B

BA
Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia
3 Mole Concept, Formulae and Chemical Equation

Analisis Soalan SPM

Kertas 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

PETA Konsep

.
2 ✓ – – – ✓ ✓

hd
3 – – ✓ – – –

• berdasarkan skala C-12 Jisim Atom Relatif

.B
based on C-12 scale Jisim Molekul Relatif
• menghitung JAR dan JMR Relative Atomic Mass
calculate RAM and RMM Relative Molecular Mass

S dn
Konsep Mol, Formula

gi
Konsep Mol dan Persamaan Kimia Formula Kimia
Mole Concept Mole Concept, Formulae Chemical Formulae
and Chemical Equation
l an
Pe

• mentakrif mol Persamaan Kimia • maksud: formula kimia

define mole Chemical Equation formula empirik formula
• menghubung kait pemalar molekul
n

Avogadro, bilangan zarah dan Meaning: chemical formulae

bilangan mol empirical formula molecular
ta

interrelate Avogadro constant, number formula

of particles and number of mole • menentukan formula
• maksud jisim molar empirik MgO dan CuO
bi

meaning of molar mass determine the empirical formula

• menulis persamaan kimia
• menghubung kait jisim molar, yang seimbang
of MgO and CuO
er

jisim dan bilangan mol writing balanced chemical

• menyelesaikan masalah
interrelate molar mass, mass and equations numerikal bagi formula
number of mole • mentaksir persamaan empirik, formula molekul
n

• maksud isi padu molar kimia secara kualitatif dan solving numerical problems for
meaning of molar volume empirical formula and molecular
kuantitatif
Pe

• menghubung kait isi padu molar, interpret chemical equation

formula
isi padu gas dan bilangan mol qualitatively and quantitatively
• membina formula kimia
interrelate molar volume, volume of • menyelesaikan masalah sebatian
gas and number of mole constructing chemical formula of
numerikal stoikiometri
• menyelesaikan masalah solving numerical stoichiometric
compounds.
numerikal yang melibatkan problems
bilangan zarah, bilangan mol,
jisim bahan dan isi padu gas
solving numerical problems involving
number of particles, number of mole,
mass of substance and volume of gas

23
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif

3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif

Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

1. Atom adalah sangat kecil . Maka, jisimnya dibandingkan dengan jisim satu atom yang
piawai

.
. 1

hd
Atom is very small . So, its mass is compared with the mass of a standard atom.

H
Satu atom helium adalah 4 kali lebih berat daripada

.B
He satu atom hidrogen.
H H H
BAB

Maka, jisim atom relatif helium = 4

One helium atom is 4 times heavier than one hydrogen atom.

dn
So, the relative atomic mass of helium = 4

3
2. Atom piawai yang digunakan sekarang ialah karbon-12 . 1

S
The standard atom that is being used now is carbon-12 .

3. Karbon-12 digunakan sebagai perbandingan piawai sebab:

Carbon-12 is used as the standard comparison because: gi
an
(a) Karbon-12 wujud sebagai pepejal dan stabil pada suhu bilik. 1

solid stable
l
Carbon-12 exists as and at room temperature.
Pe

(b) Karbon-12 digunakan sebagai rujukan piawai dalam spektrometer jisim . 1

Carbon -12 is used as the standard reference in the mass spectrometer .

n

4. Jisim atom relatif, (JAR) = Jisim purata bagi satu atom unsur apabila dibandingkan dengan 1/12 jisim
ta

atom karbon-12
Relative atomic mass, (RAM) = Average mass of one atom of element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12
atom
bi

1
Jisim purata satu atom unsur Average mass of one atom of element
er

JAR = RAM =
1 × jisim satu atom karbon-12 1
× mass of one carbon-12 atom
12 12
n
Pe

Atom unsur Jisim atom relatif

Atom of element Relative atomic mass
H 1
C 12
O 16

5. JAR tidak mempunyai unit sebab ia hanya nilai perbandingan antara jisim atom. 1

RAM has no unit because it is only a comparison value between the masses of atoms.

24
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

6. Jisim molekul relatif(JMR) = Jisim purata bagi satu molekul sebatian unsur berbanding dengan 1/12 jisim
atom karbon-12
Relative molecular mass (RMM) = Average mass of one molecule of substance when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one
carbon-12 atom

Jisim purata satu molekul Average mass of one molecule 1

JMR = RMM =
1 × jisim satu atom karbon-12 1
× mass of one carbon-12 atom
12 12

Pengiraan jisim molekul relatif (JMR) = jumlah JAR bagi semua atom dalam satu molekul: 2

.
Calculation of relative molecular mass (RMM) = sum of RAM of all atoms present in one molecule:

hd
Formula molekul Pengiraan JMR
Molecular formula Calculation RMM

.B
O2 2 × 16 32

BAB
CO2 12 + (2 × 16) 44

dn
NH3 14 + (3 × 1) 17

7. Jisim formula relatif (JFR) ialah jisim relatif bagi satu bahan ionik. 3
Relative formula mass (RFM) is the relative mass of an ionic substance.

S
Pengiraan jisim formula relatif (JFR) = jumlah JAR bagi semua atom dalam satu sebatian ion:
2

gi
Calculation of relative formula mass (RFM) = sum of RAM of all atoms present in an ionic compound:

Sebatian ion Pengiraan JFR

an
Ionic compound Calculation RFM
NaCl 23 + 35.5 58.5
K2O (39 x 2) + 16 94
l
Pe

Tugasan 1
n

1. Hitungkan jisim molekul relatif atau jisim formula relatif bagi bahan-bahan berikut: 2
ta

Calculate the relative molecular mass or the relative formula mass for the following substances:
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Ca = 40, Na = 23, Zn = 65, Pb = 207]
bi

Bahan Formula molekul / ion JMR / JFR

Substance Molecular / ionic formula RMM / RFM
er

(a) Hidrogen
H2 1×2=2
Hydrogen
n

(b) Air
H2O (1 × 2) + 16 = 18
Water
Pe

(c) Sulfur dioksida

SO2 32 + (2 × 16) = 64
Sulphur dioxide
(d) Kalsium karbonat
CaCO3 40 + 12 + (3 × 16) = 100
Calcium carbonate
(e) Zink nitrat
Zn(NO3)2 65 + 2 [14 + (3 × 16)] = 189
Zinc nitrate
(f ) Plumbum(II)sulfat
PbSO4 207 + 32 + (4 × 16) = 303
Lead(II) sulphate
(g) Natrium hidroksida
NaOH 23 + 16 + 1 = 40
Sodium hydroxide

25
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

2. Ion ammonium membentuk sebatian dengan ion sulfat dengan formula (NH4)xSO4. Jika JFR sebatian ialah
132. Hitungkan nilai x. 3
Ammonium ion forms a compound with sulphate ion with the formula (NH4)xSO4. If its RFM is 132. Calculate the value of x.

[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32]
x(14 + 4 ) + 32 + (4 × 16) = 132
36
18x = 132 – 96 so, x =
18
=2

.
hd
Konsep Mol
3.2 Mole Concept

.B
1. Satu mol ialah kuantiti jirim yang mengandungi jumlah zarah yang sama banyak dengan bilangan atom dalam
BAB

karbon-12 1

dn
12 g .
One mole is the quantity of matter that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 .
3

S
2. Unit untuk mol adalah mol.
The unit for mole is mol.

