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Thousand Tower & Sendai MT

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99 views7 pages

Thousand Tower & Sendai MT

Uploaded by

Anastasia Yesica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No.

2, 233-239, June 2005 / Copyright © 2005 Japan Concrete Institute 233

Technical report

Development and Realization of Base Isolation System for High-Rise


Buildings
Tsutomu Komuro1, Yasuhiro Nishikawa2, Yuichi Kimura2 and Yuji Isshiki2

Received 28 December 2004, accepted 14 May 2005

Abstract
High-rise buildings with a base isolation system have been realized by investigating the aspect of practical applicability
through the identification and addressing of the difficulties involved in actual design applications. Among the
base-isolated buildings we have designed so far, the Sendai MT Building is the first base-isolated building with a height
exceeding 60 m in Japan, and the Thousand Tower was the tallest base-isolated residential Tower in Japan when com-
pleted. These examples show that the appropriate utilization of the base isolation system with high-strength materials and
a long-span structure system makes it possible to endow high-rise buildings not only with strong seismic performance but
also architectural design flexibility. This paper provides empirical evidence that the base isolation system can properly
work for high-rise buildings. According to the seismic data obtained from the seismographs in the Sendai MT Building
when the Off-Miyagi earthquake struck on May 26, 2003, the base isolation system of this high-rise building performed as
effectively as designed.

1. Introduction troduction, parametric analyses (Ogura et al, 1997b)


indicate that the response reduction effect can be gained
In base-isolated structures, the large amount of energy by utilizing the base isolation system regardless of the
input by an earthquake is mainly absorbed by the base range of the superstructure's natural period, that is
isolation devices. Hence, the base isolation system has whether the designed building is a low-rise or high-rise
been widely recognized as one of the most effective structure.
systems for minimizing damage to superstructures so Figure 1 shows the 2-mass model of the base isolated
that only a limited amount of repair should be required structure, representing the superstructure and the base
even after a severe earthquake. Yet despite its great po- isolation story as two mass-points. The superstructure is
tential, this system had been regarded as ineffective in assumed to use a reinforced concrete frame and the base
high-rise buildings, and was thus applied only to low-rise isolation system to be the hysteretic energy absorption
buildings with a natural period shorter than 1 second. type. The force-displacement relation and the hysteretic
In order to achieve high-rise buildings with high rule of the springs are shown in Fig. 2. Using this simple
seismic performance by utilizing the base isolation sys- model, Ogura and his team conducted many parametric
tem, the following problems had to be addressed. studies using as parameters the yielding shear coeffi-
cients of the superstructure and the base isolation, the
(1) Unclear response reduction effect of base isolation natural period of the superstructure, the natural period of
on high-rise buildings the base isolation after yielding, the kinds and the inten-
(2) Possibility that base isolation system in high-rise sity of seismic waves, and the ratio of the weight of the
buildings may result in poor habitability due to base isolation to that of the superstructure. Some of these
swinging during strong wind analytical results are shown and the response reduction
(3) Possibility that adoption of base isolation system effect of the base isolation on high-rise buildings is dis-
may cause significant increase in construction cost cussed in this report.
(4) Unknown response characteristics and stability of The yielding shear coefficients of the superstructure
large-size rubber bearing subjected to tensile forces and the base isolation are constants of 0.2 and 0.03, re-

2. Effect on high-rise buildings Superstructure


Ws
With regard to problem (1) mentioned above in the in-
Spring 1
Base isolation story
Wi
1
Engineer, Structural Engineering Group, Design Spring 2
Division, Taisei Corporation, Japan.
E-mail:[email protected] Ws:Wi=4:1
2
Engineer, Structural Engineering Group, Design
Division, Taisei Corporation, Japan. Fig.1 Analysis model.
234 T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005

