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Complex Analysis Week2Lecture1

This document provides an overview of complex functions and iteration of functions to prepare for analyzing Julia sets. It discusses representing complex functions using Cartesian and polar coordinates and how geometric shapes in the domain are mapped to the range. It also introduces the concept of iterating a function by applying it multiple times and provides examples of how common functions iterate, like f(z) = z^2 and f(z) = 3z. Finally, it previews that analyzing Julia sets involves studying the behavior of iterative sequences of complex polynomials.

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Neelkanth Kundu
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Complex Analysis Week2Lecture1

This document provides an overview of complex functions and iteration of functions to prepare for analyzing Julia sets. It discusses representing complex functions using Cartesian and polar coordinates and how geometric shapes in the domain are mapped to the range. It also introduces the concept of iterating a function by applying it multiple times and provides examples of how common functions iterate, like f(z) = z^2 and f(z) = 3z. Finally, it previews that analyzing Julia sets involves studying the behavior of iterative sequences of complex polynomials.

Uploaded by

Neelkanth Kundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of a Complex Kind

Week 2

Lecture 1: Complex Functions

Petra Bonfert-Taylor

Lecture 1: Complex Functions Analysis of a Complex Kind P. Bonfert-Taylor 1 / 15


Welcome  To  Week  Two!
This week:
•  Julia sets for quadratic polynomials.
•  The Mandelbrot set.
•  We laid the ground last week!
•  Just a little more preparation:
o  Complex functions (Lecture 1).
o  Sequences and limits (Lecture 2).
•  We’ll need to study quadratic polynomials of the
form f (z) = z + c .
2
Functions
•  Recall: A function f : A ! B is a rule that assigns to
each element of A exactly one element of B .
•  Example: f : R ! R, f (x) = x + 1
2

y
•  The graph helps
us understand
the function.
x
Complex  Functions
•  Now: f : C ! C, f (z) = z 2 + 1
•  How do we graph this? Need 4 dimensions?
•  Writing z = x + iy we see:
w = f (z) = (x + iy)2 + 1
= (x2 y 2 + 1) + i · 2xy
= u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
where u, v : R2 ! R.
Graphing  Complex  Functions
•  Idea: Consider 2 complex planes:
one for the domain, one for the range.

z-­‐‑plane f w-­‐‑plane

•  Analyze how geometric configurations in the z-


plane are mapped under f to the w-plane.
Example  
f (z) = z 2 , so w = (x + iy)2 = (x2 y 2 ) + 2ixy
Not  so  useful?

More  useful  in  this  case:  polar  coordinates!

z = rei✓ , then w = r2 e2i✓ , so


|w| = |z|2 and arg w = 2 arg z.
w = f (z) = z , so w = r e
2 2 2i✓

•  As z moves around a circle of radius r once, w


moves around the circle of radius r2 at double
speed, twice.
z-­‐‑plane w-­‐‑plane

w  =  f(z)
w = f (z) = z 2

movie  here  about  rotating  twice


w = f (z) = z 2
More  Complicated  Functions
•  How do we understand more complicated
functions, such as f (z) = z 2 + 1 ?
•  Same idea!
z w1 w
w1=  z2 w  =  w1  +  1

1
How  about...
•  And how about f (z) = z + c, c 2 C ?
2

•  Same idea (again)! 2 w  =  z  +  c

z w1 w
w1=  z2 w  =  w1  +  c
c
Iteration  of  Functions
Let f(z) = z+1. Then
•  f2(z) = f(f(z)) = f(z+1) = (z+1) + 1 = z+2.
•  f3(z) = f(f2(z)) = f(z+2) = (z+2) + 1 = z+3.
•  ...
•  fn(z) = z+n.

•  fn (read: “Eff n”) is called the nth iterate of f. (Not to


be confused with the nth power of f.)
Another  Example
Let f(z) = 3z. Then:
•  f2(z) = f(f(z)) = f(3z) = 3*3z = 32z.
•  f3(z) = f(f2(z)) = 3*32z = 33z.
•  ...
•  fn(z) = 3nz
Two  More...
Let f(z) = zd. Then:
2
•  f (z) = (z ) = z )
2 d d (d

•  ...
n
•  f (z) = z )
n (d

Now let f(z)= z2 + 2. Then:


•  f2(z) = (z2 + 2)2 + 2 = z4 + 4z2 + 6
•  f3(z) = (z4 + 4z2 + 6)2 + 2 = z8 + ...
•  fn is a polynomial of degree 2n.
Julia  Sets
•  To study the Julia set of the polynomial f(z) = z2 + c
we’ll study the behavior of the iterates f, f2, f3, f4, ...,
fn, ... of this function.
•  The Julia set of f is the set of points z in the complex
plane at which this sequence of iterates behaves
“chaotically”.
•  We thus need one more preparation: We need to
study sequences of complex numbers. That’s next!

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