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Cdma-Is 95: Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur

CDMA-IS 95 is a cellular system based on CDMA that was developed by Qualcomm, standardized by TIA as IS-95, and also known as cdmaOne. It supports up to 64 users simultaneously using a 1.25 MHz channel through orthogonal codes and is a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system.

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82 views

Cdma-Is 95: Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur

CDMA-IS 95 is a cellular system based on CDMA that was developed by Qualcomm, standardized by TIA as IS-95, and also known as cdmaOne. It supports up to 64 users simultaneously using a 1.25 MHz channel through orthogonal codes and is a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system.

Uploaded by

Hrishikesh Ugle
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CDMA-IS 95

 A cellular system based on CDMA


 Developed by Qualcomm
 Standardized by Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA)
as Interim Standard (IS-95)
 Also known as cdmaOne
 Supports upto 64 users simultaneously using 1.25 MHz channel
using orthogonal codes
 IS-95 (CDMA) is a direct-sequence spread-spectrum system

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
Comparison

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
Advantages of CDMA over GSM

 Capacity enhancement due to frequency reuse factor 1.


 When a new user enters into the system and the cell is running
out of the time-frequency slot then the call is not established in
narrowband system, however this is not the case in wideband
CDMA.
 Hard capacity limit in narrowband system
 User performance is enhanced automatically, when any user
stopped the transmission without any explicit reassignment of
resources unlike in narrowband system.
 Soft hand-off in wideband CDMA

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
Direct-sequence spread-spectrum

 It employs a wide bandwidth, thus referred as a wideband


system.
 Universal frequency reuse is a key property of CDMA systems.
 Information is encoded and modulated by a pseudonoise (PN)
sequence and transmitted over a bandwidth W.

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
CDMA Design Basics
 Making the received signal of every user as random looking as
possible via modulating the coded bits onto a long pseudonoise
sequence.

 Power control mechanism to avoid “Near-far problem” in CDMA.

The ultimate goal is to minimize co-channel


interference arising due to Universal frequency
reuse

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
Near-far problem

 In CDMA, all users are transmitting on same frequency channel.

 The user, near to the receiver will have less attenuation and high
power as compared to the user who is far away.

 Receiver will overwhelm the signal coming from strong transmitter.

 The weaker signal may be treated as noise by the receiver.

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
Power Control

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
CDMA Basics
In CDMA, codes are assigned to each user because
entire channel is allotted for entire time duration.

These codes must be orthogonal means their dot


product is zero.
Ex. Two codes (chips) as given below are orthogonal to each other.

{-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} and {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1}

Dot product of these two codes come out to be zero.


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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
CDMA Basics
 How CDMA works?
Suppose, we allot these two codes to two different users say user A and B.
Let, Ak = { -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} i.e. key for user A.
Let, Bk = {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} i.e. key for user B.
Check for orthogonal code?
Now assume that A and B wants to send a binary (Ad) logic 1 and (Bd)
logic 0 respectively.
Hence, say logic 1 = +1 and logic 0 = -1.
Then system spreads these logic levels using the keys given above i.e. Ak
and Bk. The transmitted signal for A and B will be:
AS = Ad * Ak = +1 * { -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} = {-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1}
BS = Bd * Bk = -1 * {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} = {-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1}
Both signals are then transmitted using same channel and at same time.
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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
CDMA Basics
• At the receiver side a new signal i.e. C which is received which is
addition of two different signals AS and BS.
• C = AS + BS = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0}.
• At the receiver side, again to detect the original bits, the same key
assigned to user A and B is applied in the following manner.
• To detect Ad:
– Ad = C * Ak = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0} * {-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} = 6 (>0)
– Bd = C * Bk = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0} * {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} = -6 (<0)
– Since received energy is Ad = 6 it can be treated as logic 1 and Bd = -6 it can be
treated as logic 0.

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Radhika Gour, Asst. Prof., VNIT Nagpur
References

 “Wireless Communication: Principles and Practices”, 2nd Edition,


Theodre S. Rappaport, “Pearson Education”.

 “Mobile Communication”, 2nd edition, Jochen Schiller, “Pearson


Education”.

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