spectively, and the natural period of the base isolation Figure 3 shows that the response reduction tends to
after yielding is set to 5.0 seconds. The parameter is the decrease in proportion to the increase in the natural pe-
natural period of the superstructure, varied in the range of riod of the superstructure. However, even when the
0.2 to 5.0 seconds in 0.2 increments. Taking into account natural period is 3-4 seconds, the response displacement
the actual rate of the superstructure's weight to that of the can be reduced up to around 30-40% of the case without
base isolation story, the ratio is assumed to be Ws:Wi = the base isolation. The response displacement of the base
4:1. The dynamic analyses were carried out using the isolated superstructure remained less than the yield dis-
ground acceleration waves, El Centro (1940-NS) and the placement (δy), while the response displacement of the
artificial seismic wave of BCJ-L2 (which has a max. non-isolated superstructure often exceeded the yield
velocity of 0.574 m/s). The wave of El Centro amplified displacement. Moreover, the response displacement of
with the max. velocity of 1.00 m/s was chosen because the base isolation story is approximately 300-400 mm, so
several intensity levels (max. velocities = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, the response of the base isolated structure is considered
1.00m/s) were studied and the intensity of 1.00 m/s suf- to be very stable.
ficiently influences all models with the varied natural Judging from these results, if the design of the yield
periods to cause large response. shear force and the stiffness after the yield of the base
Figure 3 and Fig. 4 show the response displacement of isolation story are appropriate, strong seismic perform-
the superstructure and that of the base isolation story, ance can be achieved even for high-rise buildings.
respectively, corresponding to the varied natural period
of the superstructure. In Fig. 3, the response of the ver- 3. Base isolation devices
tical axis is defined to be the ratio of the response dis-
placement to that in the case without the base isolation The improvement in dynamic performance depends on
system. the force-displacement relation in the base isolation story.
In order to reduce the dynamic response regardless of the
Shear force Shear force natural periods of superstructures, the innovative base
isolation system, called Hybrid TASS system (Hybrid
Qy
Ki TAISEI Shake Suppression system), has been developed.
Qyi This system is composed of two types of bearings, such
α yK 0 T AKED Bi-linear as rubber bearings and sliding bearings. In order to re-
Qc A duce the dynamic response due to an earthquake in a
K0
δy
high-rise building, whose natural period is basically long,
Displacemen Displacement
t the stiffness of the base isolation story needs to be so soft
Spring 1 Spring 2 that the effective natural period should be long. On the
other hand, the initial soft stiffness of the ordinal
Fig.2 Properties of springs. base-isolation system might result in poor habitability
due to swinging during strong winds (see Fig. 5).
1.0 This contradictory problem, which is denoted as
0.8 Reduction problem (2) in the introduction, can be solved with the
Response ratio

0.6
effect Hybrid TASS system. Figure 5 shows the typical
El centro '40NS 1.0 m/s
0.4
force-displacement relation of the Hybrid TASS system.
0.2
By setting the yield shear force of the base isolation story
0.0
BCJ-L2 0.574 larger than the design wind force, the initial stiffness of
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 the whole structure can be kept almost the same as that of
Natural period of superstructure (s)
a building without the base isolation system. At the same
Response ratio =
Response of base-isolated structure
Response of non-base-isolated structure
time, strong seismic performance in case of a huge
earthquake is obtained as the stiffness after the yield is
Fig.3 Response displacement of superstructure.
particularly soft.
Moreover, the Hybrid TASS system is also advanta-
600
geous in terms of costs. Figure 6 shows the comparison
between the Hybrid TASS system and another typical
of base isolation story (mm)

500 El centro '40NS 1.0 m/s


Response displacement

example of the base isolation system. In the other system,


400
the dampers such as the steel or lead energy absorption
300
BCJ-L2 57.4
devices are inevitable besides the isolators under the
200
columns, while the sliding and rubber bearings are lo-
100
cated only under the columns in the Hybrid TASS system.
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Hence, by applying the Hybrid TASS system as the base
Natural period of superstructure (s) isolation system, high-rise buildings with strong seismic
performance can be achieved without a large increase in
Fig.4 Response displacement of isolation story. construction costs.
T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005 235

Shear force Shear force

Earthquake Earthquake

Wind Wind
Equivalently soft
Soft stiffness Hard stiffness
Deformation Deformation

Ordinal System Hybrid TASS System

Fig.5 Force-displacement relation. Fig.7 Test on tensile property.

Rubber bearings Rubber bearings


2×32-M20
(connection bolt)
2×12-φ45
(for M39 bolt) 2×16-M20
(connection bolt)
Steel damper

80
28
Sliding bearings

402.5
346.5

392.5
552.5
28
φ60

80
Lead damper
φ1200
φ1510

Fig.6 Comparison of Hybrid TASS system and ordinal


base isolation system. Fig.8 Test specimen.

