Inspectors of the Royal Secret:

Their Origins and Activities

S. Brent Morris, PhD
Editor, Heredom

Abstract
Between 1761 —when Etienne Morin received his powers— and
1801 when the first Supreme Council was created, “Deputy Inspec-
tors General” diffused the Scottish grades in the West Indies and
the United States. Harold Van Buren counted 79 of them. Who
were those “Deputy Inspectors General”? Where did they come
from? Where did they exercise their Masonic activity? The study
of these 79 high-ranking Freemasons can help us to better under-
stand the genesis of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite.

Keywords: Scottish Rite, Deputy Inspector General, Rite of Perfec-

tion, Order of the Royal Secret, Etienne Morin

Inspectores del secreto real: sus orígenes y actividades

Resumen
Entre 1761 —cuando Etienne Morin recibió sus poderes— y 1801
cuando se creó el primer Consejo Supremo, los “Subinspectores
Generales” difundieron los grados escoceses en las Indias Occi-
dentales y Estados Unidos. Harold Van Buren contó 79 de ellos.
¿Quiénes eran esos “Subinspectores Generales”? ¿De dónde vie-
nen? ¿Dónde ejercieron su actividad masónica? El estudio de estos
79 masones de alto rango puede ayudarnos a comprender mejor la
génesis del Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado.

Palabras clave: Rito escocés, Subinspector general, Rito de perfec-

ción, Orden del Real Secreto, Etienne Morin

13 doi: 10.18278/rscs.8.1.3
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

皇家秘密督察：起源和活动
摘要
1761年Etienne Morin 被授权，1801年首个最高委员会（Su-
preme Council）成立，在此期间，“副总督察” （Deputy
Inspector General）这一苏格兰级别在西印度群岛和美国扩
散。Harold Van Buren记录了其中79人。那些“副总督察”是
谁？他们来自哪里？他们在哪里进行共济会活动？关于这79
名高级别共济会成员的研究能帮助我们更好地理解古代和公
认的苏格兰礼仪（Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite）的来
源。

关键词：苏格兰礼仪，副总督察（Deputy Inspector General，

完美礼仪，皇家秘密社团，Etienne Morin

S
omething very interesting hap- U.S.A. city in 1790 and the home of the
pened during the fifty years from Mother Supreme Council; and fifteen in
1761, the year Etienne Morin re- Philadelphia, the second largest U.S.A.
ceived his patent, and 1801, the year the city. The other thirty-one were created
Mother Supreme Council declared its in various other places.
existence. The Order of the Royal Secret Only eight Inspectors were creat-
was created, became popular, spread, ed in New York City, the largest Amer-
and like a caterpillar metamorphosed ican city and home to the Bideaud
into the Ancient and Accepted Scottish (later NMJ) and the Cerneau Supreme
Rite. We are still trying to understand Councils. Perhaps the only surprise in
exactly what happened and why. the list of cities where Inspectors were
Harold Van Buren Voorhis in created is that no Inspectors were creat-
1965 counted at least seventy-nine In- ed in Baltimore, where Henry Wilmans
spectors and Deputy Inspectors Gener- established a Lodge of Perfection. Balti-
al of the Order of the Royal Secret.1 The more had at least seventy-seven mem-
seventeen were created in San Domin- bers in 1792 and seems to have been
go, the arrival place of Etienne Morin; working as late as 1802, but with no In-
sixteen in Charleston, the fifth largest spectors other than Wilmans.2
1 Harold Van Buren Voorhis, The Story of the Scottish Rite, rev. ed. (Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing
and Masonic Supply Co., 1980).
2 S. Brent Morris, “The Royal Secret in America before 1801,” in Why Thirty-Three? (Washington, DC:
Westphalia Press, 2019), 34–35.

14
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

Place of Origin of Inspectors and Deputy Inspectors General of the Royal Secret
Caribbean 27 United States 42
Cuba 1 Albany 1
Jamaica 7 Charleston 16
San Domingo 17 New Orleans 1
St. Augustine 1 New York 8
West Indies 1 Philadelphia 15
Virginia 1
France 3
Germany 1 Unknown 6

By 1801 eight bodies of the Or- three of the five largest (Philadelphia,
der of the Royal Secret had been estab- Charleston, and Baltimore). Except for
lished in America in six cities, including Albany, all of these cities were ports.

