CIVL 3121 Analysis of Statically Determinant Structures 1/12

Analysis of Statically Analysis of Statically

Determinate Structures Determinate Structures

The most common type of structure an engineer

will analyze lies in a plane subject to a force
system in the same plane.

Analysis of Statically Analysis of Statically

Determinate Structures Determinate Structures

 In general, it is not possible to perform an  A pin connection confines deflection; allows

exact analyze of a structure. rotation

 Approximations for structure geometry,  A fixed connection confines deflection and

material parameters, and loading type and rotation
magnitude must be made.
 However, in reality, a pin connection has some
 Support connections - Structural members resistance against rotation due to friction,
may be joined in a variety of methods, the therefore, a torsional spring connection may be
most common are pin and fixed joints more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the joint is
a pin, if k = , the joint is fixed.

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

 A pin connection confines deflection; allows rotation However, in reality, a pin connection has some resistance
against rotation due to friction, therefore, a torsional spring
Pin support connection may be more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the
joint is a pin, if k = , the joint is fixed.

Roller support
Torsional spring support

 A fixed connection confines deflection and rotation

Fixed support
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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Pin support Pin support

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Pin support Fixed support

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Fixed support
Fixed support
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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Smooth pin Smooth pin

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge
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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Smooth pin Smooth hinge

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Smooth hinge Smooth hinge

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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Smooth hinge Roller support

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Roller support Fixed support

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Fixed support Fixed support

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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

A complex structure may be idealized as a line

drawing where orientation of members and type
of connections are assumed.
L
2
 In many cases, loadings are transmitted to a
structure under analysis by a secondary structure.
 In a line drawing, a pin support is represented by P
lines that do not touch and a fixed support by
connecting lines
L L
A 2 2
B

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

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Support Idealizations Support Idealizations

The dead load on the roof is 72 lb/ft2

Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations

Tributary Loadings - When frames or other structural

members are analyzes, it is necessary to determine
how walls, floors, or roofs transmit load to the element
under consideration.

 A one-way system is typically a slab or plate structure

supported along two opposite edges
 Examples, a slab of reinforced concrete with steel in one
direction or a with steel in both directions with a span ratio
L2/L1 > 2
 A two-way system is typically defined by a span ratio L2/L1
< 2 or if the all edges are supported

Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations

1,250 lb 2,500 lb 1,250 lb

250 lb/ft

A B A E
10 ft 5 ft 5 ft

A B 1,250 lb 1,250 lb A B 2,500 lb 2,500 lb

500 lb/ft

2.5 ft 2.5 ft
C D C D
2.5 ft 2.5 ft
C 10 ft D

2,500 lb 2,500 lb
E F E F
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Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations

A B

10 ft

C D

500 lb/ft

5 ft 5 ft
B
A

Loading Idealizations Principle of Superposition

 Basis for the theory of linear elastic structural analysis:

The total displacement or stress at a point in a structure subjected to

several loadings can be determined by adding together the
displacements or stresses caused by each load acting separately.

 There are two exceptions to these rule:

If the material does not behave in a linear-elastic manner

If the geometry of the structure changes significantly under loading

(example, a column subjected to a bucking load)
The dead load on the roof is 100 lb/ft2

Equations of Equilibrium Equations of Equilibrium

 From statics the equations of equilibrium are:  In order to apply these equations, we first
must draw a free-body diagram (FBD) of
F x 0 F y 0 F
z 0 the structure or its members.

M x 0 M y 0 M z 0  If the body is isolated from its supports, all

forces and moments acting on the body are
 However, since are dealing with co–planar
structures the equations reduce to
included.

F x 0 F
y 0 M z 0
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Equations of Equilibrium Determinacy and Stability

 If internal loadings are desired, the method of sections is Determinacy - provide both necessary and
used.
 A FBD of the cut section is used to isolate internal sufficient conditions for equilibrium.
loadings.
 In general, internal loadings consist of an axial force A, a  When all the forces in structure an be determined from
shear force V, and the bending moment M. the equations of equilibrium then the structure is
considered statically determinate.
M
 If there are more unknowns than equations, the
A structure is statically indeterminate.

Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

For co-planar structures, there are three

equations of equilibrium for each FBD, so that
for n bodies and r reactions:

r = 3n statically determinate

r > 3n statically indeterminate r=3

r = 3n determinate
n=1

Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

r=4
r > 3n indeterminate
n=1

r=6
r = 3n determinate
n=2
r=6
r = 3n determinate
n=2
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Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

r=9
r = 3n determinate
n=3 (1) (2)

r = 10
r > 3n indeterminate
n=3
(3) (4)

Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

Stability - Structures must be properly held or  Another case is when all the reactions are parallel
constrained by their supports  In general, a structure is geometrically unstable if there
 Partial Constraints - a structure or one of its member are fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium.
with fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium  An unstable structure must be avoided in practice
 Improper Constraints - the number of reactions regardless of determinacy.
equals the number of equations of equilibrium,
however, all the reactions are concurrent. In this case,
the moment equations is satisfied and only two valid r < 3n unstable
equations of equilibrium remain.
r  3n unstable if members reactions are
concurrent or parallel or contains
a collapsible mechanism

Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

Unstable - Partial Constraints Unstable - Improper Constraints

A B By
Ay
B C
A

B A
By
By C

Ay
A
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Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

Stable Reactions are nonconcurrent and

Unstable The three reactions are concurrent
nonparallel

Determinacy and Stability Determinacy and Stability

C D
r=7
r < 3n
A
n=3
B

Unstable The three reactions are parallel Unstable r < 3n and member CD is free to move
horizontally

Application of the Equations Application of the Equations

of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
 Free–Body Diagram - disassemble the structure Free–Body Diagram
and draw a free–body diagram of each member.  Disassemble the structure and draw a free–body
diagram of each member.
 Equations of Equilibrium - The total number of  It may be necessary to supplement a member free-
unknowns should be equal to the number of body diagram with a free-body diagram of the entire
equilibrium equations structure.
 Remember that reactive forces common on two
members act with equal magnitudes but opposite
direction on their respective free bodies.
 Identify any two-force members
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Application of the Equations Application of the Equations

of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for
the following structures
 Check is the structure is determinate and stable
 Attempt to apply the moment equation M = 0 at a
point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of
as many forces as possible
 When applying Fx = 0 and Fy = 0, orient the x and y
axes along lines that will provide the simplest reduction
of forces into their x and y components
 If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a
negative value for an unknown, it indicates that the
direction is opposite of that assumed

Application of the Equations Application of the Equations

of Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for
the following structures the following structures

Analysis of Statically
Determinate Structures

Any Questions?