Expected measured line of tensile strain limit


( φ500) by Ref. [T akayama]
300%
○ φ1200 test result (no failure)
4. Tests on tensile property of rubber 250% ● φ1200 test result (failure)
▲ φ 500 test result (failure)
bearing
Tensile Strain

200%
φ1200 test
150%
In the design of a slender high-rise building, the uplift
due to overturning and vertical forces during a large 100% Design criteria

earthquake might act on the isolators, especially at the 50%


corners. However, the response characteristics and sta- 0%
bility of large size rubber bearings subjected to tensile 0% 100% 200% 300% 400%
force were unknown (problem (4)). In order to under- Shear Strain

stand the tensile properties of large rubber bearings, Fig.9 Relation of tensile and shear strain.
tensile loading tests (Muramatsu et al. 2001) were carried
out (see Fig. 7). Figure 8 shows a test specimen with a
diameter of 1200 mm. The relation between tensile and
shear strain is shown in Fig. 9, which plots the test results 5. Design of high-rise buildings with hybrid
of these large size tests, along with the tensile and shear tass system
strain results of bearings with a smaller diameter of 500
mm from other tests (Takayama 1995). From the results 5.1 Sendai MT Building
of the bearings with a small diameter, the failure limit The Sendai MT Building is an 18-story office building
was expected to approximate the line shown in Fig. 9. with a height of 84.9 m located in Sendai City, Miyagi
However, in the tests of the large scale, the failure was Prefecture (Ogura et al. 1997a). This building is Japan's
observed at the tensile strain of 50% and the shear strain first base-isolated building with a height exceeding 60 m
of 300%, which is much less than the expected limit of (see Fig. 10 and Fig. 11).
the small scale tests. There is thus a large difference in
the failure limit due to the scale effect. The structural features of this building are as follows.
Considering this tendency, the region of tensile stain 1) Use of the high-strength materials such as concrete
less than 10% and the region of shear strain less than with compressive strength of 60 N/mm2 and SD
300% were selected as the design criteria. With these 490 re-bars for the longitudinal reinforcement of
design criteria, the response tensile strain can be kept the beams and the columns.
sufficiently lower than the failure limit.
236 T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005

Total Height Columns, Beams,


joints slab

Fc=36 N/mm2

Fc=36 N/mm2
4,080
3,950




Fc=42
N/mm2
Fc=42
N/mm2

84,900

74,900



Fc=48
N/mm2

Fc=48 N/mm2


〃 Fc=60
3,950 N/mm2

7,500 1FL
GL
2,050
11,430

3,750 Isolation story


3,750

Fig.10 Frame elevation.


Fig.11 Sendai MT Building.

2) Application of hybrid structure beams for


15m-long spans. These beams consist of steel in
the mid part and reinforced concrete at both ends
of the beam.
3) High-rise building with base isolation system for
strong seismic performance.

The client required strong seismic performance and


maintainability after a large earthquake. To meet these
requirements, the application of the base isolation system,
Hybrid TASS, was examined. Moreover, in order to Fig.12 Sendai MT Building (office space).
secure large office space (see Fig. 12), a long-span
structure system and high-strength materials were used.
Figure 10 shows the frame elevation. The columns (sec-
tional dimensions of typical column: 850 x 850 mm) and
the beams (sectional dimensions of typical beam: 650 x
1050 mm) were pre-cast members to ensure the quality
of the structure and to make the construction term as
short as possible.
Figure 13 shows the arrangement of the isolation de- Note Di ameter
1100 mm
vices at the isolation story below the first floor. The ratio Rubber
bearin 1100 mm
g
of the sliding bearings among all the bearings under the
1200 mm
Sliding 1300 mm
bearing
columns was designed so that the yield force might be
larger than the wind force. The yielding base shear coef- Fig.13 Arrangement of isolation.
ficient of the base isolation is designed to be 3.7%. The
shape and rubber stiffness of the rubber bearings were
(Story) 1/200 1/100 (Story) 1/200 1/100
designed to make the stiffness after the yield soft. The
natural period of the base isolation after the yield is ap- 18 Level 2 18 Level 3
17 17
16 16
proximately 5 s. The sliding bearings were installed 15 El centro 15 El centro
14 14
mainly under the inner columns, where the fluctuation of 13
Taft
Hachinohe 13
Taft
Hachinohe
12 12
the axial force due to seismic forces is relatively small. 11
Sendai TH-038
11
Sendai TH-038
Sendai
10 10
Dynamic analyses were conducted to confirm the 9 9
BCJ-L2