1. 1764 - Loge de Parfaits d’Écosse, New Orleans, Louisiana;3

2. 1767 - The Ineffable Lodge of Perfection, Albany, New York;
3. 1781 - Lodge of Perfection, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
4. 1783 - Lodge of Perfection, Charleston, South Carolina;
5. 1788 - Grand Council, Princes of Jerusalem, Charleston, South Carolina;
6. 1791 - King Solomon's Lodge of Perfection, Holmes Hole (now Tisbury),
island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts;
7. 1792 - Lodge of Perfection, Baltimore, Maryland;
8. 1797 - Sublime Grand Council, Princes of the Royal Secret, Charleston,
South Carolina.4

3 Loge de Parfaits d’Écosse seems to have been part of the Bordeaux system from which emerged Eti-
enne Morin and the Order of the Royal Secret. From the scanty records available, we cannot know
for certain what degrees were worked during its brief existence in New Orleans, but almost surely
it would have been a subset of those in a Lodge of Perfection. Alain Bernheim, private communica-
tion to the author.
4 For New Orleans, see Kent Walgren, “An Historical Sketch of Pre-1851 Louisiana Scottish Rite Ma-
sonry,” Heredom, vol. 4, 1995, p. 190; Alain Bernheim, “Notes on Early Freemasonry in Bordeaux
(1732–1769),” Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, vol. 101 (1988), pp. 90, 100. For the other bodies, see
Samuel H. Baynard, Jr., History of the Supreme Council, 33°, 2 vols. (Boston: Supreme Council, 33°,
N.M.J.), vol. 1, pp. 97–100.
In an earlier paper I mistakenly referred to La Triple Union Chapter of Rose Croix (1797) as a body
of the Order of the Royal Secret. In fact it was a chapter of the Royal Order of Scotland. “The High
Degrees in the United States: 1730–1830,” The Philalethes, vol. 51, no. 2, Apr. 1998, p. 36.
There are suggestions of other bodies. For example, a certificate and two patents issued in 1768
by Francken to Jeremiah van Rennsselaer, Samuel Stringer, and Moses M. Hays hint at a Council
of Princes of the Royal Secret. The documents were issued “under the Celestial Canopy of the Ze-
nith which answers to 41 Deg[rees]: 30 M[inutes]: N[orthern]: L[atitude]:” which corresponds to
Newport, Rhode Island, the 1774 residence of Hays. No other evidence for the council exists. Alain
Bernheim, “Questions About Albany,” pp. 157–61, 166.