3. Satu mol mengandungi 6.02 × 1023

6.02 × 1023 gi
zarah (atom / molekul / ion). 1
an
One mole contains particles (atom / molecule / ion).

Pemalar Avogadro, NA ialah bilangan zarah yang terkandung dalam 1 mol bahan. 1
l
Pe

Avogadro constant, NA is the number of particles in 1 mole of substance.

Hubungan pemalar Avogadro, NA, bilangan zarah dan bilangan mol:

Relationship between Avogadro constant, NA, number of particles and number of moles:
n

× Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA

Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
ta

Number of moles Number of particles

÷ Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro constant, NA
bi

4. Jisim molar suatu bahan adalah jisim satu mol bahan itu. 1
er

Molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of the substance.

n

Unit jisim molar adalah g mol .

–1

Unit for molar mass is g mol–1.

Pe

5. Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (JAR, JMR, JFR) bahan
itu. 1

Molar mass of any substance has the same value as its relative mass (RAM, RMM, RFM) of the substance.

6. Hubungan antara jisim molar, jisim dan bilangan mol:

Relationship between molar mass, mass and number of moles:
× Jisim molar / Molar mass
Bilangan mol Jisim (g)
Number of moles Mass (g)
÷ Jisim molar / Molar mass

26
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Contoh / Example
Hitungkan jisim 2.0 mol magnesium klorida , MgCl2. 3
Calculate the mass of 2.0 mol of magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
[JAR / RAM: Mg = 24, Cl = 35.5 ]
JMR MgCl2 = 95 Jisim / Mass = 2.0 × 95
RMM of MgCl2 = 190 g

.
hd
satu

.B
7. Isi padu molar suatu gas adalah isi padu mol gas itu. 1

BAB
Molar volume of a gas is the volume of one mole of the gas.

dn
8. Unit isi padu molar adalah dm3 mol–1.
Unit for molar volume is dm3 mol–1.
3
9. Satu mol sebarang gas sentiasa mempunyai isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.

S
One mole of any gas always has the same volume under the same temperature and pressure.

gi
10. Isi padu molar sebarang gas: 1
Molar volume of any gas:
24 22.4
an
(a) dm3 pada keadaan bilik (b) dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai (STP)
24 dm3 at room conditions 22.4 dm3 at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
l
11. Hubungan antara isi padu molar, isi padu gas dan bilangan mol:
Pe

Relationship between molar volume, volume of gas and number of moles:

× Isi padu molar / Molar volume
Bilangan mol Isi padu gas
Number of moles Volume of gas
n

÷ Isi padu molar / Molar volume

ta

12. Kesimpulan:
Conclusion:
bi

Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
er

× jisim molar ÷ jisim molar

n

× molar mass ÷ molar mass

Pe

Bilangan mol
Number of moles
÷ isi padu molar × NA
× NA
÷ molar volume ÷ NA
× isi padu molar
× molar volume ÷ NA

Isi padu gas Bilangan zarah

Volume of gas Number of particles

27
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Tugasan 2
1. Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut. 2
Complete the following table.

Bahan Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah

Substance Number of moles Number of particles
0.5 mol natrium 0.5

.
Na: 0.5 mol × 6.02 × 1023 atom Na / Na atoms
0.5 mol of sodium

hd
1.0 × 6.02 × 1023 molekul CO2 / molecules of CO2
1.0 mol karbon dioksida C: 1 mol

.B
1.0 × 6.02 × 1023 atom C / C atoms
1.0 mol of carbon dioxide O: 2 mol
BAB

2.0 × 6.02 × 1023 atom O / O atoms

dn
3 2. Bagi 1.204 x 1024 gas nitrogen, N2, kirakan 3
For 1.204 x 1024 of nitrogen gas, N2, calculate the

S
(a) bilangan mol gas nitrogen (b) bilangan mol atom nitrogen
number of moles of nitrogen gas number of moles of nitrogen atoms

mol =
1.204 × 10
6.02 × 1023
24
mol = 2 × 2
= 4 mol
gi
an
= 2 mol

3. Berapakah bilangan atom nitrogen dalam 40.0 g NH4NO3? 3

l
Pe

What is the number of nitrogen atoms in 40.0 g of NH4NO3?

[Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 , Jisim molar NH4NO3 = 80 g mol–1]
[Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 , Molar mass of NH4NO3 = 80 g mol–1]
n

40
Mol = Bilangan atom / Number of atoms = 0.5 × 2 x 6.02 × 1023
80
= 0.5 = 6.02 × 1023 atom / atoms
ta
bi

4. Balang gas P mengandungi 24 g gas metana pada STP. Hitungkan 3

Gas jar P contains 24 g of methane gas at STP. Calculate
[JMR metana, CH4 = 16 , Isi padu molar = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 , Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 ]
er

[ RAM of methane, CH4 = 16 , Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol–1, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 ]
(a) bilangan mol metana (c) isi padu metana
n

number of moles of methane volume of methane

Pe

24
mol = Isi padu / volume = 1.5 × 22.4
16
= 33.6 dm3
= 1.5

(b) bilangan molekul metana

number of methane molecules
Bilangan molekul
number of molecules
= 1.5 x 6.02 × 1023
= 9.03 × 1023 molekul / molecules

28
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Formula Kimia
3.3 Chemical Formulae

1. Formula kimia ialah perwakilan bahan kimia menggunakan huruf untuk atom dan
subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan bagi setiap jenis atom yang hadir dalam bahan tersebut. 1

Chemical formulae are representations of chemical substances using alphabets for atoms and
subscripts to show the number of each type of atom present in the substance.

.
hd
Contoh / Example: CO2 1 atom karbon dan 2 atom oksigen
1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms

.B
2.
Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah paling

BAB
Formula Empirik ringkas bilangan atom setiap unsur
Empirical formulae Formula that shows the simplest ratio for the

dn
number of atoms of each element
Formula Kimia 3
Chemical Formulae

S
Formula yang menunjukkan bilangan
Formula Molekul sebenar atom setiap unsur
Molecular formulae Formula that shows the actual number of atoms

gi of each element
an
Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

l
Pe

3. Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik 2

Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula

n

Etena / Ethene C2H4 CH2

Glukosa / Glucose C6H12O6 CH2O
ta

Pengiraan formula empirik:

bi

Calculation of empirical formula:

Contoh 1
er

0.24 g Mg bergabung dengan 0.16 g O. Hitungkan formula empirik oksida yang terbentuk. 3
n

0.24 g of Mg combines with 0.16 g of O. Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide.
Pe

[JAR / RAM : Mg = 24, O = 16]

Unsur Mg O
Element
Mol 0.24
= 0.01 0.16
= 0.01
Mol 24 16
Nisbah 1 1
Ratio
Formula empirik MgO
Empirical formula

29
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Contoh 2
Sebatian P mengandungi 40% kalsium, 12% karbon dan 48% oksigen. 3
Hitungkan formula empiriknya.
Compound P contains 40% calcium, 12% carbon and 48% oxygen.
Calculate its empirical formula.
[JAR / RAM : Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16]

Unsur
Ca C O

.
Element

hd
Mol 40 12 48
Mol
=1 =1 =3
40 12 16

.B
Nisbah
1 1 3
Ratio
BAB

Formula empirik

dn
CaCO3
Empirical formula

S
Contoh 3

Hitungkan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur T. gi

20.15 g unsur T bertindak balas dengan iodin untuk membentuk 100 g sebatian TI2 4
an
20.15 g of element T reacts with iodine to produce 100 g of compound TI2
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element T.
[JAR / RAM : I = 127]
l
Pe

Formula empirik T I
Empirical formula
Mol 20.15 79.85
n

Mol T 127
ta

Nisbah 1 2
Ratio
bi

20.15 × 127 = 1 T = 20.15 × 127 × 2

T 79.85 2 79.85
= 64
er

n
Pe

4. Pengiraan formula molekul 3

Calculation of molecular formula

Sebatian Y mempunyai formula empirik CH3 dan JMR ialah 30. Hitung formula molekul sebatian itu.