8 8
target seismic performance, using several earthquake 7 7
6
waves. The analysis model was a lumped-mass-model 6
5 5
4
consisting of 21 masses and the springs connecting the 4
3 (rad) 3
2 (rad)
masses are the equivalent shear type. The input levels of 2
1 10 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
the waves are categorized from level 1 to level 3, con- Max. Response Story Drift Max. Response Story Drift
sidering occurrence probability during the building usage Fig.14 Maximum response story drift.
period. The waves of levels 1, 2 and 3 are accelerations
T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005 237

amplified with the max. velocity of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 relatively slender structure. The yielding base shear co-
m/s, respectively, using the recorded waves of El Centro efficient of the base isolation and the design base shear
(1940 NS), Taft (1952 EW) Hachinohe (1968 NS) and coefficient of the superstructure are designed to be 3.5%
Sendai TH-038 (1978 EW). The artificial seismic wave and 6.5%, respectively.
of BCJ-L2 (max. velocity of 0.574 m/s) was also added The pre-cast and pre-stressed concrete beams as
to level 3. From the results of the level 1 analyses, the shown in Fig. 18 are used for the 12-m span. A
design base shear coefficient of the superstructure is pre-stressing steel tendon is arranged at the clear
defined to be 8%. Figure 14 shows the maximum re- mid-span of the beam and the longitudinal reinforcement
sponse story drift angle of levels 2 and 3. For level 2, the of the steel bars is passed through the beam and devel-
drift angles are less than 1/330 and for level 3 less than oped at the beam-column joints. Adoption of this long
1/230. These results indicate satisfaction of the seismic span system made it possible to eliminate columns in the
design targets and strong seismic performance. residential area.
High-strength concrete with strengths up to 100
5.2 Thousand tower N/mm2 is used for the columns and high-strength re-bars
Thousand Tower. a residential tower situated in Kawa- (SD 490, USD 685) are used for the longitudinal rein-
saki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, is a reinforced concrete forcement of the beams and the columns. By using these
structure with 41 stories above ground (Kawabata et al. high-strength materials, the number of structural mem-
2001) (see Fig. 15). The base isolators are placed at the bers and their cross-section can be reduced, so that the
isolation story below the first floor. Figures 16 and 17 effective architectural space can be used for the planning.
show the frame elevation and the structural plan, re- The dimensions of the typical column are 1000 x 1000
spectively. The total height is 135.0 m and the aspect mm and the dimensions of the typical beam are 650 x 850
ratio is 3.83 in the Y direction, making this building a mm.

Co n c r e t e
Co l u mn Gi r d e r

t ▽R F L
▽4 1 F L

Fc30 Fc30

Fc36
127750
135000

Fc36

Fc48

Fc48
Fc60

Fc80

▽1 F L
Fc100
Fc30
▽B 1 F L Fc60 Fc60
Fc30

Fig.15 Thousand Tower. Fig.16 Frame elevation.

FL

PC cable
PCケーブル

FL

In-situ concrete
Half precast
ハーフPCa床板 slab
後打部

部分PCa梁 Pre-cast beam


PC cable
PCケーブル

Spiral stirrup
スパイラルスタ-ラップ
(ウルボン)

Fig.17 Structural plan. Fig.18 Pre-cast and pre-stressed beam.


238 T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005

The dynamic analyses were conducted using several non-isolated model, the responses are effectively reduced
artificial waves (see Table 1). Artificial wave H is based by the base isolation system.
on the seismic activity and the ground conditions at the Using the shear-flexural model under the simultaneous
building location. The analysis model is the equivalent application of horizontal and vertical excitations, the
shear system, composed of concentrated masses and influences of the rocking effect and the response tensile
story shear springs. The relation between the lateral stress of the rubber bearings were studied additionally.
resistance and the story drift are derived from a Under the Level 3 seismic motion, tensile stress occurs in
non-linear static incremental loading analysis, and ap- the 45 degree direction case, although the corresponding
proximated to a tri-linear relation. The degrading stiff- tensile strain is approximately 1.7%, which satisfies the
ness model proposed by Takeda is used for the hysteresis design criteria.
model. The damping of the superstructure is assumed to
be proportional to the instantaneous stiffness, and to be 6. Seismic record of Off-Miyagi quake, May
3% with respect to the superstructure's fundamental 26, 2003
natural period.
The level 2 maximum response of the isolation story in The seismic data were obtained from the seismographs
the Y direction is shown in Fig. 19 and the level 2 set at the isolation story and the 1st, 10th and 18th stories
maximum response story drift angle in the Y direction is of the Sendai MT Building, when the Off-Miyagi
shown in Fig. 20. Compared with the response of the earthquake occurred on May 26, 2003 The maximum
accelerations at these floors are listed in Table 2 and the
acceleration waves in the E-W direction are shown in Fig.
Table 1 Seismic waves.
21. The accelerations of the isolation story are thought to
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 be very close to that of the ground, because the stiffness
(m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s2) of the basement is very large. Compared with the accel-
BCJ-L2 - 0.574 - erations of the isolation story and the 1st story, reduction
Artificial wave H 0.237 0.474 0.595 in the horizontal accelerations (NS and EW directions)
was found.
Shear force [kN]

