Konversi Energi

AC CIRCUITS, POWER, AND

THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Program Studi Teknik Fisika
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Introduction
• Almost all electric power generation and most of the power
transmission in the world today is in the form of three-phase
ac circuits.
• A three-phase ac power system consists of
– three-phase generators,
– transmission lines, and
– loads.
• The advantage of AC power systems over dc systems:
– their voltage levels can be changed with transfomers to reduce
transmission losses.
• The advantages of three-phase ac power systems over the
single phase one:
– (I) it is possible to get more power per kilogram of metal from a
three-phase machine and
– (2) the power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all
times, instead of pulsing as it does in single-phase systems.

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 REAL, REACTlVE,AND APPARENT
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
The power supplied to the dc
load in a dc Circuit:
P = VI
In ac circuits, there can be a
phase difference between the
ac voltage and the ac current
supplied to Ihe load

ac: The voltage applied to the load: The current:

Instantaneous Power: The average or real power (P)
supplied to the load
(Watt, W)
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REAL, REACTlVE,AND APPARENT
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

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 REAL, REACTlVE,AND APPARENT
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

The second term of

The average power supplied by this term is zero
This term represents power that is first transferred from the source to the load, and then
returned from the load to the source.
The power that continually bounces back and forth between the source and the load is
known as reactive power (Q).

Reactive power represents the energy that is first stored and then released in the
magnetic field of an inductor, or in the electric field of a capacitor.
The reactive power of a load is given by
(volt-amperes reactive, var)

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 REAL, REACTlVE,AND APPARENT
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
• The apparent power (S) supplied to a load is defined as
the product of the voltage across the load and the
current through the load.
• This is the power that "appears" to be supplied to the
load if the phase angle differences between voltage and
current are ignored.
• The apparent power is given by
S = VI (volt-amperes, VA)

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 Alternative Forms of the Power Equations

If a load has a constant impedance, then Ohm's law can be

used to derive alternative expressions for the real, reactive,
and apparent powers supplied to the load.
V = IZ
P = I2Z cos θ
Q = I2Z sin θ
S = I2Z
|Z| is is the magnitude of the load impedance Z.
Z = R + jX = |Z| cos θ + j|Z| sin θ; R = |Z| cos θ; X = |Z| sin θ
P = I2R
Q = I2X
R: Resistance; X: Reactance; of the load Z
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 Complex Power

Real and reactive power are sometimes represented

together as a complex power S
S = P + jQ
The complex power S supplied to a load can be calculated
S = VI*
Let the voltage applied to a load is V = V ∠ α and the current through the load is I
= I ∠ β. Then the complex power supplied to the load is

The impedance angle θ is the difference between the angle of the voltage and the
angle of the current (θ = α - β), so this equation reduces to

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The Relationships between Impedance
Angle, Current Angle, and Power

an inductive load has a positive impedance

angle θ, since the reactance of an inductor is
positive. The phase angle of the current
flowing through the load will lag the phase
angle of the voltage across the load.

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 The Power Triangle

The quantity cos θ is known as the power factor of a load

PF = cos θ
θ is the impedance angle of the load

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 Example

• An ac voltage source supplies power to a load with

impedance Z = 20 ∠ - 30° Ω. Calculate the current I
supplied to the load, the power factor of the load, and the
real, reactive, apparent, and complex power supplied to
the load,

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Solution

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Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents

• A three-phase generator consists of three single-phase

generators, with voltages equal in magnitude but
differing in phase angle from the others by 120°.

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Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents

V
Arus ke masing-masing beban: I
Z

Arus ke tiga fasa:

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• It is possible to connect the negative ends of these three
single-phase generators and loads together, so that they
share a common return line (called the neutral).

• only four wires are required to supply power from the

three generators to the three loads.
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Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents

• How much current is flowing in the single neutral wire?

• Use

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Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents

• Yields

• As long as the three loads are equal, the return current

in the neutral is zero!
• A three-phase power system in which the three
generators have voltages that are exactly equal in
magnitude and 120° different in phase, and in which all
three loads are identical, is called a balanced three-
phase system  No neutral wire is necessary
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Phase Sequence

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 Voltages and Currents in Three Phase Circuit

Wye (Y)  and                  Delta (Δ) connection

• In the Δ connection: VA + VB + VC = 0  no short-circuit

currents wi ll flow when the three sources are connected head
to tail.
• Each generator and each load in a three-phase power system
may be either Y- or Δ-connected.
• Any number of Y- and Δ -connected generators and loads may
be mixed on a power system.

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 Voltages and Currents in Three Phase Circuit

• The voltages and currents in a given phase are called phase

quantities
• The voltages between lines and currents in the lines
connected to the generators are called line quantities
• The relationship between the line quantities and phase
quantities for a given generator or load depends on the type
of connection used for that generator or load.