15
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

Most of these bodies had short the first in 1781 to the abrupt last
existences. one in 1789. While the members
• At the same time the New Orleans did write to Frederick the Great, the
proceedings are otherwise unexcep-
body was being created, France
tional.7
ceded the City to Spain through the
1763 Treaty of Paris, and Spain en- • King Solomon’s Lodge of Perfection
forced the 1738 anti-Masonic papal at Holmes Hole (now Tisbury), on
bull, In Eminenti.5 the island of Martha’s Vineyard, was
created by Moses Michael Hays,
• The Ineffable Lodge of Perfection
Deputy Inspector General, in 1791,
of Albany was chartered by Henry when he was serving as Grand Mas-
Andrew Francken in 1768. Its regis- ter of the Grand Lodge of Massa-
ter is in the archives of the Supreme chusetts (Antients). In 1797 the
council, 33°, N.M.J., and records body surrendered its charter to the
123 meetings from 1768 to 1774, Grand Lodge and received a new
with no meetings held in 1772.6 charter with the same name but
• The Minute Book of the Lodge of solely as a Craft Lodge.8
Perfection in Philadelphia, estab- • Henry Wilmans, “Grand Inspec-
lished by Solomon Bush, has been tor, General,” established a Lodge
preserved by the Grand Lodge of of Perfection in Baltimore, but
Pennsylvania and was reprinted in the only remaining document is
1915. It records the meetings from the “Constitution and Laws of the
“A ‘Sovereign Chapter of Rose Croix [de Heroden]’ was also constituted in Charleston prior to 1802
.... But neither the Supreme Council’s Manifesto nor Mackey’s manuscript History, nor any other
work which we have been able to find, discloses the former’s date or source of authority.” Charles
S. Lobinger, The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (Louisville, Ky.: Standard Print-
ing, 1932), p. 150. The existence of this chapter is confirmed by the Annual Register of the Brethren
who Compose the Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfection of South-Carolina (Charleston: T. B. Bowen,
1802), reproduced in Ray Baker Harris, History of the Supreme Council, 33°, … Southern Jurisdic-
tion, U.S.A.: 1801–1861 (Washington: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 1964), pp. 306–16.
5 Kent Walgren, “An Historical Sketch of Pre-1851 Louisiana Scottish Rite Masonry,” Heredom, vol.
4(1995), pp. 190, 191; Bernheim, “Early Freemasonry in Bordeaux,” pp. 90, 100; Alain Bernheim,
“Notes on Early Freemasonry in Bordeaux (1732–1769),” Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, vol. 101
(1988), pp. 139–87.
6 Alain Bernheim, “Questions About Albany,” Heredom, vol. 4 (1995), pp. 139–87.
7 Julius F. Sachse, Ancient documents relating to the A. and A. Scottish Rite in the Archives of the R.W.
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Grand Lodge of Pennsyl-
vania, 1915).
8 Proceedings Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, 1792–1815, p. 112; Baynard, History of the Supreme Coun-
cil, vol. 1, p. 98. Proceedings of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the Years 1815 to 1825 Inclusive (Boston: Caustin-Claflin,
n.d.), pp. 428, 624; Banks, The History of Martha's Vineyard, “Annals of Tisbury,” vol. 2, pp. 70–82,
quoted at http://history.vineyard.net/banks2e.htm. The 1797 charter was granted to “King Solomon’s
Lodge of Perfection” though references after 1816 are to “King Solomon Lodge’s in Perfection.” The
earlier name follows the terminology of high degree bodies while the latter does not.

16
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

Grand Elect, Perfect, and Sublime Antoine Bideaud charged J. J. J. Gour-

Masons” signed by seventy-seven gas and his companions $46 each to
members in 1792, four of whom receive the twenty-nine degrees 4°–32°,
became Grand Master of Maryland. or about $1.60 per degree. If you were
There is a reference in 1804 to Con- an itinerant degree peddler before 1801,
cordia Lodge No. 13 of Baltimore adding the 22 degrees of the Royal Se-
settling a rent account with “Sub- cret to your inventory would cost you
lime Lodge” for $150. This seems to about $35. For some extra fee you could
indicate that the Lodge of Perfec- become an Inspector yourself, and try
tion survived at least twelve years. to recoup your investment by selling
Nothing else is known about it.9 the degrees yourself.
• Charleston became the center of One of the genius administra-
American high degree Masonry in tive innovations of the Mother Su-
1797 when a Sublime Grand Coun- preme Council was to offer at no
cil of Princes of the Royal Secret charge the additional seven degrees to
was opened there under authori- Inspectors of the Royal Secret. They
ty from Hyman Isaac Long. This received a patent for the 32° in ex-
was the last high degree body to be change for their 25° patent. They lost
formed before 1801, and from its their ability to duplicate themselves
members emerged the Mother Su- but gained seven additional degrees,
preme Council. worth about $11 retail. The nine mem-
bers of the Mother Supreme Council
We do not know when sixteen of were the only 33° Masons in the new
the inspectors were appointed; the re- scheme, and only they could dupli-
maining sixty-three, whose dates of ap- cate themselves. Those interested in
pointment we do know, were appointed peddling degrees could continue to
fairly steadily, about one per year, 1751– do so, but with 30% more inventory;
1801. That brought about the situation the Supreme Council now—in theory
where there were seventy-nine Inspec- —had control over the high degrees.
tors with the ability to create new Sub-
A bigger question is just exactly
lime Princes of the Royal Secret, charter
what the Inspectors did. The bodies of
new bodies, and duplicate themselves.
the Royal Secret were short-lived and
The latter ability was a fatal administra-
based on the few extant minutes, did lit-
tive flaw of the Royal Secret. tle different than other Masonic bodies.
As we will see later, many of the The difference between the York Rite
new members of the order sought fur- (Royal Arch Chapter, Cryptic Council,
ther light in Masonry. Others, however and Templar Encampment or Com-
looked to increase the inventory of Ma- mandery) and the Order of the Royal
sonic degrees they sold. We know that Secret was subtle, with the latter appar-
9 Edward T. Schultz, History of Freemasonry in Maryland, 4 vols. (Baltimore: J. H. Mediary, 1884),
vol. 1, pp. 327, 333–35.

