
Edition, London,87 pp.
7. Mills, Dick, 1993. Aquarium Fish, DK Publishing Inc., New York - 100 016.
Optional-1.1: Sericulture: Theory (100 marks)
Unit-1 Origin and history of Sericulture. Cocoon and silk production in India, Components of
Sericulture. Topography and climate for mulberry and muga cultivation – abiotic and biotic
factors for muga and eri cultivation. Food plants of non mulberry silkworms. Leaf harvesting
and preservation.
Unit-2 Tissue culture techniques of mulberry and non-mulberry food plants: Seed germination and
dormancy. Propagation of food plants, diseases and pests of food plants, mineral nutrition,
photosynthesis, photorespiration. Plant growth regulators and their importance in sericulture.
Plant introduction and acclimatization. Selection, hybridization, polyploidy and mutation
breeding. Breeding for disease and stress resistant food plants.
Unit-3 Classification and characteristic features of silkworms: Classification of sericigenous Insects.
Moultinism and Voltinism. Metamorphosis in silkworms. Anatomy and physiology of
digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems of insects. Silk
glands. Neuro-transmitters in insects. Diseases of silkworms. Pests of silkworms. Parasitoids
and predators and their management.
Unit-4 Genetics of silkworms-Types of chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations. Karyotype of
mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms. Sex determination and hereditary traits. Inheritance of
cocoon colours. Mosaicism. Heterosis and hybrid vigour. Moth emergence, synchronization,
aestivation, hibernation, fecundity and fertility. Oviparity, ovo-viviparity and viviparity.
Endocrine glands in silkworms. Silkworm pheromones.
Unit-5 Natural and synthetic textile fibers. Physical and commercial characters of cocoons and silk.
Cocoon sorting, stifling and cooking, reeling, throwing, wet processing and weaving. By-
products of sericulture. Seed cocoon markets. Procurement, transportation and preservation of
seed cocoons. Farm management, labour management and utilization.

Sericulture: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Morphology and anatomy of silkworms including muga, eri and tassar silkworms.
02 Identification of the silk glands of muga and eri silkworms and determination of protein
content.
03 SDS PAGE of whole cell proteins from silkworms and Thin Layer chromatography of
components from silkworms.
04 Identification of cellular components and cell count in silkworm hemolymph through
microscopic identification.
05 Isolation of Plant Growth promoting Rhizobacteria from soils and evaluation of growth of food
plants (Som/Soalu/Mulberry etc) by promotion and application of PGPR on food plants.
06 Field visit to sericulture stations/ sericulture farms for understanding silk rearing and cocoon
reeling techniques.

References:

1. Application of Biotechnology in Sericulture. Kumar, Venkatesh R & Shyam Kumar V. Daya

Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 13 9789380012483.
2. Development of Sericulture. Narasaiah, M Laxmi et al. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
ISBN 13 9788171414666
3. Comprehensive Sericulture Manual. Rao, M Madan Mohan. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
ISBN 13 9788178000015
4. Economics of Sericulture Farming. Koli, P A & N A Patil. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
ISBN 13 9788181980359.
5. Sericulture Manual: Standard Operating Procedure. Directorate of Sericulture. Govt. of Assam.
Optional-1.2: Enzymology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Introduction to Enzyme, Enzyme classification, Characterization of Enzymes, Enzyme-

Substrate complex, Concept of active center, binding sites, Activation energy, Enzyme activity,
Specific activity, Turnover number
Unit-2 Isolation and purification of Enzymes.
Unit-3 Enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation, Factors affecting enzyme activity-pH,
temperature, substrate, enzyme concentration, coenzyme, cofactors, Enzyme inhibition.
Unit-4 Enzyme regulation & control of their activity, Introduction to allosteric enzymes and
isoenzymes.
Unit-5 Enzyme technology- Immobilization of Enzymes & their application, Commercial production
of Enzymes, Biosensors.

Enzymology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Test of Salivary amylase

02 Effect of pH on Enzyme activity
03 Detection of extracellular bacterial (Amylase) production
04 Detection of extracellular bacterial (Lipase) production

References:

1. Enzymes – by Dixon & Webl

2. General Enzymology- by Kulkarni & Deshpande
3. Fundamentals of Enzymology – by Price & Stevens
Optional-1.2: Clinical Biochemistry: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Functional tests for liver and kidney.

Unit-2 Occurrence, patters of inheritance and Chromosomal abnormalities.
Unit-3 Disorders of Carbohydrate metabolism.
Unit-4 Disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Unit-5 Disorders of lipid metabolism.
Unit-6 Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerosis.

