OPTICS

DEFINITION

Light is form of energy which enables up to see objects which emit or reflect light.
Light is a type of (form of ) energy which can produce sensation in our eyes. So we can experience the sensation of
vision.
If is travel in straight line in form of particles and waves. With the help of light we see all colours of nature. Our eyes
are mostly sensitive for yellow colour and least sensitive for violet and red colour. Due to this reason commercial
vehicle’s are painted with yellow colour, sodium lamps are used in road lights.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Light energy propagates (travels) via two processes.
(i) The particles of the medium carry energy from one point of the medium to another.
(ii) The particles transmit energy to the neighbouring particles and in this way energy propagates in the form of a wave.
(iii) It propagates in straight line.
(iv) It’s velocity in vacuum is maximum whose value is 3 × 108 m/sec. (297489978 m/s)
(v) Light does not need a material medium to travel that is it can travel through a vacuum.
(vi) It exhibits the phenomena of reflection, interference, diffraction, polarization and double refection.

RAY OF LIGHT
A straight line show the direction moment of light is called ray of light.

BEAM OF LIGHT
A bunch of light rays or bundal of rays at a point is called beam of light,

A divergent beam of light A convergent beam of light

HOW WE SEE ?
When a light ray is falling (strike) on the surface of any object which reflect and reached to our eyes. Due to this our
eyes feel a sensation then we see the object.

REFLECTING OF LIGHT
When rays of light falls on any object it return back in the same medium from the surface this phenomenon is called
reflection of light. Due to reflection of light we can see all the nature.

INCIDENT RAY
The ray light which falls on a polished surface (or a mirror) is called the incident ray of light.

REFLECTED RAY
The ray of light which gets reflected from a polished surface (or a mirror) is called the reflected ray of light.

1
 NORMAL
The normal is a line at right angle to the reflecting surface.

LAWS OF REFLECTION

(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence (  i ) is always equal to the angle to reflection (  r ) i.e.  i =  r

 When a ray of light falls on a mirror normally or at right angle it gets reflected back along the same path.

Depending on the nature of the reflecting surface there are two types of reflection :-

(i) Regular (specular) reflection (ii) Irregular (diffused) reflection

REGULAR REFECTION

When paraller light rays fall on smooth plane surface like mirror, if all rays of light are reflected paraller along a
definite direction. Then this kind of reflection is called regular reflection.

2
 IRREGULAR REFLECTION (DIFFUSED REFLECTION)

When paraller light rays fall on a rough surface all the rays of light are reflected in all possible (Different) direction
this is called diffused or irregular reflection.

MIRROR

A smooth, highly polished reflecting surface is called a mirror.

When a glass plate is polished on one sided with reflecting material such silver or nickel then is becomes a mirror.

From the reflecting surface of mirror there are two types of mirror.
(i) Plane mirror (ii) Spherical or curved mirror

(i) Plane mirror : A highly polished plane surface is called a plane mirror or if a flat (totally plane) surface of a glass
plate is polished one side of reflecting material is called plane mirror.

(ii) Spherical mirror : A mirror whose polished, reflection surface is a part of hollow sphere of glass is called a spherical
mirror. For a spherical mirror, one of the two curved surfaces is coated with a thin layer of silver followed by a coating
of red lead oxide paint. Thus one side of the spherical mirror is made opaque and the other side acts as a reflecting
surface.

For the polishing side there are two type of spherical mirror.

(A) Convex mirror (B) Concave mirror

(A) Concave (Converging) mirror : A spherical mirror whose inner hollow surface is the reflecting surface .
(B) Convex (diverging) mirror : A spherical mirror whose outer bulging out surface is the reflecting surface.

3
 TERMINOLOGY FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS

(a) Aperture : The effective width of a spherical mirror from which reflection can take place is called its aperture AA’ &
BB’.
(b) Pole (Vertex) : The centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole it is denoted by letter P.
(c) Centre of curvature : The centre of the hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part is called centre of
curvature. It is denoted by letter C.
(d) Radius of curvature : The radius of the hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part called the radius of
curvature (R).
(e) Principal axis : The straight line passing through the centre of curvature C and the pole P of the spherical mirror.
(f) Normal : The normal at any point of the spherical mirror is the straight line obtained by joining that point with the
centre of curvature C of the mirror.
(g) Principal focus or focus : The point on the principal axis where all the rays coming from infinity (parallel rays) after
reflection either actually meets or appears to meet is called the focus (or focal point) of the mirror. It is denoted by
letter F.
R
(h) Focal length :- The distance between the pole (P) and the focus (F) is called focal length (f) and f 
2
(i) Focal plane :- An imaginary plane passing through the focus and at right angles to the principal axis.
(j) Real image :- When the rays of light after getting reflected from a mirror (or after getting refracted from a lens) –
actually meet at a point, a real image is formed. A real image can be obtained on a screen.
(k) Virtual image : When the rays of light after getting reflected from a mirror (or after getting refracted from a lens)
appear to meet at a point, a virtual image is formed. Such an image can only be been through a mirror (or a lens) but
cannot be obtained on a screen.

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 RULES OF IMAGE FORMATION FROM THE SPHERICAL MIRROR

The rules of reflection from the spherical mirror are based of incident and reflection angel.

(i) A ray parallel to principal axis after reflection from the mirror passes or appears to pass through its focus by definition
of focus.

(ii) A ray passing through or directed towards focus after reflection from the mirror it will become parallel to the principal
axis.

(iii) A ray passing through or directed towards centre of curvature after reflection from mirror, retraces its path. As for it
 i = 0 and so  r = 0.

(iv) Incident and reflected rays at the pole of a mirror are symmetrical about the principal axis.

Difference between Real and Imaginary image

S.No Real image Virtual image

(1) When reflected or refracted light rays actually When reflected or refracted light rays do not actually
intersect at a point. intersect at a point but appear to meet at a point
(2) It can be obtained on a screen. It can not be obtained on a screen.
(3) It is always inverted. It is always erect.
(4) It is always formed in front of mirror. It is always formed behind the mirror.

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FORMATION OF IMAGE BY A PLANE MIRROR

Properties of image from flat (Plane) Mirror

(i) Virtual and erect.
(ii) Same in size of object.
(iii) The image is formed behind of the mirror (as far as the object from the mirror).
(iv) The image formed is laterally inverted.

LATERAL INVERSION AND INVERSION

The phenomenon due to which the image of an object turns through an angle of 180 0 through vertical axis rather than
horizontal axis, such that the right side of the image appears as left or vice versa is called
lateral inversion.
INVERSION
During inversion image turns around horizontal axis through an angle of 180 0.

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 Image formation from Concave mirror
S.No. Position of the Position of the image Nature & size of the Ray diagram
object image
(1) At infinity. At focus F

Real. inverted and highly

diminished. (point size)

(2) Between infinity Between C & F

and C

Real. inverted and smaller

than the object

(3) At C At C

Real. inverted and same

size.

(4) Between Between C and infinite.

C&F
Real. inverted and
enlarged.

(5) At F At infinity. Real. inverted and

infinitely large.

(6) Between focus Behind the mirror.

and pole Virtual. erect and
enlarged.

Use of Concave mirror

(i) It is used as a shaving mirror.
(ii) It is used as a reflector in the head light of vehicles.
(iii) It is used by doctor to focus a parallel beam of light on a small area.

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 FORMATION OF IMAGE FROM A CONVEX MIRROR
There are rules of drawing images in convex mirror
(i) Any ray of light travelling parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror of the appears to diverge from the principal
focus of the convex mirror.

(ii) Any ray of light which travellers towards the direction of principal focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, it will
travel for parallel to the principal axis of the mirror.

(iii) If ray of light which is incident along to the centre of curvature of a convex mirror after reflection it returns back on
the same path. It is because the light ray strikes the convex mirror at right angle.

(iv) When the ray of light incident on the pole which is reflects or returns back on same angle from principal axis than it
will reflect on the same angle of incident  i =  r.

8
 MAKING OF IMAGE FROM A CONVEX MIRROR
(i) When the object is at infinity
When the rays of light coming (diverging) from an object, situated at infinity are always parallel these parallel rays,
strike the convex mirror, and reflected to diverge outward from convex mirror. These rays seems (appear) come from
focus.
The characteristics of the image is virtual, erect, diminished to a point and formed at principal focus behind the convex
mirror.

(ii) When the object is at a finite distance from the pole then the image is formed between pole and principal focus behind
the convex mirror and image is virtual, erect and diminished.

Note :
There are only two position of the object for showing the image formed by a convex mirror that is –
(i) When the object is at a infinity.
(ii) When the object is at a finite distance from the pole of the convex mirror. Beside this positions are hot possible
because the focus and the centre of curvature is behind the reflecting surface of the convex mirror.

Now we can study the image formation by following table

S.No. Position of the object Position of the image Size of image of the image Nature of the image
(1) At infinity At F, behind mirror Highly diminised Virtual and erect.
(2) Between infinity and pole Between P & F behind the Diminished Virtual and erect.
of mirror mirror

Used of Convex mirror

(i) It is used as a rear view mirror in automobile.
(ii) It is used as a reflector for street light.
Note : A plane mirror is not useful as a rear view mirror, because its field of view is very small.

9
 COMPETITION WINDOW

SIGN CONVENTION OF SPHERICAL MIRROR

 Whenever and wherever possible the ray of light is taken to travel from left to right.
 The distances above principal axis are taken to be positive while below it negative.
 Along principal axis, distances are measured from the pole and in the direction of light are taken to be positive while
opposite to it is negative.