17
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

ently appealing to those with a more in- His register entry for June 14 was typi-
tellectual approach to Masonry. cal of how the degrees were conferred.
We really don’t know what hap- June 14th. This day conferred
pened during early American Masonic the degrees of Provost and Judge
meetings, but the exposures of the Am- on Brother Zimmerman and
erican Anti-Masonic Period (ca. 1826– Prescott, also the degrees of
42) let us make tenuous inferences Intendant of the Building, or Grand
about that earlier era. David Bernard’s Master in Israel. Brother James
Light on Masonry (1829) was the major Gardner attended and received
exposure of the time, going through five the degrees of Secret Master and
increasingly detailed editions between Perfect Master, with every requi-
April and December 1829, and Avery site instruction.12
Allyn’s A Ritual of Freemasonry (1831)
was its chief competitor.10 Both books Usually one or two degrees were
sought to destroy the fraternity by ex- conferred each evening, but since not
posing its rituals and portraying it in the everyone could be present, degrees
worst possible light. Thus any negative were repeated, as on June 14. Jacobs
depiction must be considered in light had no assistance in conferring the de-
of the authors’ ultimate goal. Their de- grees, and so the ceremonies were any-
scriptions reflected local ritual variants thing but “full form.” It is reasonable to
that may or may not have been more ask: Why did it take so many evenings
widely popular. Arturo de Hoyos points to confer the degrees? The explanation
out that such variants are an expected may be in the phrase from June 14 in
consequence of the York Rite’s tradition Jacobs’ register, “with every requisite
of mouth-to-ear ritual. The written tra- instruction.”
dition of the Ineffable and Sublime De- We can now assemble a model
grees allows much less variation. of how the Inspectors spread the high
Our best understanding is that degrees. Armed with their patents, they
Henry Andrew Francken made copies gathered from one to several candi-
of his rituals and sold them to interest- dates, summarized the degree ceremo-
ed military Masons in the Caribbean.11 nies, and taught the words and grips.
Itinerant lecturer Abraham Jacobs re- After each abbreviated ceremony the
corded in his Register how he conferred Inspectors dictated the rituals to the
the thirteen degrees of Secret Master new members who transcribed them
through Prince of Jerusalem on sixteen for their personal use. Some Inspectors,
brothers in Augusta, Georgia, on nine- like Abraham Jacobs, encouraged their
teen days from June 10 to July 3, 1792. candidates to apply for warrants from
10 Arturo de Hoyos, “David Bernard’s Light on Masonry: An ‘Anti-Masonic Bible,’” Heredom, vol. 12
(2004), p. 71.
11 S. Brent Morris, “Henry Andrew Francken and His Masonic Manuscripts,” Heredom, 23(2015):
107–14.
12 Jacobs, Register, Folger reprint, p. 85.