Clinical Biochemistry: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Estimation of Blood Glucose.

02 Estimation of cholesterol in serum.
03 Estimation of Bilirubin in serum.
04 Estimation of creatinine in serum.
05 Estimation of Transaminases (SGOT and SGPT)
06 Estimation of triglycerides in serum.

References:

1. Clinical Biochemistry by Nanda Maheswari

2. Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry by Graham Basten
3. Clinical Biochemistry by Nassar Ahmed (2011)
4. Practical Clinical Biochemistry by R. Chawla
Core 10: Genetics: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Mendelism: Mendel’s Laws of heredity- Laws of segregation and independent assortment;
Test cross.
Unit-2 Chromosomal basis of inheritance, Sex linkage, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Sex
chromosome, Sex linkage, X linked inheritance, Gene and chromosome segregation in meiosis,
Non disjunction Analysis of sex related traits in humans
Unit-3 Genetic Recombination: Mechanisms of Recombination – breakage and reunion, breakage and
copying, complete copy choice. Types of Recombination – General, Holliday model.
Unit-4 Linkage and Crossing Over: Coupling and repulsion hypothesis. Linkage in maize and
Drosphila. Mechanism and importance of crossing over. Chromosome mapping - linkage map
in maize.
Unit-5 Chromosomal Variations: A general account of structural and numerical aberrations.
Unit-6 Cytoplasmic Inheritance: Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, Petite characters in yeast and Kappa
particles in Paramecium.
Unit-7 Mutation: Types - Spontaneous and Induced. Mutagens - Physical and chemical. Gene
mutation. Detection of mutation in - bacteria, viruses, Neurospora, Drosophila and Humans.
Reverse mutations.
Unit-8 Human Genetics: Karyotype in humen. Study of genetic abnormalities – Turner syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome, Down syndrome, Cri-du-chat and Philadelphia chromosome.

Genetics: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Study of mitotic chromosome (in root cells – onion, pea etc.)

02 Study of meiotic chromosome (in flower buds of available plants)
03 Preparation of Salivary gland Chromosomes
04 Problems on linkage – construction of linkage map
(Provide data of two point / three point crosses and also on sex linkage)
05 Observation of permanent slides of chromosomal aberrations.

References:

1. Principles of Genetics – E.J.Gardener, M.J.Simmons and D.P.Snustad, John Wiley and Sons
Publications.
2. Genetics- M.W. Strickberger, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New- Delhi.
3. Fundamentals of Genetics- B.D. Singh
4. Principle of Genetics - Gardner
Core 11: Plant Physiology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Cell and organismal physiology of plants, metabolic processes, water relations, mineral
nutrition, morphogenesis.
Unit-2 Plant Biochemistry and metabolism: respiration, photosynthesis, carbon partitioning, and
biosynthesis of specialized plant products: terpenoids, and plant growth regulators.
Unit-3 Growth and differentiation of plants at molecular, cellular and organismal levels. Regulation of
development; macromolecular interpretation of differentiation, dormancy, germination,
flowering, and senescence.
Unit-4 Mineral nutrition, plant development and response to the environment.
Unit-5 Physiological principles of plants and the relation of those principles to plant responses to the
environment. Water relations, gas exchange, stress physiology.
Unit-6 Photoperiodism and Vernalisation.

Plant Physiology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Determination of water potential by plasmolytic method.

02 Determination of water potential by gravimetric method.
03 Effect of temperature and chemicals on membrane permeability.
04 Study of rate of transpiration under different environmental factors.
05 Determination of degree of porosity of leaves.
06 Separation of plant pigments by Thin layer chromatography.
07 Study of rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities.
08 Study of rate of photosynthesis under different wavelengths (red & blue) of light.
09 Determination of RQ using respirometer.
10 To test the germination capacity of seeds using Tetrazolium chloride.
11 Measurement of pH of expressed cell sap and different soils using pH meter.

References:

1. Arditti, J. and Dunn,A. 1969. Experimental Plant Physiology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2. Delvin, R.M. 1966. Plant Physiology. Affiliated East West Press.
3. Devlin, R.M. and Witham, F.H. 1985. Plant Physiology
4. Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. 1982. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Private Ltd.
5. Pandey, S. N. and Sinha, B.K. 1985. Plant Physiology. Vani Educational Books.
6. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1986. Plant Physiology. CBS publishers and distributors.
Core 12: Immunology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Concept of immune system; Introduction to Immunology.