RELATION FROM SPHERICAL MIRROR

Relation between f and R for the spherical mirror

QP
If Q is near to line P then from  QCP tan    
R
QP
and from  QFP tan 2  2 
f
2QP QP R
so   f 
R f 2
Relation between u, v and f for curved mirror
If an object is placed at a distance u from the pole of a mirror and its image is formed at a distance v (from the pole)
MP MP MP
If angle is very small :   ,  , 
u R v
from  CMO,         
from  CMI,        
so we can write        2    
2 1 1 1 1 1
     
R v u f u v
MAGNIFICATION
size of image I
Linear magnification m  
size of object O
 h2  v h v
 ABP and  A’B’P are similar   2 
h1 u h1 u
v v f f  v h2
Magnification m    m   
u u f u f h1

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 POWER OF A MIRROR
1 100
The power of a mirror is defined as P   
f (m) f (cm)
 Convex mirrors gives erect, virtual and diminished image.
In convex mirror the field of view is increased as compared to plane mirror.
It is used as rear-view mirror in vehicles.
Concave mirrors give enlarged, erect and virtual image, so these are used by dentists for examining teeth. due to their
converging property concave mirror are also used as reflectors in automobile head lights and search light
A real image can be taken on a screen, but a virtual image cannot be taken on a screen.
R
As focal length of a spherical mirror f  depends only on the radius of mirror and is independent of wavelength of
2
light and refractive index of medium so the focal length of a spherical mirror in air or water and for red or blue light is
same.
 MIRROR FORMULA
The relation between the distance of the object from the pole of the spherical mirror (u), the distance of the image from
the pole of the spherical mirror (v) and its focal length (f) is given by the mathematical formula :
1 1 1
  It must be remembered that focal length (f) of a spherical mirror is half the radius of curvature (R). Thus,
u v f
R
(i) R = 2f, (ii) f 
2
Important points in using the mirror formula
(i) Put the correct signs of known variables according to the sign convention.
(ii) Do not put the sign of an unknown variable. The sign will be automatically come up during calculations.
(iii) If the calculated sign turns out to be positive, then the variable calculated is behind the mirror. However,. if
calculated sign turns out to be negative, then variable is to be in front of the mirror.
Linear magnification produced by spherical mirrors :
The ratio between the height of the image produced by the spherical morror to the height of the object is called the
linear magnification.
Height of the image h
Thus, linear magnification = or m  i
Height of the object h0
Linear magnification when the image is real :
As we normally take object above the principal axis, therefore, ho is always positive. The real image is always
inverted and is formed below the principal axis.
hi
Therefore, hi is always negative. thus, Linear magnification for real images   is always negative.
h0
Linear magnification when the image is virtual :
In case of virtual image. It is erect and formed above the principal axis. Thus, ho and hi are both positive.
 The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is equal to the ratio of the distance of the image from the pole
of the mirror (v) to the distance of the object from the pole of the mirror (u) with a minus sign.
v hi v
Liner magnification, m   , Thus Linear magnification, m   .
u ho u
Important points in using magnification formula :
(i) Put the correct signs of known variables according to the sign convention.
(ii) If ‘m’ is known, take the sign for virtual image positive and for real image negative.
(iii) Do not put the sign of unknown variables. The sign will automatically come up during calculations.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The bending of a ray of light as it passes from one mediuum to another is called refraction. It is due from change in
velocity of light. While travelling from one medium to another.
(i) The maximum velocity of light is 3 × 108 m/sec in vaccum or air.
(ii) The velocity is less in denser medium.

THE LAWS OF REFRACTION

(i) The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a particular pair of media constant.
Thus if the angle of incidence is i, and that of refraction is r, then
sini
sinr = constant =  it is known as Snell’s law.
(ii) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence points, all lie in the same plane.

RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX

When light passes from one medium to the other, the refractive index
of medium 2 relative to 1 is written as 1 2 and is defined as
2 (c / v2 ) V1
 21 or 1
2 or 2   
1 (c / v1 ) V2
1

 Bending of light ray

According to Snell’s law, 1 sin I =  2 sin r
(i) If light passes from rarer to denser medium
1   R and 2   D

sini D
so that  1  i  r
sinr R

in passing from rarer to denser medium, the ray bends towards the normal.
(ii) If light passes from denser to rarer medium 1   D and 2   R
sini D
sinr    1   i  r
R
In passing from denser to rarer medium, the ray bends away from the normal
Refractive index depends on nature and density of medium and colour of light refractive index is maximum for violet
and minimum of red light.

12
 COMPETITION WINDOW

APPARENT DEPTH AND NORMAL SHIFT

If a point object in denser medium is observed from rarer medium and boundary is plane, then from Snell’s law
we have  D sin i   R sin r .....(i)
If the rays OA and OB are close enough to reach the eye.
P P
sin i  tan i  and sin r  tan r 
d ac d ap
So that eqn. (i) becomes dac = actual depth dap = apparent depth
P P d ac  R 1
D R i.e.,   (If  R  1,  D   )
d ap d ap d ap  D  2
d ac
d ap  so dap < dac ……(ii)

The distance between object and its image, called normal shift (x)
d ac
x = dac – dap [ d ap  ]

d ac  1
x  d ac   d ac 1   …(iii)
  
 1
if d ac  d, x  d 1  
 

Object in a rarer medium is seen from a denser medium

d ac 1  R 1
   ( 1)
d ap  2  D 
d ap   d ac
d ap  d ac
A high flying object appears to be higher than in really
x = dap – dac  x = [  -1 ]dac
Lateral Shift
The perpendicular distance between incident and emergent ray is known as lateral shift.
Lateral Shift d = BC and t = thickness of slab
In  BOC
BC d
sin(i  r )    d  OB sin(i  r ) ...(i)
OB OB
OD t t
In OBD cos r    OB  ...(ii )
OB OB cos r
t
From (i) and (ii) d  sin(i  r )
cos r
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 SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF REFRACTION
 Bending of an object
When a point object in a denser medium is seen from a
d
Rarer medium it appears to be at a depth

 Twinkling of stars
Due to fluctuations in refractive index of atmosphere the refraction become irregular and the light sometimes reaches
the eye and sometimes it does. This gives rise to twinkling of stars.

COMPETITION WINDOW
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
When light ray travel from denser to rarer medium in bend away from the normal if the angle of incident is increased
angle of refraction will also increased. At a particular value of angle of incidence the refracted ray subtend 900 angle
with the normal, this angle of incident is known as critical angle (  C . ) If angel of incident further increase the ray
come back in the same medium this phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.

CONDITIONS
 Angle of incident > critical angle [i >  C ]
 Light should travel from denser to rare medium  Glass to air, water to air, Glass to water

R
Snell Law at boundary x – y,  D sin  C   R sin 90 0  sin  C 
D
1 1  R VD  D
As    sin  C   
 v  D VR  R
 When light ray travel from a medium of refractive index  to air then  R  1,  D  
1 1
sin  C   sin  C     (red )   C (violet )
 
1  1
 For TI R i >  C  sin i  sin  C     sin i  
sin i  
R 1
 When ray travel from glass to air sin  C    42 0  i > 420(TIR), i < 420 (refraction)
D 3
2
 1
 When ray travel from water to air sin  C  R   49 0 i > 490(TIR), i < 490 (refraction)
D 4
3
4

 When ray travel from glass to water sin  C  R  3  630 i > 630(TIR), i < 630 (refraction)
D 3
2
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 A point object is situated at the bottom of tank filled with a liquid
of refractive index  upto height h. It is found light from the
source come out of liquid surface through a circular portion above
the object then radius and area of circle
r
sin  C 
r  h2
2

1 1 r 1 r2
sin  C     
  r 2  h2 2 r 2  h2
h
  2r 2  r 2  h2  (  2  1)r 2  h 2  r  and area r 2
 12

1
 tan  C   r  h tan  C
h
Angle which the eye of fish make = 2 C  2  49 0  980 . This angle does not depend on depth of liquid

SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

 Sparkling of diamond
The sparkling of diamond is due to total internal reflection inside it. As refractive index for diamond is 2.5 so
 C  24 0. Now the cutting of diamond are such that I >  C . So TIR take place again and again inside it . The light
which beams out from a few places in some specific directions makes it sparkle.

 Optical Fiber
In it light through multiple total internal reflections is propagated
along the axis of a glass fiber of radius of fewmicrons in which index
of refraction of core is greater then that of surroundings.

 Mirage and looming

Mirage is caused by total internal reflection is deserts where due to heating of the earth, refractive index of air near the
surface earth becomes lesser than above it. Light from distant objects reaches the surface of earth with i >  C so that
TIR will take place and we see the image of an object along with the object as shown in figure .

15
 Similar to ‘mirage’ in deserts, in polar regions ‘looming’ takes
place due to TIR. Here  decreases with height and so the image
of an object is formed in air if (i>  C ) as shown in Fig.

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

● A diver in water at a depth d sees the world outside through a horizontal circle of radius. r = d tan  C .
● For total internal reflection to take place light must be propagating from denser to rarer medium.
● In case of total internal reflection, as all (i.e. 100%) incident light is reflected back into the same medium there is no
loss of intensity while in case of reflection from mirror or refraction from lenses there is some of intensity as all light
can never be reflected or refracted. This is why images formed by TIR are much brighter . than formed by mirrors or
lenses.

LENSES
A lens is a piece of any transparent material bound by two curved surfaces or by one curved and one plane surface.
Lens are of two types :
(i) Convex or convergent lens. (ii) Concave or divergent lens.

 Optical Centre : O is a point for a given lens through which any ray passes undedicated

 Principal Axis : C1C2 is line passing through optical centre and perpendicular to the lens.
 Principal Focus : A lens has two surfaces and hence two focal points. First focal point is an object point on the
principal axis for which image is formed at infinity.

16
 While second focal point is an image point on the principal axis for which object lies at infinity

Focal Length f is defined as the distance between optical centre of a lens and the point where the parallel beam of
light converges or appears to converge.

Aperture : In reference to a lens, aperture means the effective diameter. Intensity of image formed by a lens which
depends on the light passing through the lens will depend on the square of aperture, i.e., I  (Aperture)2

RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION

A ray passing through optical center proceeds undeviated through the lens
A ray passing through first focus or directed to towards it, after refraction from the lens, becomes parallel to the
principal axis.
A ray passing parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the passes or appears to pass through F2

For Convergent or Convex Lens

Object Image Magnification
 F m << - 1
 - 2F F – 2F m<-1
2F 2F m=-1
F – 2F  - 2F m>-1
F  m >> -1
F–O In front of lens m>+1

IMAGE FORMATION FOR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGENT LENS)

(i) Object is placed at infinity
Image : at F
real
inverted
very small in size
m << - 1
(ii) Object is placed in between
 - 2F
Image: real (F – 2F)
inverted
small in size
(diminished)
(iii) Object is placed at 2F
Image: real (at 2F)
inverted
equal (of same size)
(m = - 1)

17
(iv) Object is placed in between
2F – F
Image: real (2F -  )
inverted
enlarged
m>1

(v) Object is placed at F

(vi) Object is placed in between

F–O
Image: virtual (in front of lens)
erected
enlarge
(m > + 1)

Given Real Virtual

u - -
v + +
h1 + +
h2 - +
m - +

IMAGE FORMATION FOR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGENT LENS)

Image is virtual, diminished, erect, towards the object, m = +ve
(i) Object is placed at infinity
Image : At F
virtual
erected
diminished
(m << + 1)
(ii) Object is placed infront of lens
Image : between F and optical centre
virtual
erected
diminished
(m < + 1)

18
Formula of lens : Focal length of a lens can be find out by the following formula.
1 1 1
 
f v u
Where – f = Focal length of lens.
v = Distance of image from pole
u = Distance of object from pole.