Compound Y has empirical formula CH3 and the RAM is 30.Calculate the molecular formula of compound Y.

(CH3)n = 30 (12 + 3 )n = 30 n = 30
15
n = 2 Formula molekul = C2H6
Molecular formula

30
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida

Eksperimen 3.1 Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

Tujuan/ Aim:
Menentukan formula empirik magnesium oksida
To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide

Bahan-bahan / Materials: 1

.
hd
Pita magnesium dan kertas pasir
Magnesium ribbon and sandpaper

.B
Radas / Apparatus: 1

BAB
Mangkuk pijar dengan tudung , penyepit, penunu Bunsen , tungku kaki tiga, alas segi tiga tanah liat dan
penimbang elektronik

dn
Crucible with lid , tongs, Bunsen burner , tripod stand, pipe-clay triangle and electronic balance
3
Susunan radas / Set-up of apparatus: 1

S
(b) Tudung
Lid
(a) Mangkuk pijar
Crucible
gi (c) Pita magnesium
an
Magnesium ribbon
l
Panaskan
Pe

Heat

Prosedur / Procedure: 1
n

1. Mangkuk pijar dan penutupnya ditimbang.

ta

A crucible and its lid are weighed.

2. Pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan sehelai kertas pasir  . Pita magnesium kemudian digulungkan
bi

dan diletakkan di dalam mangkuk pijar.

A strip of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with a piece of sandpaper  . The magnesium ribbon is then coiled
er

and placed in the crucible.

3. Mangkuk pijar bersama dengan tudung dan pita magnesium ditimbang.

n

The crucible together with its lid and the magnesium ribbon are weighed.
Pe

4. Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan api kuat tanpa tudungnya . Apabila magnesium mula terbakar ,
mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan tudungnya.
The crucible is heated with a strong flame without its lid . When the magnesium starts to burn ,
the crucible is covered with its lid.

5. Penyepit digunakan untuk mengangkat tudung mangkuk pijar sedikit sekali sekala untuk membenarkan
udara masuk.
A pair of tongs is used to lift the crucible lid slightly from time to time to allow the air to enter.

31
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

6. Apabila pemanasan lengkap , tudung dibuka dan mangkuk pijar terus dipanaskan dengan
kuat selama dua minit.
When the burning is complete  , the lid is removed and the crucible is continuously heated strongly for two
minutes.

7. Mangkuk pijar dibiarkan sejuk pada suhu bilik . Mangkuk pijar bersama dengan tudung dan bahan
di dalamnya ditimbang semula.
The crucible is allowed to cool down to room temperature . The crucible together with the lid and the contents in it are
weighed again.

.
hd
8. Proses pemanasan  , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang semula sehingga jisim malar
diperolehi. Jisim malar itu direkodkan.

.B
The process of heating  , cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained. The constant
mass obtained is recorded.
BAB

Pemerhatian / Observation: 2

dn
Wasap putih dihasilkan semasa pemanasan. Wasap putih bertukar menjadi pepejal putih apabila sejuk.
3
White fumes are produced during the heating. The white fumes turn into white solids when they are cold.

S
Keputusan / Results:
(a) Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung / Mass of crucible + lid = x g
(b)
(c) gi
Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + magnesium / Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium = y g
Jisim mangkuk pijar + tudung + magnesium oksida / Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = z g
an
Pengiraan / Calculation:

Unsur / Element Mg O
l
Pe

Jisim unsur / Mass of element (g) y–x z–y

y–x z–y
Bilangan mol / Number of moles 16
24
n

Nisbah mol teringkas / Simplest ratio of moles p q

ta

Perbincangan / Discussion: 2
bi

1. Magnesium adalah logam reaktif .

Magnesium is a reactive metal.
er

2. Magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen   di dalam udara untuk membentuk wasap putih,
magnesium oksida .
n

Magnesium reacts with oxygen   in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide .
Pe

Magnesium + Oksigen 9: Magnesium oksida
Magnesium + Oxygen 9: Magnesium oxide

3. Pita magnesium harus digosok dengan kertas pasir untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan
pita magnesium.
Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned with a sandpaper to remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium
ribbon.

32
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

4. Tudung mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas
dengan magnesium .
The crucible lid is lifted from time to time to allow oxygen to enter and react with magnesium .

5. Tudung mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup dengan segera untuk mengelakkan wasap
magnesium oksida dari terbebas.
The crucible lid is then closed quickly to prevent fumes of magnesium oxide from escaping.

.
6. Proses pemanasan  , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang untuk memastikan semua magnesium

hd
bertindak balas lengkap dengan oksigen untuk membentuk magnesium oksida .
The process of heating  , cooling and weighing are repeated to ensure magnesium reacts completely with

.B
oxygen to form magnesium oxide .

BAB
dn
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: 2

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah MgpOq .

3
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgpOq .

S
Eksperimen 3.2 gi
Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) Oksida
an
Empirical Formula of Copper(II) Oxide
l
Tujuan / Aim:
Pe

Menentukan formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida

To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide

Bahan / Materials:
n

Zink, asid hidroklorik, kuprum(II) oksida, kalsium klorida kontang dan blok kayu
Zinc, hydrochloric acid, copper(II) oxide, anhydrous calcium chloride and wooden block
ta

Radas / Apparatus:
Tiub-U, kaki retort dengan pengapit, spatula, tabung pembakaran dan mangkuk porselin
bi

U-Tube, retort stand with clamp, spatula, combustion tube and porcelain dish

Susunan radas / Set-up of apparatus: 1

er

(c) Kuprum(II) oksida

Copper(II) oxide
(b) Gas hidrogen
n

Hydrogen gas (e) Pembakaran gas hidrogen

yang berlebihan
Pe

Burning of excess hydrogen gas

(a) Kalsium klorida
kontang (f) Tabung pembakaran
(d) Panaskan
Anhydrous calcium Combustion tube
Heat
chloride
(g) Mangkuk porselin
Porcelain dish

33
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Prosedur / Procedure: 1

1. Sebuah tabung pembakaran dengan mangkuk porselin di dalamnya ditimbang.

A combustion tube with a porcelain dish inside is weighed.

2. Satu spatula serbuk kuprum(II) oksida kering dimasukkan ke dalam mangkuk porselin. Tabung pembakaran
bersama-sama dengan kandungannya ditimbang semula.
A spatula of dry copper(II) oxide powder is added into the porcelain dish. The combustion tube and its contents are
weighed again.

