HPH S4001- HL01/02- 2020S1

Anatomy and Physiology I

Lecture 7

Skeletal system II
Jeff TJONG, PhD
[email protected]

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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/532198880946994964/
I. Anatomy of skeleton
A. Human skeletal system

B. Axial skeleton

C. Appendicular skeleton

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 A. Human skeletal system

• Composed of 206 bones.

• Divided into two groups:

Axial All the bones along the

skeleton body’s long axis.

Appendicular The limbs and girdles

skeleton
https://ibsehsnotes.wordpress.com/2015/05/12/1-1-the-skeletal-system/

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 B. Axial skeleton
• Longitudinal axis that composed of 80 Skull
bones.

• Functions
1) Provides support and protect of
brain, spinal cords, and the organs Thoracic cage
in the ventral body cavity.
2) Protect and direct respiratory
movements.
3) Stabilizes portions of appendicular
Vertebral column
skeleton.
4) Provides a surface for attachment
of muscles.

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https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/axial-skeleton-stock-graphic/543368571
 1. Skull ( 28 bones)

https://memorize.com/skull/mb07709
http://www.bonedisease.info/human-body/axial-bone-skeleton-structure-detail/

• Consists of the cranial bones and the facial skeleton.

Cranial bones • Composed of the top and back of the skull and enclose the
(8 bones) brain
Facial skeleton • Make up the face of the skull.
(14 bones)
Auditory Ossicles • Transmit and amplify the sound vibrations from the
(6 bones) lympanic membrane. 5
Cranial bones

• Support and protect the brain.

1) Occipital bone

2) Parietal bones ( right and left)

3) Temporal bones (right and left)

4) Frontal bone

5) Sphenoid

6) Ethmoid

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/484770347361253572/ 6
Facial bones

• Form mechanical framework of the

brain.

• Only the mandible (lower jaw) is

movable.

• Form the entrances to the respiratory

and digestive tracts.

1) Mandible
2) Maxillae (right and left)
3) Zygomatics (right and left)
4) Bones that give shape to the nasal
cavity

http://heritance.me/anatomy-of-bone-face/anatomy-of-bone-face-skeletal-structure-images-facial
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Auditory Ossicles

https://www.earnosethroat.com.au/ear-clinic/middle-ear-conditions/

• Consists of three bones: malleus, incus, and stapes.

• Three bones articulate with each other and transfer vibrations from the
tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
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 2. Laryngeal skeleton

https://aneskey.com/airway-management-10/

• Also termed as larynx (or voice box).

• Composed of nine cartilage. The hyoid bone provides an anchor point.

• Regulate the degree of tension of the vocal folds to produce vocal sounds.
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 3. Vertebral column (backbone)

• Grouped into five regions: (1)

cervical spine (C1-7), the thoracic
spine (T1-12), the lumbar spine (L1-
5), the sacral spine, and the
coccygeal spine.

• Supports head and trunk. Permit

movement of head and neck.

• Protects the spinal cord.

• Serves as attachment for ribs, the

pectoral and pelvic girdles. http://teachmeanatomy.info/back/bones/vertebral-column/

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• Consists of the centrum, a neural arch,
a neural spine, two transverse
processes and four articular processes
with articulating surfaces.

• The centrum consists of solid piece of

spongy bone encircled by a layer of
compact bone.

http://boneandspine.com/vertebral-canal-anatomy/ 11
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-first-seven-vertebrae-of-the-spinal- http://www.edoctoronline.com/medical-atlas.asp?c=4&id=21627&m=1&p=8&cid=1044&s=
column-called

• C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) form a unique set of articulations that provide a great
degree of motility for the skull.

• C3-C7 are more classic vertebrae.

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Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=thoracic+vertebrae&rlz=1C1GGRV_enHK752HK752&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig_refk-
baAhWFrJQKHVOoAMwQ_AUICigB&biw=1024&bih=666#imgrc=Skk7V3u4mwuQrM:

• Hold the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs.

• Are the only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs.