18
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

appropriate authority, though obvious- literate. Few of the men elevated by In-
ly few followed through.13 Unfettered spectors participated in meetings be-
by Grand Lodge regulations, the In- cause there were hardly any bodies for
spectors were free to peddle their wares them to attend, but they seemed to be
wherever they found willing candidates. satisfied to read and study the rituals.
Their customers, either lured by sales If Bernard’s and Allyn’s expo-
pitches for exclusive degrees or drawn sures can be believed, the degrees of
by the promise of further light in Ma- a Royal Arch Chapter offered partic-
sonry, eagerly paid for the information. ipants rowdy, mischievous initiation
The degrees were conferred as well as pranks. These degrees, especially the
possible by the Inspector with perhaps Royal Arch, provided a logical conclu-
a few brothers assisting. The new candi- sion to the Master Mason Degree, while
dates were then permitted to transcribe seemingly providing some innocent
the rituals for their later study and use, fun during the ceremonies—a popu-
perhaps in organizing a high-degree lar combination much more successful
body with a warrant. than merely transcribing and studying
A subtle but important distinc- rituals. Their descriptions of the Royal
tion between operations of the York Arch Chapter Degrees, the most wide-
Rite and the Order of the Royal Secret ly worked of the high degrees, tell of
may be that the Ineffable and Sublime several opportunities to embarrass and
degrees had an intellectual appeal, surprise the candidates.14 Allyn even
while the York Rite degrees—especially provided comical drawings of the cer-
the Chapter degrees—had popular ele- emonies, highlighting the discomfiture
ments of boisterous fun. This difference of the candidate.15
can be seen by the willingness of initi- In contrast with the Chapter de-
ates of the Order of the Royal Secret to grees, their descriptions of “Eleven Inef-
pay for the privilege of just transcribing fable Degrees,” are austere and solemn,
rituals—certainly a scholarly approach almost like historical plays.16 They had
to Masonry of greatest appeal to the little firsthand evidence of what went
13 “July 3d, [1792].… On condition that [Brothers Milton, McCall, Urquhart, Gardner, and Zimmer-
man] would apply to the Council [of Princes of Jerusalem] in Charleston for instructions requisite,
that was not in my power to give them I advanced the above named brethren to the degree of Princ-
es of Jerusalem.…” Jacobs, Register, Folger reprint, p. 88.
14 During the reception of a Mark Master Mason, the candidate was supposedly made to believe that
he will be “marked” on his chest with a blow from a chisel and mallet. “This is supposed to be the
most interesting part of the degree; and is made so, by the pains taken to frighten the candidate. If
the floor, bowl, chisel, and mallet are bespattered with blood, or something which resembles it, and
the ‘executioner’ acts his part well, the candidate must necessarily feel very uneasy during the cere-
mony:—This generally gives great satisfaction to the brotherhood, and is often the subject of their
secret discourse for weeks afterwards.” David Bernard, Light on Masonry, 1st ed., 3rd state (Utica,
N.Y.: William Williams, 1829), p. 98.
15 Avery Allyn, A Ritual of Freemasonry (Boston: John Marsh, 1831), plates 5 (Master Mason), 7
(Mark Master), 9 (Past Master), 11 (Most Excellent Master), and 15 (Royal Arch).
16 Bernard, Light on Masonry, pp. 87–144, 183–211. Avery Allyn, A Ritual of Freemasonry, pp. 87–164,
278–95. Descriptions of other lesser-known degrees are also simple and austere.

19
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

on in a Lodge of Perfection. However,

neither author would have missed an
opportunity to emphasize any negative
aspect, even rumored. The simplici-
ty of their descriptions supports the
idea that the ceremonies were indeed
serious without amusing features for
observers. The Ineffable and Sublime
Degrees may not have spread rapidly
because they lacked the humorous ini-
tiation possibilities of the Royal Arch
Chapter Degrees. We will likely never
know for sure, but I think this presents
a good assumption based on the avail-
able evidence.