Unit-2 Types of Immunity: acquired and innate; cell mediated and humoral immunity.

Unit-3 Haematopoiesis; Cells, tissues and organs of the immune system

Unit-4 Immunoglobulin: structure, function and classes.

Unit-5 Introduction to antigens and immunogens; antigenic determinates. Concept of antigen

presentation. Brief introduction to antigen-antibody interactions, Concept of ELISA.

Unit-6 Inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity; Vaccines and immunization.

Immunology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Blood coagulation test/demonstration of haemaglutination

02 Blood group determination
03 Blood smear preparation and study of cells present by differential staining.
04 ELISA test- Dot ELISA (kit)
05 Sandwich ELISA-kit based

References:

1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th edition
Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.
2. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology. 11th edition
Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
4. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th edition Garland
Science Publishers, New York.
5. Peakman M, and Vergani D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd edition Churchill
Livingstone Publishers, Edinberg.
6. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.
7. Immunology and Immunotechnology ;Rajasekara pandian M and Senthilkumar B (2007), Panima
publishing corporation , New delhi.
Optional 2.1: Environmental Biotechnology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Overview of the global environment problem: climate change, biotechnology in mitigating
green house gasses.

Unit-2 Renewable and Non-renewable sources of energy.

Unit-3 Biofuels: Scope, Source and production of Biofuels.

Unit-4 Bioremediation: Bioremediation of soil & water contaminated with oil spills and heavy metals.

Unit-5 Treatment of municipal and Industrial waste water.

Unit-6 Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: Scope, production and applications.

Unit-7 Environmental significance of Genetically Modified Microbes (GMOs), plants and animals.

Unit-8 Biosafety regulation.

Unit-9 Intellectual property rights in Biotechnology- patenting of life forms.

Unit-10 Moral and ethical issues in Biotechnology.

Environmental Biotechnology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Isolation of different types of bacteria from garbage.

02 Detection and amylase producing bacteria/ fungi from food samples.
03 Estimation of BOD.
04 Detection of pesticides from vegetables/ food products.
05 Isolation of Rhizobium from Soil/ root nodules

References:

1. Environmental Biotechnology (Basics concepts and application) by Indu shekhar Thakur.

2. Environmental Biotechnology by M.B. Hiremath.
3. An introduction to Environmental biotechnology by Milton Wainwright.
Optional 2.1: Toxicology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Fundamental Principles: Introduction, Toxicological Evidence, description of sub disciplines of

toxicology, qualitative and quantitative aspects of toxic effects, Biotransformation: detoxication
and bioactivation, Absorption, distribution and elimination of xenobiotics,
Toxicokinetics;quantitative aspect, Dose time-effect relationships
Unit-2 Molecular aspects of toxicology: Cytotoxicity-Molecular Mechanism of cell death, Genetic
toxicology. Common household poisons, Heavy Metal and drugs poisoning and their treatment.
Introduction to carcinogenesis.
Unit-3 Cytopathology general response patterns and Morphological aspects Necrosis and apoptosis:
irreversibility of cell damage and cell death. Dermatotocicology, Respiratory toxicology,
Gastrointestinal toxicology, Hepatotoxicology: Mechanisms of liver toxicity and
methodological aspects. Nephrotoxicology.
Unit-4 Cardiovascular toxicology: Toxicological pathology and methodological aspects. Toxicology
of blood: Pathophysiology, Toxicological pathology and mechanisms of toxicity,
Immunotoxicology: Determination of immunotoxic effects and immuotoxicity mechanisms,
Endocrine toxicology, General reproductive toxicology.
Unit-5 Essentials and General principles of regulatory toxicology: Use of animals in preclinical
toxicology studies, role of preclinical toxicology in drug discovery and development process.
Experimental considerations for assessing possible human risk. Physiochemical, biochemical
genetic basis of toxicity, cellular and sub-cellular toxicity, abnormal action of drugs such as
tolerance addiction, habituation, idiosyncrasy, allergy, antagonism, synergism, tachyphylaxis.

Toxicology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Determination of toxic microbiota in food through microbiological techniques.

02 Evaluation of biotransformation enzymes from organs of an animal model like fish/rat/rabbit
etc by injecting a known toxic metabolite (alkaloid etc).
03 Evaluation of pollutants in sewage water/ organic sewage from environmental source.
04 Isolation of peroxisomal and microsomal enzymes from cells through centrifugation and
subcellular fractionation.
05 Biomonitoring of air samples and evaluation of microbiota from air of pollulted places.