• Range of motion is limited.

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The Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

http://digikalla.info/lumbar-5/lumbar-5-the-lower-lumbar-spine-and-the-5-vertebrae-l1-through-l5-download/

• The largest and strongest bones of spine.

• Carry large amount of body weight, absorb the stress of lifting and carry heavy
object.
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The Sacrum

http://anatomy-medicine.com/musculoskeletal-system/66-the-sacrum.html

• Is a composite bone formed from the fusion of five vertebrae.

• Superiorly it articulates with L5, and inferiorly it connects with the coccyx.

• At the ends of these ridges are openings which allow nerves and blood vessels
to pass through.
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The Coccyx ( Tail bone)

https://www.ehealthstar.com/anatomy/coccyx-tailbone

• is formed from the fusion of three to five small irregularly shaped vertebrae.

• Do not resemble the structure of a typical vertebra.

• Provide attachment of ligaments and muscles of pelvic floor.

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 4. The thoracic cage

• Consists of the bony thorax, which is composed of the sternum, ribs, and
thoracic vertebrae, plus the costal cartilages.

• Cone-shaped, cagelike structure protects the organs of the thoracic cavity,

including the critically important heart and lungs.
https://humananatomyly.com/human-vertebrae-and-thoracic-cage/human-vertebrae-and-thoracic-cage-how-well-do-you-know-your-own-body-playbuzz/
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 http://slideplayer.com/slide/4698338/

• Each rib consists of a head or capitulum, a small tubercle (which is a short

distance back from the head) and the shaft.

• The ribs (together with their muscles) play an important role in the breathing
mechanism of a mammal.
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Sternum (breast bone)

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/sternum.html

• A typical flat bone, is a result of a fusion of three tones, the manubrium, body
and xiphoid process.

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https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-a-true-rib-a-false-rib-and-a-floating-rib-why-are-floating-ribs-easily-b

True ribs (1-7) • Articulate directly with the manubrium and body of the sternum
by costal cartilage.

False ribs (8-10) • Attach to the sternum by a common cartilage (7th rib cartilage).

Floating ribs (11-12) • Do not attach at all to the sternum.

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 C. Appendicular skeleton
• Consists of 126 bones.

• Are appendages of axial skeleton.

• Includes:
1. Bones of shoulder girdle

2. The upper limbs

3. The pelvic girdle

4. The Lower limbs

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/human-appendicular-skeleton/
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 1. Pectoral (or shoulder) girdle

• Connects the bones of upper limbs

to the axial skeleton.

• These bones provide attachment for

muscles that move the shoulders
and upper limbs.

• Consists of scapulae and clavicles.

• Clavicle articulates with sternum

and scapula.

• Scapula articulates with the clavicle https://www.drdavidduckworth.com.au/patient-conditions/clavicle-fractures

and the humerus.

 2. The upper limbs

1) Arm • Humerus

• The longest and most

robust bone of the arm

• Connects primarily to ulna.

2) Forearm • Radius and ulna.

• The radius and ulna

articulate proximally to
form pivot joint, which
permits turning the hand
palm up and down.

https://clinicalgate.com/upper-limb-2/
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Wrist • Carpus

• Consists of 8 carpal
bones.

Hand • 8 carpal bones.

• 5 metacarpals .

• 14 phalanges.

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 3. The pelvic girdle

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4311319/

• Is a ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of
the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

• Consists of the right and left hip bones with shaped fusion of three bones: the
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/156007574572150703/

• Functions:
1. Together with the vertebral column, helps to support the body’s weight and
maintain the body upright.

2. Protect internal organs of urinary and reproductive systems.

3. Protects developing fetus during pregnancy.

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 4. The Lower Limbs
1) Thigh • Femur. The longest and
heaviest bone in the
body.

• Articulate with tibia and

fibula.

2) Leg • Tibia and fibula.