.
hd
3. Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui radas selama beberapa minit untuk menyingkirkan semua gas
oksigen di dalam tabung pembakaran.

.B
Dry hydrogen gas is flowed through the apparatus for a few minutes to eliminate all the oxygen gas
in the combustion tube.
BAB

dn
4. Gas yang keluar dari lubang pada hujung tabung pembakaran diuji dengan kayu uji menyala
untuk memastikan semua gas oksigen telah disingkirkan. Jika bunyi ‘pop’ tidak kedengaran lagi,
3 maka semua gas oksigen telah disingkirkan .

S
The gas eliminated from the hole at the end of combustion tube is tested with a lighted wooden splinter
to ensure that all the oxygen gas has been eliminated. If ‘pop’ sound is not heard, thus all the oxygen gas has
been removed .
gi
an
5. Kemudian, gas hidrogen yang keluar dari hujung tabung pembakaran dibakar dan kuprum(II) oksida
dipanaskan dengan kuat dalam aliran gas hidrogen yang berterusan.
Then, the hydrogen gas that comes out at the end of the combustion tube is burnt and copper(II) oxide is heated
l
Pe

strongly in the continuous flow of hydrogen gas.

6. Pemanasan dihentikan apabila tiada perubahan lagi dalam tabung pembakaran.

The heating is stopped when there is no change in the combustion tube.
n

7. Aliran gas hidrogen diteruskan sehingga set radas menjadi sejuk hingga suhu bilik.
ta

The flow of hydrogen gas is continued until the set of apparatus cools down to room temperature.
bi

8. Proses pemanasan  , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim yang
tetap diperoleh.
er

The process of heating  , cooling and weighing are repeated several times until a constant mass is
obtained.
n

Pemerhatian / Observation: 2
Pe

Warna hitam kuprum(II) oksida berubah menjadi perang .

The black colour of copper(II) oxide turns brown .

Keputusan / Results:
(a) Jisim tabung pembakaran + mangkuk porselin = x g
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
(b) Jisim tabung pembakaran + mangkuk porselin + kuprum(II) oksida = y g
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide
(c) Jisim tabung pembakaran + mangkuk porselin + kuprum = z g
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

34
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Pengiraan / Calculation: 2

Unsur
Cu O
Element
Jisim (g)
z–x y–z
Mass

Bilangan mol z–x y–z

Number of moles 64 16
Nisbah mol Cu : O

.
m n
Ratio moles of Cu : O

hd
Perbincangan / Discussion: 2

.B
1. Kuprum(II) oksida yang berwarna hitam bertindak balas dengan gas hidrogen untuk
menghasilkan logam kuprum yang berwarna perang .

BAB
dn
The black copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen gas to produce copper metal which is brown in
colour.
3
Kuprum(II) oksida  +  Gas hidrogen 9: Kuprum   + Air

S
Copper(II) oxide  +  Hydrogen gas 9: Copper  + Water

gi

2. Fungsi kalsium klorida kontang adalah untuk mengeringkan   gas hidrogen.

an
The function of anhydrous calcium chloride is to dry   the hydrogen gas.

3. Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui radas selama beberapa minit untuk menyingkirkan semua gas
l
oksigen . Campuran hidrogen dan oksigen menghasilkan letupan apabila dinyalakan.
Pe

Dry hydrogen gas is passed through the apparatus for a few minutes to remove all the oxygen gas. The mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen will cause an explosion when lighted.
n

4. Aliran gas hidrogen harus diteruskan sepanjang eksperimen ini untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas
ta

bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan membentuk semula kuprum(II) oksida .

copper
bi

The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous throughout the experiment to prevent the hot from reacting
with oxygen to form copper(II) oxide again.
er

5. Proses pemanasan  , penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang untuk memastikan semua

kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar menjadi kuprum .
n

The process of heating  , cooling and weighing are repeated to ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed into
Pe

copper .

6. Kuprum adalah logam kurang reaktif   (terletak di bawah hidrogen dalam Siri Kereaktifan).
Oksigen dalam kuprum(II) oksida boleh disingkirkan oleh gas hidrogen untuk membentuk
kuprum dan air.
Copper is a less reactive   metal (situated below hydrogen in the Reactivity Series). Oxygen in copper(II) oxide
can be removed by hydrogen gas to form copper and water.

35
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

7. Kaedah eksperimen ini juga boleh digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida-oksida logam
berikut:
The procedure of this experiment also can be used to determine the empirical formula of the following metal oxides:

(a) Plumbum(II) oksida / Lead(II) oxide

(b) Stanum(II) oksida / Tin(II) oxide

Kesimpulan / Conclusion: 2

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah CumOn .

.
hd
The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CumOn .

Pembinaan formula kimia sebatian ion 2

.B
Construction of chemical formulae for ionic compounds
BAB

dn
Semasa pembentukan sebatian ion, bilangan cas positif dan bilangan cas negatif mesti seimbang.
During the formation of an ionic compound, the number of positive charges and negative charges must be balanced.
3
Mg2+ and O2– Mg2+ and Cl (–)1 Mg2+ and CO32–

S
[(+2) + (–2) = 0] [(+2) + 2(–1) = 0] [(+2) + (–2) = 0]
MgO MgCl2 MgCO3

Mg2+ and NO3 (–)1

[(+2) + 2(–1) = 0]
Mg2+ and SO4–2
[(+2) + (–2) = 0]
gi Mg2+ and OH(–)1
[(+2) + 2(–1) = 0]
an
Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 Mg (OH)2
l
Pe

Tugasan 3
n

1. Lengkapkan simbol bagi kation dan anion di bawah. 2

Complete the symbols for the cations and anions below.
ta

Kation / Cation Simbol / Symbol Kation / Cation Simbol / Symbol

bi

Ion natrium / sodium ion Na+ Ion kalsium/ calcium ion Ca+2
Ion kalium / potassium ion K+ Ion zink / zinc ion Zn+2
er

Ion hydrogen / hydrogen ion H+ Ion plumbum(II) / lead(II) ion Pb+2

Ion argentum / silver ion Ag+ Ion ferum(II) / iron(II) ion Fe+2
n

Ion litium / lithium ion Li+ Ion aluminium /aluminium ion Al+3
Pe

Ion ammonium / ammonium ion NH4+ Ion ferum(III) / iron(III) ion Fe+3

Anion / Anion Simbol / Symbol Anion / Anion Simbol / Symbol

Ion klorida / chloride ion Cl–
Ion nitrat / nitrate ion NO3–
Ion bromida / bromide ion Br – Ion karbonat / carbonate ion CO32–
Ion iodida / iodide ion I– Ion sulfat / sulphate ion SO42–
Ion oksida / oxide ion O2– Ion fosfat / phosphate ion PO43–
Ion hidroksida / hydroxide ion OH– Ion etanoat / ethanoate ion CH3COO–

36
 2. Menulis formula kimia dan nama bagi bahan kimia berikut.
Write the chemical formulae and names of the following chemical compounds.