References:

1. Regulatory Toxicology-Shayne C Gad

2. Goodman and Gilman’s : The Pharmcological Basis of Therapeutics, edited by Alfred Goodman
Gilman, Theodore W. Rall, Alan S Nies, and Palmar Taylor
3. Clinical Pharmcology by D.R. Laurence and P.N. Benett
4. The toxicologist’s pocket handbook, Michael J Derelanko 2nd Ed, 2008, CRC press
5. Modern Medical Toxicology-VV Pillay, Jaypee Publishers, 4th Ed
Optional 2.2: Clinical & Industrial Microbiology: Theory (100 marks)
Unit-1
Microbes in health and disease: bacterial, fungal, protozoan.
Unit-2 Screening and Isolation of industrially important Micro organisms. Strain preservation and
maintenance. Nutrition and cultivation of microorganisms: Basic nutrition and metabolism,
Natural and Synthetic media, Sterilization techniques, Microbial growth kinetics.
Unit-3 Fermentation types – Continuous, Batch fed culture, Solid state and Submerged. Quantification
of growth, thermodynamics of growth, effect of different factors on growth. Fermentation
concepts and types. Overview on different types of fermenters
Unit-4 Concept of Process Development and Downstream Processing: Shake flask fermentation, scale
up of the process. Downstream processing – Separation of particles, disintegration of cells,
extraction, concentration, purification and drying of the products.
Unit-5 Microbial Products: a brief discussion about production of certain industrial products such as –
Alcohol, Alcoholic beverage (Beer), Organic acids ( citric acid), Antibiotics (penicillin),
Amino acids, Vitamin (B12), enzymes (protease, alpha-amylase).
Unit-6 Microbial Foods: Single Cell Proteins.
Unit-7 Sewage waste water treatment technique and plants. Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds.
Unit-8 Bioconversions – Biomining and bioleaching. Biogas production. Use of microbes in
Petroleum Biotechnology- Concept of MEOR
Unit-9 Microbial technology in agriculture- Bioinsecticides, bioherbicides, biocontrol agents for
disease control, advantages over chemical methods. Biofertilizers.
Unit-10 Genetically engineered microbes: concept and technique; use of GEM in Agriculture, Industry
and Medicine.

Clinical & Industrial Microbiology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Growth Curve Study – Bacteria and Yeast.

02 Biomass production (Baker’s yeast, spirulina, Agaricus, Aspergillus)
03 Production of alcohol and wine.
04 Estimation of alcohol by specific gravity method.
05 Estimation of lactic acid and lactose.
06 Estimation of fermentation products by titration methods.
07 Production of Primary and Secondary metabolites (one organic acid and one antibiotic)

References:

1. Sullia S. B& Shantharam S: (1998) General Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.
Ltd.
2. Bisen P.S (1994) Frontiers in Microbial Technology, 1st Edition, CBS Publishers.
3. Glaser A.N & Nilaido.H (1995) Microbial Biotechnology,W.H Freeman & Co.
4. Prescott & Dunn (1987) Industrial Microbiology 4th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors.
5. Prescott & Dunn (2002) Industrial Microbiology, Agrobios (India) Publishers.
6. Crueger W. & Crueger A. (2000) A text of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Panima
Publishing Corp.
7. Stanbury P.F, Ehitaker H, Hall S.J (1997) Priciples of Fermentation Technology, Aditya Books
(P) Ltd.
Optional 2.2: Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1
General accounts of foods and beverages and chemistry of foods; classification of
foods- Plant, animal and microbial foods.

Unit-2 Microbes associated with different foods; Microbial spoilage of foods; Food spoilage
microorganism- origin and types (Classification).
Unit-3 Control of food spoilage microorganisms; food preservatives; different methods of food
preservation (physical, chemical and biological); Food irradiation for preservation and
storage.
Unit-4 Food borne hazards- physical, chemical and biological; Foodborne illness and
associated microorganisms (Pathogenic), bacterial toxins; mycotoxins. Botulism and
gastrointestinal illness.
Unit-5 Bioprocessing of foods and beverages; food fermentation by traditional method; types
of food fermented and associated microorganisms; fermented foods of India and NE
India; fermentation processes for soyu, saverkrnt, rice beer and’kharisha’ (bamboo
shoot).
Nutritional and health benefits of fermented foods.
Unit-6 Microbial foods- SCP; SCP organisms; general account of commercial production processes of
mushrooms and algal SCP. Cultivation process of Pleuroms mushroom. Nutritional values of
SCP.

Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Isolation and quantification of bacteria and fungi from solid foods and beverage samples.
02 Coliform determination in foods and water samples.
03 Detection of E.coli in fish/ meat/ chicken and waste water samples.
04 Lab-scale fermentation of grape juice and cabbage.
05 Lab-scale cultivation of Pleuroms mushroom.

References:

1. Basic food Microbiology- G.J. Banwart

2. Food Microbiology- James Ray, M.J. Loessner, D.A. Golden.
3. Biotechnology: Food fermentation- V.K. Joshi, and A. Pandey.
Core 13: Molecular Biology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Nucleic Acids: Experimental proof of DNA and RNA as genetic material. Structure and
function of DNA and RNA. Watson and Crick model of DNA. Different forms of DNA.
Functions of DNA and RNA.
Unit-2 DNA Replication: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic, Enzymes and proteins involved in replication,
Rolling circle model.
Unit-3 DNA Repair: Causes and mechanism – photo reactivation, excision repair and mismatch
repair.
Unit-4 Recombination in prokaryotes: Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction.
Unit-5 Transcription: Mechanism of transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. RNA polymerase,
Promoters and transcription factors. Post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotic mRNA.
Unit-6 Translation: Mechanism of translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Unit-7 Regulation of Gene expression: Regulation of Gene expression in Prokaryotes - Operon
concept; Lac and Trp operon. Concept of Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes.
Unit-8 Genome organization in Mitochondria and chloroplast.

Molecular Biology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Isolation DNA from plant tissue.

02 Preparation of standard curve for DNA and RNA estimation.
03 Estimation of DNA by DPA method.
04 Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.
05 Extraction and estimation of protein from animal (liver tissue) or plant source (Green
gram/Pea) by salt precipitation and Organic solvent method.
06 Agarose Electrophoresis – Principle and Demonstration of technique.

References:

1. Cell and Molecular Biology-de Roberits and de Roberits.

2. Genes - IX, B. Lewin, Oxford University Press.
3. Genetics-P.K. Gupta.
4. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology-Mary J. Schullar and R.E. Zielinsky.
5. Molecular Biology of Gene (4th edition) Waston et al.
6. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Watson et al. Pearson education.
7. Plant Molecular Biology-(2nd edition) D. Grieson and S.N. Covey
Core 14: Plant Biotechnology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Plant tissue culture: Basic concept, Aseptic Techniques, Nutrient media, and use of growth
regulators (axons, Cytokines and Gibberellins).
Unit-2 Clonal propagation of elite plant species – Micropropagation; Technique and advantages.
Unit-3 Organ Culture: Anther, Embryo, Endosperm and ovary culture and their applications.
Unit-4 Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis -Technique and applications
Unit-5 Protoplast Culture: Isolation, viability test and regeneration. Protoplast fusion and Somatic
hybridization - methods and applications.
Unit-6 Transgenic Plants: Technique of Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation. Example of
transgenic plants – Bt cotton.
Unit-7 Application of transgenic plants: Edible Vaccines from Plants – Banana. Herbicide resistance
plants.
Unit-8 Biotechnology and Intellectual property rights (IPR): Basic concept on IPR; Patents, trade
secrets, copyright and trademark.

Plant Biotechnology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Principle and working procedure of pH meter, Autoclave and Laminar Air Flow Cabinet.
02 Preparation of plant tissue culture medium - MS medium.
03 Production of Callus.
04 Plant propagation through Tissue culture (Nodal culture).
05 Plant protoplast Isolation.
06 Preparation of Synthetic Seeds. Anther Culture

References:

1. Fundamentals of Biotechnology, By P.Prave, V. Paunt, W. Sitting and D.A. Sukatesh(Ed.) 1987.

2. Plant Tissue Culture, - MK Razdan, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt.Ltd.
3. Elements of Biotechnology – P.K. Gupta
4. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology - H. S. Chawla
Core 15: Animal Biotechnology: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Embyology: Basic idea on Gametogenesis and fertilization in animals, Molecular events during
fertilization, genetic regulations in embryonic development – In vitro fertilizations and embryo
transfer.
Unit-2 Gene transfer methods in Animals – Microinjection, Retrovirus & Gene transfer. Transgenic
Animals, Animal propagation – Artificial insemination, Animal Clones.
Unit-3 Animal cell culture: Fundamentals. Facilities and Applications. Media for Animal cells. Types
of cell culture: Primary cell culture, secondary culture. Introduction to established cell lines.
Unit-4 Animal cell culture applications and products: Cell products – therapeutic proteins, viral
vaccines; hybridoma technology.
Unit-5 Introduction to stem cells, types and applications. Embryonic Stem cells: Culture & Therapy.
Unit-6 Biosafety and Bioethics: Introduction; Biosafety Levels; Recommended Biosafety Levels for
Infectious Agents and Infected Animals. Introduction to ethics/bioethics; Ethical implications
of cloning: Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning.