Uses of this formula

(i) Put the correct signs of known variables according to the sign conventions.
(ii) Do not put the sign of unknown variable. The sign will automatically show up during calculations.
(iii) If the calculated sign of a variable turns out positive, then the variable calculate is on the other side of the lens,
i.e., on the opposite side to the object. However if calculated variable is of negative sign, then it is on the same
side as the object.

COMBINATIONS OF LENSES
Two thin lens are placed in contact to each other
power of combination.
1 1 1
P = P1 + P2  
F f1 f 2
Use sign convention when solve numericals

Two thin lens are placed in a small distance d

1 1 1 d
  
F f1 f 2 f1 f 2
P = P 1 + P 2 – d P1 P2

Use sign convention when solve numericals

Power of lens : The power of a lens is defined as reciprocal of focal length of the lens. Focal length should always be
measured in meters.
1
P
f ( m)
u v
P
uv
Unit of power of lens is 1/meter which is called DIOPTER
Magnification of lens : The magnification is defined as the ratio of the height of the image and the height of the object
it is represented by M.

Hight of the image (h1) Size of the image (I) v

M= = =
Hight of the object (h0) Size of the object (O) u

USES OF LENSES IN DAILY LIFE

Lenses are using is micresecope, telescope. Prism, binoculars and slide projector etc.

19
 RELATION BETWEEN FOCAL LENGTH (F) AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE (R)

Focal length of a lens depends on following factors :-

(i) Refractive index of the material of the lens.

(ii) Radius of curvature R1 and R2 of both in curved surfaces of the lens.
(iii) Colour (wave length) of the light.

Formula of making a spherical lens of specific focal length.

1  1 1 
 (   1)  
f  R1 R2 
Where f is the average value of focal length for all the colour.  is the refractive index of the material of the lens with
respect to air. R1 and R2 are the radius of curvature of the curved surfaces respectively. R1 is positive and R2 is
negative for convex lens. R1 is negative and R2 positive for concave lens.

THE HUMAN EYE & COLOURFUL WORLD

Our eye is the most important natural optical instrument. The eye resembles a – camera in many ways. It has “nearly a
spherical shape.

What are the essential parts of the eye and their functions

The essential parts of the eye are shown in Fig. and are described below :

(a) Cornea : The front of the eye is covered by a transparent spherical membrane called the cornea. Light enters the eye
through cornea. The space behind the cornea is filled with a clear liquid called aqueous humor.

(b) Iris and pupil : The iris and pupil form the variable aperture system of the eye. Iris is a dark coloured muscular
diaphragm which has a small circular opening in its middle. The central circular aperture of iris is called pupil. The iris
regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. This is explained below :
(i) When the light is very bright (as on a sunny day), the iris makes the pupil to contract. As a result, the amount of
light entering the eye decreases.
(ii) When the light is dim (as in a dark room), the iris makes the pupil to expand. As a result, more light can enter the
eye.

(c) Eye lens : The eye lens is a convex lens (converging lens) made of a transparent jelly-like pertinacious material. The
eye lens is hard at the middle and gradually becomes soft towards the outer edges. The eye lens is held in position by
ciliary muscles. The curvature and therefore the eye lens may be changed by the action of the ciliary muscles.

(d) Retina : The inside surface of the rear part of the eye ball where the light entering the eye is focused is called retina.
The surface of retina consist : of about 125 million light sensitive receptors. The receptors are of two types – rods and
cones. When the light falls on these receptors, they send electrical signals to the brain through the optic nerve.

(e) Blind spot : There are no rods cones at the point where optic nervs the eye ball to go to the brain. So , it any image is
formed in this part of the retina, then no signal is sent to the brain. As a result the object is not seen. This part is
therefore called the blind spot of the eye.

20
 HOW DOES THE EYE WORK

The light coming from an object enters the eye through cornea and the
pupil. The eye lens converges these light rays to form a real, inverted
and high diminished image on the retina. The surface of retina consists
of large number of light sensitive cells. When light calls on them, they
get activated and generate electrical signals. These signals are then
sent to the brain by the optic nerves. and the observer sees the actual-
sized, erect image of the object.

Ex. Why does it take some time to see objects in a dim room when you enter the room from bright sunlight outside ?

Sol. In bright sunlight, iris makes the pupil to become small, so that only a small amount of light is able to enter the eye.
When someone enters a dim room, very little light is available to the eye. The iris then makes the pupil to gradually
expand (open up) to allow more light to enter the eye. This process takes some time. That is why the pupil takes a
little time to adjust itself to dim light.

What is meant by the far point, near point , and the least distance of distinct vision ?

(a) Far point : The farthest point up to which an eye can see clearly is called the far point of the eye. For a normal eye,
the far point is at infinity.
(b) Near point : The closest (nearest) point up to which an eye can see clearly is called the near point of the eye. The near
point for a healthy hormal eye of an adult lies about 25 cm from the eye.
(c) Least distance of distinct vision : The minimum distance up to which an eye can see clearly without any strain is
called the least distance of distinct which vision (denoted by d or D). The least distance of distinct vision is thus equal
to the distance between the eye and its near point For a normal eye of an adult, the least distance of distinct vision is
about 25cm. This distance usually increases with age.

POWER OF ACCOMMODATION OF THE EYE

What is meant by accommodation of the eye ?

A normal eye can see both the distant and the nearby objects clearly. For a clear vision, the image of any object must
fall on the retina. For a person, the distance between the retina and the eye lens is fixed. So, the distance of the image
(v) from the eye lens is fixed. For objects at different distances, the values of u are different. So, to get the image at the
same v, the focal length of the eye lens should be different.
The eye can focus the images of all the objects, distant or nearby, at the same place (on the retina) by changing the
focal length of its lens. The eye lens can change its focal length by changing its thickness with the help of its ciliary
muscles.
The property due to which eye lens is able to change its focal length is called accommodation of the eye.

21
 When the eye is focussed on distant objects (objects at infinity), the ciliary muscle is fully relaxed. When the ciliary
muscle is in the relaxed state, the thickness of the lens is minimum and the focal length maximum : equal to the
distance of the retina from the eye lens. Therefore, the parallel reys coming from any distant object are focussed on the
retina, and the object is seen clearly.
When the eye is focussed on a nearby object, the ciliary muscle gets strained (tense). Tension in the ciliary muscle
decreases the focal length of the eye lens by slightly increasing its thickness in such a way that the image is formed on
the retina. Thus, the eye focuses on the nearby objects by tensing the ciliary muscle.
These adjustments in the focal length of the eye lens take place so fast that we do not realise such changes .

What is meant by the limit of accommodation ?

The eye can accommodate only up to a limit. A normal eye can accommodate up to the least distance of distinct
vision: about 25 cm for a healthy adult. The objects which are very close to the eye produce blurred image. Thus, a
normal eye can accommodate objects lying between infinity and the least distance of distinct vision.

What is the range of vision ?

The range of distance over which the eye can see clearly is its reange of vision. A normal human eye can see objects
clearly which lie between infinity and the least distance of distinct vision. So, the renage of vision of a normal healthy
human eye is from infinity to the least distance of distinct vision, i.e. from infinity to about 25 cm from the eye.

What is meant by the persistence of vision ?

The image formed on the retina of the eyes is not permanent. It also does not fade away instantaneously after the
object is removed or we have stopped seeing the object. The image formed on the retina persists for 1/16th of a second
even after we have stopped looking at the object. The ability of the eye to retain the image (or the sensation caused by
the light coming from the object) for about 1/16th of a second even after we have stopped seeing the object is called
persistence of vision.

The phenomenon of persistence of vision is made use of in motion-picture projection (or cinematography). A sequence
of still pictures are recorded on a film by a movie camera. This recorded film is projected on a screen at the speed of
about 24 pictures per second. Due to the persistent of vision, the successive images on the screen merge smoothly into
one nother giving an impression of continuity. In this way, we are able to see the pictures in motion.

COLOUR VISION

How do we see the colour

We see an object only when its image is formed at the retina.
Our retina has a large number of light-sensitive cells. These cells are of two shapes – rods and cones.
● The rod-shaped cells respond to the intensity of light, i.e. the degree of brightness or darkness is sensed by the rod-
shaped cells on the retina of the eye.
● The cone-shaped cells respond to the colours. These cells are sensitive to red, blue and green colours to different
extents. It is due to these cone-shaped cells that we are able to distinguish between different colours.
The cone-shaped cells become active only in bright light, That is why, we can’t differentiate between colours in dim
light. There are in fact three different kinds of the cone-shaped cells : one sensitive to red, second to green and the
third to blue coluor. So, depending upon the colour of the light entering the eye, one or more kinds of the cone-shaped
cells get activated.

How do certain animals including birds differ in their colour perception

The structure and the and the number of rod-shaped and cone-shade cells are different for different animals/birds. As a
result, therefore, their colour perceptions are also different. For example.
● Bees have cones that are sensitive to ultraviolet light (light beyond violet colour). So, bees can see the ultraviolet light
present in sunlight.
● Human beings cannot see the ultraviolet light because the cones in their retina are not sensitive to the ultraviolet light .
● The retina of chicken has mostly cone-shaped cells and only a few rodshaped cells. It is because of this reason that a
chicken can see only in bright and wake up only when the sun rises and goes to sleep at sunset .

22
What is colour blindness
Colour blindness is a defect of vision or defect of eye. When a person is unable to distinguish between certain colours,
he/she is said to be colour blind. Thus , colour blindness is that defect of the eye due to which a person is not able to
distinguish between certain colours.
Colour blindness is a genetic disorder, which occurs due to inheritance (from parents to their children).

Cause of colour blindness

The retina of human eye consists of three different types of cone-shaped cells. Some are sensitive to blue light, some to
green light, and some others to red light. Thus, each colour of light is detected only by the cones which are sensitive to
that light. Sometimes, a person may not have a particular kind of cones on its retina. Then, such a person will not be
able to distinguish between certain colours. For example. a person not having cones sensitive to the blue in his/her eye
will not be sensitive to blue colour.

DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION

Abnormalities in the normal vision of the eye are called defects of vision or defects of eyes.
The most commonly observed defects of vision (or defects of eyes) are :
(i) Myopia or shortsightess or nearsightedness
(ii) Hyperetropia or longsightedness or hyperopia or farsightedness
(iii) Astigmatism

WHAT IS SHORTSIGHTEDNESS (OR MYOPIA)

Shortsightedness (or myopia) is the defect due to which the eye is not able to see the distant objects clearly though it
can see the nearby objects clearly. So, shortsighted or myopic eye has its far point nearer than infinity.

WHAT CAUSES SHORTSIGHTEDNESS (OR MYOOPIA)

Myopia or shortsightedness is caused by the following reasons.
(a) Decrease of focal length of the eye lens, i.e. the eye lens becomes more convergent .
(b) Elongation of the eyeball, i.e. the increased length of the eyeball.

A normal and a shortsighted (or myopic) eye

How is shortsightedness (or myopia) corrected ?
The shortsightedness (myopia) can be corrected by making the eye lens
less convergent. This can be done by placing a concave lens (divergent
lens) of suitable focal length before the eye lens.
The rays of light coming from a distant object after passing through the
concave (diverging) lens of the spectacles diverge slightly. As a result,
the rays entering the eye appear to come from the far point of the myopic
eye, and therefore get focused at the retina to form a clear image.

23
How to calculate the focal length and power of the lens used for correcting a myopic eye
The corrective lens (concave lens) needed to correct a myopic eye should form the image of the far-off object (e.g. at
infinity) at the far point (d) of the myopic person.
Thus, u  , v  d , f  ?
1 1 1 1
    f  d
f v u d

WHAT IS LONGSIGHTEDNESS (OR HYPERMETROPIA OR HYPEROPIA)

The longsightedness (or hypermetropia) is the defect due to which the eye is not able to see clearly the nearby objects
though it can see the distant objects clearly.
So, a longsighted eye has its near point farther away from the normal near point (about 25 cm for a an adult).

WHAT CAUSES LONGSIGHTEDNESS (OR HYPERMETROPIA)

Hypermetropia or longsightedness is caused due to the following reasons :

(i) Increase of the focal length of the eye lens, i.e. the eye lens becoming less convergent.
(ii) Shortening of the eye ball, i.e. the length of the eye ball has decreased.

HOW IS LONGSIGHTEDNESS (OR HYPERMETROPIA) CORRECTED

Longsightedness (hypermetropia) can be corrected by making the eye lens

more convergent. This is generally done by placing a convex lens Retir
(converging lens) of suitable focal length before the eye lens. This is
shown in Fig.
The rays from a nearby object (about 25 cm) after passing through the
convex lens of the spectacles converge slightly. As a result, the rays
entering the eye appear to come from the near point of the longsighted eye,
and therefore get focussed at the retina to form a clear image. How to
calculate the focal length and power of the lens used for correcting a
hypermetropic eye
24
 The corrective lens (a convex lens) needed to correct a hypermetropic (or longsighted) eye should form the image of
the object placed at the normal near point (the least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm) at the near point of the
hypermetropic person. Thus.
v = Near point distance of the hypermetropic eye = - d
u = Near point distance for the normal eye = - D = - 25 cm Using the lens formula,
1 1 1 1 1
   
f v u  d 25cm

WHAT IS ASTIGMATISM
A normal eye can focus all the light from any object at the same point. Sometimes, the light coming in the horizontal
and vertical planes do not come to focus at the same point. As a result, the horizontal and vertical views of an object
are not seen with the same clarity. Such a defect of eye is called astigmatism. A person suffering from astigmatism is
not able to see in all directions equally well.

● Cause of astigmatism. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea or the eye lens or both are not perfectly spherical, i.e. the
cornea or the eye lens or both are more curved in one plane than in the other.

● Correcting astigmatism. Astigmatism can be corrected by using cylindrical lenses. Cylindrical lenses have different
curvature in the horizontal and vertical directions.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

What is a prism

A prism is a transparent refracting medium bound by two plane surfaces inclined to each other at certain angle
(commonly 600 or 450),

25
● The faces ABED and ACFD are refracting surfaces of the prism.
● The face BEFC is the base of the prism.
The angle BAC is the prism angle.
● The line of intersection of the two refracting surfaces is called refracting angle (the line AD in the diagram) or the
prism.
● The face ABC is the principal section of the prism.
The principal section of a prism is perpendicular to its refracting edge.

HOW DOES LIGHT GET REFRACTED BY A PRISM

The incident ray suffers a deviation (or bending) through an angle  due to refraction through the prism. The angle  is
called the angle of deviation.
Note :
● The prism is in the position a the minimum diviation when angle of emergence = angle of incidence.
or e  i
● The refractive index of the material of prism is given as
 A  m 
sin  
  2 
A
sin
2

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

What is meant by dispersion of light

The process of splitting white light into its seven constituent constituent colours is called dispersion of white light. The
band of seven colours formed on a screen due to the dispersion of white light is called spectrum of visible light or
spectrum of white light.

What causes dispersion of white light

Dispersion of white light into seven solour occur because the light of different colours has different wavelength. In this
band of seven colours, red light has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest.
Lights of all colours travel at the same speed in vacuum. But, in any transparent medium, such as glass or water, the
lights of different colours travel with different speeds.
Due to difference in their speeds, the lights of different colours bend through different angles. In any transparent
medium, the red light travels the fastest, and the violet light the slowest of all the seven colours. Therefore, the red
light bends the least, and violet light bends the most.
Thus, dispersion of white light into seven colours occurs because the lights of different colour bend through different
angle while passing through a glass prism.
26
What is meant by monochromatic and polychromatic light
The light of one single colour, or one single wavelength is called monochromatic light (chrome means colour). Sodium
light is golden yellow in colour. So, sodium light is monochromatic light.
The light made up of many colours, or light consisting of radiations of many wavelengths, is called polychromatic
light, white light is made up of seven colours. So, white light (or sunlight) is a polychromatic light.

How is the dispersed white light recomposed

Recombination of the colours of the dispersed white light to get white light is called recomposing of the dispersed
white light.

How does a rainbow form

Rainbow is an example of the dispersion of white light.

Just after the rain, a large number of small droplets of water remain suspended in the air. Each drop acts like a small
prism. When sunlight falls on these drops, the white light splits into seven colours. The dispersed light form a large
number of drops forms a continuous band of seven colours. This coloured band is called rainbow. Thus, rainbow is
produced due to dispersion of white light by small raindrops hanging in the air after the rain.

The rainbow is seen when the sun is behind the observe.

27
 SOLVED NCERT EXERCISE

1. A lens has power of - 2.5 D. What is the focal length and nature of the lens ?
Sol. P = - 2.5 D, f=?
1
From relartion, P 
f
1 1
f   0.4m  40cm
P  2.5
Negative sign indicates that it is a concave lens.
2. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power + 1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens Is the prescribed
lens diverging or converging ? [NCERT]
Sol. P = + 1.5D
1 10 2
f (in meters) =    66.6cm
P 15 3
As the focal length and power of the lens is positive therefore, lens is a convex (converging) lens).
3. A person with a myopic eye cannot see beyond 1.2 m distinctly. What should be the nature of the corrective lens
used to restore proper vision ?
Sol. Corrective lens required is ‘concave lens’ of suitable power to restore proper vision. In this cases.
u = -  , v = - 1.2 m
1 1 1 1 1 1
Using lens formula,     
f v u  1.2m  1.2m
f = - 1.2 m
1 1
Power of lens, P  D  0.83D.
1.2m 1.2
4. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away form a converging lens of length 10 cm. Draw the ray diagram and
find the position, size and the nature of the image formed. [NCERT]
Sol. f    10cm
u  25cm
1 1 1
Using lens formula,  
v u f
1 1  1 
  
10 v   25 
1 1 1
 
v 10 25
1 3
 cm
v 50
50
v  16.7m
3
The image is real at a distanc of 16.7 cm behind the lens
h' v
m 
h u
h' 50 / 3 50 / 3  5 10
  h'    cm
5  25  25 3
Heght of the image is 3.3 cm in height.
28
5. The refractive index of diamond is 2.47 and that of glass is 1.51. How much faster does light travel in glass than
in diamond. ?
Sol. Let n1 and n2 be the refractive indices and v1 and v2 be the velocity of of light in diamond and glass respectively, then
c c 3  108 m / s
n1  or v1    1.215  108 m / s
v1 n1 2.47
c c 3  108 m / s
n2  or v2    1.987  108 m / s
v2 n2 2.51
v2  v1  (1.987  1.215)  108  0.772  108 m / s
 7.72  10 7 m / s
Thus light travels 7.72 ×107 m/s faster in glass than diamond.

6. A magnifying lens has a focal length of 10cm. (a) Where should the object if the image is to be 30 cm from the
lens ? (b) What will be the magnification ?
Sol. (a) In case of magnifying lens, the lens is convergent and the image is erect, enlarged, virtual, between infinity
and object and on the same side of lens.
f = 10 cm and v = - 30 cm
1 1 1
and hence from lens-formula, 
v u f
1 1 1
we have   i.e., u = - 7.5 cm
 30 u 10
So the object must be placed in front of lens at a distance of 7.5 cm (which is < f ) from it.
h  v 3
(b) m 2   4 i,e., image is erect, virtual and four times the size of object.
 h1  u  7.5

7. An object 25 cm high is placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If the height of image formed is 50
cm find the distance between the object and the image ?
Sol. As object is in front of the lens, is is real and as
h1  25cm, f  30cm, h2  50cm
h2  50
m   2
h1 25
f 30
m  2
f u 30  u
v v
u  45cm  m  2  v  90 cm
u  45
As in this situation object and image are on opposite sides of lens, the distance between object and image
d1  u  v  45  90  135 cm

If the image is erect (i.e., vitrual)

f 30 v v
m  2  u  15cm  m  2  v  30 cm.
f u 30  u u  15
As in the situation both image and object are in front of the lens, the distance between object and image
d 2  v  u  3015  15 cm.

29
8. A needle placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on a screen placed 90 cm on other side of the lens. Identify
the type of lens and determine its focal length. What is the size of the image, it the size of the needle is 5 cm ?
Sol. Here, u = - 45 cm, v = 90 cm, f = ?, h1 = 5 cm,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
        or f  30 cm
v u f 90 45 f 90 f
As f is positive, the lens is converging
h2 v h2 90
     2  h2  10 cm.
h1 u 5  45
Minus sign indicates that image is real and inverted

9. A beam of light converges to a point. P. A lens is placed in the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from P. At
what point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. (b) a concave lens of
focal length 16 cm.
Sol. Here, the point P on the right of the lens acts as a virtual object,
 u = 12 cm, v = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) f = 20 cm      
v u f v 12 20
1 1 1 35 8 60
      v  7.5 cm
v 20 12 60 60 8
(b) f = -16 cm, u = 12 cm
1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1
      
v f u  16 12 48 48
 v = 48cm
Hence image is at 48 cm to the right of the lens, where the beam would converge.