Cl– Br– I– OH– NO3– O2– CO32– SO42–

Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat
Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion
+
Na NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3 Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4
Ion natrium Natrium klorida Natrium Natrium iodida Natrium Natrium nitrat Natrium oksida Natrium Natrium sulfat
Sodium ion Sodium chloride bromida Sodium iodide hidroksida Sodium nitrate Sodium oxide karbonat Sodium sulphate
Pe
n Sodium bromide Sodium hydroxide Sodium carbonate
K+ KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3 K2O K2CO3 K2SO4
Ion kalium Kalium klorida Kalium bromida Kalium iodida Kalium Kalium nitrat Kalium oksida Kalium karbonat Kalium sulfat
Potassium ion Potassium Potassium Potassium iodide hidroksida Potassium nitrate Potassium oxide Potassium Potassium
er
chloride bromide Potassium carbonate sulphate
hydroxide
Mg2+ MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgO MgCO3 MgSO4
bi
Ion Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium
magnesium klorida bromida iodida hidroksida nitrat oksida karbonat sulfat
ta
Magnesium ion Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium iodide Magnesium
n Magnesium nitrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium Magnesium
chloride bromide hydroxide carbonate sulphate

Al3+ AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3 Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4)3

Ion aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium ion klorida bromida iodida hidroksida nitrat oksida karbonat sulfat
Pe
Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium iodide Aluminium Aluminium nitrate Aluminium oxide Aluminium Aluminium

37
chloride bromide
l
hydroxide carbonate sulphate
Zn2+ ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4
an
Ion Zink Zink klorida Zink bromida Zink iodida Zink hidroksida Zink nitrat Zink oksida Zink karbonat Zink sulfat
Zinc ion Zinc chloride Zinc bromide Zinc iodide Zinc hydroxide Zinc nitrate Zinc oxide Zinc carbonate Zinc sulphate
+
H HCl HBr HI – HNO3 – H2CO3 H2SO4
Ion hidrogen Asid hidroklorik Asid Asid hidroiodik Asid nitrik Asid karbonik Asid sulfurik
gi
Hidrogen ion Hydrocloric acid hidrobromik Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid Carbonic acid Sulphuric acid
Hydrobromic acid
S
Pb2+ PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbCO3 PbSO4
Ion plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) Plumbum(II)
dn
Lead(II) ion klorida bromida iodida hidroksida nitrat oksida karbonat sulfat
Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) sulphate

Ca2+ CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaO CaCO3 CaSO4

.B
Ion kalsium Kalsium klorida Kalsium Kalsium iodida Kalsium Kalsium nitrat Kalsium oksida Kalsium Kalsium sulfat
Calcium ion Calcium chloride bromida Calcium iodide hidroksida Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide karbonat Calcium sulphate
Calcium bromide Calcium hydroxide Calcium carbonate
hd
Cu2+ CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2 . CuO CuCO3 CuSO4
Ion kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) Kuprum(II)
Copper(II) ion klorida bromida iodida hidrosida nitrat oksida karbonat sulfat
Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) Copper(II) iodide Copper(II) Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) Copper(II)
bromide hydroxide carbonate sulphate
3

BAB
 3
BAB

Cl– Br– I– OH– NO3– O2– CO32– SO42–

Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat
Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion
+
Ag AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3 Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4
Ion argentum Argentum Argentum Argentum Argentum Argentum nitrat Argentum Argentum Argentum
Silver ion klorida bromida iodida hidroksida Silver nitrate oksida karbonat sulfat
Pe
Silver chloride Silver bromide Silver iodide Silver hydroxide Silver oxide Silver carbonate Silver sulphate
NH4+ NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I – NH4NO3 – (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4
Ion Ammonium
n Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium
ammonium klorida bromida iodida nitrat karbonat sulfat
Ammonium ion Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium
er
chloride bromide iodide nitrate carbonate sulphate

3. Menulis formula kimia tanpa diberi simbol kation and anion.

bi
Write chemical formulae without being given cations and anions symbol.
ta
Ion klorida Ion Bromida Ion iodida
n Ion Ion nitrat Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat
Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion hidroksida Nitrate ion Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion
Hydroxide ion
Ion natrium
NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3 Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4
  Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Sodium ion
Pe

38
Ion kalium
KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3 K2O K2CO3 K2SO4
Potassium ion
l
Ion magnesium
MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgO MgCO3 MgSO4
an
Magnesium ion
Ion aluminium
AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3 Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium ion
gi
Ion Zink
ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4
Zinc ion
S
Ion hidrogen
HCl HBr HI – HNO3 – H2CO3 H2SO4
Hydrogen ion
dn
Ion
plumbum(II) PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO PbCO3 PbSO4
Lead(II) ion
.B
Ion kalsium
CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaO CaCO3 CaSO4
Calcium ion
Ion kuprum(II)
hd
CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2 CuO CuCO3 CuSO4
Copper(II) ion .
Ion argentum
AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3 Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4
Silver ion
Ion ammonium
NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I – NH4NO3 – (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4
Ammonium ion
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

4. Bina formula kimia bagi sebatian ion di bawah. 2

Construct the chemical formula of the ionic compound below.

Kation / Cation Simbol / Symbol Kation / Cation Simbol / Symbol

a. Natrium klorida k. Kalsium karbonat
Sodium chloride
NaCl Calcium carbonate
CaCO3

b. Kalium oksida l. Zink nitrat

Potassium oxide
K2O Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2

c. Litium bromida m. Plumbum(II) sulfat

.
LiBr PbSO4

hd
Lithium bromide Lead(II) sulphate
d. Argentum klorida n. Ferum(II) klorida
Silver chloride
AgCl Iron(II) chloride
FeCl2

.B
e. Zink oksida o. Ion ferum(II) sulfat
ZnO FeSO4

BAB
Zinc oxide Iron(III) sulphate
f. Plumbum(II) iodida p. Aluminium klorida

dn
Lead (II) iodide
Pbl2 Aluminium chloride
AlCl3

g. Zink klorida q. Barium sulfat 3

Zinc chloride
ZnCl2 Barium sulphate
BaSO4

S
h. Kalsium oksida r. Plumbum(II)nitrat
CaO Pb(NO3)2

gi
Calcium oxide Lead(II)nitrate
i. Barium hidroksida s. Kuprum(II) sulfat
Ba(OH)2 CuSO4
an
Barium hydroxide Copper(II)sulphate
j. Kuprum(II)oksida t. Kalsium sulfat
CuO CaSO4
Copper(II) oxide Calcium sulphate
l
Pe

5. Tuliskan formula kimia di bawah. 2

Write the chemical formula below.

Kation Simbol Kation Simbol

n

Cation Symbol Cation Symbol

ta

a. Karbon dioksida d. Sulfur dioksida

CO2 SO2
Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide
b. Nitrogen dioksida e. Ammonia
bi

Nitrogen dioxide
NO2 Ammonia
NH3

c. Air f. Hidrogen klorida

er

Water
H2O Hydrogen chloride
HCl

Persamaan Kimia
3.4
Pe

Chemical Equations

1. Persamaan kimia ialah satu cara penulisan untuk menghuraikan sesuatu tindak balas kimia secara
kualitatif dan kuantitatif. 1
Chemical equation is a method of description of a chemical reaction qualitatively and quantitatively.

Contoh / Example
Pembakaran karbon dalam udara untuk menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida
Combustion of carbon in air to produce carbon dioxide gas.