Animal Biotechnology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Handling of laboratory animals - mice, rabbits etc.

02 Isolation of DNA from animal tissue
03 Isolation of RNA from animal tissue
04 Animal tissue fixation and preparation of tissue blocks
05 Microtomy and HE staining of fixed sections
06 Animal tissue culture (demonstration/visit to a local institute with animal cell culture facility)
07 Cell counting and viability assay

References:

1. Freshney, E. D.2000. Animal Cell Culture: A practical approach. John Wiley Pub.,New York.
2. Mather, J.P. and Barnes, D. (Eds.). 1998. Animal Cell Culture Methods (Methods in Cell
Biology. VOL. 57). Academic Press, London.
3. Butler, M. (Ed.). 1990. Mammalian Cell Biotechnology- A Practical Approach. Oxford Univ.
Press, Oxford.
4. Singer, M. and P. Berg. (Ed.). 1997. Exploring Genetic Mechanisms. University Science
Books, Sausilato, CA, USA.
5. E.J. Murray (Ed) .1991. Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols – Methods in Molecular
Biology Vol.7. Humana Press,Totowa, NJ.
6. Watson, J.D., N.H.Hopkins, T.W.Roberts, J.A.Steitz and A.M. Weiner.1987.Molecular
Biology of Gene. Benjamin Cummins, San Franscisco..
7. Watson, J.D., M. Gilman, J. Witkouski and M.Zoller.1992. Recombinant DNA. Scientific
American Books, New York
8. Puller, A. (Ed) .1993. Genetic Engineering of Animals. VCH Publishers, New York. Culture
of Animal Cells, R.I Freshney, Wiley-Leiss.
Core 16: Computational Biology & Bioinformatics: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 History of the subject, Milestones achieved and Basic bioinformatics approach
Unit-2 DATABASE CONCEPT: Creation, updating, indexing, sorting and searching of data.
Biological databases (primary and secondary) with special emphasis on NCBI, EBI and DDBJ,
And Data mining.
Unit-3 BASIC BIONFORMATICS APPLICATION: Sequence homology search, Multiple sequence
Alignment, Phylogeny, ENTREZ, EMBOSS,
Unit-4 BIOCOMPUTING IN GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS: Introduction to softwares and tools
for Sequence Analysis and Assembly, 2D gels and NMR and Crystallographic data.
Unit-5 INTRODUCTION to Gene finding, 3D structure, Motif and Domain finding softwares
INTRODUCTION to Homology Modelling, Protein-Protein interaction, Protein- Ligand
Interaction, Molecular Docking and Rational Drug designing.
Unit-6 MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGY: The focus will be on developing quantitative skills for
biomathematics- mathematical models to help understand phenomenon of biology and related
subjects.
ALGORITHMS: Hidden Markov Model, Bayesian Approaches, Artificial Neural Networks,
Fourier Transform, Needleman-Wunch, Smith-Waterman.

Computational Biology & Bioinformatics: Practical (50 Marks)

01 One practical on Sequence data Analysis

02 One practical on molecular Evolution
03 One practical on sequence comparison
04 One practical on 3D structure prediction
05 On practical –to be designed by the concerned department.

References:

1. Computation Chemistry by Guy H. Grant and W. Graham Richards.

2. Bioinformatics: A biologist Guide to Biocomputing & the Internet by Stuart M. Brown.
3. Genomic perl: From Bioinformatics Basics to working code by Rex A. Dwyer.
4. Bioinformatics: Principles and Application by Zhumur Ghosh.
5. Developing Bioinformatics Computer skills by Cynthia Gibas, Per Jambeck.
6. Statiscal Method of Bioinformatics:An introduction by Gregory R. Grant, Warren J. Ewens.
7. Bioinformatics for Geneticist by Micheal Barnes, Ian C. Gray.
8. Bioinformatics: Apractical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Protien by Andreas D. Baxevanis
and B.F Francis Ouellette (Eds).
9. Bioinformatics Computing by Bryan P. Bergeron.
10. Structural Bioinformatics by Philip E. Bourne, Helge Weissig.
Core 17: Bioinstrumentation: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 An introduction to basic methods and instrumentation in biology, emphasizing fundamental

laboratory processes: Sterilization, Use of safety cabinets, Centrifugation, Microscopy,
Pipetting, Optical density measurement by Beer-Lamberts law, Autoradiography, Filtration and
Dialysis.

