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Intermolecular Forces: 1. Van Der Waals Forces or London Dispersion Force

The document discusses various intermolecular forces - van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Van der Waals forces are the weakest and result from induced dipoles in molecules. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest and involves a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. These intermolecular forces influence properties like boiling point, melting point, and solubility, with stronger forces leading to higher boiling points and melting points and decreased solubility.

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92 views

Intermolecular Forces: 1. Van Der Waals Forces or London Dispersion Force

The document discusses various intermolecular forces - van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Van der Waals forces are the weakest and result from induced dipoles in molecules. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest and involves a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. These intermolecular forces influence properties like boiling point, melting point, and solubility, with stronger forces leading to higher boiling points and melting points and decreased solubility.

Uploaded by

cj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

1. Van der Waals Forces or London Dispersion Force

 Weak force.

 Brought about by the fluctuating charge of the molecule due to electron


distribution.

 This force results to temporary dipole, causing induced polarization.

 An increase in the number of carbon causes an increase Van der Waals


Force.

 Branching causes a decrease of Van der Waals Force.

2. Dipole-Dipole

 Observed among partly ionic or polar molecules.

 Brought about by the interaction of two charges at both ends – one is


slightly positive and the other is slightly negative.

 It induces polarization causing a positive charge to be negative.

o Partially negative elements: Halogens, oxygen

o Partially positive element: Carbon

3. Hydrogen Bonding

 Strongest type of intermolecular force

 Can either be intramolecular or intermolecular

o Intermolecular H-bonding raises the boiling point of organic


compounds.

o Intramolecular H-bonding lowers the boiling point because of the


decreased tendency for interaction with other molecules.

 Involves an interaction between a polarized OH bond and NH bond.

 Happens when two molecules that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a


very electronegative atom.
Type of Force Relative Strength Exhibited by Example
CH4
Van der Waals Weak All molecules
H2O
Dipole-Dipole Moderate Molecules with net dipole H2O
Molecules with an O-H, N-
Hydrogen Bonding Strong H2O
H, or H-F bond
Experiment 8: Boiling Point

 It is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the substance is equals the pressure
of the atmosphere above it.

 It is a physical constant that can be used in identification and characterization, as well as


a criterion of purity of a substance.

 Pure compounds have constant boiling point.

 Mixtures have a boiling point range except for azeotropes.

 Compounds involving ionic bonds have higher boiling point because the amount of heat
required to separate the ions is higher than the amount required to separate molecules
in covalent compounds.

 Presence of impurities may affect the boiling point of a liquid.

 Non-volatile impurities usually increase the boiling point of the liquid due to a
decrease in the vapor pressure.

 Volatile impurities usually decrease the boiling point of the liquid.

Test Compound: n-Butyl Alcohol

Boiling Point: 118°C

Test Compound: n-amyl Alcohol

Boiling Point: 136-138°C

Test Compound: tert-Butyl Alcohol


Boiling Point: 82°C

N-butyl alcohol vs n-amyl alcohol

 n-amyl alcohol has more carbon, thus, has stronger Van der Waals force.

N-butyl alcohol vs tert-butyl alcohol


 tert-butyl alcohol has lower boiling point because of the branching.

Experiment 9: Melting Point

 It is the temperature at which the solid becomes a liquid.

 Solids with greater cohesive forces exhibit higher melting points.

 Pure crystalline solids normally have sharp melting points.

Test Compound: Stearic acid

Melting Point: 68-70°C

- long straight chain; Van der Waals

Test Compound: Benzoic acid


Melting Point: 120-122°C

Benzoic acid - (carboxyl group) OH makes the benzoic acid more


open for h-bonding.
- More h-bonds means more difficult to melt.
Test Compound: Salicylic acid
Melting Point: 155-160°C

Salicylic has carboxylic acid group thus it has more intermolecular


forces making it more difficult to melt.
Experiment 10: Solubility

Test Compound: n-Propyl Alcohol

n-Propyl alcohol + Water  soluble


n-Propyl alcohol + Ether  soluble
OH
Solubility Class: S1 (water soluble)
- Hydroxyl group easily forms H-bonds with water.
Structural Effect: - The length of the carbon chain also implies weak Van der Waals
force.

Test Compound: Naphthalene

Naphthalene + Water  insoluble


Naphthalene + NaOH  insoluble
Naphthalene + HCl  insoluble
Naphthalene + H2SO4  insoluble

Solubility Class: INERT

Structural Effect: - The fused benzene ring makes the compound resonance stabilize.

Test Compound: Urea

O Urea + Water  soluble


Urea + Ether  insoluble
C
H2N NH2
Solubility Class: S2 (water soluble)
- Soluble in water because of the NH group.
Structural Effect: - The double bond could also form H-bonds.
- This is an example of an exemption to “like dissolve like.”

Test Compound: Aniline

Aniline + Water  insoluble


NH2
Aniline + NaOH  insoluble
Aniline + HCl  soluble
C6H5NH2 + HCl  C6H5N+H3Cl-

Solubility Class: BASIC

Structural Effect: - NH site reacts with Cl.


Test Compound: Benzoic Acid

Benzoic acid + Water  insoluble


O OH
Benzoic acid + NaOH  soluble
C6H5COOH + NaOH  C6H5COO-Na+ + H2O
Benzoic acid + NaHCO3 partially soluble
C6H5COOH + NaHCO3  C6H5COO-Na+ + H2O + CO2

Solubility Class: A1 (acidic)


- COOH group is drawn to the benzene ring.
Structural Effect: - The hydroxyl group in H2O cannot interact with any of the groups
in benzoic acid.

 The more the intramolecular H-bonding the more insoluble the sample is.

 Polar solvents dissolve the solute because of dipole-dipole interaction.

 Non-polar solvents dissolve the solute because of dipole-dipole interaction.


Experiment 11: Acidity and Basicity

 Arrhenius acid – a substance that produces hydrogen ions H+ or hydronium ions in


water.

 Arrhenius acids are frequently referred to as proton donors, hydrogen ion


donors, or hydronium ion donors

 Chemical formula is written with the acidic hydrogen first.

o Example: HCl

 Arrhenius base – a substance that produces hydroxide ions OH - in water.

 NaOH is an example of an Arrhenius base.

 Bronsted-Lowry acid – a substance that donates a proton (H+).

 Bronsted-Lowry base – a substance that accepts a proton (H+).

Acid Base
Arrhennius Ionize to give H+ Ionize to give OH-
Bronsted-Lowry A proton donor A proton acceptor
Lewis An electron pair acceptor An electron pair donor

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