• The thigh and leg bones

articulate at the knee
joint that is protected
and enhanced by the
patella to supports
quadriceps tendon.
https://healthiack.com/encyclopedia/pictures-of-bones-of-the-lower-extremities 28
https://clinicalgate.com/ankle-and-foot/

3) Ankle • Consists of 7 tarsal bones.

4) Foot • 5 metatarsals

• 2 phalanges in the big toe and 3 in each of the other toes.

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5) Foot arches

https://www.pinoyfitness.com/2009/12/buy-a-running-shoe-based-on-your-feet-arch-type/

• Are formed by the interlocking bones and ligaments of the foot.

• Serve as shock-absorbing structures that support body weight and distribute

stress evenly during walking.

• The transverse arch of the foot runs across the cuneiforms and the base of the
metatarsal bones.
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I. Joints
A. Joint and its classifications

B. Movements of joints

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 A. Joint and its classifications
• Links between the bones of the skeleton.
• Responsible for movement and stability of the skeleton.
• Are categorized according to the degree and type of movement they allow:

Synarthrosis Ampiarhtrosis Diarthrosis

No movement little movement Free movement

Skull Sutures, articulations distal joint between the tibia Elbow, shoulder, ankle
of bony sockets and teeth in and the fibula and the pubic
facial skeleton symphysis

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 1. Structure of synoival joint (Diarthrosis)

• The ends of the bones are covered with

a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage in
the joint regions that reduces friction
at the point.

• The joint is completely enclosed by

capsular ligament which holds the joint
together and helps to contain the
synovial fluid that lubricates the joint.

• The bones are also attached and held

together by strong, tough ligaments
made of dense connective tissue.
These ligaments prevent dislocation
during normal movement. https://www.123rf.com/photo_40275180_cross-section-through-a-typical-synovial-joint-
showing-the-bone-synovial-membrane-synovial-fluid-car.html

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 2. Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket Freely moving joints that can rotate
on any axis.

Examples: hip and shoulder joints

Hinge Move on just one axis that allow for

flexion and extension

Examples: Elbow and finger joints

Gliding Move against each other on a single

plane.

Examples: intervertebral joints and

the bones of the wrists and ankles
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Pivot Provide rotation

Examples: atlas and axis of

vertebrae

Condyloid Allows for circular motion, flexion

and extension.

Examples: wrist joint between

radius, the carpal bones.

saddle Allows for flexion, extension, and

other movements, but no rotation

Example: thumb’s saddle joint

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 C. Movements of joints
1. Gliding Movements Two flat surfaces glide over one another.

2. Angular Movements Include flexion and extension, plantar and

dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction.

3. Circular movements Include rotation, pronation and supination, and

circumduction.

4. Special Movements include elevation, depression, protraction,

retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition,
inversion and eversion.

5. Combination movements Involve two or more other movements.

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Angular movement
Flexion Decrease in the angle between
articulating bones

Extension Increase in the angle between

articulating bones.

Plantar Movement of the foot toward the

plantar surface.

Dorsiflexion Movement of the foot toward the shin

Abduction Movement of a bone away from the

midline.

Adduction Movement of a bond toward the

midline.

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Circular movement
Rotation Movement of a bone around its
longitudinal axis; in the limbs, it
may be medial (toward midline) or
lateral (away from midline).

Pronation Movement of the forearm that

turns the palm anteriorly.

Supination Movement of the forearm that

turns the palm posteriorly.

Circumduction Flexion, abduction, extension, and

adduction in succession, in which
the distal end of a body part moves
in a circle.

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Special movements
Elevation Superior movement of a body part.

Depression Inferior movement of a body part.

Protraction Anterior movement of a body part

in the transverse plane.

Retraction Posterior movement of a body part

in the transverse plane

Excursion Moving the mandible to either the

right or left of the midline

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Opposition Unique movement of the thumb and
little finger. It occurs when these two
digits are brought toward each other
across the palm of the hand.

Reposition Movement returning the thumb and

little fi nger to the neutral, anatomical
position.

Inversion Medial movement of the sole.

Eversion lateral movement of the sole.

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