Unit-2 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY: UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Infrared Spectroscopy, Atomic

Absorption spectroscopy, Mass-Spectroscopy by MALDI.

Unit-3 BIOIMAGING : Electron Microscopy (TEM, SEM, Freeze-etching), InfraRed Microscopy,

Dark-field Microscopy, Phase Contrast Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy

Unit-4 ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES: Horizontal Agarose ,

Vertical PAGE, Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Introduction to 2D Gel
Electrophoresis, Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography, Brief introduction to
Circular Dichroism (CD), ORD, NMR, Crystallography.

Unit-5 SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES: Brief introduction to Flow Cytometry, Microarray, Freeze

Drying (Lyophilization), Bioreactors, Working principle of PCR, Operation principle of
ELISA, CO2 Incubators, ELISA reader, HPLC/GLC.

Unit-6 Use of computers for basic analysis and presentation

Bioinstrumentation: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Making of Molar Solutions

02 Making of Stocks and Buffers
03 Experiment using Centrifugation, Autoclave and Laminar Flow Cabinet.
04 Quantification of Nucleic acid and proteins
05 Electrophoresis

References:

1. Physical biochemistry: Application to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

by David Freifelder, W.H. Freeman and company, New York.
2. Biochemical Calculation by Irwing N. Segal.
3. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.
Core 18: Genetic Engineering: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Introduction to Genetic Engineering

Unit-2 Tools for genetic engineering: Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase enzymes. Vectors -
Plasmids, phagemids and Cosmids.

Unit-3 In vitro construction of recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules: Isolation of passenger DNA;
creation of r-DNA. Cloning of r-DNA.

Unit-4 Transformation: Vector mediated transformation in plants. Physical gene delivery methods for
Transformation - Electroporation and microinjection.

Unit-5 Screening and selection of recombinant host cells - Immunological screening and Colony
hybridization.

Unit-6 Construction and screening of Gene Libraries: Genomic DNA and cDNA libraries.

Unit-7 Molecular biology techniques: Electrophoretic techniques – Proteins and nucleic acids.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA sequencing – Sanger’s method.

DNA blotting techniques – Southern blotting.

Unit-8 Application of r-DNA technique: Production of Insulin. Hybridoma technology; Production of

recombinant vaccines - Hepatitis B. Production of human growth hormone.

Genetic Engineering: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Isolation of genomic DNA from plant tissue.

02 Isolation of genomic DNA from animal tissue.
03 Isolation of plasanid DNA (E. coli)
04 Restriction Digestion of DNA
05 Separation of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
06 PCR- Basic know how and demonstration

References:

1. Plant Genetic Engineering - D.Grieson.

2. DNA Inserting Elements- Plasmids and Episomes. Bukhari Shapiro and Adhya.
3. Elements of Biotechnology - P.K. Gupta.
4. Genetic Engineering - S. Mitra.
Core 19: Biostatistics: Theory (100 marks)

Unit-1 Introduction to Biostatistics: Basic definitions, notations and applications.

Unit-2 Sampling: Representative sample, sample size, sampling techniques; Data collection and
presentation: Types of data, methods of collection of primary and secondary data, Tabulation,
Diagrammatic and graphical representation of data with special reference to biological samples.
Unit-3 Measures of Central tendencies: Mean, Media, mode and their properties; Measures of
Dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, Quartile deviation, Standard deviation, standard error,
Variance and Coefficient of variation.
Unit-4 Testing of Hypothesis: level of significance, confidence level, degree of freedom, acceptance
region, rejection region; Tests of significance: Chi square test, t-test, F-test, Z-test; Analysis of
variance: Definition and assumptions one way and two way classification.
Unit-5 Correlation and Regression analysis: Positive and negative correlation, calculation of
correlation coefficient, regression, linear regression and regression equation.
Unit-6 Probability theory and distribution: Concept of probability, Binomial, Poisson and Normal
distribution and their applications.