C(p/s) + O2 (g) CO2(g)

39
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Maklumat kualitatif ialah (i) bahan tindak balas: karbon dan gas oksigen 2

hasil tindak balas: karbon dioksida

Qualitative information are reactants: carbon and oxygen gas

product: carbon dioxide

(ii) keadaan fizikal bahan: pepejal dan gas 2

physical states of substances: solid and gas

.
Maklumat kuantitatif ialah bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas:

hd
bilangan mol
1 mol C dan 1 mol O2 2

Quantitative information is the number of moles for reactants and products:

.B
1 1
BAB

mol of C and mol of O2

dn
2. Menulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang:
Writing a balanced chemical equation:
3
Langkah 1: Langkah 2: Langkah 3:

S
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Tulis formula kimia bagi Tentukan bilangan atom bagi Seimbangkan bilangan atom bagi setiap
setiap bahan tindak balas
dan hasil tindak balas
Write the chemical formula
balas dan hasil tindak balas
gi
setiap unsur dalam bahan tindak

Determine the number of atoms for

unsur dengan menambahkan pekali di
hadapan setiap formula kimia
Balance the number of atoms for each
an
for each reactant and each element in the reactant and element by adjusting the coefficients in front
product product of the chemical formulae

l
Pe

Contoh / Example
Pepejal natrium dibakar di dalam gas oksigen menghasilkan natrium oksida. 2
Solid sodium burns in oxygen gas to produce sodium oxide.
n

Persamaan kimia Na + O2    Na2O

ta

Chemical equation
Persamaan kimia seimbang 4 Na + O2    2 Na2O
bi

Balanced chemical equation

Menghasilkan
er

Produces

3. Masalah penghitungan melibatkan persamaan kimia:

n

Numerical problems involving chemical equations:

4.6 g pepejal natrium dibakar dalam gas oksigen menghasilkan natrium oksida.

Pe

4.6 g of solid sodium burns in oxygen gas to produce sodium oxide.

(a) Hitungkan jisim natrium oksida yang terhasil. 3

Calculate the mass of sodium oxide produced.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, O = 16]
4Na + O2   2Na2O    Jisim formula relatif / Relative formula mass: Na2O = 62
Nisbah mol  4Na : 2Na2O
Mol ratio    2Na   : Na2O

Bilangan mol Na = 4.6 = 0.2 Maka / So, 2Na : Na2O

23
Number of moles of Na 0.2 Na : 0.1 Na2O

40
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

Maka / So,
jisim Na2O / mass of Na2O = 0.1 × 62
= 6.2 g

(b) Hitungkan isi padu gas oksigen yang bertindak balas. 3

Calculate the volume of oxygen gas that reacts.
[Isi padu molar pada keadaan bilik / Molar volume at room temperature = 24 dm3]
Nisbah mol  4Na : O2

.
Mol ratio

hd
n = 4.6 =
0.2 Maka / So, 4Na : O2
23
0.2 Na : 0.05 O2

.B
Maka / So,

BAB
isi padu gas O2 = 0.05 × 24

dn
volume of O2 gas
= 1.2 dm3
3

S
Tugasan 4
1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas berikut.
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions.gi 4
an
Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
l
Pe

(a) Kalsium klorida bertindak balas dengan natrium karbonat menghasilkan kalsium karbonat dan natrium klorida
Calcium chloride reacts with sodium carbonate to produce calcium carbonate and sodium chloride
CaCl2 + Na2CO3   CaCO3 + 2NaCl
n

(b) Kalium hidroksida bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik menghasilkan kalium sulfat dan air
ta

Potassium hydroxide reacts with sulphuric acid to produce potassium sulphate and water
2KOH + H2SO4   K2SO4 + 2H2O
bi

(c) Kuprum(II) nitrat dipanaskan dan terurai kepada kuprum(II)oksida, gas oksigen dan gas nitrogen dioksida
Copper(II) nitrate is heated and decomposes to copper(II)oxide, oxygen gas and nitrogen dioxide gas
er

2Cu(NO3)2   2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
n

(d) Plumbum(II) nitrat bertindak balas dengan natrium iodida menghasilkan plumbum(II) iodida dan natrium nitrat
Lead(II) nitrate reacts with sodium iodide to produce lead(II) iodide and sodium nitrate
Pe

Pb(NO3)2  + 2NaI   PbI2 + 2NaNO3

(e) Serbuk besi dipanaskan di dalam gas klorin menghasilkan besi(III) klorida
Iron powder is heated in chlorine gas to produce iron(III) chloride
2Fe + 3Cl2   2FeCl3

(f ) Gas hidrogen bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen menghasilkan air

Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water
2H2 + O2   2H2O

41
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

2. 1.62 g zink oksida terbentuk apabila zink dibakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen. 3
1.62 g of zinc oxide is formed when zinc is burnt completely in oxygen.

2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO

Kirakan jisim zink dan oksigen yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas berlaku.
Calculate the mass of zinc and oxygen needed for the reaction to occur.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65; O = 16]
1.62
Bilangan mol ZnO / Number of mol ZnO = = 0.02 mol

.
65 + 16

hd
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia, 2 mol Zn bertindak balas dengan 1 mol oksigen untuk menghasilkan 2 mol ZnO.
Based on the chemical equation, 2 mol fo Zn react with 1 mol of oxygen to produce 2 mol of ZnO.

.B
Maka, 0.02 mol Zn bertindak balas dengan 0.01 mol oksigen untuk menghasilkan 0.02 mol ZnO.
Therefore, 0.02 mol of zn react with 0.01 mol of oxygen to produce 0.02 mol of ZnO.
BAB

dn
∴ Jisim 0.02 mol Zn    = 0.02 × 65 = 1.3 g
  Mass of 0.02 mol of Zn
3
Jisim 0.01 mol oksigen  = 0.01 × 16 = 0.16 g

S
Mass of 0.01 mol of oxyggen

oksigen. 3 gi
3. Plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 terurai apabila dipanaskan untuk membentuk plumbum(II) oksida, nitrogen dioksida dan
an
Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 decomposes when heated to form lead(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PBO + 4NO2 + O2

l
Pe

Cari jisim plumbum(II) nitrat yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 140 cm3 nitrogen dioksida pada suhu bilik.
[Jisim atom relatif: Pb = 207; N = 14; O = 16; Isi padu molar = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada suhu bilik]
Find the mass of lead(II) nitrate that is required to produce 140 cm3 of nitrogen dioxide gas at room condition.
[Relative atomic mass: Pb = 207; N = 14; O = 16; Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
n

140
Number of mol NO2 / Bilangan mol NO2 = = 0.06 mol
ta

2400
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia, 2 mol Pb(NO3)2 bertindak balas untuk menghasilkan 4 mol NO2.
bi

Based on the chemical equation, 2 mol of Pb(NO3)2 react to produce 4 mol of NO2.

Maka, 0.03 mol Pb(NO3)2 bertindak balas utnuk menghasilkan 0.06 mol NO2.
er

Therefore, 0.03 mol Pb(NO3)2 react to produce 0.06 mol of NO2.

