Fourier transforms

➢ Virtually everything in the world can be described via a waveform - a

function of time, space or some other variable. For instance, sound
waves, electromagnetic fields. The Fourier Transform gives us a unique
and powerful way of viewing these waveforms.

➢ All waveforms, no matter what you scribble or observe in the universe,

are actually just the sum of simple sinusoids of different frequencies.

➢ A Fourier transform is a mathematical transform that decomposes

a function (often a function of time, or a signal) into its
constituent frequencies, such as the expression of a musical chord in
terms of the volumes and frequencies of its constituent notes. The
term ‘Fourier transform’ refers to the mathematical operation that
associates the frequency domain representation to a function of time.

➢ The Fourier transform of a function of time is a complex-valued

function of frequency, whose magnitude (absolute value) represents the
amount of that frequency present in the original function.

➢ The Fourier transform is not limited to functions of time, but

the domain of the original function is commonly referred to as the time
domain. There is also an inverse Fourier transform that mathematically
synthesizes the original function from its frequency domain
representation.

➢ The Fourier Transform of a function can be derived as a special case of

the Fourier Series when the period, T→∞.

➢ The main advantage of Fourier analysis is that very little information is

lost from the signal during the transformation. The Fourier
transform maintains information on amplitude, harmonics, and phase
and uses all parts of the waveform to translate the signal into the
frequency domain.
Integral Transform: The integral transform of a function is defined by
𝑥
𝐼[𝑓(𝑥)] = ∫𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝐾(𝑠, 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and is denoted by 𝐹(𝑠), where 𝐾(𝑠, 𝑥) is called
1
the kernel of the transform.
Ex: Laplace transform, Fourier Transform.

If f ( x ) is periodic function then it can be represented by a Fourier series. If

f ( x ) is not periodic (aperiodic) then it cannot be represented by a Fourier
series over the entire real line. However we may be able to represent f ( x ) in
an integral form.
Fourier integral theorem
Let f ( x ) satisfy the following properties,

1. f ( x ) is piecewise continuous on every finite interval on the real line.


2. f ( x ) is absolutely integrable on the x-axis, i.e  f ( x )dx is finite.
−
3. f ( x ) has left hand and right hand derivatives at every point on the real
line.
Then f ( x ) can be expressed as
 
1
f ( x) =
 
0 −
f ( t )cos  ( t − x )dt d 

The representation is said to be Fourier integral representation of f ( x ) .

Note: The Fourier integral representation of f ( x ) converges to f ( x ) at the

points of continuity and converges to f ( x ) + f ( x ) at the points of
+ −

2
discontinuity.
Fourier Sine and Cosine integrals:
We have Fourier integral representation
 
1
f ( x) =
 
0 −
f ( t )cos  ( t − x )dt d 
  
1
i.e f ( x ) =  f ( t )  cos  t cos  x + sin  t sin  x  dt d 
 0 −

   
  
i.e f ( x ) = 1  cos  x  f ( t )cos  t dt
  0  d  +  sin  x   f ( t )sin  t dt d   ..(2)
 −  0  −  
If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function then 𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 is even is even function,
𝑓(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡 is odd function.
Therefore, first term in (2) becomes zero

1

 
f ( x ) =  sin  x   f ( t )sin  t dt d 
 0  − 

2
i.e f ( x ) =
   f (t )sin  t sin  x dt d 
0 0

Which is known as Fourier sine integral representation

If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function then f (t )sin  t is odd function, f (t )cos  t is
even function.
Therefore, second term in (2) becomes zero

1 


f ( x ) =  cos  x   f ( t )cos  t dt d 
 0  − 

i.e f ( x ) = 2
  f (t )cos  t cos  x dt d 
 0 0

Which is known as Fourier cosine integral representation

Complex form of Fourier integral:

We know that Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)[∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕]𝒅𝝀
𝝅