10. An object is placed at a distant of 1.50 m from a screen and a convex lens placed in between produces an image
magnified 4 times on the screen. What is the focal length and the position of the lens.
h2
Sol. m  4
h1

Let lens is placed at a distance of x from the object.

Then u = - x, and v = (1.5 - x)
v 1.5  x
using m  , we get  4   x  0.3 meter
u x
The lens is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from the object (or 1.20m from the screen)
For focal length, we may use

f f 1.2
m or 4  f   0.24 cm
f u f  (0.3) 5

30
11. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of the tank
is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water ? If water is replaced by a
liquid of refractive index 1.63 upto the same height. What will be apparent depth ?
Sol. Here, real depth = 12.5 cm: apparent depth = 9.4 cm :   ?
realdepth 125
     1.33
apparent depth 9.4
Now, in the second case,   1.63, real depth = 12.5 cm: apparent depth dap = ?
12.5 12.5
 1.63   d ap   7.67 cm
d ap 1.63
12. A ray of light is incident on a transparent glass slab of refractive index 1.62. If the reflected and refracted rays
are mutually perpendicular, what is the angle of incidence ? [tan-1(1.62) = 58.30]
Sol. According to given problem, r + 900 + r’ = 1800
i.e. r’ = 900 – r
or r’ = (900 – i )  sin i   cos i[ sin(90  i)  cos i]
or tan i   or i  tan 1   tan 1 (1.62  58.30 )

13. The focal length of a concave mirror is 30cm. Find the position of the object
in front of the mirror, so that the image is three times the size of the object.
Sol. As the object is in front of the mirror it is real and for real object the magnified image formed by concave mirror can
be inverted (i.e., real) or erect (i.e., vitual), so there are two possibilities.

(a) If the image is inverted (i.e., real)

f  30
m  3   u  40 cm
f u  30  u
Object must be at a distance of 40 cm in front of the mirror
(in between C and F).
(b) If the image is erect (i.e., virtual)
f
m
f u
 30
3  u  20cm
 30  u
Object must be at a distance of 20 cm in front of
the mirror (in between F and P).
14. A beam of light converges towards a point O, behind a convex mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the nature and
position of image if the point O is (a) 10 cm behind the mirror (b) 30 cm behind the mirror.
Sol. (a) For the situation object will be virtual as shown in figure .
Here u = + 10cm and f = + 20cm.
1 1 1
   i.e., v = -20 cm
v 10  20
i.e., the image will be at a distance of 20 cm in front of the
mirror and will be real, erect and enlarged with
 20 
m      2
 10 

31
 (b) For this situation also object will be virtual as shown in Figure.
Here, u = + 30 cm and f = + 20cm
1 1 1
   i.e., v = + 60 cm
v  30  20
i.e., the image will be a distance of 60 cm behind the mirror and will be virtual, inverted and enlarged with
 60 
m      2
 30 
15. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27cm in front of a concave mirror focal length 18 cm. At what distance
from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp focused image can be obtained ? Find the size and
the nature of the image.
Sol. Mirror : concave u=-27cm, f = -18 cm, v = ?
1 1 1
Using mirror formula  
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
      cm v = - 54 cm
v f u  18 27 54 54
The screen should be placed at a distance of 54 cm from the mirror in front of it.
v  54
m   2
u  27
h'
Image is real and magnified, two times the object –2 
h
h'  2  7cm  14cm high
The image is real, inverted, enlarged and 14 cm high.
16. A concave lens of length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the lens ?
Draw the ray diagram – [NCERT]
1 1 1
Sol. Using lens formula.  
v u f
1 1 1
 
 10cm u  15cm
1 1 1 23 1
    u  30cm
u 15 10 30 30
Thus, the object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from concave lens.
17. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex morror of radius of curvature 30
cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and size.
Sol. Radius of curvature of convex mirror (R) = 30 cm
R 30cm
 Focal length of convex mirror ( f )    15 cm
2 2
1 1 1
Using mirror formula ,  
f u v
Object distance, u = - 20 cm
1 1 1 1 1 43 7 60
      cm v cm  8.57cm
v f u 15 20 60 60 7
The image is virtual, behind the mirror and erect.
h' v h'  60 / 7cm  60 / 7cm  5cm 3 15
m     h'    cm  cm
h u 5cm  20cm  20cm 7 7
h’ = + 2.14 cm [It is erect and diminished].

32
18. The near point of a certain eye is 100cm in front of the eye. What lens should be used to see clearly an object 25
cm in front of the eye ?
Sol. u = - 25 cm v = - 100 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3
using lens formula.       cm
f v u  100cm  25cm 100cm 100
100
f  cm  33.3cm
3
Hence a converging lens of focal length 33.3 cm is required.

19. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass ? The speed of
light a vacuum is 3 × 108m/s.
Sol. Refractive index  g  1.5
Speed of light in vacuum c = 3 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in glass, v = ?
c
g 
v
c 3 108
v   2 108 m / s
g 1.5

20. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object ?
Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your observations. [NCERT]

Sol. Yes, it will produce a complete image of the object, as shown in fig. This can be verified experimentally by observing
the image of a distance object like tree on a screen, when half of the is covered with a black paper. However, the
intensity of brightness of image will reduce.

21. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and
nature of the image. [NCERT]
Sol. Here, object distance, u = - 10 cm forcal length, f = 15 cm, image distance, v = ?
1 1 1
As   ,
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 5 1
       , f  6 cm
v f u 15 10 30 6
Here, + sign of v indicates image is at the back of the mirror. It must be virtual, erect and smaller in size than the
object .

22. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean ?
h2
Sol. As m   1, h2  h1
h1
i.e., size of image is equal to size of the object. Further, + sign of m indicates that the image is erect and hence virtual .

33
23. Find the focal length of a lens of power - 2.0 D. What type of lens is this ?
Sol. Here, focal length f = ?, power P = - 2 .0 D
100
As f 
P
100
 f   50 cm
 2.0

24. A person needs a lens of power -5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he
needs a lens power + 1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision,
and (ii) near vision ?

25. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to
correct the problem ?
Sol. Distance of far point, x = 80 cm, P = ?
For viewing distant objects, focal length of corrective lens,
f = - x = 80 cm
100 100
P   1.25 D. The lens is concave.
f  80

26. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What
is the power of the lens required to correct this defect ? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
Sol. Make diagram yourself
Here , x’ = 1m = 100 cm, d = 25, f = ?
x' d
From f 
x'd
100  25
f   33.3 cm
100  25
100 100
P   3D
f 33.3

27. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm ? [NCERT]
Sol. This is because the focal length of eye lens cannot be decreased below a certain minimum limit.

34
EXERCISE – 1 (FOR SCHOOL/BOARD EXAMS)
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose The Correct One

1. A mirror forms a virtual image of a real object.

(A) It must be a convex mirror. (B) It must be a concave mirror.
(C) It must be a plane mirror. (D) It may be any of the mirror mentioned above.
2. The angle of incidence is the angle between
(A) the incident ray and the surface of the mirror (B) the reflected ray and the surface of the mirror
(C) the normal to the surface and the incident ray (D) the normal to the surface and the reflected ray
3. The angle of reflection is the angle between
(A) the incident ray and the surface of the mirror (B) the reflected ray and the surface of the mirror
(C) the normal to the surface and the incident ray (D) the normal to the surface and the reflected ray
4. An object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror. The distance between its image and the pole is
(A) equal to f (B) between f and 2f (C) equal to 2f (D) greater then 2f
5. An object of size 2.0 cm is laced perpendicular to the principal axis of a concve mirror. The distance of the object from
the mirror equals the radius of curvature. The size of the image will be
(A) 0.5 cm (B) 1.5 cm (C) 1.0 cm (D) 2.0 cm
6. The magnification m of an image formed by a spherical mirror is negative. It means, the image is
(A) smaller than the object (B) larger than the object
(C) erect (D) inverted
7. A point object is placed on the principal axis of a spherical mirror. The object-distance u is
(A) definitely negative
(B) definitely positive
(C) positive if the object is to the left of the centre of curvature
(D) positive if the object is to the right of the centre of curvature
R
8. f  is valid
2
(A) for convex mirrors but not for concave mirrors
(B) for concave mirror but not for convex mirrors
(C) for both convex and concave mirrors
(D) neither for convex mirrors nor for concave mirror
9. A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror. If it is parallel to the principal axis, the reflected ray will
(A) pass through the focus
(B) pass through the centre of curvature
(C) pass through the pole
(D) retrace its path
10. If an incident ray passes through the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror, the reflected ray will
(A) pass through the pole (B) pass through the focus
(C) retrace its path (D) be parallel to the principal axis
11. To get an image larger than the object, one can use
(A) a convex mirror but not a concave mirror
(B) a concave mirror but not a convex mirror
(C) either a convex mirror or a concave mirror
(D) a plane mirror