∴ Jisim 0.03 mol Pb(NO3)2 = 0.03 × 331

n

 Mass of 0.03 mol of Pb(NO3)2

= 9.93 g
Pe

42
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

PRAKTIS SPM 3
Soalan Objektif 5. Persamaan kimia berikut menunjukkan penguraian
bagi plumbum(II) nitrat.
2016
1. Mengapakah karbon-12 dipilih sebagai rujukan The following chemical equation shows the decomposition of
lead(II)nitrate.
piawai untuk jisim atom relatif?
2013

.
Why is carbon-12 chosen as the standard reference for relative 2Pb(NO3)2  : 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

hd
atomic mass?
A Karbon mempunyai tiga isotop Apakah jisim plumbum(II) nitrat yang diperlukan
Carbon has three isotopes untuk menghasilkan 3.6 dm3 gas oksigen pada
keadaan bilik?

.B
B Karbon adalah unsur bukan logam
Carbon is a non-metal element What is the mass of lead(II) nitrate needed to produce 3.6 dm3

BAB
of oxygen gas at room conditions?
C Karbon adalah pepejal dan mudah dikendali

dn
Carbon is a solid and easier to handle [Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Pb = 207,
D Karbon terletak di dalam Kumpulan 14 N = 14, O = 16]
Carbon is in Group 14
3
[Isi padu molar pada keadaan bilik / Molar volume at

S
2. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pemalar room temperature = 24 dm3]
Avogadro? A 74.48 g

gi
2015
What is the meaning of Avogadro constant? B 99.30 g
A Jisim bagi satu mol bahan C 148.95 g
an
Mass of one mole of substance D 198.60 g
B Tekanan bagi satu mol bahan
Pressure of one mole of substance 6. Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili penyediaan gas
ammonia.
l
C Isi padu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol bahan 2018
Pe

Volume occupied by one mole of substance The following chemical equation represents the preparation of
ammonia.
D Bilangan zarah di dalam satu mol bahan
Number of particles in one mol of substance N2 + 3H2  : 2NH3
n

3. Berapakah bilangan ion nitrat, NO3– dalam 2 mol Antara berikut, pernyataan manakah yang betul?
ferum(III) nitrat, Fe(NO3)3? Which of the following is the correct statement?
ta

2016
What is the number of nitrate ions, NO3– in 2 mol of iron(II) A 2 molekul nitrogen bertindak balas dengan
nitrate, Fe(NO3)3? 6 molekul hidrogen menghasilkan 6 molekul
bi

[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023 ammonia.

mol–1] 2 nitrogen molecules react with 6 hydrogen molecules
producing 6 ammonia molecules
er

A 1.204 × 1024
B 1.0 g gas nitrogen bertindak balas dengan 3.0 g
B 1.806 × 1024
gas hidrogen menghasilkan 2.0 g gas ammonia
C 3.010 × 1024
n

1.0 g of nitrogen gas reacts with 3.0 g of hydrogen gas

D 3.612 × 1024 producing 2.0 g of ammonia gas
Pe

4. Tindak balas antara aluminium dan ferum(III) oksida C 1 mol gas ammonia dihasilkan apabila 0.5 mol
menghasilkan ferum dan bahan X. Apakah formula gas nitrogen bertindak balas dengan 1.5 mol gas
2017
kimia bagi X? hidrogen
The reaction between aluminium dan iron(III) oxide produces 1 mol of ammonia is produced when 0.5 mol of nitrogen
iron and substance X. What is the chemical formula of X? gas reacts with 1.5 mol of hydrogen gas
A AlO D Bilangan atom dalam gas ammonia terhasil
B AlO2 adalah 2 kali bilangan atom gas nitrogen yang
C Al2O3 digunakan
Number of atoms in ammonia gas produced is 2 times the
D Al3O2
number of atoms in nitrogen gas used

43
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

Soalan Struktur

Bahagian A

1. Jisim atom sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom dengan membandingkan jisim atom tersebut
dengan atom yang lain yang dipanggil jisim atom relatif. Rajah menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom Mg
dengan atom karbon-12.
The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, chemists determine the mass of an atom by comparing the mass of the atom with another
atom which is called the relative atomic mass. Diagram shows the comparison of mass between Mg atom and carbon-12 atom.

.
hd
Mg
C C

.B
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim atom relatif?
BAB

What is the meaning of relative atomic mass?

dn
Jisim satu atom unsur berbanding 1/12 daripada jisim atom karbon-12
3 Mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12 atom

S
[1 markah / mark]

(b) Berikan satu sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai atom piawai untuk membandingkan jisim atom.

gi
Give one reason why carbon-12 is used as the standard atom to compare the mass of atom.

Lebih mudah dikendali // Lebih stabil

an
Easier to handle // More stable
[1 markah / mark]
l
Pe

(c) Nyatakan jisim atom relatif bagi atom Mg.

State the relative atomic mass of Mg atom.

24
n

[1 markah / mark]
ta

(d) Dalam suatu eksperimen, serbuk magnesium bertindak balas dengan gas klorin.
In an experiment, magnesium powder reacts with chlorine gas.
bi

(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas ini.

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
er

Mg + Cl2  : MgCl2
[1 markah / mark]
n

(ii) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia di (d)(i) secara kuantitatif.

Pe

Intepret the chemical equation in (d)(i) in quantitative terms.

1 mol Mg bertindak balas dengan 1 mol Cl2 untuk menghasilkan 1 mol MgCl2
1 mol of Mg reacts with 1 mol of Cl2 to produce 1 mol of MgCl2
[1 markah / mark]

44
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

(iii) Berdasarkan (c), hitung bilangan mol klorin yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas secara lengkap dengan
2.4 g magnesium.
Based on (c), calculate the number of moles of chlorine needed to react completely with 2.4 g of Mg.

n = 2.4 Nisbah mol Mg : Cl2

24 Mol ratio  0.1 0.1
= 0.1
Maka, bilangan mol klorin = 0.1
So, number of mol of chlorine
[3 markah / marks]

.
hd
Bahagian B

2. (a) Jadual menunjukkan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi dua sebatian.

.B
Table shows the molecular formula and empirical formula of two compounds.

BAB
Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik

dn
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula
X C4H8 3
Y CH2O

S
(i) Nyatakan maksud formula molekul.

gi
State the meaning of molecular formula.
(ii) Tuliskan formula empirik bagi sebatian X.
an
Write the empirical formula of compound X.
(iii) Jisim molekul relatif sebatian Y adalah 180. Tentukan formula molekulnya.
The relative molecular mass of compound Y is 180. Determine its molecular formula.
l
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1]
Pe

[5 markah / marks]
(b) Respirasi adalah satu tindak balas kimia yang berlaku dalam sel hidup, termasuk sel tumbuhan dan sel haiwan.
Glukosa dalam badan bertindak balas dengan oksigen semasa pernafasan dan menghasilkan karbon dioksida
n

dan air.
ta

Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells, including plant cells and animal cells.
Glucose in the body reacts with oxygen during breathing and produces carbon dioxide and water.
Persamaan kimia untuk respirasi ialah
bi

The chemical equation for respiration is

C6H12O6 + 6O2  : 6CO2 + 6H2O
er

Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditafsir daripada persamaan kimia itu.
Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation.
n

[3 markah / marks]
Pe

(c) Rajah menunjukkan sebatian kafein yang terdapat dalam kopi.

Diagram shows the caffeine compound which is found in coffee.
H
H
H O C H
H
C C N
H N C
C H
C C
O N N

C
H H
H

45
   Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

(i) Tuliskan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi kafein.