Since 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙) is even function of 𝜆,

𝑓(𝑥) can be written as
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)[∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕]𝒅𝝀
𝟐𝝅 −∞

Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆(𝑡 − 𝑥) is odd function of 𝜆,

We have
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝟎= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)[∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕]𝒅𝝀
𝟐𝝅 −∞

From (2) and (3) we get

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙) [∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕]𝒅𝝀
𝟐𝝅 −∞
𝟏 ∞ ∞
+𝒊 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)[∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕]𝒅𝝀
𝟐𝝅 −∞

𝟏 ∞ ∞
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒆 𝒊𝝀(𝒕−𝒙) 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝝀
𝟐𝝅 −∞ −∞

Which is known as Complex form of Fourier integral representation.

Note: 1.∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − + ⋯
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2.∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (a cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 (a sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥)
𝑏
3. Definite integral: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, the integral of 𝑓(𝑥) over (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑏
If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 (in definite integral the name of the
variable of integration can be changed)

4.Double integral:∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, the integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over a region

𝑅 in xy-plane
𝑦2 𝑥2
∫𝑦 ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 double integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over a Region
1 1
bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦 = 𝑦1 and 𝑦 = 𝑦2
 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2

∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦

𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥1

First we evaluate the integral w.r.t ′𝑥′ by keeping the other variable ′𝑦′ as
constant and apply the limits for ′𝑥′ then integrate the resultant w.r.t ′𝑦′and
apply the limits for ‘𝑦 ′ . If all the limits are constant the order of the integration
can be changed.
Prob 1 : Find the Fourier integral representation for
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
Solution : Given function is 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏
The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 (∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕) 𝒅𝝀…(1)
𝝅

∞ −𝟏 𝟏
∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕 = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕+∫−𝟏 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕
∞
+∫𝟏 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕
𝟏
= 𝟎 + ∫−𝟏(𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀 + 𝟎
𝟏
𝟐)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛌(𝐭 − 𝐱) 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝛌(𝐭 − 𝐱) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛌(𝐭 − 𝐱)
= ((𝟏 − 𝐭 − (−𝟐𝐭) (− 𝟐
) + (−𝟐) (− ))
𝛌 𝛌 𝛌𝟑
−𝟏

𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝛌(𝟏−𝐱) 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝛌(𝟏−𝐱) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛌(−𝟏−𝐱) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛌(−𝟏−𝐱)

= 𝟎 + (−𝟐) +𝟐 − {𝟎 + (𝟐) + 𝟐 }
𝛌𝟐 𝛌𝟑 𝛌𝟐 𝛌𝟑

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝟏−𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝟏−𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝟏+𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝟏+𝒙)

= −𝟐 +𝟐 − {𝟐 − 𝟐 }
𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑

𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝛌(𝟏−𝐱) 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝛌(𝟏−𝐱) 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝛌(𝟏+𝐱) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛌(𝟏+𝐱)

= −𝟐 +𝟐 −𝟐 + 𝟐
𝛌𝟐 𝛌𝟑 𝛌𝟐 𝛌𝟑

𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝀𝟑 [𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝟏 + 𝒙) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝟏 − 𝒙)] − 𝝀𝟐
[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝟏 + 𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝟏 − 𝒙)]
 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝀𝟑 [𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝝀 + 𝝀𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝝀 − 𝝀𝒙)] – [𝐜𝐨 𝐬(𝝀 + 𝝀𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝀 − 𝝀𝒙)]
𝝀𝟐

From(1)
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 (𝝀𝟑 [𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 ] − [𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙]) 𝒅𝝀
𝝀𝟐

𝟒 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 − 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙

= ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀𝟑
𝟒 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀 − 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀
= 𝝅 ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙𝒅𝝀
𝝀𝟑

Hence the Fourier integral representation of the given function is

𝟒 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀 − 𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀𝟑

𝟎, 𝒙<𝟎
Prob 2: Find the Fourier integral of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟏/𝟐 , 𝒙=𝟎
−𝒙
𝒆 , 𝒙>𝟎
𝟎, 𝒙<𝟎
Solution: Given 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟏/𝟐 , 𝒙=𝟎
𝒆−𝒙 , 𝒙>𝟎

The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ ∫ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎 −∞
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒆 − 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 (∫𝟎 𝒆 − 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕)𝒅𝝀…(1)
𝝅

∞
∞ 𝒆−𝒕
∫𝟎 𝒆 − 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕 = (
𝟏+𝝀 𝟐
[(−𝟏)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙) + 𝝀𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)])
𝟎
𝟏
=𝟎 − [(−𝟏)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(−𝒙) + 𝝀 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀(−𝒙)]
𝟏+𝝀𝟐
𝟏
= −( [−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 − 𝝀𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙])
𝟏+𝝀𝟐
𝟏
= [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝝀𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]
𝟏+𝝀𝟐

Hence Fourier integral representation of given function is

 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝝀𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝝀𝟐
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝝅 𝟏
Observation: 𝒇(𝟎) = ∫𝟎 𝒅𝝀 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝝀]∞
𝟎 = =
𝝅 𝟏+𝝀𝟐 𝝅 𝝅𝟐 𝟐

Prob 3. Find the Fourier integral representation of the function

𝟎, 𝒙<𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { ,
𝟏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤𝟏
𝟎, 𝒙>𝟏
𝟎, 𝒙<𝟎
Solution : The given function is 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟏 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤𝟏
𝟎, 𝒙>𝟏

The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀

𝟏 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 [(∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝀𝒙 + (∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅

𝟏 ∞
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 [𝑨(𝝀)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝑩(𝝀)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀 ..(1)
𝝅
∞ ∞
where 𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 , 𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝟎 𝟏 ∞
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟏 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ] =
𝝀 𝒕=𝟎 𝝀

𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀 𝟏 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀

𝑩(𝝀) = ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = − ] =− + =
𝝀 𝒕=𝟎 𝝀 𝝀 𝝀

From (1)
𝟏 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙] 𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀 𝝀
𝟏 ∞𝟏
= ∫𝟎 [𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝝀/𝟐)𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝀/𝟐) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 (𝝀/𝟐)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀
𝟏 ∞ 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝝀/𝟐)
= ∫𝟎 [𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝀/𝟐) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝀/𝟐)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀
𝟐 ∞𝟏
= ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝝀/𝟐)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒙 − 𝟏/𝟐)𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝝀
Hence the Fourier integral representation of the given function is
𝟐 ∞𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝝀/𝟐)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒙 − 𝟏/𝟐)𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎 𝝀

|𝒙|, |𝒙 < 𝝅
Prob 4. Find the Fourier integral representation for 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝝅
𝟎, 𝒙 < −𝝅
Solution: The given function is 𝒇(𝒙) = { |𝒙| , − 𝝅 < 𝒙 <𝝅
𝟎, 𝒙>𝝅

The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅
𝟏 ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 [𝑨(𝝀)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝑩(𝝀)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅

where
∞ ∞
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 , 𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

−𝝅 𝝅 ∞
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫−𝝅 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝝅 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝝅 𝝅
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−𝝅|𝒕|𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (𝑎𝑠 |t|cos t is even in (−𝜋, 𝜋))
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝝅
= 𝟐 [𝒕 − (𝟏) (− )]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝒕=𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝝅
= 𝟐 [𝒕 + ]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝒕=𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝝅 𝟏
= 𝟐 [𝝅 + − { 𝟐}]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝝅−𝟏
= 𝟐[ 𝝅 + ]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐
𝝅
𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−𝝅|𝒕|𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎 ( as |𝑡|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 is odd in (−𝜋, 𝜋))

Hence Fourier integral representation is

 𝟐 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝝅 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ [ 𝝅 + ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎 𝝀 𝝀𝟐

Prob 5. Find the Fourier integral representation for

𝒙𝟐 , − 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 , − 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟑
Solution: The given function is 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟑
The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by
𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝝅

𝟏 ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫𝟎 [𝑨(𝝀)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝑩(𝝀)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀 …(1)
𝝅

∞ ∞
where 𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 , 𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

−𝟑 𝟑 ∞
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫−𝟑 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟑 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝟑 𝟑
𝑨(𝝀) = 𝟎 + ∫−𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟎 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝟑

= 𝟐 [𝒕𝟐 − (𝟐𝒕) (− ) + 𝟐 (− )]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑 𝒕=𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝟑

= 𝟐 [𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 +𝟐 ]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑 𝒕=𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝝀 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀
= 𝟐 [𝟗 +𝟔 +𝟐 − {𝟎}]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑
𝟗𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀 𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝝀 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀
= 𝟐[ + + ]
𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑
−𝟑 𝟑 ∞
𝑩(𝝀) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕
−∞ −𝟑 𝟑
 𝟑
𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎

Hence Fourier integral representation is

𝟐 ∞ 𝟗𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀 𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝝀 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝝀
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ [ + + ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎 𝝀 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟑

Prob 6. Find the Fourier integral representation of the function

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 , −𝟐≤𝒙≤𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 , 𝟎<𝒙≤𝟐
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟐

Solution: The Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀(𝒕 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝟏 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)[𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝀𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝒕𝒅𝝀
𝟏 ∞
i.e 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅 ∫𝟎 [𝑨(𝝀)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝑩(𝝀)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀 …(1)
∞ ∞
where 𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 , 𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕

−𝟐 𝟐 ∞
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫−𝟐 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟐 𝒇(𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟐
𝑨(𝝀) = ∫−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎
= 𝟐 ∫−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏 + 𝝀)𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏 − 𝝀)𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏 − 𝝀)𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟏 + 𝝀)𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏+𝝀)𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏−𝝀)𝒕 𝟎 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏−𝝀)𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏+𝝀)𝒕 𝟐

= [− − ] + [ + ]
𝟐 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀 𝒕=−𝟐 𝟐 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀 𝒕=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟏+𝝀) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟏−𝝀)
= [− − − {− − }]
𝟐 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀)
+ [ + − {𝟎}]
𝟐 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= [− + [cos 2(1 − 𝝀) + sin 2(1 − 𝝀)]]
𝟐 𝟏−𝝀𝟐 𝟏−𝝀

𝟏
+ [cos 2(1 + 𝝀) + sin 2(1 + 𝝀)]
𝟏+𝝀
 𝟎 𝟐
𝑩(𝝀) = ∫−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎
= 𝟐 ∫−𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏 − 𝝀)𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏 + 𝝀)𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏 + 𝝀)𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝝀)𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏−𝝀)𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏+𝝀)𝒕 𝟎 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏+𝝀)𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏−𝝀)𝒕 𝟐

= [ − ] + [− + ]
𝟐 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀 𝒕=−𝟐 𝟐 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀 𝒕=𝟎
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐(𝟏−𝝀) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐(𝟏+𝝀)
= [𝟎 − {− + }]
𝟐 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀
𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟏+𝝀) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟏−𝝀) 𝟏 𝟏
+ [− + − {− + }]
𝟐 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀 𝟏+𝝀 𝟏−𝝀
𝟐𝝀 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟏−𝝀𝟐 + 𝟏−𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀)]
= 𝟐[ 𝟏
]
+ 𝟏+𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀)]

Hence Fourier integral representation of given function is

𝟏 ∞
𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ [𝑨(𝝀)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 + 𝑩(𝝀)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝒙]𝒅𝝀
𝝅 𝟎

Where
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏
− 𝟏−𝝀𝟐 + 𝟏−𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀)]
𝑨(𝝀) = 𝟐 [ 𝟏 ] and
+ 𝟏+𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀)]

𝟐𝝀 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟏−𝝀𝟐 + 𝟏−𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝝀)]
𝑩(𝝀) = 𝟐 [ 𝟏
]
− 𝟏+𝝀 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝝀)]