35
12. A ray of light travilling in air falls obliquely on the surface of a calm pond. It will
(A) go into the water without deviating from its path (B) deviate away from the normal
(C) deviate towards the normal (D) turn back on its original path
13. A ray of light goes from a medium of refractive index 1 to a medium of refractive index  2 . The angle of indidence
is i and the angle of refraction is r. Then, sin i/sin r is equal to
1 2
(A) 1 (B)  2 (C) (D)
2 1
14. A thin lesn and a spherical mirror have a focal length of + 15 cm each.
(A) both are convex.
(B) the lens is convex and the mirror is concave.
(C) the lens is concave and the mirror is convex.
(D) both are concave.
15. A convex is
(A) is thicker at the middle than at edges (B) is thicker at the edges than at the middle
(C) nas uniform thickness everywhere (D) is called a diverging lens
16. A convex lens forms a virtual image when an object is placed at a distance of 18 cm from it. The focal length must be
(A) greater than 36 cm (B) greater than 18 cm (C) less than 36 cm (D) less than 18 cm
17. An object is placed before a convex lens. The image formed
(A) is always real (B) may be real or virtual (C) is always virtual (D) is always erect
18. An object is placed before a concave lens. The image formed
(A) is always erect (B) may be erect or inverted (C) is always inverted (D) is always real
19. A lens has a power of +0.5 D. If is
(A) a concave lens of focal length 5 m (B) a convex lens of focal length 5 cm
(C) a convex lens of focal length 2 m (D) a concave lens of focal length 2 m
20. A parallel beam of light falling on the eye gets focused on the retina because of refractions at
(A) the cornea (B) the crystalline lens (C) the vitreous humor (D) various surfaces in the eye
21. The combination responsible for admitting different amounts of light into the eye is
(A) ciliary muscles and crystalline lens (B) ciliary muscles and pupil
(C) iris and pupil (D) rods and cones
22. The muscles of the iris control the
(A) focal length of the eye-lens (B) opening of the pupil
(C) shape of the crystalline lens (D) optic nerve
23. When the eye is focused on an object very far away, the focal length of the eye-lens is
(A) maximum (B) minimum
(C) equal to that of the crystalline lens (D) half its maximum focal length
14. Other names for myopia are
(A) hyperopia and hypermetropia (B) long-sightedness and hyperopia
(C) near-sightedness and presbyopia (D) hear-sightedness and shrt-sightedness
25. The inability among the eldely to see nearby object clearly because of the weakening of the ciliary muscles is called
(A) far-sightedness (B) near-sightedness (C) presbyopia (D) astigmatism
26. When white light passes through a prism, it splits into its component colours. This phenomenon is called
(A) spectrum (B) reflection (C) refraction (D) dispersion
27. The number of surface bounding a prism is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
36
28. A deviation in the path of a ray of light can be produced
(A) by a glass prism but not by a rectangular glass
(B) by a rectangular glass slab but not by a glass prism
(C) by a glass prism as well as a rectangular glass slab
(D) neither by a glass prism nor by a rectangular glass slab
29. The wavelengths corresponding to violet, yellow and red lights are v ,  y and  r respectively.
(A) v   y  r (B) v   y  r (C)  y  v  r (D)  y  r  v
30. If you want to see your full image then the , minimum size of the plane mirror
(A) should be of your height (B) should be half of your height.
(C) should be twice of height. (D) depends upon your distance from the mirror
31. An object A is placed at a distance d in front of a plane mirror. If one stands directly behind the object at a distance S
from the mirror, then the distance of the image.of A from the individual is
(A) 2 S (B) 2 d (C) S + d (D) S + 2d
32. A light bulb is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 600. the number of image formed are
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2
33. A person of height 1.8 standing at the centre of a room having equal dimensions of 10 m wishes to see the full image
of the back wall in the mirror fixed on the front wall. The minimum height of the plane mirror needed for this purpose
is
10
(A) 0.9 m (B) 1.8 m (C) m (D) 10 m
3
34. Two plane mirrors inclined at an angle to one another have an object placed between them. If five images of the object
are observed, the maximum possible angle between the mirrors is
(A) 450 (B) 600 (C) 720 (D) 900
35. In case of a thick plane mirror multiple images arc formed. The brightest of all the images will be
(A) first (B) second (C) third (D) fourth
36. Indicate the only correct statement.
(A) The image formed by a convex mirror can be taken on the screen.
(B) A convex mirror can produce a parallel beam of light from a point source.
(C) The image of’an object placed at the focus of a convex mirror will be formed at infinity.
(D) A concave mirror can never form a diminished virtual image.
37. The focal length of concave mirror is f and the distance from the object to the principal focus is x. The magnification
obtained will be
f
(A) (f + x)/f (B) f / x (C) (D) f2 / x2
x
38. In a museum a child walks towards a large concave mirror. He will see that
(A) his real, erect image goes on decreing in size.
(B) his virtual, erect image goes on increasing in size.
(C) his real, inverted image goes on diminishing in size and suddenly it becomes virtual, erect and magnified.
(D) his real, erect image goes on diminishing in size and suddenly it becomes virtual, erect and magnified.
39. The magnification of an object placed 10 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm will be
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 20 cm
40. A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm produces an image five times as large as large as the object. It the image is in
front of the mirror, the distance of the object from the mirror will be
(A) 10 cm (B) 12 cm (C) 16 cm (D) 20 cm
41. To form an image twice the size of the object, using a convex lens of focal length 20 cm, the object distance must be –
(A) < 20 cm (B) > 20 cm
(C) < 20 cm and between 20 cm and 40 cm (D) Cannot say
37
42. Refractive index of glass w.r.t. air is 3/2. What is the refractive index of air w.r.t. glass ?
(A) 2/3 (B) 1 (C) Zero (D) (3/2)2
43. The mirage is formed due to
(A) reflection (B) refraction (C) total internal reflection (D) dispersion
0
44. A glass prism has refractive index 1.5 and the refracting angle 90 If a ray falls on it at an angle of incidence
(A) 600 (B) 450
(C) 300 (D) the ray will not emerge at all
45. When monochromatic light passes from vacuum to a material medium and vice versa : which of the following
characteristics of light beam does not changes ?
(A) velocity (B) intensity (C) wavelength (D) frequency
46. A piece of glass when immersed in a transparent solution of refractive index 1.48 becomes almost invisible. The
refractive index of glass used is
(A) zero (B) 1 (C) 1.48 (D) infinite
47. Which of the following conditions are necessary for total internal reflection to take place at the boundary of two
optical media ?
I. Light is passing from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium.
II. Light is passing from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium.
III. Angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
IV. Angle of incidence is less than the critical angle.
(A) I and III only (B) II and IV only (C) III and IV only (D) I and IV only
8
48. The speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 × 10 m/s. If the refractive index of a transparent liquid is 4/3, then the speed of
light in the liquid is
(A) 2.25 × 108 m/s (B) 3 x 108 m/s (C) 4 × 108 m/s (D) 4.33 × 108 m/s
49. The refractive indices of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. The refractive index of water with respect to
glass is
8 2 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
9 3 6
50. Which of the following can be used to form a virtual image of an object ?
I. convex lens II. concave lens III. concave mirror
(A) II only (B) II and III only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C D C D D A C A C B C D A A
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. B B A C D C B A D C D C A B B
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. C B C C B D B C B B C A C D D
Que. 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C A A A D

38
EXERCISE - 2 (FOR SCHOOL/BOARD EXAMS)
1. An object is placed in front of a plane mirror. If the mirror is moved away from the object through a distance x, be how
much distance will the image move
2. A ray of light on a plane mirror. Show that if the mirror is tilted through an angel  , the reflected ray tilts through an
angle 2 .
3. A 2cm high object is placed at a distance of 32cm from a concave mirror. The image is real, inverted and 3 cm in size.
Find the focal length of the mirror and the position where the image is formed.
4. A ray of light travilling in air falls on the surface of a glass slab. The ray makes an angle of 450 with the normal to the
surface. Find the angle made by the refracted ray with the normal within the slab. Refractive index of glass = 3/2.
 4
5. Yellow light of wavelength 590 nm travilling in air is refracted into water     . Find the wavelength of this light
 3
in water.
6. A cube of edge 6 cm is placed over a printed page. At what distance from the top surface of the cube will be letters
appear when seen from above ? Refractive index of glass = 1.5.
7. An object is placed on the principal axis of a concave lens at a distance of 20 cm from it. If the focal length of the lens
is also 20 cm. find the location of the image.
8. A beam of light travelling to the principal axis of a concave lens appears to diverge from a point 20 cm behind the lens
after passing through the lens. Find the power of the lens.
9. A convex lens of power 4D is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a wall. At what distance from the lens should a
candle of be placed so that its image is formed on the wall ?
10. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 12.5 cm in such a way that
they have the same principal axis. Find the power of the combination.
11. A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3.00 m. If a bus is located at 5.00 m
from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image .
12. An object, 4.0 cm in size, is placed at 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm. At what distance
from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image ? Find the nature and the size of the image.
13. A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens be placed so that it forms
an image at 10 cm from the lens ? Also, find the magnification produced by the lens.
14. A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. The distance
of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image. Also find its magnification.
15. An object placed in front of a diverging mirror at a distance of 30 cm, forms a virtual and erect image which is 1/5 of
the size of the object. Calculate : (i) the position of the image , (ii) the focal length of the diverging mirror.
16. A light of wavelength 500 nm in air enters a glass block of refractive index 1.5. Find (a) speed; (b) frequency ; (c)
wavelength of light in glass. Velocity of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s.
17. Consider a system of two plane mirror inclined to each other at a right angel. Show that a ray of light is incident on the
system, the outgoing ray is parallel to the incident ray and this result is independent of the incident direction.
18. A near sighted person wears eye glass with power of -5.5D for distance vision. His doctor prescribes a correction of +
1.5D in near vision section of his bifocals, which is measured relative to main part of the lens.
(I) What is the focal length of his distant viewing port of lens ?
(II) What is the focal length of near vision section of the lens ?
39
19. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror used on a moving automobile is 2.0 m. A truck is coming behind it at a
constant distance of 3.5 m. Calculate (i) the position, and (ii) the size of image relative to the size of the truck. What
will be the nature of the image ?
20. The refractive index of dense flint is 1.65, and for alcohol, it is 1.36 with respect to air. What is the refractive index of
the dense flint glass with respect to alcohol ?
21. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from the lens. Where is the needle
placed in front the convex lens, so that this image is of the same size as the object ? Also, find the power of the lens.
22. A person can not see objects distinctly at distances less than 1 m. Calculate the power of the spectacles lens that he
should use in order to read a book at a distance of 25 cm.
23. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations:
(a) Head lights of a car.
(b) Side rear view mirror of a vehicle.
(d) Solar furnace.
Support your answer with reason.
24. What kind of lens can form a (i) Virtual, erect diminished image ? (ii) virtual, erect, magnified image ?
25. Which lens has greater power, a convex lens of focal length 10 cm or a convex lens of focal length 20 cm ?
26. A man standing in front of a special mirror finds his image having a small face, big tummy and legs of normal size.
What are the shapes of three parts of the mirror ?
27. Can you change focal length of a given spherical mirror by changing the object distance from the mirror ?
28. Can you change linear magnification of a spherical mirror by changing the object distance from the mirror ?
29. What is the basic cause of refraction ?
30. What are the conditions for no refraction of light ?
31. A concave mirror is used as a head mirror by ENT specialists. The same mirror also be used as a shaving mirror. Why
?

