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Complex Numbers 02

1. The document discusses the algebra of complex numbers, including how to determine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of complex numbers. It also covers conjugates of complex numbers. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to represent complex numbers as sums, differences, products, and quotients after algebraic operations. An example also shows that the product of a complex number and its conjugate equals the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts. 3. Exercises at the end practice applying the rules of complex number algebra to expressions involving multiple complex numbers.

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Adrian Prince Lopez
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views

Complex Numbers 02

1. The document discusses the algebra of complex numbers, including how to determine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of complex numbers. It also covers conjugates of complex numbers. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to represent complex numbers as sums, differences, products, and quotients after algebraic operations. An example also shows that the product of a complex number and its conjugate equals the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts. 3. Exercises at the end practice applying the rules of complex number algebra to expressions involving multiple complex numbers.

Uploaded by

Adrian Prince Lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE

COMPLEX NUMBERS

The Algebra of Complex Numbers


Determining the sum and difference of the complex numbers algebraically:
If 𝑍1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1

and 𝑍2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
then the sum 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
and the difference 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

The real terms are added or subtracted and the imaginary terms are added or subtracted
separately.
Example.
Represent the following complex numbers by their sum and difference:
𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗 and 𝑍2 = 1 + 𝑗3

Sum:
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = (4 + 𝑗) + (1 + 𝑗3) = 5 + 𝑗4
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = 5 + 𝑗4
Difference:
𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = (4 + 𝑗) − (1 + 𝑗3) = 3 − 𝑗2
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = 3 − 𝑗2

Determining the product of the complex numbers in the quadratic form:


If 𝑍1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1

and 𝑍2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
the product 𝑍1 𝑍2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑗 2 𝑦1 𝑦2 **𝑗 2 = −1
𝑍1 𝑍2 = (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑗(𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 )

Example.
Represent the following complex numbers by their product:
𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗 and 𝑍2 = 1 + 𝑗3

Product:
𝑍1 𝑍2 = (4 + 𝑗)(1 + 𝑗3)
= 4 + 𝑗12 + 𝑗 + 𝑗 2 3
𝑍1 𝑍2 = 1 + 𝑗13

Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 1|3


2 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Conjugate of a Complex Number:
The conjugate of a complex number can be obtained by negating the imaginary part.
𝑍1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑍2 = −𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
Conjugate: (𝑍̅ = 𝑍 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
̅̅̅
𝑍1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑗𝑦1 ̅̅̅
𝑍2 = −𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2

Example.
If a complex number 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 and its conjugate 𝑍̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦, show that 𝑍𝑍̅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑍𝑍̅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑗𝑦𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦𝑥 − 𝑗 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑗𝑦𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦𝑥 − (−1)𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Determining the quotient of the complex numbers:


Let Z be the quotient of two complex numbers
𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1
𝑍=
𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
It is required to express the complex number in the form 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦.
Multiplying numerator and denominator of Z by the conjugate of 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 , that is, 𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2
𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2
𝑍= 𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑗 2 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑍=
(𝑥2 )2 − (𝑗𝑦2 )2
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑗(𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 ) − (−1)𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑍=
(𝑥2 )2 − ((−1)𝑦2 )2
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 (𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 )
𝑍= 2 2
+𝑗
(𝑥2 ) + (𝑦2 ) (𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦2 )2

Example.
1−𝑗3 3−𝑗4 𝑍
𝑍1 = 4+𝑗5 and 𝑍2 = −3−𝑗4. Find 𝑍1 . 𝑍1 −480 − 𝑗15 + 𝑗160 + 𝑗 2 5
2 =
𝑍2 1024 − 𝑗32 + 𝑗32 − 𝑗 2
1 − 𝑗3
𝑍1 4 + 𝑗5 1 − 𝑗3 −3 − 𝑗4
= = 𝑥
𝑍2 3 − 𝑗4 4 + 𝑗5 3 − 𝑗4 𝑍1 −485 + 𝑗145
−3 − 𝑗4 =
𝑍2 1025
𝑍1 −3 − 𝑗4 + 𝑗9 + 𝑗 2 12 −15 + 𝑗5
= = 𝑍1 −485 145
𝑍2 12 − 𝑗16 + 𝑗15 − 𝑗 202 32 − 𝑗 = +𝑗
𝑍2 1025 1025
* 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡
Simplify
𝑍1 −15 + 𝑗5 32 + 𝑗
= 𝑥 𝑍1 97 29
𝑍2 32 − 𝑗 32 + 𝑗 =− +𝑗
𝑍2 205 205

Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 2|3


3 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Exercises.
1. If 𝒁𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑, 𝒁𝟐 = 𝟑 + 𝒋𝟒, 𝒁𝟑 = −𝟒 − 𝒋𝟓, determine the following complex numbers
algebraically, expressing them in the form 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚:
i. 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐
ii. 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟑
iii. −𝟐𝒁𝟏 + 𝟑𝒁𝟑
iv. 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟑
v. 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟑
vi. (𝟏 + 𝒋𝟑)𝟑

2. Simplify
i. (𝟏 − 𝒋)−𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝒋)−𝟐
ii. 𝒋𝟓(𝟏 − 𝒋)

𝟑+𝒋𝟒
3. Express in the form 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚, 𝟓−𝒋𝟏𝟐

Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 3|3

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