Write the molecular formula and empirical formula of caffein.
(ii) Banding dan bezakan formula empirik dan formula molekul kafein dari segi:
Compare and contrast between the empirical formula and molecular formula of caffeine in terms of:
• Jenis zarah / Type of particles
• Bilangan atom setiap unsur / Number of atoms for each element
• Jisim molekul relatif / Relative molecular mass
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, N = 14, O =16, C = 12]
[8 markah / marks]

.
hd
(d) Rajah menunjukkan secebis kalium dibakar dan dimasukkan ke dalam
balang gas yang mengandungi gas oksigen.
Diagram shows a piece of potassium is burned and placed in a gas jar containing

.B
oxygen gas.
BAB

(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam Gas oksigen
Oxygen gas
eksperimen tersebut.

dn
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.
3 (ii) 19.5 g pepejal kalium bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen yang
berlebihan. Kalium yang

S
terbakar
Hitungkan jisim hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk. Burning potassium
19.5 g of solid potassium reacts with the excess oxygen gas.


Calculate the mass of the product formed.
gi
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
an
[5 markah / marks]
l
Bahagian C
Pe

3. (a) Sebatian ion terdiri daripada kation dan anion.

Ionic compounds are made up of cations and anions.
n

Berdasarkan jadual, / Based on table,

ta

Ion Formula Ion Formula

Ion Formula Ion Formula
bi

Ion kalium Ion zink

Potassium ion
K+ Zinc ion
Zn2+
er

Ion klorida Ion nitrat

Chloride ion
Cl– Nitrate ion
NO3–
n

tuliskan formula bagi sebatian ion ini:

write the formula of the ionic compounds:
Pe

(i) Kalium klorida

Potassium chloride
(ii) Zink klorida
Zinc chloride
(iii) Kalium nitrat
Potassium nitrate
[3 markah / marks]

46
 Kimia Tingkatan 4  Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia 

(b) Maklumat berikut adalah tentang sebatian T.

The information below is about compound T.

• Karbon 40.00%
Carbon
• Hidrogen 6.66%
Hydrogen
• Oksigen 53.33%
Oxygen
• Jisim molekul relatif 180

.
Relative molecular mass

hd

Berdasarkan maklumat tentang sebatian T, tentukan:
Based on the information about compound T, determine the:

.B
(i) Formula empirik

BAB
Empirical formula

dn
(ii) Formula molekul
Molecular formula
3
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1, O =16]

S
[6 markah / marks]
(c) Huraikan satu eksperimen makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.

gi
Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Sertakan dalam jawapan anda:
an
Include in your answer:
• Bahan dan Radas
Materials and Apparatus
l
Pe

• Prosedur
Procedure
• Gambar rajah berlabel
Labelled diagram
n

• Penjadualan data
ta

Tabulation of data
[8 markah / marks]
bi

(d) Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik suatu sebatian.
Diagram shows the set-up of apparatus to determine the emprical formula of a compound.
er

Hidrogen Oksida logam

kering Metal oxide
Dry
n

hydrogen
Pe

Kertas asbestos
Panaskan Asbestos paper
Heat

Kaedah dalam rajah tidak sesuai bagi menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.
Jelaskan mengapa.
The method in diagram is not suitable to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Explain why.
[2 markah / marks]

47
 JAWAPAN
Bahagian B

Jawapan
No.

.
Answer

hd
2. (a) (i) Formula yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi unsur-unsur dalam sebatian.
Formula that shows the actual number of atoms of elements in a compound.

(ii) Formula empirik: CH2

.B
Empirical formula

(iii) (CH2O)n = 180 30n = 180

dn
(12 + 2 +16)n = 180 n = 6
Formula molekul / Molecular formula = C6H12O6
(b) 1. Bahan tindak balas adalah C6H12O6 dan O2

S
The reactants are C6H12O6 and O2
2. Hasil tindak balas adalah CO2 dan H2O 
The products are CO2 and H2O 
gi
3. 1 mol C6H12O6 bertindak balas dengan 6 mol O2 menghasilkan 6 mol CO2 dan 6 mol H2O 
an
1 mol of C6H12O6 reacts with 6 mol of O2 to produce 6 mol of CO2 and 6 mol of H2O 

(c) (i) Formula molekul / Molecular formula: C8H10N4O2

Formula empirik / Empirical formula: C4H5N2O
l
Pe

(ii) C8H10N4O2 C4H5N2O

Jenis zarah Molecules Molecules
Type of particles Molekul Molekul
n

Bilangan atom setiap unsur 8C, 10H, 4N, 2O 4C, 5H, 2N, 1O
ta

Number of atoms for each element

Jisim molekul relatif 194 97

bi

Relative molecular mass

(d) (i) 4K + O2  !:  2K2O

er

(ii) Jisim formula relatif / Relative formula mass: K2O = 94

n

Nisbah mol 4K : 2K2O

Mol ratio 2K : K2O
Pe

19.5
n= = 0.5
39
Maka / So,   2K : K2O Maka / So,
0.5K : 0.25K2O jisim K2O = 0.25 × 94 = 23.5 g
mass of K2O
Bahagian C

Jawapan
No.
Answer
3. (a) (i) KCl (ii) ZnCl2 (iii) KNO3
(b) (i) C H O
Jisim (g)
40.00% 6.66% 53.33%
Mass

.
hd
40.00 6.66 53.33
Mol 12 1 16
Mol
3.33 6.66 3.33

.B
Mol teringkas
1 2 1
Simplest mol

dn
Formula empirik / Empirical formula: CH2O
(ii) (CH2O)n = 180
(12 + 2 +16 )n = 180 // 30n = 180 // n = 6

S
Formula molekul = C6H12O6
Molecular formula

(c) Bahan: Pita magnesium, kertas pasir

Materials: Magnesium strip, sand paper
gi
an
Radas: Mangkuk pijar, penunu bunsen, penimbang elektronik, tungku kaki tiga
Apparatus: Crucible, bunsen burner, electronic balance, tripod stand
l
Prosedur / Procedure:
Pe

1. Timbang mangkuk pijar kosong dan penutup.

Weigh an empty crucible and lid.
2. Masukkan pita magnesium dan timbang semula.
n

Add in a magnesium strip and reweigh.

3. Panaskan dengan kuat.
ta

Heat the crucible strongly.

4. Buka penutup sekali sekala.
bi

Open the cover once in a while.

5. Sejukkan mangkuk pijar.
Cool the crucible.
er

6. Timbang semula.
Reweigh.
n
Pe
 Penjadualan data / Tabulation of data:
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup (g)
Mass of crucible + cover
Jisim mangkuk pijar + Magnesium (g)
Mass of crucible + Magnesium
Jisim mangkuk pijar + magnesium oksida (g)
Mass of crucible + magnesium oxide
Penutup

.
Lid

hd
Mangkuk pijar
Crucible Pita magnesium
Magnesium ribbon

.B
Panaskan

dn
Heat

(d) • Magnesium lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen.

Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.

S
• Maka, tindak balas tidak berlaku. // Hidrogen tidak boleh mengurai oksigen daripada magnesium
oksida.

gi
So, no reaction occurs. // Hydrogen cannot extract oxygen from magnesium oxide.
l an
Pe
n
ta
bi
n er
Pe