20
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

APPENDIX
Inspectors and Deputy Inspectors General, Rite of Perfection17
Alphabetical Order
1. Adams, William 1770 Jamaica
2. Auld, Isaac* —— ———
3. Aveile, Jean Baptiste 1796 Charleston
4. Barthomieu, Bertrand 1753 West Indies
5. Berindoague, Martin 1764 San Domingo
6. Bideaud, Antoine 1802 San Domingo
7. Bouysson, Pierre —— San Domingo
8. Bradford, Samuel F. 1809 Philadelphia
9. Brand, Louis Jean Baptiste —— San Domingo
10. Bush, Solomon 1781 Philadelphia
11. Cerneau, Joseph 1806 Cuba
12. Cohen, Moses 1794 Philadelphia
13. Da Costa, Isaac 1781 Charleston
14. Dalcho, Frederick 1801 Charleston
15. De Boissy, Antoine C. 1770 San Domingo
16. De Feuillas, La Molere 1752 Bordeaux
17. De Lieben, Israel 1789 Charleston
18. De Lorme, Pierre Dupont 1797 San Domingo
19. De Roussillon, Masse 1763 New Orleans
20. DeGrasse-Tilly, Alex. F. A. 1796 Charleston
21. Delahogue, John B. Marie 1796 Charleston
22. Deschamps, Devilliers 1763 Brest
23. Desdoity, Jean Baptiste 1808 New York
24. Duhulquod, Pierre Jean 1806 San Domingo
25. Duplessis, Peter LeBarbier 1790 Philadelphia
26. Dupotet, Antoine Mathieu 1799 San Domingo
27. Dupuy, Claude —— ———
28. Forst, Abraham 1781 Philadelphia
29. Fourteau, Etienne 1806 San Domingo
30. Francken, Henry Andrew 1762 Jamaica
31. Fronty, Michael —— San Domingo
32. Gourgas, John J. J. 1808 New York
33. Greniet, Laurent 1796 Charleston
34. Grochan, Jean Baptiste —— ———
35. Hacquet, Germain 1798 Philadelphia
36. Hays, Moses Michael 1768 Jamaica
37. Hermand, Isaac 1796 Charleston
17 Voorhis, Story of the Scottish Rite, 47–49.

21
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

38. Jacobs, Abraham* 1790 New York

39. Jahan, John Joseph —— San Domingo
40. Jastram, Gabriel —— San Domingo
41. Johnson, Sir William —— New York
42. L'Allemand, Charles R. B. —— ———
43. Lamarque, Francois 1764 San Domingo
44. Lefevre, Etienne —— San Domingo
45. Long, Hyman Isaac 1795 Jamaica
46. Magnan, Pierre Croze 1796 Charleston
47. Marie, Jean Abraham 1796 Charleston
48. Mitchell, John 1801 Charleston
49. Moreau, Jean B. T. 1796 Charleston
50. Morin, Stephen 1761 Bordeaux
51. Myers, Joseph M. 1781 Virginia
52. Myers, Samuel 1781 Philadelphia
53. Nathan, Simon 1781 Philadelphia
54. Newcombe, Bayse 1810 Philadelphia
55. Peixotto, Moses L. M. 1808 New York
56. Petit, Remy Victor 1796 Charleston
57. Placide, Alexander —— Charleston
58. Prevost, Augustin 1774 Jamaica
59. Puglia, James Philip 1790 Philadelphia
60. Randall, Thomas 1781 Philadelphia
61. Remoussin, Marie P. D. —— San Domingo
62. Rigaud, Pierre —— San Domingo
63. Robin, Alexis Claude 1796 Charleston
64. Rochat, Jean Pierre 1796 Jamaica
65. Saint Paul, Dominique 1796 Charleston
66. Samory, Claude Nicolas —— ———
67. Shirreff, Charles 1776 St. Augustine
68. Small, David 1783 Jamaica
69. Smith, Jonathan Baynard 1790 Philadelphia
70. Smith, William Moore 1789 Philadelphia
71. Spitzer, Barend Moses 1781 Philadelphia
72. Stringer, Samuel 1768 New York
73. Tardy, Jean Gabriel 1807 Philadelphia
74. Toutain, Pierre G. N. —— ———
75. Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah 1768 New York
76. Van Rensselaer, Stephen 1790 Albany
77. Villadieu, Jean B. R. 1806 San Domingo
78. Wilmans, Henry 1770 Germany
79. Yates, Peter Waldron 1774 New York