ANSWER KEY EXERCISE -2(X)CBS

200
1. 2x 3. f = -192 cm, v = - 48 cm 4. 280 5. 442.5 nm 6. 4 cm 7. – 10 cm 8. - 5D 9.  cm
3
10. -3D 11. 1.15 m, +0.23 12. - 37.5 m, - 6.0 cm 13. – 30 cm, + 0.33 14.+30 cm – 4.0 cm, m = - 2

15. (i) 6 cm (ii) 7.5 cm 16. (a) 2 × 108 m/s (b) Same (c) 333.3 nm

18. (i) -18.18 cm (ii) -25 cm 19. (i) 0.78 m (ii) 0.22 20. 1.21 21. - 50 cm, 4 D 22. + 3D

40
EXERCISE – 3 (FORSCHOOL/BOARDEXAMS)

PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD (CBSE) QUESTIONS :

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 1 MARKS FACH)

1. If the magnification of a body of size 1 m is 2, what is the size of the image ? (2003)
2. What is the power of a concave lens of focal length 25 cm? (2004)
3. What will be the focal length of a lens whose power is given as + 2.0 d ? (2004)
4. Where will the image be formed by a concave mirror when an object is placed between the pole and the focus point of
the mirror ? (2005)
5. What is the value of focal length of a plane mirror ? (2005)
6. A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown in fig. redraw the above diagram after completing the path of
the light ray after reflection from the mirror. (2006)

7. Copy fig. in your answer book and show the direction of the light ray after reflection . (2008)

8. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement in relation to speed of light ? (2008)
9. Draw fig. in your answer book and show the formation of image of the object AB with the help of suitable rays.

10. Draw fig. in your answer book and show the formation of image of the object AB with the help of suitable rays.

41
11. Draw fig. in your answer book and show the formation of image with the help of suitable rays.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 2 MARKS EACH)

12. Give the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror. (2003)
13. An object is placed at 0.06 m from a convex lens of focal length 0.1 m. Calculate the position of the image ?
(2004)
14. An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. Find the position
and nature of the image (2004)
15. Light enters from air diamond, which has a reflective index of 2.42. Calculate has speed of light in diamond. The
speed of light in air is 3 × 108 ms-1. (2005)
16. With the help of ray diagrams, show the formation of the image of an object by a concave mirror. When it is placed (i)
beyond the centre of curvature (ii) at the centre of curvature. (2005)
17. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of image of an object by a concave mirror, when it is placed (i) between its
centre of curvature C and focus F (ii) between pole P of mirror and its focus F. (2005)
18. With respect to air, the refractive index of ice is 1.31 and that of rock salt is 1.54. Calculate the refractive index of rock
salt w.r.t. ice. (2005)
19. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of image of an object by a concave lens when the object is placed. (i) at
infinity (ii) between infinity and optical centre of the lens. (2005)
20. Draw a ray diagram to show the position and nature of the image formed when an object is placed between focus F and
pole P of a concave mirror . (2006)
21. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of the image of an object by a convex mirror, when it is placed (i) at infinity
and (ii) between infinity and pole of the mirror . (2006)
22. Draw a labelled ray diagram to locate the image of an object formed by a convex lens of focal length 20 cm when the
object is placed 20 cm away from the lens. (2008)
23. Explain with the help of a diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface.
(2008)
24. Draw the ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for the
object placed (i) at 2 F1 (ii) between F1 and optical center O of the lens. (2008)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 3 MARKS EACH)

25. Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a thin convex lens of focal length 10 cm to obtain
a virtual image of double it size. (2003)
26. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. What is the power
is combination ? (2003)
27. Find the position of an object , which when placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm produces a
virtual image, which is twice the size of the object. (2003)
28. a concave lens made of a material of refractive index n1 is kept in medium of refractive index n2. A parallel beam of
light is incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light emerging from the concave lens if
(i) n1 > n2 (ii) n1 = n2 (iii) n1 < n2.
42
29. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens of focal length 20 cm of an object 4 cm high
placed at a distance of 30 cm from it. (2004)

30. A convex lens has focal length of 30 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that it
forms an image at 60 cm on the other side of the lens ? Find the magnification produced by the lens in this case.
(2004)

31. Find the option, nature and size of the image of an object 3 cm high placed at a distance of 9 from a concave of focal
length 18 cm. (2004)

32. An object 4 cm high is placed 40-0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the distance from the
mirror, at which a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image. Also find the size and nature of the image
(2005)

33. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a concave mirror. It forms a real image four times larger than the
object. Calculate the distance of the image from the mirror.

34. A 5.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal 20 cm. The distance of the
object from the lens from the lens is 30 cm. By calculation, determine (i) the position (ii) the size of the image formed.

35. An object 320 cm high is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of length 7.5 cm. The image s
formed at a distance of 5.0 cm from the lens. Calculate (i) distance at which object is placed, and (ii) size and nature of
image formed. (2006)

36. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm At what distance from the lens 5 cm tall object be placed so that it forms an
image at 15 cm from the lens ? Also, calculate the size of the image formed. (Delhi, 2007)

37. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is formed on the screen
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens. (2007)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 5 MARKS EACH)

38. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images when the object is placed in front of a concave mirror
(i) between its pole and focus point.
(ii) between the centre of curvature and focus point.

39. (a) State the relation between object distance, image distance and focal length of a spherical mirror .
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formed by a concave mirror when an object is placed between pole and
focus of the mirror.
(c) A concave mirror of focal length 5 cm forms an image of an object kept at a distance of 10 cm from the
mirror. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed by it.

43
 HUMAN EYE
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 1 MARKS EACH)

40. What is meant by persistence of vision ? (2003)

41. What kind of lens is used in the spectacles of a person suffering from myopia (near sightedness) ? (2006)
42. List three common defects of vision that can be corrected with the use of spectacles. (2006)
43. Write the function of Iris in the human eye. (2007)
44. To an astronaut, why does the sky appear dark instead of blur ? (2008)
45. Why does the sun appear reddish at sunrise ? (2008)
46. Why is red colour selected for danger signal lights ? (2008)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 2 MARKS EACH)

47. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eyes. What is the nature and power of the lens required to
enable him to see very distant object distinctly ? (2003)
48. Explain about the colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset. (2007)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 3 MARKS EACH)

49. What are the conditions for formation of rainbow ? (2003)

50. Draw a labelled diagram of human eye.
What is power of accommodation of eye ? Define colour blindness (2005)
51. (a) Draw a diagram to show the formation of image of a distant object by a myopic eye. How can such an
eye defect be remedied ?
(b) State two reasons due to which eye defect may be caused.
(c) A person with myopic eye cannot see objects beyond a distance of 1’5 m. What would be the power of the
corrective lens used to restore proper vision ? (2008)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (CARRYING 5 MARKS EACH)

52. (a) State two main causes of a person developing near sightedness. With the help of a ray diagram, suggest how
he can be helped to overcome this disability ?
(b) The far point a myopic person is 150 cm in front of the eye. Calculate the focal length and power of a lens
required to enable him to see distant object clearly. (2004)
53. What is long sightedness ? List two causes for development of long-sightedness. Describe with a ray diagram, how this
defect may be corrected by using spectacles. (2005)
54. (a) Explain the following terms used in relation to defects of vision and corrections provided for them : (i) Myopia
(ii) Astigmatism (iii) Bifocal lenses (iv) Far sightedness.
(b) Describe with a ray diagram how a person with myopia can be helped by spectacles. (2005)
55. A 14 year old student is not able to see clearly the questions written on blackboard placed at a distance of 45 m from
him. (a) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. (b) With the help of labelled ray diagrams, show how this
defect can be corrected. (c) Name the type of lens used to correct the defect. (2007)
56. (a) What is meant by dispersion of white light ? Describe the formation of rainbow in the sky with the help of a
Diagram.
(b) What is hypermetropia ? Draw ray diagrams to show the image formation of an object by (i) hypermetropic
eye (ii) correction made with a suitable lens for hypermetropic eye . (2008)
57. (a) Give reasons for the following :
(i) Colour of the clear sky is blue.
(ii) The sun can be seen about two minutes before actual sunrise.
(iii)We cannot see an object clearly if it is placed very close to the eyes.
(b) What is prosbyopia ? Write two causes of this defect .

44
EXERCISE – 4 OPTICS
1. When does the total internal reflection take place :-
(A) Refraction from air into any denser medium
(B) Refraction of ray incident from rarer medium
(C) Ray incident from denser medium, with angle of refraction 900.
(D) Ray incident from denser medium with refractive index is [n > 1 /(sin of angle of incidence)]
2. When the ray of light is incident from denser medium having refractive index 2, what should be the angle of incidence
for the ray to go out :-
(A) Less than 300 (B) Less than 450 (C) Less than 600 (D) Less than 900
3. A monochromatic beam of light passes from a denser medium into a rarer medium as a result :-
(A) Its velocity increase (B) Its velocity decrease
(C) Its frequency decrees (D) Its wavelength decreases
4. Immiscible transparent liquids A, B, C, D and E are placed in a rectangular container of glass with the liquids making
laxers according to their densities. The refractive index of the liquids are shown in the adjoining diagram. The
container is alluminated from the side and a small piece of glass having refractive index 1.61 is gently dropped into the
liquid laxo. The glass piece as descends downwards will not be visible in :-
(A) Liquid A and B only
(B) Liquid C only
(C) Liquid D and E only
(D) Liquid A, B D and E

5. Sensitivity of eye is maximum for :-

   
(A) 4000 A (B) 8000 A (C) 5550 A (D) 6000 A
6. A bird in air looks at a fish vertically below it and inside water. x is the height of the bird above the surface of water an
y is the depth of the fish below the surface of water. The distance of the fish as observed by the bird is : (Given  =
refractive index of water w.r.t. air) :-
y
(A) x + y (B) x  (C)  x + y (D)  x +  y

7. In the previous question, the distance of the bird as observed by the fish is :-
y
(A) x + y (B) x  (C)  x + y (D)  x +  y

8. An object is placed between two parallel plane mirror. The number of image formed is
(A) four (B) one (C) two (D) infinite
9. An object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at some angle to each other . If the number of images formed is
7 then angle of inclination is
(A) 150 (B) 300 (C) 450 (D) 600
10. Which of the following letters do not surface lateral inversion.
(A) HGA (B) HOX (C) VET (D) YUL
11. A clock hung on a wall has marks instead of numbers on its dial. On the opposite wall there is a mirror, and the image
of the clock in the mirror if read , indicates the time as 8.20. What is the time in the clock –
(A) 3.40 (B) 4.40 (C) 5.20 (D) 4.20
12. If you want to see your full image, then minimum size of the mirror
(A) Should be of your height (B) Should be of your height
(C) Should be twice of your height (D) Depends upon distance from the mirror