70000 Table 2 Maximum accelerations.


60000 Sliding bearing NS Dir. EW Dir. UD Dir.
50000 (mm/s2) (mm/s2) (mm/s2)
40000 Response 18th Floor 572 820 1040
30000 10th Floor 507 796 683
20000 1st Floor 357 550 486
10000 Isolation Story 542 699 473
Rubber bearing
0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Displacement (mm) 18th Floor


1000
(mm/s2)
max.= 819.6
Fig.19 Maximum response of isolation story. min.= -697.2 500
0
-500
Story -1000
0 50 100 150
BCJ-L2 (isolated) (s)
40 10th Floor 2
(mm/s )
0 0.02
BCJ-L2 (non-isolated) 1000
max.= 795.7
min.= -617.1 500
35
0
-500
30
-1000
0 50 100 150
(s)
25
1st Floor 2
(mm/s )
1000
max.= 550.1
20 min.= -402.5 500
0
-500
15
-1000
0 50 100 150
10 (s)
B.I.Story (mm/s2)
1000
max.= 545.0
5 min.= -699.0 500
0
0 -500
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 -1000
0 50 100 150
Maximum Response Story Drift Angle [rad] (s)

Fig.20 Maximum response story. Fig.21 Acceleration waves in E-W direction.


T. Komuro, Y. Nishikawa, Y. Kimura and Y. Isshiki / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 233-239, 2005 239

out using the recorded acceleration waves. Figure 23


shows the comparison of the analyzed and recorded
maximum acceleration. Figure 24 shows the displace-
ment track of the isolation story from the analyses. Good
agreement between the analyses and the records can be
seen in these charts.
≒20mm These data and analyses indicate that the base isolation
system performed effectively in the high-rise building
that was examined and that the design analysis model is
adequate.
Fig.22 Observed track of relative displacement.
7. Conclusions
Story Story

18
Record
18
Record
1. Application of base isolation to high-rise buildings is
17 17
16 16 innovative, calling for a design approach that differs
15 15 from the procedures commonly applied to low-rise
14 14
13 13 types of construction.
12
11
12
11
2. Several actual design problems have been resolved for
10 10 the applicability of the base isolation system to
9 9
8 8 high-rise buildings.
7 Analysis 7 Analysis 3. Using high-strength materials and a long-span struc-
6 6
5 5 ture system, the Sendai MT Building and Thousand
4 4 Tower have not only high seismic performance but
3 3
2 2 also design planning flexibility.
1 (mm/s 2) 1 (mm/s 2) 4. The recorded data of the seismographs and the analy-
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 ses show that the base isolation system acted effec-
E-W Direction N-S Direction tively in the Sendai MT Building when the
Fig.23 Comparison of analyses and records. Off-Miyagi earthquake occurred on May 26, 2003.

S References
Kawabata, I., Takayama, M., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura,
Y.,Yamazaki, E. and Isshiki, Y. (2001). “Structural
Max.= 18.8(mm) Design of High-rise Building with Base Isolation
(Time:27.92sec)
System Using Elastic Sliding Bearings and Rubber
E W
Bearings.” AIJ Journal of Technology and Design,
10 ㎜ (12), 99-104.
20 ㎜ Muramatsu, Y., Nishikawa, I., Kawabata, I., Takayama,
M. and Kimura, Y. (2001). “Tensile Property of
Large-sized Natural Rubber Bearing.” AIJ Journal of
Fig.24 Analyzed displacement track. Technology and Design, (12), 53-56.
Ogura, K., Kawabata, I., Hara, T., Komuro, T., Hara, K.
Figure 22 shows the observed track of the relative and Terashima, T. (1997a). “Sendai MT Building.”
displacement between the 1st floor and the floor below, Building Letter, 1-8.
which means the displacement of the isolation story. Ogura, K. Kawabata, I., Komuro, T., Soya, K. and
From this result, the maximum displacement of the iso- Terashima, T. (1997b). “Seismic Response Character-
lation story is found to be about 20 mm and there is no istics of High-rise Buildings with Base Isolation
final displacement. Considering with the relation be- System.” AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, (5),
tween the force and the displacement in the design, slid- 47-51.
ing occurred and the isolation system is considered to Takayama, M. (1995). “Ultimate Capacity of Natural
have functioned well. Rubber Bearings Used in Seismic Isolation System.”
Dynamic analyses using the design model were carried AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, (1), 160-165.

≒20mm

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