22
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

By Year of Creation
1. Auld, Isaac* —— ———
2. Dupuy, Claude —— ———
3. L'Allemand, Charles R. B. —— ———
4. Samory, Claude Nicolas —— ———
5. Toutain, Pierre G. N. —— ———
6. Placide, Alexander —— Charleston
7. Johnson, Sir William —— New York
8. Bouysson, Pierre —— San Domingo
9. Brand, Louis Jean Baptiste —— San Domingo
10. Fronty, Michael —— San Domingo
11. Jahan, John Joseph —— San Domingo
12. Jastram, Gabriel —— San Domingo
13. Lefevre, Etienne —— San Domingo
14. Remoussin, Marie P. D. —— San Domingo
15. Rigaud, Pierre —— San Domingo
16. Grochan, Jean Baptiste —— ———
17. De Feuillas, La Molere 1752 Bordeaux
18. Barthomieu, Bertrand 1753 West Indies
19. Morin, Stephen 1761 Bordeaux
20. Francken, Henry Andrew 1762 Jamaica
21. Deschamps, Devilliers 1763 Brest
22. De Roussillon, Masse 1763 New Orleans
23. Berindoague, Martin 1764 San Domingo
24. Lamarque, Francois 1764 San Domingo
25. Hays, Moses Michael 1768 Jamaica
26. Stringer, Samuel 1768 New York
27. Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah 1768 New York
28. Wilmans, Henry 1770 Germany
29. Adams, William 1770 Jamaica
30. De Boissy, Antoine C. 1770 San Domingo
31. Prevost, Augustin 1774 Jamaica
32. Yates, Peter Waldron 1774 New York
33. Shirreff, Charles 1776 St. Augustine
34. Da Costa, Isaac 1781 Charleston
35. Bush, Solomon 1781 Philadelphia
36. Forst, Abraham 1781 Philadelphia
37. Myers, Samuel 1781 Philadelphia
38. Nathan, Simon 1781 Philadelphia
39. Randall, Thomas 1781 Philadelphia
40. Spitzer, Barend Moses 1781 Philadelphia

23
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

41. Myers, Joseph M. 1781 Virginia

42. Small, David 1783 Jamaica
43. De Lieben, Israel 1789 Charleston
44. Smith, William Moore 1789 Philadelphia
45. Van Rensselaer, Stephen 1790 Albany
46. Jacobs, Abraham* 1790 New York
47. Duplessis, Peter LeBarbier 1790 Philadelphia
48. Puglia, James Philip 1790 Philadelphia
49. Smith, Jonathan Baynard 1790 Philadelphia
50. Cohen, Moses 1794 Philadelphia
51. Long, Hyman Isaac 1795 Jamaica
52. Aveile, Jean Baptiste 1796 Charleston
53. DeGrasse-Tilly, Alex. F. A. 1796 Charleston
54. Delahogue, John B. Marie 1796 Charleston
55. Greniet, Laurent 1796 Charleston
56. Hermand, Isaac 1796 Charleston
57. Magnan, Pierre Croze 1796 Charleston
58. Marie, Jean Abraham 1796 Charleston
59. Moreau, Jean B. T. 1796 Charleston
60. Petit, Remy Victor 1796 Charleston
61. Robin, Alexis Claude 1796 Charleston
62. Saint Paul, Dominique 1796 Charleston
63. Rochat, Jean Pierre 1796 Jamaica
64. De Lorme, Pierre Dupont 1797 San Domingo
65. Hacquet, Germain 1798 Philadelphia
66. Dupotet, Antoine Mathieu 1799 San Domingo
67. Dalcho, Frederick 1801 Charleston
68. Mitchell, John 1801 Charleston
69. Bideaud, Antoine 1802 San Domingo
70. Cerneau, Joseph 1806 Cuba
71. Duhulquod, Pierre Jean 1806 San Domingo
72. Fourteau, Etienne 1806 San Domingo
73. Villadieu, Jean B. R. 1806 San Domingo
74. Tardy, Jean Gabriel 1807 Philadelphia
75. Desdoity, Jean Baptiste 1808 New York
76. Gourgas, John J. J. 1808 New York
77. Peixotto, Moses L. M. 1808 New York
78. Bradford, Samuel F. 1809 Philadelphia
79. Newcombe, Bayse 1810 Philadelphia

