CLASS NAMES AND THE INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES

CAC/GL 36-1989

Adopted in 1989. Revision: 2008. Amendment: 2015.

Section 3 and 4 “International Numbering System for Food Additives” are regularly updated.
CAC/GL 36-1989 2

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) is intended as a harmonised naming system for
food additives as an alternative to the use of the specific name, which may be lengthy. Inclusion in the INS
does not imply approval by Codex for use as food additives. The list may include those additives that have not
been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
The INS does not include flavourings, which have a JECFA number as identifier, chewing gum bases, and
dietetic and nutritive additives. Enzymes which function as food additives have been included in an 1100 series.
EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE LAY-OUT OF THE INS
The INS in numerical order (Section 3) is set out in four columns giving the identification number, the name of
the food additive, the functional classes and the technological purposes. The identification number usually
consists of three or four digits such as 100 for curcumins and 1001 for choline salts and esters. However, in
some instances the number is followed by an alphabetical suffix, for example, 150a identifies Caramel I –
plain caramel and 150b identifies Caramel II - sulfite caramel. The alphabetical designations are included in
order to further characterize the different classes of additives (e.g. caramel produced by different processes).
Under the column listing the name of the food additive, some additives are further subdivided by numerical
subscripts. For example, curcumins are subdivided into (i) curcumin and (ii) turmeric. These identifications
identify sub-classes (in this case of curcumins) which are covered by separate Codex specifications.
The name of the food additive is sometimes followed by an additional name in parentheses. The parenthetical
name is optional, and may be used, when necessary, to indicate another commonly associated name or
synonym for the additive, for example INS 235 Natamycin (Pimaricin). Not all synonyms are listed. The name of
an additive is sometimes, after a comma, followed by a description of the additive, for example INS 161h(i)
Zeaxanthin, synthetic.
The various technological purposes of the food additives are included in the INS in a fourth column. The
purposes listed are indicative rather than exhaustive. The technological purposes are grouped under more
descriptive functional class titles which are intended to be meaningful to consumers. These are listed in
Section 2 along with simple definitions of the function performed.
A single food additive can often be used for a range of technological purposes in a food and it remains the
responsibility of the manufacturer to declare the most descriptive functional class in the list of ingredients.
In preparing the INS in numerical order, an effort has been made to group food additives with similar purposes
together. However, because of the extension of the list and its open nature, most of the three digit numbers
have already been allocated. Consequently, the positioning of a food additive in the list can no longer be taken
as an indication of the purpose, although this will often be the case.
The food additives that have been allocated an ADI by JECFA, may be found
at: http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/jecfa_index_en.asp and http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/en/
U U U U

JECFA specifications adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission are listed in CAC/MISC 6 “Codex
Specifications for Food Additives” that can be found on Codex
website: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/9/CXA_006e.pdf
U U

THE OPEN NATURE OF THE LIST

Because of its primary purpose of identification, the INS is an open list subject to the inclusion of additional
additives or removal of existing ones on an ongoing basis.
CAC/GL 36-1989 3

SECTION 2 – TABLE OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSES, DEFINITIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSES

FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

1. Acidity regulator A food additive, which controls the acidity regulator, acid, acidifier,
acidity or alkalinity of a food. alkali, base, buffer, buffering
agent, pH adjusting agent
2. Anticaking agent A food additive, which reduces the anticaking agent, anti-stick agent,
tendency of components of food to drying agent, dusting agent
adhere to one another.
3. Antifoaming agent A food additive, which prevents or antifoaming agent, defoaming
reduces foaming. agent
4. Antioxidant A food additive, which prolongs the antioxidant, antioxidant synergist,
shelf-life of foods by protecting against antibrowning agent
deterioration caused by oxidation.
5. Bleaching agent A food additive (non-flour use) used to bleaching agent
decolourize food. Bleaching agents do
not include pigments.
6. Bulking agent A food additive, which contributes to the bulking agent, filler
bulk of a food without contributing
significantly to its available energy
value.
7. Carbonating agent A food additive used to provide carbonating agent
carbonation in a food.
8. Carrier A food additive used to dissolve, dilute, carrier, carrier solvent, nutrient
disperse or otherwise physically modify carrier, diluent for other food
a food additive or nutrient without additives, encapsulating agent
altering its function (and without exerting
any technological effect itself) in order to
facilitate its handling, application or use
of the food additive or nutrient.
9. Colour A food additive, which adds or restores colour, decorative pigment,
colour in a food. surface colourant
10. Colour retention agent A food additive, which stabilizes, retains colour retention agent, colour
or intensifies the colour of a food. fixative, colour stabilizer, colour
adjunct
11. Emulsifier A food additive, which forms or emulsifier, plasticizer, dispersing
maintains a uniform emulsion of two or agent, surface active agent,
more phases in a food. crystallization inhibitor, density
adjustment agent (flavouring oils
in beverages), suspension agent,
clouding agent
12. Emulsifying salt A food additive, which, in the emulsifying salt, melding salt
manufacture of processed food,
rearranges proteins in order to prevent
fat separation.
13. Firming agent A food additive, which makes or keeps firming agent
tissues of fruit or vegetables firm and
crisp, or interacts with gelling agents to
produce or strengthen a gel.
CAC/GL 36-1989 4

FUNCTIONAL CLASSES DEFINITION TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE

14. Flavour enhancer A food additive, which enhances the flavour enhancer, flavour
existing taste and/or odour of a food. synergist
15. Flour treatment agent A food additive, which is added to flour flour treatment agent, flour
or dough to improve its baking quality or bleaching agent, flour improver,
colour. dough conditioner, dough
strengthening agent
16. Foaming agent A food additive, which makes it possible foaming agent, whipping agent,
to form or maintain a uniform dispersion aerating agent
of a gaseous phase in a liquid or solid
food.
17. Gelling agent A food additive, which gives a food gelling agent
texture through formation of a gel.
18. Glazing agent A food additive, which when applied to glazing agent, sealing agent,
the external surface of a food, imparts a coating agent, surface-finishing
shiny appearance or provides a agent, polishing agent, film-
protective coating. forming agent
19. Humectant A food additive, which prevents food humectant, moisture-retention
from drying out by counteracting the agent, wetting agent
effect of a dry atmosphere.
20. Packaging gas A food additive gas, which is introduced packaging gas
into a container before, during or after
filling with food with the intention to
protect the food, for example, from
oxidation or spoilage.
21. Preservative A food additive, which prolongs the preservative, antimicrobial
shelf-life of a food by protecting against preservative, antimycotic agent,
deterioration caused by microorganisms. bacteriophage control agent,
fungistatic agent, antimould and
antirope agent, antimicrobial
synergist
22. Propellant A food additive gas, which expels a food propellant
from a container.

23. Raising agent A food additive or a combination of food raising agent

additives, which liberate(s) gas and
thereby increase(s) the volume of a
dough or batter.
24. Sequestrant A food additive, which controls the sequestrant
availability of a cation.
25. Stabilizer A food additive, which makes it possible stabilizer, foam stabilizer, colloidal
to maintain a uniform dispersion of two stabilizer, emulsion stabilizer,
or more components. stabilizer synergist
26. Sweetener A food additive (other than a mono- or sweetener, intense sweetener,
disaccharide sugar), which imparts a bulk sweetener
sweet taste to a food.
27. Thickener A food additive, which increases the thickener, bodying agent, binder,
viscosity of a food. texturizing agent, thickener
synergist
CAC/GL 36-1989 5