45
13. If an object is placed unsymmetrically between two plane mirrors, inclined at an angle of 720, then the total number of
image formed is-
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
14. At what angle must two plane mirrors be placed so that incident and resulting reflected rays are always parallel to each
other
(A) 00 (B) 300 (C) 600 (D) 900
15. Figure shows two plane mirrors parallel to each other and an object O placed between them. Then the distance of the
first three images from the mirror M2 will be : (in cm)

(A) 5, 10, 15 (B) 5, 15, 30 (C) 5, 25, 35 (D) 5, 15, 25

16. If an object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror a focal length 20 cm, the image will be :-
(A) diminished, upright, virtual (B) enlarged, upright, virtual
(C) diminished, inverte, real (D) enlarged, upright, real
17. The magnification m, the image position v and focal length f are related to one another by the relation –
f v f f v f
(A) m  (B) m  (C) m  (D) m 
f f v f f v
18. The relation between magnification m, the object position u and focal length f of the mirror is
f v f f u f
(A) m  (B) m  (C) m  (D) m 
f f u f f u
19. v1 is velocity of light in first medium, v2 is velocity of light in second medium, then refractive index of
second medium with respect to first medium is
(A) v1/v2 (B) v2/v1 (C) v1 / v2 (D) v2 / v1
20. The ratio of the refractive index of red light to blue light in air is
(A) Less than unity
(B) Equal to unity
(C) Greater than unity
(D) Less as well as gratert than unity depending upoin the experimetntal arrangement
21. The refractive index of glass and water with respect to air 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. The refractive index of glass with
respect to water is
(A) 8/9 (B) 9/8 (C) 2 (D) 1/2
22. If i j represnts refractive index when a light ray goes grom medium i to medium j, then the product 2 1 3 2 4 3

is equal to
1
(A) 3 1 (B) 3  2 (C) (C) 4  2
1 4
23. What is the basic reason for the shining of a diamond ?
(A) Reflection (B) Refraction (C) Dispersin of light (D) Total internal reflection
24. Total internal reflection of a ray of light is possible when the (ic = critical angle, i = angle of incidence)
(A) Ray goes from denser medium to rarer medium and i < ic
(B) Ray goes from denser medium to rarer medium and i > ic
(C) Ray goes from rarer medium to denser medium and i > ic
(D) Ray goes from rarer medium to denser medium and i < ic.
46
25. A convex lens of focal length A and a concave lens of focal length B are placed in content. The focal length of the
combination is
AB AB
(A) A + B (B) (A – B) (C) (D)
( A  B) ( B  A)
26. Near and far points of a human eye are
(A) zero and 25 cm (B) 25 cm and 50 cm (C) 50 cm and 100 cm (D) 25 cm and infinite
27. The focal length of a concave mirror is f and the distance from the object to the principal focus is x. Then the ratio of
the size of the image to the size of the object is-
( f  x) f f f2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
f x x x2
28. Light travels through a glass plate of thickness t and having refractive index n. If c is the velocity of light in vacuum.
The time taken by the light to travel this thickness of glass is :-
t nt tc
(A) (B) tnc (C) (D)
nc c n
29. A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices 1 ,  2 ,  3 and  4 as show in the figure.
The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must have :

(A) 1   2 (B)  2   3 (C)  3   4 (D)  4  1

30. Which of the following is used in optical fires ?
(A) Total internal reflection (B) Scattering
(C) Diffraction (D) Refraction
31. Electromagnetic radiation of frequency n, wavelength  , travelling with velocity v in air, enters a glass slab of
refractive index  . The frequency, wavelength and velocity of light in the glass slab will be respectively :-
n  v  v v n 
(A) , , (B) n, , (C) n,  , (D) , v
       
32. A plane glass slab is kept over various coloured letters ; the letter which appears lest raised is
(A) blue (B) violet (C) green (D) red
33. A convex lens of focal length f will form a magnified real image of an object if the object is placed
(A) anywhere beyond 2f (B) anywhere beyond f
(C) between f and 2f (D) between lens and f
34. A convex lens is making full image of an object . if half of lens is covered by an opaque object, then
(A) half image is not seen (B) full image of same intensity is seen
(C) full image of decreased intensity is seen (D) half image of same intensity is seen
35. When a thin convex lens is put in contact with a thin concave lens of the same focal length , the resultant combination
has a focal length equal to
(A) f / 2 (B) 2f (C) 0 (D) 
36. Focal length of a convex lens will be maximum for
(A) blue light (B) yellow light (C) green light (D) red light

47
37. A convex lens has a focal length f. It is cut into two parts along the dotted line as show in the figure. The focal length
of each part will be
f
(A)
2
(B) f
3
(C) f
2
(D) 2f

38. A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown is the figure. For a point object placed on its axis, the
number of image formed are

(A) 1

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

39. Myopia is the defect of vision due to which a person finds difficulty in seeing
(A) distance object (B) near object (C) object at all distances (D) colours
40. Loss of the ability of eye to focus on near and far object with advancing age is called
(A) Presbyopia (B) Astigmatism (C) Hypermetropia (D) Myopia
41. Astigmatism can be corrected by
(A) Bifocal lenses (B) Cylindrical lenses (C) Concave lenses (D) Planoconvex lenses
42. A normal eye is not able to see objects closer than 25 because
(A) The focal length of the eye is 25 cm
(B) The distance of the retina form the lens is 25 cm
(C) The eye is not able to decrease the distance between the eye lens and the retina beyond a limit
(D) The eye is not able to decrease the focal length beyond a limit
43. Myopia can be removed by using a lenses of
(A) concave lens (B) convex lens (C) cylindrical lens (D) by surgical removal
44. Two plane mirrors M1 and M2 each have length 1m and separated by 1 cm, A ray of light is incident on one end of
mirror M1 at angle 45
0
. How many reflections the ray will have before going at from the other end

(A) 50 (B) 51 (C) 100 (D) 101

45. ‘Mirage’ is a phenomenon due to :-
(A) reflection of light (B) refraction of light
(C) total internal reflection of light (D) diffraction of light

48
46. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end of a thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure, the beaker
height is 5h and its radius h. when the beaker is filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see the lower end of the
rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is –

5 5 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
47. A ray of light is incident at the glass-water interface at an angle i. It emerges finally parallel to the surface of water as
shown in fig. the value of  g would be –

4 1 2
(A)   sin i (B) (C) (D) 1.5
3 sin i 3 sin i
48. When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air –
(A) Its wavelength decreases. (B) Its wavelength Increases.
(C) Its frequency increases (D) Neither wavelength nor frequency changes.
49. The distance between the object and the real image formed by a convex lens is d. if the magnification is m, the focal
length of the lens is -
md md md md
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(m  1) 2 (m  d ) (m  1) 2 m 1
50. A parallel beam of light falls on a convex lens. The path of the rays is shown in fig. It follows that –

(A) 1     2 (B) 1     2 (C) 1     2 (D) 1     2

51. A person is looking at the image of his face in a mirror by holding it close to his face. The image is virtual. When he
moves the mirror away from his face, the image is inverted. What type of mirror is he using ?
(A) Plane mirror (B) Convex mirror (C) Concave mirror (D) None of these
52. Two objects A and B when placed in turn in front of a concave mirror of focal length 7.5 cm, give images of equal
size. If A is three times the size of B and is placed 30 cm from mirror , what is the distance of B fro the mirror –
(A) 10 cm (B) 12.5 cm (C) 15cm (D) 17.5 cm
49
53. A ray of light in medium of refractive index 1 is partly reflected and refracted at the boundary of a medium of
refractive index  2 as shown fig. If  BOC = 900. The value of angle i is given by –

(A) tan 1 (1 /  2 ) (B) tan 1 ( 2 / 1 ) (C) sin 1 (  2 / 1 ) (D) cos 1 (1 /  2 )
54. Two transparent media A and B separated by a plane boundary. The speed of light in medium A is 2.0 × 108 and in
medium B 2.5 × 108 ms-1. The critical angle for which a ray of light going from A to B it totally internally reflected is
–
1 2 4
(A) sin 1   (B) sin 1   (C) sin 1   (D) None of these
2 5 5
55. An air bubble in a glass slab (   1.5 ) is 6 mc deep when viewed through one face and 4 cm deep when viewed
through the opposite face. What is the thickness of the slab ?
(A) 7.0 cm (B) 7.5 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 10.5 cm
56. A point source of light S is placed at a distance L in front of the centre of a plane mirror PQ. of width d hung vertically
on a wall as shown in fig. A man walks in front of the mirror along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 2L from it
as shown. The greatest distance over which he can see the image of the light source in the mirror is –

d
(A) (B) d (C) 2d (D) 3d
2
57. Two plane mirros, each 1.6 m long, are help parallel and facing each other at a separation of 20 3 cm. A ray of light
is incident at a the end of one mirror at an angle of incidence of 300. The total number of reflections the ray suffers
before emerging from the system of mirrors is –
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 16
58. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned to each other, as shown in Fig. A light ray is incident at an angle of 300 at a
point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. The maximum number of
times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first one) before it emerges out is –

(A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34

50
59. What is the relation between refractive indies  , 1 and  2 if the behaviour of light rays is as shown in fig.

(A)    2  1 (B)    2  1 (C)    2 :   1 (D)  2  1 :  :  2

60. A lens of power +2.0D is placed in contact with another lens of power -1.0D, the combination will behave like :-
(A) A converging lens of focal length 100 cm
(B) A diverging lens of focal length 100 cm
(C) A converging lens of focal length 50 cm
(D) A diverging lens of focal length 50 cm
61. Which of the following statements is / are correct ?
(A) The laws of reflection of light hold for plane as well as curved reflecting surfaces.
(B) The size of a virtual image can be measured by receiving it on a screen.
(C) A dentist uses a convex mirror to examine a small cavity.
(D) The focal length of a spherical mirror is half the radius of curvature for all rays.
62. Choose the correct statement (s) from the following :
(A) To a fish under water looking obliquely at a man standing on the bank of lake, the man looks taller then his
actual height.
(B) The apparent depth of a tank of water more for oblique viewing than for normal viewing.
(C) The focal length of a concave mirror will not change if it is immersed in water
(D) In no situation will a converging lens behave like a diverging lens.
63. An air bubble under water shines brightly because of the phenomenon of -
(A) Dispersion (B) Interference
(C) Diffractin (D) Total internal reflection
64. The distance v of the real image formed by a convex lens is measured for various object distances u. A graph is plotted
between v and u. Which one of a the graphs shown in fig. is approximately correct ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

65. If a graph is plotted between 1/v and 1/u, which one of the graphs shown in fig. approximately correct ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

51
52