DSBC MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION
 Experiment 2
Objectives:
 Definition and modelling of a double sideband suppressed
 Carrier (DSBSC) signal;
 Introduction to the MULTIPLIER, VCO, 60 kHz LPF, and TUNEABLE LPF modules;
 Spectrum estimation;

DSBSC SIGNAL
INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATION
 

Definition:
A DSBSC signal can be defined as follows.
“Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) is transmission in
which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above
and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest
practical level, ideally being completely suppressed.”

Mathematical Expression:
Consider two sinusoids, or cosinusoids, cost and cost. A double sideband
suppressed carrier signal, or DSBSC, is defined as their product, namely:
DSBSC = E.cost cost ………………. (1)

Generally, and in the context of this experiment, it is understood that:

 >>

Equation (1) can be expanded to give:

cost. cost = (E/2) cos ( - ) t + (E/2) cos ( + ) t ………….. (3)
Suppressed Signal:
The two components in equation 3 were derived from a carrier term on  rad/s and
message. On rad/s.
because there is no term at carrier frequency in the product signal it is described
as a double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) signal.

LSB and USB:

Equation 3 shows that the product is represented by two new signals, one on the sum frequency
(+ ), and one on the difference frequency (- ) - see Figure 1. The two new components are
located close to the frequency  rad/s, one just below, and the other just above it. These are
referred to as the lower and upper sidebands respectively.

The time domain appearance of a DSBSC:

The time domain appearance of a DSBSC (eqn. 1) in a text book is generally as

shown in Figure 2.
 

Notice the waveform of the DSBSC in Figure 2, especially near the times when the
message amplitude is zero. The fine detail differs from period to period of the
message. This is because the ratio of the two frequencies  and  has been made
non-integral. Although the message and the carrier are periodic waveforms
(sinusoids), the DSBSC itself need not necessarily be periodic.

Block Diagram:
A block diagram, showing how eqn. (1) could be modeled with hardware, is shown
in Figure 3 below.

Envelopes:

Nearly all modulated signals in the communications are narrow band. To see the envelops
properly we have to set the oscilloscope appropriately with regard to the method of its
synchronization
With narrow-band signals, and particularly of the type to be examined in this
and the modulation experiments to follow, the following steps are recommended:

1) Use a single tone for the message, say 1 kHz.

2) Synchronize the oscilloscope to the message generator, which is of fixed amplitude, using
the 'ext trig.' facility.
3) Set the sweep speed so as to display one or two periods of this message on one channel of
the oscilloscope.
4) Display the modulated signal on another channel of the oscilloscope.
With the recommended scheme the envelope will be stationary on the screen. In all but most
special cases the actual modulated waveform itself will not be stationary - since successive
sweeps will show it in slightly different positions so the display within the envelope - the
modulated signal - will be 'filled in' as in Figure 4, rather than showing the detail of Figure 2.
Linear Modulation:
The DSBSC is a member of a class known as linear modulated signals.
Here the spectrum of the modulated signal, when the message has two or more
components, is the sum of the spectral components which each message
component would have produced if present alone.
For the case of non-linear modulated signals, on the other hand, this linear
addition does not take place. In these cases the whole is more than the sum of the
parts. A frequency modulated (FM) signal is an example.

Overload Condition:
Analog circuits are expected to operate in a linear manner, in order to reduce the
chance of the generation of new frequencies. This would signify non-linear
operation. So when designing an analog system signal overload must be
avoided at all times.

Spectrum analysis:
In this experiment we will model a WAVE ANALYSER. As part of that
experiment we will examine the DSBSC spectrum, paying particular attention
to its spectrum.
 EXPERIMENT:

Procedure:
 Under load:
1. Connect the circuit according to fig 5 to model the block diagram of a
system suitable for generating DSBSC derived from a single tone
message, Shown in fig 3.
2. Set the audio oscillator to about 1K using the frequency counter.
3. Set the frequency of the carrier signal to be 100 kHz and insert both signals
in the multiplier input. The output of this arrangement is a DSBSC signal,
and is given by:
DSBSC = k A.cost B.cost
Here 'k' is a scaling factor, a property of the MULTIPLIER.

4. Measure the amplitudes A and B of the message and carrier signals at the
input to the multiplier.
5. Measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of the display using the following
formula
6. Calculate the value of k using the following formula
Peak-to-peak = 2 k A B volts
k = (dsbsc peak-to-peak) / (2 A B)
7. Observe the display on the Pico scope. Set the starting point of sweep
speed of 50s/cm. The graph obtained is shown in graph 1.1

Graph 1.1
 Over load:
8. Inser a buffer ampllifiier in one or other of the paths to the multiplier and
increase the amplitude of this signal until overload occurs. Graph obtained
is shown in graph 1.2.

 Low pass filter :

9. Add low pass filter and for this set the circuit according to fig 7.

10. Adjust VCO frequency to 10khz

11. Set the audio oscillator to about 1kh
 12. The graph obtained is shown below in graph 1.3.

Graph 1.3

13. Lower the filter pass band edge until there is a just-noticeable change to
the DSBSC output. Record the filter pass band edge as fA.
14. Lower the filter pass band edge further until there is only a sine wave
output.
15. again lower the filter pass band edge, just enough so that there is no
16. Significant output. Record the filter pass band edge as fC

Observations and calculations:

 Finding the value if constant ‘k’ :
Amplitude of the input signal = A =
Amplitude of the carrier signal = B =
Peak to peak value of DSB SC signal = 2kAB = 3.619

K = 3.619/ 2(1.905) (1.825)

= 0.52

 Frequencies :
And the values of the frequencies are given as follows:
fA = 2772 / 100
= 27.72 k

fB = 924 / 100
= 9.24k
 fc = 538 / 100
= 5.38 k

 DSBSC is centered on 10 kHz, with lower and upper side

frequencies at 9.0 kHz and 11.0 kHz respectively.

Conclusion: 
 The DSBSC amplitude modulated signal can be easily generated
by multiplication of the message signal with high frequency carrier
 the amplitude of the output of the multiplier varies according to
amplitude of message signal
 Both side frequencies should fit well within the pass band of the
TUNEABLE LPF, when it is tuned to its widest pass band, and so
the shape of the DSBSC should not be altered.

QUESTIONS: 
1. What is the frequency of the signal y (t) =E.cost cost?

Modulated signal does not have a single frequency as it consist of two

frequency components. One is the sum of message frequency and
carrier frequency and other is their difference
2. What would frequency counter read if connected to the signal
y(t)?

Theoretically it should read LCM of two frequencies but in practice

it reads sum of carrier frequency and message frequency.

3. Is the DSB SC signal periodic?

It depends on message signal. If message signal is periodic then

DSB SC signal is periodic.

4. The DSB SE definition in the beginning of the report carried

the understanding that the message frequency  should be
much less than carrier frequency. Why was this? Was it strictly
necessary?

If the message and the carrier frequency are comparable then the
modulated signal may distort as we have seen in frequency domain
that message spectrum spreads around the carrier frequency. If the
spectrum is too wide then it can touch the spectrum on other side
and may distort the message signal which is not desirable so both
the spectrums are forced to be far away by assuring that this
condition is met.