NAME: Henrick O.

Igle
COURSE: BSME-1A
SUBJECT: Engineering
Data Analysis

TOPIC NO. 1: INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

DISCUSSIONS:

a. Definition of research
From the past, research was done by our ancestors as it is one of the major activity
roles of humans and society as it evolves and updates through generations. This is the reason
why our world of books and surroundings are full of information of how things are created. In
other words, it is a systematic investigation to establish facts and search for knowledge.
Through the of help of research from the past till this current day, we are now so called a
modern era for the advance technology and knowledge.
Jonathan Donell (2012) stated that research is defined as to generate new concepts,
methodologies, and understanding by the use of creation of new or existing knowledge and
creativity as it includes synthesis and analysis of practical and previous research that leads
favorable outcomes. Also, It is defined as a careful study of a particular point of view or
concern using scientific methods.
In addition, when making a research there are two methods; first is the qualitative
research that collects data and information which is essentially non-numerical, and the
second is the quantitative research that deals with numbers, measurable forms, and
systematic way of investigating events or date. With these two methods there is also a
characteristic on it and those are empirical, systematic, controlled, hypothesis, analytical,
objective/logical, and statistical methods. By these researchers can easily analyze the study
that was conducted and will be conducted as it is easy for a research to gather specific
information to his/her work.
To sum up everything that has been stated so far, research is a systematic study that
requires methods with proper characteristics that is been carefully analyze with the
information to meet an accurate results and objectives.

b. Differentiate statistical terms and example.

i. inferential and descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics used to compare the difference between the treatment groups, it
uses the measurements from the sample. This provides information about the immediate
group of data. This actively demonstrate that inferential statistics is using information
collected from the small part if the large group, the common tools for these are hypothesis
testing and regression analysis. This actively demonstrates as this statistic allows you to make
predictions inferences from the data, for instance, in the sample survey conducted 65 % of

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toddlers have their preference of drinking milk while only 34 % of the preschoolers prefer to
drink milk.
Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show
or summarize the raw data in a meaningful way, it also describes set of information collected
and represented by graphs. The used common tools for these statistics are measures of
central tendency and measure of variability. By way of example, in a math test, 32 out of 40
students were able to receive passing mark, the average score of the class is 82 out of 100.
Thus, the conclusion is that, descriptive statistics is useful to summarize our group of data
using a combination of tabulated description by means of tables, graphical description like
graphs and charts and statistical commentary along the lines of discussion of the results.

ii. Sample and population

Sample is the group of individuals who actually participate in the study. This contains
a few members of the population. Samples were taken to represent the characteristics of
traits of the population.
Population is the broader group of people to generalize the results of the study, it is
the entirely of the group including the members that forms the set of data.
By way of example, there are 430 students in high school, but the researcher will only
take 30 students in every year level for the collection of data to complete the survey. The
population is the 430 high school students while the sample is the 30 students in every year
level with the total of 180 students.

iii. Parameter and statistics

Parameters are numbers that summarize data for an entire population. Statistics are
numbers that summarizes data from a sample, i.e., some subset of the entire population. For
instance, a researcher wants to estimate the average farm size in Partido, from a simple
random sample of 40 farms, the researcher obtains sample mean farm size of 731 acres.

iv. Findings, conclusion and inference

Findings is a way to look at inferences and the conclusions drawn from the analysis
simply to help better assess the situation and messaging.
Conclusions is an assumption developed as a next logical step for the given information. It
refers to information that is implied or inferred. By that means, conclusions are something
that isn’t obviously stated or seen.
Inference is an assumed fact based on available information. This actively demonstrates that
inference use facts to determine other factsc. Role of statistics in research.

c. Describe the roles of statistics in research

Statistics is the study of collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation and
organization of data. In addition, Major purposes of statistics are to help the researchers

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understand and describe phenomena in our word and to help us draw reliable conclusions about
those phenomena. It is often used in supporting hypotheses, give credibility and to communicate
research findings, methodology and conclusions. Furthermore, it evaluates the usefulness of
information to make accurate research and appropriate decisions.

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, this study focuses in statistics in
research. The particular reason for this circumstance is for the researcher to have a knowledge
and to understand about the importance of statistics in different fields of study also in
conducting a research. Over and above. For good measure, it gives opportunity to be able to see
and be aware of the difference and to comprehend the stated study.

d. Ethical standards in doing research

1. Discuss intellectual property frankly
who gets credit for authorship. The best way to avoid disagreements about who
should get credit and in what order is to talk about these issues at the beginning of a
working relationship, even though many people often feel uncomfortable about such topics.
2. Be conscious of multiple roles
APA's Ethics Code says psychologists should avoid relationships that could reasonably
impair their professional performance or could exploit or harm others.
3. Follow informed-consent rules
When done properly, the consent process ensures that individuals are voluntarily
participating in the research with full knowledge of relevant risks and benefits.
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
Upholding individuals' rights to confidentiality and privacy.
Other steps researchers should take include:
 Discuss the limits of confidentiality. Give participants information about how their
data will be used, what will be done with case materials, photos and audio and video
recordings, and secure their consent.
 Know federal and state law. Know the ins and outs of state and federal law that might
apply to your research. For instance, the Goals 2000: Education Act of 1994 prohibits
asking children about religion, sex or family life without parental permission.
 Take practical security measures. Be sure confidential records are stored in a secure
area with limited access, and consider stripping them of identifying information, if
feasible.
 Think about data sharing before research begins.
5. Tap into ethics resources
know both what their ethical obligations are and what resources are available to
them.

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References
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M
David. (2020). What is the Difference Between Population and Sample? Retrieved from
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population-and-sample/?fbclid=IwAR1FrukNBRa1o38WikvvphaT_UadUWXVSo-
IkSmEA6vraB7qJhUctBz3kgk
Donnell, J. (2012). What is research? Retrieved from
https://researchwhisperer.org/2012/09/18/what-is-research/
Gonick L. (1993). Inferential Statistics. Retrieved from StatisticsHowTo:
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Hammond, k. (2018). What Is the Difference Between Inference and Drawing Conclusions? Retrieved
from The classroom: https://www.theclassroom.com/difference-between-inference-
drawing-conclusions-4962.html
QuestionPro. (2021). What is Research – Definition, Methods, Types & Examples. Retrieved from
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/
ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Inferential Statistics - An overview. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/inferential-statistics?
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Sullivan, M. (n.d.). Identifying Parameters and Statistics. Retrieved from Southeastern:
https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/dgurney/Math241/StatTopics/Para
mStat.htm?fbclid=IwAR1Eyb2inqD_gglg_p25ZaAw6OJKNay3aPwa3-i3qFGPUs7Mc7-
kr7_SHVg

RATING RUBRICS

DIMENSION RATING TOTAL

Content 1 2 3 4
Quality 1 2 3 4
Format 1 2 3 4
Sequencing 1 2 3 4
Examples 1 2 3 4
References Citation 1 2 3 4
Style 1 2 3 4
Grammar and Mechanics 1 2 3 4

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