SECTION 3
INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES
List in numerical order
INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose
100 Curcumins
100(i) Curcumin Colour colour
100(ii) Turmeric Colour colour
101 Riboflavins
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic Colour colour
101(ii) Riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium Colour colour
101(iii) Riboflavin from Bacillus subtilis Colour colour
102 Tartrazine Colour colour
103 Alkanet Colour colour
104 Quinoline yellow Colour colour
105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour
107 Yellow 2G Colour colour
110 Sunset yellow FCF Colour colour
120 Carmines Colour colour
121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour
122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) Colour colour
123 Amaranth Colour colour
124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) Colour colour
125 Ponceau SX Colour colour
127 Erythrosine Colour colour
128 Red 2G Colour colour
129 Allura red AC Colour colour
130 Manascorubin Colour colour
131 Patent blue V Colour colour
132 Indigotine (Indigo carmine) Colour colour
133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour
140 Chlorophylls Colour colour
Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins,
141
copper complexes
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour
Chlorophyllins, copper complexes,
141(ii) Colour colour
potassium and sodium salts
142 Green S Colour colour
CAC/GL 36-1989 6

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

143 Fast Green FCF Colour colour
150 Caramels
150a Caramel I – plain caramel Colour colour
150b Caramel II - sulfite caramel Colour colour
150c Caramel III - ammonia caramel Colour colour
150d Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel Colour colour
151 Brilliant black (Black PN) Colour colour
152 Carbon black (Hydrocarbon) Colour colour
153 Vegetable carbon Colour colour
154 Brown FK Colour colour
155 Brown HT Colour colour
160a Carotenes
160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160a(iv) Carotenes, beta-, algae Colour colour
160b Annatto extracts
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour
160c(i) Paprika oleoresin Colour colour
160c(ii) Paprika extract Colour colour
160d Lycopenes
160d(i) Lycopene, synthetic Colour colour
160d(ii) Lycopene, tomato Colour colour
160d(iii) Lycopene , Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- Colour colour
Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-
160f Colour colour
apo-8'-
161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour
161b Luteins
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b(ii) Tagetes extract Colour colour
161b(iii) Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161c Kryptoxanthin Colour colour
161d Rubixanthin Colour colour
CAC/GL 36-1989 7

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

161e Violoxanthin Colour colour
161f Rhodoxanthin Colour colour
161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour
161h Zeaxanthins
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic Colour colour
Zeaxanthin-rich extract from Tagetes
161h(ii) Colour colour
erecta
162 Beet red Colour colour
163 Anthocyanins
163(ii) Grape skin extract Colour colour
163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour
163(iv) Purple corn colour Colour colour
163(v) Red cabbage colour Colour colour
163 (vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour
164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour
165 Gardenia blue Colour colour
166 Sandalwood Colour colour
170 Calcium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour surface colourant
170(i) Calcium carbonate
Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour surface colourant
170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Stabilizer stabilizer
171 Titanium dioxide Colour colour
172 Iron oxides
172(i) Iron oxide, black Colour colour
172(ii) Iron oxide, red Colour colour
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow Colour colour
CAC/GL 36-1989 8

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

colour
173 Aluminium powder Colour
surface colourant
174 Silver Colour colour
175 Gold, metallic Colour colour
Potassium aluminium silicate-based
176
pearlescent pigments (PAS-BPP)
Potassium aluminium silicate-based
176 (i) pearlescent pigments coated with Colour colour
titanium dioxide, Type I
Potassium aluminium silicate-based
176 (ii) pearlescent pigments coated with Iron Colour colour
oxide, Type II
Potassium aluminium silicate-based
pearlescent pigments coated with
176 (iii) Colour colour
titanium dioxide and iron oxide, Type
III
180 Lithol rubine BK Colour colour
Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
181 Tannic acid (Tannins)
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
182 Orchil Colour colour
200 Sorbic acid Preservative preservative
201 Sodium sorbate Preservative preservative
202 Potassium sorbate Preservative preservative
203 Calcium sorbate Preservative preservative
209 Heptyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
210 Benzoic acid Preservative preservative
211 Sodium benzoate Preservative preservative
212 Potassium benzoate Preservative preservative
213 Calcium benzoate Preservative preservative
214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 9

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
220 Sulfur dioxide
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
221 Sodium sulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
222 Sodium hydrogen sulfite
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
223 Sodium metabisulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
224 Potassium metabisulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
225 Potassium sulfite
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
226 Calcium sulfite
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
227 Calcium hydrogen sulfite
Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
228 Potassium bisulfite
Preservative preservative
230 Diphenyl Preservative preservative
231 Ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
233 Thiabendazole Preservative preservative
234 Nisin Preservative preservative
235 Natamycin (Pimaricin) Preservative preservative
236 Formic acid Preservative preservative
237 Sodium formate Preservative preservative
238 Calcium formate Preservative preservative
239 Hexamethylene tetramine Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 10

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

240 Formaldehyde Preservative preservative
241 Gum guaicum Preservative preservative
242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Preservative preservative
Antimicrobial preservative
243 Lauric arginate ethyl ester Preservative
preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
249 Potassium nitrite
Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
250 Sodium nitrite
Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
251 Sodium nitrate
Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
252 Potassium nitrate
Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
260 Acetic acid, glacial
Preservative preservative
261 Potassium acetates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
261(i) Potassium acetate
Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
261(ii) Potassium diacetate
Preservative preservative
262 Sodium acetates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
262(i) Sodium acetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
262(ii) Sodium diacetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
263 Calcium acetate Preservative preservative
Stabilizer stabilizer
264 Ammonium acetate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
265 Dehydroacetic acid Preservative preservative
266 Sodium dehydroacetate Preservative preservative
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
280 Propionic acid Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 11

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

281 Sodium propionate Preservative preservative
282 Calcium propionate Preservative preservative
283 Potassium propionate Preservative preservative
Carbonating agent carbonating agent
Foaming agent foaming agent
290 Carbon dioxide Packaging gas packaging gas
Preservative preservative
Propellant propellant
296 Malic acid, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
297 Fumaric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant
300 Ascorbic acid, L-
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
301 Sodium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
302 Calcium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
303 Potassium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
304 Ascorbyl palmitate Antioxidant antioxidant
305 Ascorbyl stearate Antioxidant antioxidant
307 Tocopherols
307a Tocopherol, d-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed Antioxidant antioxidant
307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
308 Tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
309 Tocopherol, delta-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
310 Propyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
311 Octyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
312 Dodecyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
313 Ethyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
314 Guaiac resin Antioxidant antioxidant
315 Erythorbic acid (Isoascorbic acid) Antioxidant antioxidant
Sodium erythorbate (Sodium
316 Antioxidant antioxidant
isoascorbate)
317 Potassium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
318 Calcium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
CAC/GL 36-1989 12

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone Antioxidant antioxidant
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole Antioxidant antioxidant
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene Antioxidant antioxidant
322 Lecithins
Antioxidant antioxidant
322(i) Lecithin
Emulsifier emulsifier
Antioxidant antioxidant
322(ii) Lecithin, partially hydrolysed
Emulsifier emulsifier
323 Anoxomer Antioxidant antioxidant
324 Ethoxyquin Antioxidant antioxidant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Bulking agent bulking agent
325 Sodium lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant humectant
Thickener bodying agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
326 Potassium lactate
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectants
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
327 Calcium lactate Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
328 Ammonium lactate
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
329 Magnesium lactate, DL-
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant
330 Citric acid
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
CAC/GL 36-1989 13

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

331 Sodium citrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(iii) Trisodium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
332 Potassium citrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
332(ii) Tripotassium citrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
333 Calcium citrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
333(i) Monocalcium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
333(ii) Dicalcium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 14

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
333(iii) Tricalcium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
334 Tartaric acid, L(+)-
Flavour enhancer flavour synergist
Sequestrant sequestrant
335 Sodium tartrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
335 (i) Monosodium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
336 Potassium tartrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
338 Phosphoric acid Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Sequestrant sequestrant
CAC/GL 36-1989 15

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

339 Sodium phosphates
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
humectant
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
humectant
Humectant
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate moisture-retention agent
Preservative antimicrobial synergist
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sequestrant sequestrant
Thickener texturizing agent
340 Potassium phosphates
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 16

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
humectant
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
341 Calcium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Firming agent firming agent
dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
flour treatment agent
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Firming agent firming agent
dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 17

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier clouding agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifing salt
Firming agent firming agent
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
342 Ammonium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Raising agent raising agent
Thickener thickener
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
343 Magnesium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
343(i) Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 18

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
344 Lecithin citrate Preservative preservative
345 Magnesium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
349 Ammonium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350 Sodium malates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate
Humectant humectant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate
Humectant humectant
351 Potassium malates
351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
351(ii) Potassium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352 Calcium malates
352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
353 Metatartaric acid
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
354 Calcium tartrate, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
355 Adipic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
356 Sodium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
357 Potassium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
359 Ammonium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
363 Succinic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364 Sodium succinates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364(i) Monosodium succinate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364(ii) Disodium succinate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
365 Sodium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
366 Potassium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
367 Calcium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CAC/GL 36-1989 19

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

368 Ammonium fumarate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
370 Heptonolactone, 1,4-
Sequestrant sequestrant
375 Nicotinic acid Colour retention agent colour retention agent
380 Triammonium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
381 Ferric ammonium citrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
383 Calcium glycerophosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Antioxidant antioxidant
384 Isopropyl citrates Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Antioxidant antioxidant

Calcium disodium Colour retention agent colour retention agent

385
ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Antioxidant antioxidant
Colour retention agent colour stabilizer
Disodium
386 Preservative preservative
ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antioxidant antioxidant
387 Oxystearin
Sequestrant sequestrant
388 Thiodipropionic acid Antioxidant antioxidant
389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
390 Distearyl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
391 Phytic acid Preservative preservative
392 Rosemary extract Antioxidant antioxidant
399 Calcium lactobionate Stabilizer stabilizer
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
400 Alginic acid
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 20

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
401 Sodium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
402 Potassium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
403 Ammonium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
404 Calcium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 21

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
405 Propylene glycol alginate Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
coating agent
Glazing agent
406 Agar glazing agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
407 Carrageenan coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Gelling agent gelling agent
408 Bakers yeast glycan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 22

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Gelling agent gelling agent
409 Arabinogalactan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
410 Carob bean gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Stabilizer stabilizer
411 Oat gum
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
412 Guar gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
413 Tragacanth gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
414 Gum arabic (Acacia gum)
Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
415 Xanthan gum
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
416 Karaya gum
bodying agent
Thickener
thickener
Gelling agent gelling agent
417 Tara gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Stabilizer stabilizer
418 Gellan gum
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
419 Gum ghatti Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 23

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

420 Sorbitols
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
420(i) Sorbitol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
420(ii) Sorbitol syrup
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
421 Mannitol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Humectant humectant
422 Glycerol
Thickener bodying agent
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified
423 Emulsifier emulsifier
gum arabic
Firming agent firming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
424 Curdlan
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
425 Konjac flour Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 24

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
426 Soybean hemicellulose
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
427 Cassia gum
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
428 Gelatin Gelling agent gelling agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
429 Peptones Emulsifier emulsifier
430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
432 emulsifier
monolaurate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
433 emulsifier
monooleate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan dispersing agent

434 Emulsifier
monopalmitate emulsifier
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
435 emulsifier
monostearate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
436 emulsifier
tristearate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
440 Pectins Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 25

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Superglycerinated hydrogenated
441 Emulsifier emulsifier
rapeseed oil
442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifier emulsifier
443 Brominated vegetable oils
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
Stabilizer stabilizer
445 Glycerol esters of rosin
density adjustment agent
445(i) Glycerol ester of gum rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
density adjustment agent
445(ii) Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
density adjustment agent
Emulsifier
445(iii) Glycerol ester of wood rosin emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
446 Succistearin Emulsifier emulsifier
450 Diphosphates
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(i) Disodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Raising agent raising agent
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 26

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 27

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Emulsifier emulsifier
450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
acidifier
Acidity regulator
acidity regulator
450(ix) Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
451 Triphosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant stabilizer
Stabilizer sequestrant
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 28

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
451(iii) Sodium potassium triphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
452 Polyphosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 29

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acid regulator acid regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sodium potassium
452(vi) Raising agent raising agent
hexametaphosphate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Colour colour
453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate
Carrier carrier
454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate Carrier carrier
455 Yeast mannoproteins Stabilizer stabilizer
Stabilizer stabilizer
457 Cyclodextrin, alpha-
Thickener binder
Stabilizer stabilizer
458 Cyclodextrin, gamma-
Thickener binder
Carrier carrier
459 Cyclodextrin, beta- Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener binder
460 Celluloses
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose
460(i) dispersing agent
gel) Emulsifier
emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 30

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
dispersing agent
460(ii) Powdered cellulose Emulsifier
emulsifier
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
461 Methyl cellulose
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Binder binder
Bulking agent filler
diluent for other food
Carrier
462 Ethyl cellulose additives
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Thickener thickener
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Foaming agent foaming agent
coating agent
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Glazing agent film-forming agent
glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 31

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Firming agent firming agent

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Gelling agent gelling agent

466
(Cellulose gum) coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener

Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl Stabilizer stabilizer

468
cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum) Thickener binder
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Stabilizer stabilizer
469 enzymatically hydrolysed (Cellulose
gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed) Thickener thickener

Salts of fatty acids, with base

470 aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic
470(i) acids with ammonia, calcium, Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
Stabilizer stabilizer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Salts of oleic acid with calcium,
470(ii) Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
Stabilizer stabilizer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
470(iii) Magnesium stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
Thickener binder
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
471 Mono- and di- glycerides of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 32

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Emulsifier emulsifier
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-
472d Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerides of fatty acids
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters
472e Sequestrant sequestrant
of glycerol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
472g Succinylated monoglycerides Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier

Foaming agent foaming agent

473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids
Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
473a Sucrose oligoesters, type I and type II Glazing agent coating agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
474 Sucroglycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifier emulsifier
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Stabilizer stabilizer
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified
476 Emulsifier emulsifier
ricinoleic acid
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol
478 Emulsifier emulsifier
and propylene glycol
CAC/GL 36-1989 33

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Thermally oxidized soya bean oil
479 interacted with mono- and Emulsifier emulsifier
diglycerides of fatty acids
Emulsifier emulsifier
480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Humectant wetting agent
481 Sodium lactylates
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Emulsifier emulsifier
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate
Foaming agent whipping agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
481(ii) Sodium oleyl lactylate
Stabilizer stabilizer
482 Calcium lactylates
Emulsifier emulsifier
Flour treatment agent dough conditioners
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate
Foaming agent whipping agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate
Stabilizer stabilizer
483 Stearyl tartrate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
484 Stearyl citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
Sequestrant sequestrant
485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
487 Sodium laurylsulfate Emulsifier emulsifier
488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester Emulsifier emulsifier
491 Sorbitan monostearate Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifier emulsifier
492 Sorbitan tristearate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
493 Sorbitan monolaurate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
494 Sorbitan monooleate
Stabilizer stabilizer
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Emulsifier emulsifier
CAC/GL 36-1989 34

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

496 Sorbitan trioleate Stabilizer stabilizer
Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Stabilizer stabilizer
500 Sodium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
500(i) Sodium carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Sodium sesquic
500(iii) Anticaking agent anticaking agent
arbonate
Raising agent raising agent
501 Potassium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
501(i) Potassium carbonate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
503 Ammonium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
503(i) Ammonium carbonate
Raising agent raising agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
Raising agent raising agent
504 Magnesium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
504(i) Magnesium carbonate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
504(ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate drying agent
Carrier carrier
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 35

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

505 Ferrous carbonate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
507 Hydrochloric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
508 Potassium chloride
Stabilizer Stabilizer synergist
Thickener Thickener synergist
Firming agent firming agent
509 Calcium chloride Stabilizer stabilizer synergist
Thickener thickener synergist
510 Ammonium chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
511 Magnesium chloride Firming agent firming agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antioxidant antioxidant
512 Stannous chloride
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
513 Sulfuric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514 Sodium sulfates
514(i) Sodium sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514(ii) Sodium hydrogen sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515 Potassium sulfates
515(i) Potassium sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
516 Calcium sulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
517 Ammonium sulfate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Firming agent firming agent
518 Magnesium sulfate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Colour retention agent colour fixative
519 Cupric sulfate
Preservative preservative
520 Aluminium sulfate Firming agent firming agent

Acidity regulator acidity regulator

521 Aluminium sodium sulfate
Firming agent firming agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 36

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
522 Aluminium potassium sulfate
Stabilizer stabilizer
aciditiy regulator
Aciditiy regulator
buffer
Colour retention agent colour fixative
523 Aluminium ammonium sulfate
Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
524 Sodium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
525 Potassium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
526 Calcium hydroxide
Firming agent firming agent
527 Ammonium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
528 Magnesium hydroxide
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
529 Calcium oxide dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
flour treatment agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
530 Magnesium oxide
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
535 Sodium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
536 Potassium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
538 Calcium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
antibrowning agent
Antioxidant
539 Sodium thiosulfate antioxidant
Sequestrant sequestrant
541 Sodium aluminium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
541(i) Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 37

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
541(ii) Sodium aluminium phosphate, basic Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
542 Bone phosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
550 Sodium silicates
550(i) Sodium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
550(ii) Sodium metasilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Carrier carrier
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
552 Calcium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
553 Magnesium silicates
anticaking agent
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic Anticaking agent
dusting agent
anticaking agent
553(ii) Magnesium trisilicate Anticaking agent
dusting agent
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553(iii) Talc coating agent
Glazing agent
surface-finishing agent
Thickener texturizing agent
554 Sodium aluminosilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
555 Potassium aluminium silicate
Carrier carrier
556 Calcium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
557 Zinc silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
558 Bentonite Anticaking agent anticaking agent
559 Aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
560 Potassium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 38

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
570 Fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer foam stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
574 Gluconic acid, D-
Raising agent raising agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
575 Glucono delta-lactone Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Sequestrant sequestrant
576 Sodium gluconate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
577 Potassium gluconate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
colour retention agent
579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent
colour stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
580 Magnesium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
586 Hexylresorcinol, 4-
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
620 Glutamic acid, L(+)- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
621 Monosodium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
CAC/GL 36-1989 39

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

632 Potassium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
636 Maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
638 Sodium L-aspartate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
640 Glycine Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
641 Leucine, L- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
642 Lysin hydrochloride Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
650 Zinc acetate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
900a Polydimethylsiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
900b Methylphenylpolysiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier clouding agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
901 Beeswax glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturing agent
Thickener
thickener
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier clouding agent
902 Candelilla wax glazing agent
Glazing agent
surface finishing agent
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
903 Carnauba wax Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Glazing agent glazing agent
coating agent
904 Shellac, bleached Glazing agent glazing agent
surface-finishing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 40

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

glazing agent
905a Mineral oil, food grade Glazing agent
sealing agent
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
905b Petroleum jelly (Petrolatum) glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905c Petroleum wax Glazing agent
sealing agent
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
905c(i) Microcrystalline wax
Glazing agent glazing agent
905c(ii) Paraffin wax Glazing agent glazing agent
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
905d Mineral oil, high viscosity glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905e Mineral oil, medium viscosity Glazing agent
sealing agent

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, Glazing agent glazing agent
905f
class II sealing agent

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, glazing agent

905g Glazing agent
class III sealing agent
906 Benzoin gum Glazing agent glazing agent
907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes Glazing agent glazing agent
908 Rice bran wax Glazing agent glazing agent
909 Spermaceti wax Glazing agent glazing agent
910 Wax esters Glazing agent glazing agent
911 Methyl esters of fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
913 Lanolin Glazing agent glazing agent
Glycerol, methyl, or pentaerithrytol
915 Glazing agent glazing agent
esters of colophane
916 Calcium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
917 Potassium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
918 Nitrogen oxides Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
919 Nitrosyl chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides –
920 Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
sodium and potassium salts
Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides
921 Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
sodium and potassium salts
922 Potassium persulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 41

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

923 Ammonium persulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
925 Chlorine Flour treatment agent flour bleaching agent
926 Chlorine dioxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
927a Azodicarbonamide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
927b Urea (Carbamide) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
928 Benzoyl peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
929 Acetone peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
930 Calcium peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant
Foaming agent foaming agent
Packaging gas packaging gas
941 Nitrogen
Propellant propellant
Antioxidant antioxidant
Foaming agent foaming agent
942 Nitrous oxide
Packaging gas packaging gas
Propellant propellant
943a Butane Propellant propellant
943b Isobutane Propellant propellant
944 Propane Propellant propellant
945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant
946 Octafluorcyclobutane Propellant propellant
949 Hydrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
950 Acesulfame potassium
Sweetener sweetener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
951 Aspartame
Sweetener sweetener
952 Cyclamates
952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener
952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
952(iv) Sodium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Glazing agent glazing agent
953 Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose)
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 42

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

954 Saccharins
954(i) Saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(iii) Potassium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954(iv) Sodium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) Sweetener sweetener
956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
957 Thaumatin
Sweetener sweetener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
958 Glycyrrhizin
Sweetener sweetener
959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone Sweetener sweetener
960 Steviol glycosides Sweetener sweetener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
961 Neotame
Sweetener sweetener
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener
963 Tagatose, D- Sweetener sweetener
964 Polyglycitol syrup Sweetener sweetener
965 Maltitols
Bulking agent bulking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
965(i) Maltitol Sweetener sweetener
Stabilizer stabilizer
thickener
Thickener
texturizing agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
965(ii) Maltitol syrup Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
thickener
Thickener
texturizing agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
966 Lactitol Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 43

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
967 Xylitol Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener thickener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
968 Erythritol Humectant humectant
Sweetener sweetener
Sweetener sweetener
969 Advantame
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
999 Quillaia extracts
Emulsifier emulsifier
999(i) Quillaia extract type 1
Foaming agent foaming agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
999(ii) Quillaia extract type 2
Foaming agent foaming agent
1000 Cholic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
1001 Choline salts and esters
1001(i) Choline acetate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(ii) Choline carbonate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iii) Choline chloride Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iv) Choline citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(v) Choline tartrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(vi) Choline lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
1100 Amylases
alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus
1100 (i) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
oryzae var.
alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
1100 (ii) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus
1100 (iii) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
1100 (iv) megaterium expressed in Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
subtilis
alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
1100 (v) stearothermophilus expressed in Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Bacillus subtilis
Carbohydrase from Bacillus
1100 (vi) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
licheniformis
1101 Proteases
CAC/GL 36-1989 44

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(i) Protease Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
1101(ii) Papain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
1102 Glucose oxidase Antioxidant antioxidant
1103 Invertases Stabilizer stabilizer
1104 Lipases Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1105 Lysozyme Preservative preservative
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
1200 Polydextroses Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier dispersing agent
Glazing agent coating agent
1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener bodying agent
Colour retention agent colour stabilizer
1202 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, insoluble colloidal stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
coating agent
Glazing agent sealing agent
1203 Polyvinyl alcohol
surface-finishing agent
Thickener binder
film-forming agent
Glazing agent
1204 Pullulan glazing agent
Thickener thickener
1205 Methacrylate copolymer, basic Glazing agent glazing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 45

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class Technological purpose

1206 Methacrylate copolymer, neutral Glazing agent glazing agent
1207 Methacrylate copolymer, anionic Glazing agent glazing agent
1208 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate Glazing agent glazing agent
copolymer
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene
1209 Glazing agent glazing agent
glycol (PEG) graft co-polymer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Carrier carrier solvent
1503 Castor oil emulsifier
Emulsifier
plasticizer
Glazing agent glazing agent
1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose Carrier carrier
1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup Carrier carrier
Carrier carrier solvent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
1505 Triethyl citrate plasticizer
Stabilizer foam stabilizer
Sequestrant sequestrant
1517 Glycerol diacetate Carrier carrier
Carrier carrier solvent
emulsifier
1518 Triacetin Emulsifier
plasticizer
Humectant humectant
1519 Benzyl alcohol Carrier carrier
Emulsifier dispersing agent
Glazing agent glazing agent
1520 Propylene glycol
humectant
Humectant
wetting agent
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
emulsifier
1521 Polyethylene glycol Emulsifier
plasticizer
Glazing agent glazing agent
Thickener binder
carrier
1522 Calcium lignosulfonate, 40-65 Carrier
encapsulating agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 46

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST - MODIFIED STARCHES

List in numerical order
INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1401 Acid-treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1402 Alkaline treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1403 Bleached starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1404 Oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1405 Starches, enzyme treated
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1410 Monostarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1411 Distarch glycerol
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1412 Distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 47

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1420 Starch acetate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
binder
Thickener
thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
Anticaking Agent anticaking agent
1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Carrier carrier
Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 48

SECTION 4
INTERNATIONAL NUMBERING SYSTEM FOR FOOD ADDITIVES
List in alphabetical order
INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
950 Acesulfame potassium
Sweetener sweetener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
260 Acetic acid, glacial
Preservative preservative
Emulsifier emulsifier
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
929 Acetone peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
355 Adipic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Sweetener sweetener
969 Advantame
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
coating agent
Glazing agent
406 Agar glazing agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
639 Alanine, DL- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
400 Alginic acid
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
956 Alitame Sweetener sweetener
103 Alkanet Colour colour
CAC/GL 36-1989 49

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

129 Allura red AC Colour colour
colour
173 Aluminium powder Colour
surface colourant
aciditiy regulator
Aciditiy regulator
buffer
Colour retention agent colour fixative
523 Aluminium ammonium sulfate
Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
522 Aluminium potassium sulfate
Stabilizer stabilizer
559 Aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
521 Aluminium sodium sulfate
Firming agent firming agent
520 Aluminium sulfate Firming agent firming agent
123 Amaranth Colour colour
264 Ammonium acetate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
359 Ammonium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
403 Ammonium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
503(i) Ammonium carbonate
Raising agent raising agent
503 Ammonium carbonates
510 Ammonium chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Raising agent raising agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 50

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

368 Ammonium fumarate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
503(ii) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
Raising agent raising agent
527 Ammonium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
328 Ammonium lactate
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
349 Ammonium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
923 Ammonium persulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342 Ammonium phosphates
Acid regulator acid regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
442 Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
517 Ammonium sulfate
Stabilizer stabilizer
1100 Amylases
1100 (i) alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
oryzae var.
1100 (ii) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus
1100 (iii) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1100 (iv) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
megaterium expressed in Bacillus
subtilis
1100 (v) alpha-Amylase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
stearothermophilus expressed in
Bacillus subtilis
160b Annatto extracts
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based Colour colour
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based Colour colour
323 Anoxomer Antioxidant antioxidant
163 Anthocyanins
Gelling agent gelling agent
409 Arabinogalactan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 51

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant
300 Ascorbic acid, L-
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
304 Ascorbyl palmitate Antioxidant antioxidant
305 Ascorbyl stearate Antioxidant antioxidant
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
951 Aspartame
Sweetener sweetener
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt Sweetener sweetener
927a Azodicarbonamide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) Colour colour
Gelling agent gelling agent
408 Bakers yeast glycan Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier clouding agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
901 Beeswax glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturing agent
Thickener
thickener
162 Beet red Colour colour
558 Bentonite Anticaking agent anticaking agent
210 Benzoic acid Preservative preservative
906 Benzoin gum Glazing agent glazing agent
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
928 Benzoyl peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
1519 Benzyl alcohol Carrier carrier
163 (vi) Black carrot extract Colour colour
163(iii) Blackcurrant extract Colour colour
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
542 Bone phosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 52

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

151 Brilliant black (Black PN) Colour colour
133 Brilliant blue FCF Colour colour
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(iii) Bromelain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
443 Brominated vegetable oils
Stabilizer stabilizer
154 Brown FK Colour colour
155 Brown HT Colour colour
943a Butane Propellant propellant
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole Antioxidant antioxidant
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene Antioxidant antioxidant
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
263 Calcium acetate Preservative preservative
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
404 Calcium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
556 Calcium aluminium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
302 Calcium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
213 Calcium benzoate Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour surface colourant
170(i) Calcium carbonate
Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 53

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

170 Calcium carbonates
Firming agent firming agent
509 Calcium chloride Stabilizer Stabilizer synergist
Thickener Thickener synergist
333 Calcium citrates
952(ii) Calcium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Firming agent firming agent
dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
flour treatment agent
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Antioxidant antioxidant

Calcium disodium Colour retention agent colour retention agent

385
ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
538 Calcium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
238 Calcium formate Preservative preservative
367 Calcium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
CAC/GL 36-1989 54

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Gelling agent gelling agent
383 Calcium glycerophosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour surface colourant
170(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
Firming agent firming agent
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Stabilizer stabilizer
352(i) Calcium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Firming agent firming agent
dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
227 Calcium hydrogen sulfite
Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
526 Calcium hydroxide
Firming agent firming agent
916 Calcium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
318 Calcium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
327 Calcium lactate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Firming agent firming agent
Thickener thickener
399 Calcium lactobionate Stabilizer stabilizer
482 Calcium lactylates
carrier
1522 Calcium lignosulfonate, 40-65 Carrier
encapsulating agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 55

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

352(ii) Calcium malate, D,L- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
352 Calcium malates
Emulsifier emulsifier
482(ii) Calcium oleyl lactylate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
529 Calcium oxide dough conditioner
Flour treatment agent
flour treatment agent
930 Calcium peroxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
341 Calcium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
282 Calcium propionate Preservative preservative
954(ii) Calcium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
552 Calcium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
203 Calcium sorbate Preservative preservative
486 Calcium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Flour treatment agent dough conditioners
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate
Foaming agent whipping agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Firming agent firming agent
516 Calcium sulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antioxidant antioxidant
226 Calcium sulfite
Preservative preservative
354 Calcium tartrate, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CAC/GL 36-1989 56

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Carrier carrier
Emulsifier clouding agent
902 Candelilla wax glazing agent
Glazing agent
surface finishing agent
Thickener texturizing agent
161g Canthaxanthin Colour colour
150a Caramel I – plain caramel Colour colour
150b Caramel II - sulfite caramel Colour colour
150c Caramel III - ammonia caramel Colour colour
150d Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel Colour colour
150 Caramels
1100 (vi) Carbohydrase from Bacillus Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
licheniformis
152 Carbon black (Hydrocarbon) Colour colour
Carbonating agent carbonating agent
Foaming agent foaming agent
290 Carbon dioxide Packaging gas packaging gas
Preservative preservative
Propellant propellant
120 Carmines Colour colour
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
903 Carnauba wax Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Glazing agent glazing agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
410 Carob bean gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- Colour colour
160a Carotenes
160a(iv) Carotenes, beta-, algae Colour colour
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160a (i) Carotenes, beta-, synthetic Colour colour
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable Colour colour
Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-
160f Colour colour
8'-
CAC/GL 36-1989 57

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
407 Carrageenan coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
105 Carthamus yellow Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
427 Cassia gum
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Carrier carrier solvent
1503 Castor oil emulsifier
Emulsifier
plasticizer
Glazing agent glazing agent
460 Celluloses
925 Chlorine Flour treatment agent flour bleaching agent
926 Chlorine dioxide Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
945 Chloropentafluorethane Propellant propellant
Chlorophyllins, copper complexes,
141(ii) Colour colour
potassium and sodium salts
140 Chlorophylls Colour colour
Chlorophylls and chlorophyllins,
141
copper complexes
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes Colour colour
1000 Cholic acid Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(i) Choline acetate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(ii) Choline carbonate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iii) Choline chloride Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(iv) Choline citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001(vi) Choline lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
1001 Choline salts and esters
CAC/GL 36-1989 58

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

1001(v) Choline tartrate Emulsifier emulsifier
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant
330 Citric acid
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Emulsifier emulsifier
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
121 Citrus red No. 2 Colour colour

Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl Stabilizer stabilizer

468
cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum) Thickener binder
Colour retention agent colour fixative
519 Cupric sulfate
Preservative preservative
100(i) Curcumin Colour colour
100 Curcumins
Firming agent firming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
424 Curdlan
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
952 Cyclamates
952(i) Cyclamic acid Sweetener sweetener
Stabilizer stabilizer
457 Cyclodextrin, alpha-
Thickener binder
Carrier carrier
459 Cyclodextrin, beta- Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener binder
Stabilizer stabilizer
458 Cyclodextrin, gamma-
Thickener binder
1504(i) Cyclotetraglucose Carrier carrier
1504(ii) Cyclotetraglucose syrup Carrier carrier
Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides –
920 Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
sodium and potassium salts
Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides
921 Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
sodium and potassium salts
CAC/GL 36-1989 59

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

265 Dehydroacetic acid Preservative preservative
Emulsifier emulsifier
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of
472e Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Raising agent raising agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
333(ii) Dicalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
940 Dichlorodifluormethane Propellant propellant
389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Emulsifier emulsifier
450(viii) Dimagnesium diphosphate Firming agent firming agent
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Preservative preservative
Emulsifier emulsifier
480 Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Humectant wetting agent
230 Diphenyl Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 60

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

450 Diphosphates
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(iv) Dipotassium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(i) Disodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 61

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Antioxidant antioxidant
Colour retention agent colour stabilizer
386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt Emulsifying salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364(ii) Disodium succinate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
390 Distearyl thiodipropionate Antioxidant antioxidant
312 Dodecyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
315 Erythorbic acid (Isoascorbic acid) Antioxidant antioxidant
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
968 Erythritol Humectant humectant
Sweetener sweetener
127 Erythrosine Colour colour
488 Ethoxylated mono- and di-glycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
324 Ethoxyquin Antioxidant antioxidant
Binder binder
Bulking agent filler
diluent for other food
Carrier
462 Ethyl cellulose additives
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Thickener thickener
313 Ethyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
CAC/GL 36-1989 62

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
637 Ethyl maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
143 Fast Green FCF Colour colour
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
570 Fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer foam stabilizer
381 Ferric ammonium citrate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour colour
453 Ferric(III)-orthophosphate
Carrier carrier
454 Ferric(III)-pyrophosphate Carrier carrier
505 Ferrous carbonate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
colour retention agent
579 Ferrous gluconate Colour retention agent
colour stabilizer
537 Ferrous hexacyanomanganate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
585 Ferrous lactate Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(iv) Ficin Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
161a Flavoxanthin Colour colour
240 Formaldehyde Preservative preservative
236 Formic acid Preservative preservative
297 Fumaric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
165 Gardenia blue Colour colour
164 Gardenia yellow Colour colour
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
428 Gelatin Gelling agent gelling agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Stabilizer stabilizer
418 Gellan gum
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
574 Gluconic acid, D-
Raising agent raising agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 63

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
575 Glucono delta-lactone Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
1102 Glucose oxidase Antioxidant antioxidant
620 Glutamic acid, L(+)- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Humectant humectant
422 Glycerol
Thickener bodying agent
1517 Glycerol diacetate Carrier carrier
density adjustment agent
445(i) Glycerol ester of gum rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
density adjustment agent
445(ii) Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin Emulsifier
emulsifier
density adjustment agent
Emulsifier
445(iii) Glycerol ester of wood rosin emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
445 Glycerol esters of rosin
Glycerol, methyl, or pentaerithrytol
915 Glazing agent glazing agent
esters of colophane
640 Glycine Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
958 Glycyrrhizin
Sweetener sweetener
175 Gold, metallic Colour colour
163(ii) Grape skin extract Colour colour
142 Green S Colour colour
314 Guaiac resin Antioxidant antioxidant
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Emulsifier emulsifier
412 Guar gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
414 Gum arabic (Acacia gum)
Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 64

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier
419 Gum ghatti Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
241 Gum guaicum Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
370 Heptonolactone, 1,4-
Sequestrant sequestrant
209 Heptyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
239 Hexamethylene tetramine Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
586 Hexylresorcinol, 4-
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
507 Hydrochloric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
949 Hydrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes Glazing agent glazing agent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Foaming agent foaming agent
coating agent
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Glazing agent film-forming agent
glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
binder
Thickener
thickener
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
132 Indigotine (Indigo carmine) Colour colour
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1103 Invertases Stabilizer stabilizer
172(i) Iron oxide, black Colour colour
172(ii) Iron oxide, red Colour colour
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow Colour colour
172 Iron oxides
943b Isobutane Propellant propellant
CAC/GL 36-1989 65

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Glazing agent glazing agent
953 Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose)
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
384 Isopropyl citrates Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Emulsifier emulsifier
416 Karaya gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
425 Konjac flour Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
161c Kryptoxanthin Colour colour
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
966 Lactitol Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol
478 Emulsifier emulsifier
and propylene glycol
913 Lanolin Glazing agent glazing agent
antimicrobial preservative
243 Lauric arginate ethyl ester Preservative
preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
322(i) Lecithin
Emulsifier emulsifier
344 Lecithin citrate Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 66

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Antioxidant antioxidant
322(ii) Lecithin, partially hydrolysed
Emulsifier emulsifier
322 Lecithins
641 Leucine, L- Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1104 Lipases Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
180 Lithol rubine BK Colour colour
161b(iii) Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta Colour colour
161b Luteins
160d(iii) Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora Colour colour
160d(i) Lycopene, synthetic Colour colour
160d(ii) Lycopene, tomato Colour colour
160d Lycopenes
642 Lysin hydrochloride Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
1105 Lysozyme Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
504(i) Magnesium carbonate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
504 Magnesium carbonates
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
511 Magnesium chloride Firming agent firming agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
345 Magnesium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
acidifier
Acid regulator
acid regulator
450(ix) Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
343(i) Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickner
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
580 Magnesium gluconate Firming agent firming agent
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
CAC/GL 36-1989 67

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickner
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
528 Magnesium hydroxide
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
504(ii) Magnesium hydroxide carbonate drying agent
Carrier carrier
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
329 Magnesium lactate, DL-
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
530 Magnesium oxide
Acid regulator acid regulator
343 Magnesium phosphates
anticaking agent
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553 Magnesium silicates
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
470(iii) Magnesium stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
Thickener binder
Firming agent firming agent
518 Magnesium sulfate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
anticaking agent
553(ii) Magnesium trisilicate Anticaking agent
dusting agent
296 Malic acid, DL- Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Bulking agent bulking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
965(i) Maltitol Sweetener sweetener
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 68

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Bulking agent bulking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
965(ii) Maltitol syrup Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
965 Maltitols
636 Maltol Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
130 Manascorubin Colour colour
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
421 Mannitol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator

Emulsifier emulsifier
353 Metatartaric acid
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
1205 Methacrylate copolymer, anionic Glazing agent glazing agent
1206 Methacrylate copolymer, basic Glazing agent glazing agent
1207 Methacrylate copolymer, neutral Glazing agent glazing agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
461 Methyl cellulose
Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
911 Methyl esters of fatty acids Glazing agent glazing agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
489 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester Emulsifier emulsifier
218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 69

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

900b Methylphenylpolysiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose
460(i) dispersing agent
gel) Emulsifier
emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
905c(i) Microcrystalline wax
Glazing agent glazing agent
glazing agent
905a Mineral oil, food grade Glazing agent
sealing agent
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
905d Mineral oil, high viscosity glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, glazing agent

905e Glazing agent
class I sealing agent
glazing agent
905f Mineral oil, medium viscosity Glazing agent
sealing agent

Mineral oil, medium and low viscosity, glazing agent

905g Glazing agent
class III sealing agent
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
471 Mono- and di- glycerides of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
Stabilizer stabilizer
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
333(i) Monocalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
CAC/GL 36-1989 70

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
621 Monosodium L-glutamate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
364(i) Monosodium succinate
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
335 (i) Monosodium tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
235 Natamycin (Pimaricin) Preservative preservative
959 Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone Sweetener sweetener
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
961 Neotame
Sweetener sweetener
375 Nicotinic acid Colour retention agent colour retention agent
234 Nisin Preservative preservative
Foaming agent foaming agent
941 Nitrogen Packaging gas packaging gas
Propellant propellant
918 Nitrogen oxides Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
919 Nitrosyl chloride Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
Foaming agent foaming agent
942 Nitrous oxide
Packaging gas packaging gas
Propellant propellant
Stabilizer stabilizer
411 Oat gum
Thickener thickener
946 Octafluorcyclobutane Propellant propellant
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified
423 Emulsifier emulsifier
gum arabic
311 Octyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
182 Orchil Colour colour
231 Ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
387 Oxystearin
Sequestrant sequestrant
CAC/GL 36-1989 71

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

1101(ii) Papain Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
160c(ii) Paprika extract Colour colour
160c(i) Paprika oleoresin Colour colour
905c(ii) Paraffin wax Glazing agent glazing agent
131 Patent blue V Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
Gelling agent gelling agent
440 Pectins Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant stabilizer
Stabilizer sequestrant
Thickener texturizing agent
429 Peptones Emulsifier emulsifier
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
905b Petroleum jelly (Petrolatum) glazing agent
Glazing agent
sealing agent
glazing agent
905c Petroleum wax Glazing agent
sealing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
338 Phosphoric acid Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Sequestrant sequestrant
391 Phytic acid Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 72

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Bulking agent bulking agent
coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
1200 Polydextroses Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
900a Polydimethylsiloxane Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Antifoaming agent antifoaming agent
Carrier carrier
emulsifier
1521 Polyethylene glycol Emulsifier
plasticizer
Glazing agent glazing agent
Thickener binder
Emulsifier emulsifier
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Stabilizer stabilizer
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified
476 Emulsifier emulsifier
ricinoleic acid
964 Polyglycitol syrup Sweetener sweetener
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
432 emulsifier
monolaurate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
433 emulsifier
monooleate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan dispersing agent

434 Emulsifier
monopalmitate emulsifier
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
435 emulsifier
monostearate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
dispersing agent
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan Emulsifier
436 emulsifier
tristearate
Stabilizer emulsion stabilizer
431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
CAC/GL 36-1989 73

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

430 Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate Emulsifier emulsifier
452 Polyphosphates
coating agent
Glazing agent sealing agent
1203 Polyvinyl alcohol
surface-finishing agent
Thickener binder
1209 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene Glazing agent glazing agent
glycol (PEG) graft co-polymer
Emulsifier dispersing agent
Glazing agent coating agent
1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener bodying agent
Colour retention agent colour stabilizer
1202 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, insoluble colloidal stabilizer
Stabilizer
stabilizer
1208 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate Glazing agent glazing agent
copolymer
124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) Colour colour
125 Ponceau SX Colour colour
357 Potassium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
632 Potassium 5’-inosinate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
261(i) Potassium acetate
Preservative preservative
261 Potassium acetates
357 Potassium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
402 Potassium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
555 Potassium aluminium silicate
Carrier carrier
CAC/GL 36-1989 74

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

176 Potassium aluminium silicate-based
pearlescent pigments (PAS-BPP)
176(i) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with
titanium dioxide, Type I
176(ii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with iron
oxide, Type II
176(iii) Potassium aluminium silicate-based Colour colour
pearlescent pigments coated with
titanium dioxide and iron oxide, Type III
303 Potassium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
212 Potassium benzoate Preservative preservative
Antioxidant antioxidant
228 Potassium bisulfite
Preservative preservative
501 Potassium carbonates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
501(i) Potassium carbonate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Firming agent firming agent
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
508 Potassium chloride
Stabilizer Stabilizer synergist
Thickener Thickener synergist
332 Potassium citrates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
261(ii) Potassium diacetate
Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
536 Potassium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
366 Potassium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
CAC/GL 36-1989 75

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
577 Potassium gluconate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
515(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
525 Potassium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
917 Potassium iodate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
317 Potassium isoascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
326 Potassium lactate
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
351(ii) Potassium malate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
351 Potassium malates
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
224 Potassium metabisulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
252 Potassium nitrate
Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
249 Potassium nitrite
Preservative preservative
922 Potassium persulfate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
340 Potassium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
283 Potassium propionate Preservative preservative
954(iii) Potassium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
CAC/GL 36-1989 76

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

560 Potassium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent

Acidity regulator acidity regulator

Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt

337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant

Stabilizer stabilizer

202 Potassium sorbate Preservative preservative

515(i) Potassium sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator

515 Potassium sulfates

Antioxidant antioxidant
225 Potassium sulfite
Preservative preservative

336 Potassium tartrates

Anticaking agent anticaking agent

Bulking agent bulking agent

coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent

dispersing agent
460(ii) Powdered cellulose Emulsifier
emulsifier

Humectant humectant

Stabilizer stabilizer

texturizing agent
Thickener
thickener

Bulking agent bulking agent

Carrier carrier

Emulsifier emulsifier

Gelling agent gelling agent

407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) coating agent

Glazing agent
glazing agent

Humectant humectant

Stabilizer stabilizer

Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 77

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

944 Propane Propellant propellant
280 Propionic acid Preservative preservative
310 Propyl gallate Antioxidant antioxidant
216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
Emulsifier dispersing agent
Glazing agent glazing agent
1520 Propylene glycol
humectant
Humectant
wetting agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
405 Propylene glycol alginate Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Emulsifier emulsifier
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
1101(i) Protease Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
Stabilizer stabilizer
1101 Proteases
film-forming agent
Glazing agent
1204 Pullulan glazing agent
Thickener thickener
163(iv) Purple corn colour Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
999(i) Quillaia extract type 1
Foaming agent foaming agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
999(ii) Quillaia extract type 2
Foaming agent foaming agent
999 Quillaia extracts
104 Quinoline yellow Colour colour
128 Red 2G Colour colour
163(v) Red cabbage colour Colour colour
161f Rhodoxanthin Colour colour
101(ii) Riboflavin 5'-phosphate sodium Colour colour
101(iii) Riboflavin from Bacillus subtilis Colour colour
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic Colour colour
101 Riboflavins
908 Rice bran wax Glazing agent glazing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 78

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

392 Rosemary extract Antioxidant antioxidant
161d Rubixanthin Colour colour
954(i) Saccharin Sweetener sweetener
954 Saccharins
Salts of fatty acids, with base
470 aluminium, ammonium, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic
470(i) acids with ammonia, calcium, Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
Stabilizer stabilizer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Salts of oleic acid with calcium,
470(ii) Emulsifier emulsifier
potassium and sodium
Stabilizer stabilizer
166 Sandalwood Colour colour
coating agent
904 Shellac, bleached Glazing agent glazing agent
surface-finishing agent
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Carrier carrier
Antifoaming agent defoaming agent
174 Silver Colour colour
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
262(i) Sodium acetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
262 Sodium acetates
356 Sodium adipates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Bulking agent bulking agent
Carrier carrier
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
Gelling agent gelling agent
401 Sodium alginate
Glazing agent glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 79

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
541(i) Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic
Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
541(ii) Sodium aluminium phosphate, basic Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
541 Sodium aluminium phosphates
554 Sodium aluminosilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
301 Sodium ascorbate Antioxidant antioxidant
211 Sodium benzoate Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
500(i) Sodium carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
500 Sodium carbonates
Bulking agent bulking agent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
suspension agent
Firming agent firming agent

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Gelling agent gelling agent

466
(Cellulose gum) coating agent
Glazing agent
glazing agent
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
469 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 80

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

enzymatically hydrolysed (Cellulose
Thickener thickener
gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed)
331 Sodium citrates
952(iv) Sodium cyclamate Sweetener sweetener
266 Sodium dehydroacetate Preservative preservative
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
262(ii) Sodium diacetate Preservative preservative
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
humectant
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate
Humectant humectant
Sodium erythorbate (Sodium
316 Antioxidant antioxidant
isoascorbate)
215 Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
535 Sodium ferrocyanide Anticaking agent anticaking agent
237 Sodium formate Preservative preservative
365 Sodium fumarates Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Sequestrant sequestrant
576 Sodium gluconate Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 81