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 Voltages and Currents in the Wye (Y) Connection

The phase voltages

The current in each phases:

Line to Line (LL) voltage

Shifted 30° (lead) wrt phase voltage

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Voltages and Currents in the Delta (Δ) Connection

The phase voltages

The current in each phases:

Shifted 30° (lag) wrt phase current

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Relationships in Y and Δ Connections

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 Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits

balanced Y-connected load:

Impedance:

Applied three phase voltage

Three phase currents

flowing in the load
Instantaneous power

Instantaneous power supplied to each of the three phases

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 Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits
Instantaneous power

A trigonometric identity states

A trigonometric identity states

The pulsing components in the three phases cancel each other out since they are 120°
out of phase with each other, and the final power supplied by the three-phase power
system is constant:

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 Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits

the total power supplied to a balanced three-phase load is constant at all

times  The fact that a constant power is supplied by a three-phase power
system is one of its major advantages compared to single-phase sources.
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 Three-Phase Power Equations Involving
Phase Quantities
• The single phase power apply to each of Y or Δ
connected three phase load.
• The real, reactive, and apparent powers supplied to a
balanced three-phase load are

1lle angle θ is again the angle between the voltage and the current in any phase of
the load (it is the same in all phases), and the power factor of the load is the cosine
of the impedance angle θ. The power-triangle relationships apply as well.
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 Three-Phase Power Equations Involving
Line Quantities
The power consumed by a load for a Y-connected load

For this type of load, IL = Iφ and VLL = √3 Vφ, so the power

consumed by the load can also be expressed as

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 Three-Phase Power Equations Involving
Line Quantities
The power consumed by a load for a Δ-connected load

For this type of load, IL = Iφ and VLL = √3 Vφ, so the power

consumed by the load can also be expressed as

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The power of a balanced three-phase load in terms of line
quantities regardless of the connection of the load is

θ is the angle between the phase voltage and the phase current ,
not the angle between the line-to-line voltage and the line
current.
There is a 30o phase shift between the line-to-line and phase
voltage for a Y connection, and between the line and phase
current for a Δ connection, so it is important not to take the
cosine of the angle between the line-to-line voltage and line
current.

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 ANALYSIS OF BALANCED
THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS
• If a three-phase power system is
balanced, it is possible to determine
the voltages, currents, and powers at
various points in the circuit with a per-
phase equivalent circuit.
• In a balanced system, a neutral wire
may be inserted with no effect on the
system, since no current flows in that
wire.
• it is possible to analyze a circuit
consisting of one phase and the
neutral
• The results of that analysis wilI be
valid for the other two phases as well
if the 120o phase shift is included.

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 ANALYSIS OF BALANCED
THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS
• no neutral can be connected to Δ-connected sources and loads.
How can Δ-connected sources and loads be included in a power
system to be analyzed?
• Transform the impedances by the Y- Δ transform of elementary
circuit theory.
• For the special case of balanced loads, the Y-Δ transformation
states that Δ-connected load consisting of three equal impedances,
each of value Z, is totally equivalent to a V-connected load
consisting of three impedances, each of value Z /3

This equi valence

means that the
voltages, currents, and
powers supplied to the
two loads cannot be
distinguished in any
fashion by anything
external to the load
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 Example

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Example

• Repeat the
previous
Example A-
I for a Δ-
connected
load, with
everything
else
unchanged.

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 ONE-LINE DIAGRAMS
• In a balanced three-phase power system, the three phases
are all similar, with voltages and currents equal in amplitude
and shifted in phase from each other by 120°.
• It is customary to sketch power systems in a simple form with
a single line representing all three phases of the real power
system.
• One-line diagrams typically include all of the major
components of a power system, such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines, and loads with the
transmission lines represented by a single line.
• The voltages and types of connections of each generator and
load are usually shown on the diagram.

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One Line Diagram

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Example

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Connected Loads

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REVIEW OF Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Y
Rab  Ra  Rb
Transformations
YΔ

Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
R1 R2   R    R 
R2 ( R1  R3 ) Ra  R1  R2  R3 Rb R3
3 2
Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra  Rb 
R1  R2  R3 R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
Rb 
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
Rb  Rc  R1 
R R Rb
R1  R2  R3 Rc  3 1
R1  R2  R3 R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2  a b
R1 ( R2  R3 )  Y Rc
Rc  Ra  R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R3  a b
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y 
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
R
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3
 Example: Unbalance Load
Load
Ungrounded

What are the line currents?

Delta Equivalent
 • Currents in each of the equivalent resistors are

• The line currents are then just the difference between

current in the legs of the delta:

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