24
 Inspectors of the Royal Secret: Their Origins and Activities

By Place of Creation
1. Auld, Isaac* —— ———
2. Dupuy, Claude —— ———
3. L'Allemand, Charles R. B. —— ———
4. Samory, Claude Nicolas —— ———
5. Toutain, Pierre G. N. —— ———
6. Grochan, Jean Baptiste —— ———
7. Van Rensselaer, Stephen 1790 Albany
8. De Feuillas, La Molere 1752 Bordeaux
9. Morin, Stephen 1761 Bordeaux
10. Deschamps, Devilliers 1763 Brest
11. Placide, Alexander —— Charleston
12. Da Costa, Isaac 1781 Charleston
13. De Lieben, Israel 1789 Charleston
14. Aveile, Jean Baptiste 1796 Charleston
15. DeGrasse-Tilly, Alex. F. A. 1796 Charleston
16. Delahogue, John B. Marie 1796 Charleston
17. Greniet, Laurent 1796 Charleston
18. Hermand, Isaac 1796 Charleston
19. Magnan, Pierre Croze 1796 Charleston
20. Marie, Jean Abraham 1796 Charleston
21. Moreau, Jean B. T. 1796 Charleston
22. Petit, Remy Victor 1796 Charleston
23. Robin, Alexis Claude 1796 Charleston
24. Saint Paul, Dominique 1796 Charleston
25. Dalcho, Frederick 1801 Charleston
26. Mitchell, John 1801 Charleston
27. Cerneau, Joseph 1806 Cuba
28. Wilmans, Henry 1770 Germany
29. Francken, Henry Andrew 1762 Jamaica
30. Hays, Moses Michael 1768 Jamaica
31. Adams, William 1770 Jamaica
32. Prevost, Augustin 1774 Jamaica
33. Small, David 1783 Jamaica
34. Long, Hyman Isaac 1795 Jamaica
35. Rochat, Jean Pierre 1796 Jamaica
36. De Roussillon, Masse 1763 New Orleans
37. Johnson, Sir William —— New York
38. Stringer, Samuel 1768 New York
39. Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah 1768 New York
40. Yates, Peter Waldron 1774 New York

25
 Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society

41. Jacobs, Abraham* 1790 New York

42. Desdoity, Jean Baptiste 1808 New York
43. Gourgas, John J. J. 1808 New York
44. Peixotto, Moses L. M. 1808 New York
45. Bush, Solomon 1781 Philadelphia
46. Forst, Abraham 1781 Philadelphia
47. Myers, Samuel 1781 Philadelphia
48. Nathan, Simon 1781 Philadelphia
49. Randall, Thomas 1781 Philadelphia
50. Spitzer, Barend Moses 1781 Philadelphia
51. Smith, William Moore 1789 Philadelphia
52. Duplessis, Peter LeBarbier 1790 Philadelphia
53. Puglia, James Philip 1790 Philadelphia
54. Smith, Jonathan Baynard 1790 Philadelphia
55. Cohen, Moses 1794 Philadelphia
56. Hacquet, Germain 1798 Philadelphia
57. Tardy, Jean Gabriel 1807 Philadelphia
58. Bradford, Samuel F. 1809 Philadelphia
59. Newcombe, Bayse 1810 Philadelphia
60. Bouysson, Pierre —— San Domingo
61. Brand, Louis Jean Baptiste —— San Domingo
62. Fronty, Michael —— San Domingo
63. Jahan, John Joseph —— San Domingo
64. Jastram, Gabriel —— San Domingo
65. Lefevre, Etienne —— San Domingo
66. Remoussin, Marie P. D. —— San Domingo
67. Rigaud, Pierre —— San Domingo
68. Berindoague, Martin 1764 San Domingo
69. Lamarque, Francois 1764 San Domingo
70. De Boissy, Antoine C. 1770 San Domingo
71. De Lorme, Pierre Dupont 1797 San Domingo
72. Dupotet, Antoine Mathieu 1799 San Domingo
73. Bideaud, Antoine 1802 San Domingo
74. Duhulquod, Pierre Jean 1806 San Domingo
75. Fourteau, Etienne 1806 San Domingo
76. Villadieu, Jean B. R. 1806 San Domingo
77. Shirreff, Charles 1776 St. Augustine
78. Myers, Joseph M. 1781 Virginia
79. Barthomieu, Bertrand 1753 West Indies

26