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Raising agent raising agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate
Humectant humectant
514(ii) Sodium hydrogen sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant
222 Sodium hydrogen sulfite
Preservative preservative
524 Sodium hydroxide Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
Bulking agent bulking agent
325 Sodium lactate Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant humectant
Thickener bodying agent
481 Sodium lactylates
638 Sodium L-aspartate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
487 Sodium laurylsulfate Emulsifier emulsifier
350 Sodium malates
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
223 Sodium metabisulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
550(ii) Sodium metasilicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
219 Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
Colour retention agent colour fixative
251 Sodium nitrate Preservative preservative
Preservative preservative
CAC/GL 36-1989 82

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Colour retention agent colour fixative
250 Sodium nitrite
Preservative preservative
Emulsifier emulsifier
481(ii) Sodium oleyl lactylate
Stabilizer stabilizer
232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol Preservative preservative
339 Sodium phosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sodium potassium
452(vi) Raising agent raising agent
hexametaphosphate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant moisture-retention agent
451(iii) Sodium potassium triphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
281 Sodium propionate Preservative preservative
217 Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Preservative preservative
954(iv) Sodium saccharin Sweetener sweetener
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
500(iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Raising agent raising agent
550(i) Sodium silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
550 Sodium silicates
201 Sodium sorbate Preservative preservative
485 Sodium stearoyl fumarate Emulsifier emulsifier
CAC/GL 36-1989 83

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Flour treatment agent dough conditioner
Emulsifier emulsifier
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate
Foaming agent whipping agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
364 Sodium succinates
514(i) Sodium sulfate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
514 Sodium sulfates
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
221 Sodium sulfite
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
335 Sodium tartrates
antibrowning agent
Antioxidant
539 Sodium thiosulfate antioxidant
Sequestrant sequestrant
200 Sorbic acid Preservative preservative
Emulsifier emulsifier
493 Sorbitan monolaurate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
494 Sorbitan monooleate
Stabilizer stabilizer
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Emulsifier emulsifier
491 Sorbitan monostearate Emulsifier emulsifier
496 Sorbitan trioleate Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
492 Sorbitan tristearate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
420(i) Sorbitol
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
Bulking agent bulking agent
Humectant humectant
Sequestrant sequestrant
420(ii) Sorbitol syrup
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sweetener sweetener
Thickener texturizing agent
420 Sorbitols
CAC/GL 36-1989 84

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
426 Soybean hemicellulose
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
909 Spermaceti wax Glazing agent glazing agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
512 Stannous chloride
Colour retention agent colour retention agent
Antioxidant antioxidant
484 Stearyl citrate Emulsifier emulsifier
Sequestrant sequestrant
483 Stearyl tartrate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
960 Steviol glycosides Sweetener sweetener
499 Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols Stabilizer stabilizer
363 Succinic acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
472g Succinylated monoglycerides Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
446 Succistearin Emulsifier emulsifier
955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) Sweetener sweetener
474 Sucroglycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifier emulsifier
444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier

Foaming agent foaming agent

473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids
Glazing agent glazing agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Emulsifier emulsifier
473a Sucrose oligoesters, type I and type II Glazing agent coating agent
Stabilizer stabilizer
Antioxidant antioxidant
Bleaching agent bleaching agent
220 Sulfur dioxide
Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
Preservative preservative
513 Sulfuric acid Acidity regulator acidity regulator
110 Sunset yellow FCF Colour colour
441 Superglycerinated hydrogenated Emulsifier emulsifier
CAC/GL 36-1989 85

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

rapeseed oil
963 Tagatose, D- Sweetener sweetener
161b(ii) Tagetes extract Colour colour
anticaking agent
Anticaking agent
dusting agent
553(iii) Talc coating agent
Glazing agent
surface-finishing agent
Thickener texturizing agent
Colour colour
Emulsifier emulsifier
181 Tannic acid (Tannins)
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Gelling agent gelling agent
417 Tara gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-
472d Sequestrant sequestrant
glycerides of fatty acids
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Antioxidant antioxidant synergist
334 Tartaric acid, L(+)-
Flavour enhancer flavour synergist
Sequestrant sequestrant
102 Tartrazine Colour colour
319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone Antioxidant antioxidant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Humectant moisture-retention agent
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 86

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffering agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate Humectant moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
957 Thaumatin
Sweetener sweetener
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil
479 interacted with mono- and diglycerides Emulsifier emulsifier
of fatty acids
233 Thiabendazole Preservative preservative
388 Thiodipropionic acid Antioxidant antioxidant
171 Titanium dioxide Colour colour
307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed Antioxidant antioxidant
307a Tocopherol, d-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
309 Tocopherol, delta-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- Antioxidant antioxidant
308 Tocopherol, gamma-, synthetic Antioxidant antioxidant
307 Tocopherols
Emulsifier emulsifier
413 Tragacanth gum Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Carrier carrier solvent
emulsifier
1518 Triacetin Emulsifier
plasticizer
Humectant humectant
380 Triammonium citrate Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
333(iii) Tricalcium citrate Firming agent firming agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 87

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

acidity regulator
Acidity regulator
buffer
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
Emulsifier clouding agent
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Firming agent firming agent
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
humectant
Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Raising agent raising agent
stabilizer
Stabilizer

Thickener texturizing agent

Carrier carrier solvent
emulsifier
Emulsifier
1505 Triethyl citrate plasticizer
Stabilizer foam stabilizer
Sequestrant sequestrant
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Anticaking agent anticaking agent
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
451 Triphosphates
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
332(ii) Tripotassium citrate
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
humectant
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate Humectant
moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 88

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
331(iii) Trisodium citrate Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
Raising agent raising agent
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
Humectant moisture-retention agent
Sequestrant sequestrant
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener texturizing agent
Acidity regulator acidity regulator
Emulsifier emulsifier
Emulsifying salt emulsifying salt
humectant
Humectant
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate moisture-retention agent
Preservative antimicrobial synergist
Stabilizer stabilizer
Sequestrant sequestrant
Thickener texturizing agent
100(ii) Turmeric Colour colour
927b Urea (Carbamide) Flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
153 Vegetable carbon Colour colour
161e Violoxanthin Colour colour
910 Wax esters Glazing agent glazing agent
Emulsifier emulsifier
Foaming agent foaming agent
415 Xanthan gum
Stabilizer stabilizer
Thickener thickener
Emulsifier emulsifier
Humectant humectant
Stabilizer stabilizer
967 Xylitol
Sweetener sweetener
bodying agent
Thickener
thickener
455 Yeast mannoproteins Stabilizer stabilizer
CAC/GL 36-1989 89

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional class technological purpose

107 Yellow 2G Colour colour
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic Colour colour
Zeaxanthin-rich extract from Tagetes
161h(ii) Colour colour
erecta
161h Zeaxanthins
650 Zinc acetate Flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
557 Zinc silicate Anticaking agent anticaking agent
CAC/GL 36-1989 90

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST - MODIFIED STARCHES

List in alphabetical order

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier

1422 Acetylated distarch adipate Stabilizer stabilizer

binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1401 Acid-treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1402 Alkaline treated starch
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1403 Bleached starch
binder
Thickener
thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 91

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose

Carrier carrier

Emulsifier emulsifier

1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Stabilizer stabilizer

binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1411 Distarch glycerol
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1412 Distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Anticaking agent anticaking agent

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1410 Monostarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener
CAC/GL 36-1989 92

INS No. Name of Food Additive Functional Class Technological purpose

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1404 Oxidized starch
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1420 Starch acetate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Anticaking Agent anticaking agent

1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Carrier carrier

Stabilizer stabilizer

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
binder
Thickener
thickener

Emulsifier emulsifier

Stabilizer stabilizer
1405 Starches, enzyme treated
binder
Thickener
thickener