Biostatistics: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Sampling, tabulation, diagrammatic and graphical representation of statistical data with special
reference to biological samples.
02 Calculation of measures of central tendencies: Arithmetic mean, median and mode.
03 Calculation of measures of dispersion: Range, Mean deviation, Quartile deviation, Standard
deviation, standard error, Variance and Coefficient of variation
04 Problems based on Tests of significance: Chi square test, t-test, F-test, Z-test and ANOVA
(one–way, two-way).
05 Problems based on Correlation and Regression analysis and Probability theory and distribution.

References:

1. Daniel (1999) Biostatistics (3 rd Edition) Panima Publications Corporation.

2. Swardlaw, A.C. (1985) Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, John Wiley and sons,
Inc, NY
3. Khan (1999) Fundamentals of Biostatistics.
4. A. Edmondson and D. Druce : Advanced Biology Statistics, Oxford University Press; 1996.
5. W. Danial : Biostatistics : A foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, John Wiley and
Sons Inc; 2004.
6. Zar, J.H. 2003. Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd.,Indian
Branch, New Delhi.
7. Baily N.T.J- Statistical Methods in Biology, English University Press.
8. P.S.S. Sunderrao and J. Richards-An introduction to Biostatistics, Prentice HallPvt. Ltd.
India.
9. Introductory biostatistics. 1 st edition. (2003), Chap T. Le. John Wiley, USA
10. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3 rd edition, Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. Christian
Medical College, Vellore
11. Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, Selvin, S., 1991. New York University Press.
12. Statistics for Biology, Boston, Bishop, O.N. Houghton, Mifflin.
13. The Principles of scientific research, Freedman, P. New York, Pergamon Press.
14. Statistics for Biologists, Campbell, R.C., 1998. Cambridge University Press.
15. Statistics for medicine, Colton, T., 1974. Little Brow, Boston
Core 20: Developmental Biology: Theory (100 marks)
Unit-1 An introduction to developmental biology: Origin of the subject, its application, limitations and
the future prospects.

Unit-2 Principles of developmental anatomy: Gametogenesis and fertilization. The generalized

sequence of early development; cleavage, gastrulation, axes and symmetry. Principles of
organogenesis and the morphogenetic process.

Unit-3 Principles of developmental genetics: Differential gene expression and regulation of early
development.Basics of DNA methylation and regulation of transcription, dosage compensation,
differential mRNA longevity, cytoplasmic localization and selective inhibition of mRNA
translation.

Unit-4 Sex determination, hormones and environment: Chromosomal sex determination inn Mammals
and Drosophila, environmental sex determination, hormonal and environmental regulation of
normal development.

Unit-5 Understanding development: Concepts of maternal effect and zygotic genome activation,
cytoplasmic determinants of differentiation, genetic mosaics, fate maps, clonal selection,
homeotic genes.

Unit-6 Principles of development in plants: Basics of plant life cycle, gamete production, fertilization
and embryonic development, germination and vegetative growth.

Developmental Biology: Practical (50 Marks)

01 Studying the life cycles of model organisms; zebrafish, frog, chicken, mouse.

02 Studying sex differentiation in mammals and Drosophila melanogaster.

03 To culture Drosophila melanogaster and study its life cycle.

04 Segment specification in Drosophila melanogaster.

05 Transposable elements in Maize and Drosophila.

References:

1. Developmental Biology, Scott F. Gilbert; Sinauer Associates, Inc.; Ninth Edition.

2. Essential Developmental Biology, Jonathan M. W. Slack; Wiley-Blackwell; 2 edition.
3. Key Experiments in Practical Developmental Biology, Manuel Marí-Beffa, Jennifer Knight;
Cambridge University Press
4. Online resource
• Nature Milestones in Development
http://www.nature.com/milestones/development/milestones/index.html
• HHMI Holiday Lectures
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/hl/index.html
• NCBI online bookshelf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
Core 21: Bioethics, Legal Issues, Patenting: Theory (50 marks)

Unit-1 Modern Science and scientific conduct, conflict of Interest and Use of Animals in Research.

Unit-2 Experimentation on Human diseases, diagnosis and treatments.

Ethics in Medicine.

Unit-3 Ethical issues in Biotechnology. The Human Genome Project and Genetic Testing.

Unit-4 Ethical issues in Biotechnology: genetically Modified Organisms, Synthetic organisms.

Unit-5 Stem cells and cloning, Modern Reproductive Technologies , Abortion

Unit-6 Biosafety regulations, Environmental Ethics.

Unit-7 Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology, Patenting in Life forms

References:

1. Ethics of Emerging Technologies: Scientific Facts and Moral Challenges, Budinger and
Budinger.
2. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Rachels and Rachels, 7th edition
3. The immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot