Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Ship Concepts Methods, Stealth Performance and

Resistance Reduction of DFT2 Case Study
MOHAMED SAID1#, FANB Bin1*
1
Department of Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430033, China

Abstract:- Resistance reduction and stealth performance reduced RCS might carry out tremendous varieties of
in surface combatant warship(trimaran) have nowadays warfare missions. The importance of this paper is
became an important issue to be investigated. Talking focused on the resistance reduction and stealth
about trimaran ship resistance reduction, is to provide performance as the requirement process of DFT2 design
an understanding on the ship energy consumption in concept methods.
regard to its efficiency that is related to a considered
reduction of the ship dragging, and wave making Keywords: Trimaran, Ship Concept Model, Resistance
resistance. Additionally, stealth technology also known Reduction And Wave Making Resistance, And Stealth
as low-observable technology (LO technology) has at Performance.
present time acquired an integration into many
categories and classes of high speed warships I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
particularly trimarans that exist in this new era. The
reduction of the Defense Frigate Trimaran2 (DFT2) The use of multihull ship (trimaran) on the missions
radar cross section (RCS) is primarily an effort that and requirements of the Navies has been continuously
DFT2 design will consider to improve survivability in developed and run into rapid growth in recent years, leads
opposition (against) to anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCHs), the Naval architects and Naval engineers to make every
and radar homing. Stealth technology known as sub- efforts on creating new concepts for multihull vessels.
discipline of the tactics utilized by militaries as well as Trimaran is a type for multihull vessel comparing it to
passive and active electronic countermeasures, from monohull vessel, and trimaran has more characteristics in
which a range of methods being covered are utilized on few aspects, i.e. efficiency indicating that trimaran has
ships, submarines, missiles, people, and so on to decrease proper peculiarity (features) such as extended deck, lower
detections (that is, being invisible) draft and better transverse stability compared to monohull
to radar, infrared, sonar as well as other detection vessels[2]. In this research, DFT2 is being selected as
methods. On the other hand, fiber, coating, polymer trimaran vessel for the Union of Comoros, regarding the fact
additives, special roughness, and surfactants when that three hulls are linked to one another, which nowadays
applied on the ship's surface hull, can have and ability of arises a lot of significant attention because trimaran has
reducing drag in fluid flow. large deck area with shallower-draft (small draft)[2].

The main aim of this paper is to provide an This research's main objective is focused in a problem
understanding on DFT2 concepts methods (Concept of wave resistance reduction that DFT2 might encounter
Operation, Concept Exploration, and concept when operating. In addition to that, the complexity of
Development), resistance reduction (wave making monohull vessel and trimaran ship can be compared and
reduction) and stealth performance (Radar-absorbent, kept in consideration. This complexity affect the part of the
Radar stealth countermeasures and limits) of DFT2 for ship resistance excessively, i.e., the interaction between
the Union of Comoros. This research will provide an viscous and wave resistance components in a trimaran. To
exploration of the capabilities and abilities that are reduce DFT2 wave making resistance, the ship configuration
considered as actual efforts for use of stealth in surface must contain high length to breadth ratio, providing the ship
combatant vessels as well as providing an insight on how low length to draft ratio allow this present research

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 35
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
accessing the unreachable area of DFT2 compared to the Interdiction and Smuggling, and maintain the safeguard of
one of monohull with the same length or dimensions. the country's sea state. The ship must operate from the Naval
base on the main island or on each one of the sub-bases
DFT2 will not only consider the reduction of ship located on the other islands, up to the high seas
resistance, enumerate the vessel concept methods, but also environment. The islands are approximately distanced
stealth performance (Stealth technology). Taking into between 21.6 nautical miles, 43.2 nautical miles, and 108
account the use of stealth technology also known as LO nautical miles from one island to another. DFT2 must be
technology, in this research is a way to decrease high level able to carry on an ISR of about 7 to 10+ days on a coastal
of radar detection. LO technology is a military sub- zone and littoral, and also 30+ days on high seas [8][10].
discipline used during mission tactics, as well as on passive
and active electronic countermeasures. Using this The primary DFT mission serviceable areas and
technology, DFT2 will include range of methods that will capabilities include[8]:
permit the ship to conduct less visibility or being  Port and Coastal Security (PCS)
undetectable to radar, infrared, sonar and other detection  Search And Rescue (SAR)
methods carried out by surface warfare.  Drug Interdiction (DRUG)
 Migrant Interdiction (AMIO)
The term "soft kill" performance is area for conducting  Protect Living Marine Resources (LMR)
research as it has received an important attention (thoughts)  Other Law Enforcement (OLE)
considered as an ongoing effort of expendable chaff systems
 Secondary: Defense Readiness (DR)
by decreasing DFT2's radar crass section (RCS)
significantly. The chaff cloud will behave as defenses chaff Life circle or service life for the ship design is
to mask the ship from active radar of distant ships, close-in projected to be 30 to 40 years. This life circle is an extended
quick-blooming chaff and flares for confusing radar in timeframe which providing flexibility in improving,
activity. In another word, the chaff cloud would become a maintaining and promoting the ship's capability over time is
more attractive target to the missile seeker and therefore
demanded[7]. Some missions are to consider, it comprises
more effective at seducing the missile away from the ship[5].
Surface Action Group (SAG), Homeland shield, Self-
operation missions, and escort (civilian ships, merchant
II. CONCEPT OPERATION, CONCEPT ships, and commercial ships). The ship will furnish OPs
EXPLORATION AND CONCEPT within these mission area such as AAW, ASuW(SUW),
DEVELOPMENT GMLS, including ISR and LAMPS. DFT2 will also provide
mission operations independently regarding, supporting
I.1 Concept Operation special operations, search and rescue, humanitarian
DFT2’s concept of operations will be based on the operations support, and peacetime presence. Table 1 give a
Mission Need Statement (MNS) for ship Intelligence
simple description of priority capability:
Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR), search and rescue, drug

Table 1 Description of priority capability

Priority capability description Threshold system (equipment used)
1 Maintain AAW, Guided Missile Launching System 32cell VLS, SRBOC, SLQ-32(V2), 160 cells MK57 + 8 cells
(GMLS) KEI, SPS-73 or the Type 751/762 radar
2 Maintain ASuW in deep or shallow waters 1x155m AGS, SPS-73, Small Arms, TISS, FLIR, GFCS,
2x7m
3 Mission package (MP): BT, ASuW, ISR LCS MP
4 Mobility, LAMPS 25 to 36 knt, 2160 nm and above, 7 to 30+ days, LAMPS
haven (flight deck)
5 Survivability and self-defense Mine detection sonar, CIWS
6 Core ISR (C4ISR with sequences) C4i system(Enhanced C4ISR / Basic C4ISR)
7 Core ASuW 57 mm gun, 2x50 Caliber gun, 1x155m AGS, SPS-73, Small
Arms, TISS, FLIR, GFCS, 2x7m, RHIB, MK46 Mod1 3x
CIGS

I.2 Concept Exploration are classed in the order of cost-risk-effectiveness. A non-

Trade-off is being conducted through this process and dominated frontier (NDF) represents ship designs in the
DFT2 design space has been found as well by the use of design space that have the highest effectiveness for a given
computing methods such as Matlab software to generate a cost and risk[8]. Concept exploration yields one concept
multiple-objective generic optimization (Brown and Salcedo baseline design or more than one, which is completed in
2002). On [7] a simple ship synthesis model was used to concept development and preliminary design. Contract
balance the design, to assess feasibility and calculate cost, design constitute the finishing stage of the full specifications
risk and effectiveness. In this concept a series of non- for the ship, which point a contract is made with
dominated frontiers are given as the DFT2 alternative design shipbuilders for the construction of the ship. The last stage

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 36
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
of design is done by ship builders in relation with the designer) and the constructor of the ship can go through 16
constructor of the ship, which is the detail design. To to 20 years to complete the work as shown in Figure 1[7].
complete these five methods, the ship builders (ship

Figure 1 - Concept Exploration (Brozn 2005) [8]

In this process, our point of view is to keep in mind the model will be carried out. In addition to that, a technology
methods and approach that is being carried out on the design risk model and large design space are defined so that a broad
method of ASC vessel, so that developing reference range of technologies with different risk may be considered.
missions, required operational capabilities, identifying The mission scenarios developed are unique to the Design
applicable technologies and developing an effectiveness Reference Missions scenario that DFT2 requires Table 2.

Table 2- SAG and BMD Mission

Days Mission Scenarios
1 to 2 Cruise from the main base to the other sub-bases/ board crews
3 to 6 Port of call, replenishment forces and embark modules, ASuW, AAW, SY-1, SS-N-22,
C-802KD
7 to 12 Carry out ops for AAW, ASuW, and SY-1, SS-N-22, C-802KD
13 to 14 Engage air threat self-defense
15 to 20 POC/ maintenance and repairs
21 to 22 Conduct CIWS/ mine detection and mine avoidance operations
23 to 26 Carry out operations against littoral threats
27 to 29 Engage anti-missile operations (air, surface, and underwater)
30+ POC/ general maintenance,/refueling and replenish forces

I.2.1 Trade-Off Studies, Technologies, concepts, and concept design variables used to select trade-off options in a
Design variables multi-objective genetic optimization (MOGO) for the total
Existing technologies and concepts necessary to ship design. Form Rhino software (Figure 2) is describing a
provide mandatory functional capabilities are identified and complete hull form of DFT2, and technology, concept trade
defined in terms of performance, cost, risk, and ship spaces, and parameters are described in the following
characteristics (weight, area, volume, power). On [8] Trade- sections.
off studies are performed using technology and other

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 37
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Figure 2 - DFT parent Hull Form (RHNO)

I.2.2 Hull Form Alternatives (HFA) 𝑊𝐹𝐿 𝑉𝑆 (𝑊𝐿𝑆 + 𝑊𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝑊𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 )𝑉𝑆
To get DFT2 hull form, three main non-dimensional TF = =
𝑆𝐻𝑃𝑇𝐼 𝑆𝐻𝑃𝑇𝐼
numbers are used. They are Transport Efficiency (TE),
Transport Factor (TF), and Froude number (Fr). The 𝐾𝑊 ∆𝑉𝑆
associated equations are presented on the next page [10] [25]. TF = (5.052 ) = 30.7@25𝑘𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑇 × 𝐾𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑃𝑅
However, the TF concept was utilized for choosing Therefore, the following Table 5 enumerate the
ship types that can hold a needed load at a high speed. TF is hullform from preliminary assessment, which provide result
a non-dimensioned between, speed, endurance, and to conclude the hullform estimation from different
propulsion power, that is estimated by using one of the comparisons.
following equations [4][24]:

Table 5-Hullform Preliminary Assessment Summary

Large Helicopter
Hull Seakeeping Total
RCS Cost compartment for Reliability mission and
length stability assessment
machinery space others
Catamarans 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 19
Mono-hulls 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 22
Surface effect
3 3 1 1 2 2 1 13
ships
Trimarans 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 23

I.2.3 DFT2 Hull Form Concept Exploration Design The vessel is provided by two power transmission
Space Summary alternatives: In (1) is a mechanical drive system, from which
The following Table 6 summarizes the hull form the main engines are joined to the propulsor in a way of a
design space for DFT2 after assessment and calculation. traditional reduction gear with a turbo generator to increase
power; the second in (2) is an integrated power system
Table 6 – Baseline Hullform Characteristics (IPS), which is a power plant that will conducts the
Hull Form Type Trimaran generators, and allows the ship to acquire electricity
Displacement (Mt) 907.185-1814.369 (Mt) supplying to the power motors (advanced AC induction
L 80-100 m motors) joined with the propulsors. The mechanical driving
B 19.24-24.411 m system will concentrate on the currently standard on all
D 4.8 - 10.4m Chinese Navy conventional combatants, also using the IPS
T 4.8 - 10.4m as it can guarantee more flexibility and easier maintenance,
CP 0.45-0.53 and grasps the support of Navies for future projects. The
CX 0.65-0.74 mission of DFT2 demands that the ship must be capable to
CRD 0.7-1.0 carry out operations at high speeds, so a high power
performance and density configuration is needed and
necessary. In addition to that not only alternatives with gas
I.2.4 Machinery Plant Alternatives
turbine engines will be considered but also diesel engines
Power transmission, power plant, and propulsor
will be kept in mind to be used as shown in the following
(thruster) alternatives options are well thought-out in the
figure.
process of DFT2 ship design throughout this section.

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 38
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Figure 3 - DFT Propulsion Trade -Off Alternatives

I.3 Concept Development immediately follows. The design spiral for Concept
Concept Development of DFT2 is in succession after Development, Figure 3, iterates through the hull,
Concept Exploration, from which follows the design spiral subdivisions, arrangements, power and propulsion,
as shown in Figure 3, providing better understanding. Ship structures, weights, seakeeping, and cost. DFT2 must meet
arrangements, systems, the general concepts for the ship's the objectives and requirements obtained in Concept
hull are developed in this section (Concept Development). Development, listed in the baseline design principle
These general concepts are created and enhanced into characteristics. Concept Development explore further into
detailed systems and subsystems that meet the requirements the values gathered in Concept Exploration by means of
of DFT2 needs. The analysis and parametric utilized in refining the results obtained, matching the volume
Concept Exploration are consideered to reduce the design requirements, gratifying the missions, keeping in
risk. consideration the conformity of the standards set by CCG
(Comoros Government).
Once the objectives, missions and requirements are
identified in Concept Exploration the Concept Development

Figure 4 - Concept Development Design Spiral [2]

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 39
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
I.3.1 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT AND MISSION
OPERATIONS CONCEPT (CARTOON)
Finalizing deck house geometry, all general
arrangements, and hull form geometry that is carried out on
the preliminary step, a ship cartoon arrangement was
developed for areas supporting mission operations,
propulsion, and other critical constrained functions. HELIC,
and LAMPS operations and support where primary
considerations are well thought-out for the ship arrangement Figure 9 - Top side view (Skechup)
development. The dimensions of the HELIC, and LAMPS,
and their required equipments for operations and supports
are based on the most accurate data available (gathered).
These dimensions were used to arrange combat alternatives
in the hangar and mission bay areas. Scaled layouts of the
hangar, flight deck, and the mission bay areas are shown in
Figure 5 to 11.

Figure 10 - Front side view

I.3.2 Machinery Room Arrangements

Two Main Machinery Rooms (MMRs ) were selected
to be arranged, MMR N°1 and MMR N°2, also an Auxiliary
Machinery Room (AMR) is being considered. Each of the
two MMRs is prepared for caring out one main engine
Figure 5 - Hangar Bay Lower Level Arrangement (LM2500+ ) with one generator plant MWM TCG3042, and
the third gen set (Man12V28/33DSTC) is located in the
AMR. The MMRs are situated at (1) aft amidships and the
MMRN°1in it, and (2) at forward amidships arranged for the
installation of MMRN°2, where the inlets and exhausts air
are structured on the ship sides. The main aim of the sides
air inlets and exhausts is to avoid the protrusions on the
flight deck and the impacts on the available area in the
mission bay, which would be affected if top exhausts were
to be used.
Figure 6 - Hangar Bay Upper Level Arrangement
I.4 HULL FORM AND DECK HOUSE
I.4.1 Hull form
The baseline hullform performed through the Concept
Exploration is a modification carried out on the basis of the
given parent hullform (name classified). In Concept
Development, on the one hand this baseline hullform is
being changed and personalized by increasing the transom to
give a space for laying down the waterjets, due to the fact
that the parent hullform is containing propellers. On the
other hand some parts were to be kept all along the process
Figure 7 - Mission bay Arrangement this include the center hull beam, the distance between the
outer hulls and center hull, creating a stable top deck of the
aft of the ship for a weight reduction. To be able to consider
these changes, the hull form dimensions are to be re-
optimized and balanced. A comparison is being carried out
to highlight the concept development of DFT2 hullform with
the baseline hullform as shown in Table 7.

Table 7 - DFT Hullform Characteristics

Baseline DFT
LWL 141.243 m 97,724 m
B 24,411 m 29,966 m
Figure 8 - Profile view (Cartoon AutoCAD) T 4.368 m 4,027m
D10 11.240 m 10.020 m
1608 MT 964,9 MT

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 40
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
I.4.2 Deck house III. RESISTANCE REDUCTION AND WAVE
The deck house is arranged for flight control, chart MAKING RESISTANCE
room, aviation hangar, and the bridge, from which LAMPS,
HELIC, and their modules for support and holders are laid II.1. Ship resistance
down. The bridge (pilot house) is located in the forward Ship resistance can be defined as a force required to
upper middle of the deckhouse as Figure 12 enumerates the drag (tow) the ship without interference from pulling ship,
bridge location, where a good and strategic position for this resistance is characterized by a combination of four
acquiring a necessary forward visibility. On the aft end of resistance and can be specified as[34]:
the deck house is arranged the Flight and Recovery Control  Frictional resistance, which occurs when the ship hull
(FARC) department, where the main purpose is to provide and the viscous fluid are wrapped up with a
supports to the LAMPS and HELIC operations. An friction layer formation
Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensor (AEM/S) for DFT2 from  Wave making resistance, which is generally
which Radar and the different antennas are set up within it, characterized by the creation of waves at free
is located on the top forward of the bridge (deckhouse) as surface due to the energy transferred by the ship
shown in Figure 13 which is displaying a profile view of the  Eddy resistance, this is described as the flow separation
AEM/S located on the deck elevation. that occurs due to non-streamline flow at the ship stern
 Air resistance, which is described as the load which the
A Surface Search Radar (SSR) responsible of the windage area of hull and superstructure experience from
navigation and surveillance by means of configuration for the wind
DFT2 applications, and a radar video from consoles display
that provides a means of performing manual radar search, The sum of Wave making resistance and eddy
and detection and tracking functions is considered. This resistance is known as residuary resistance, and apart from
radar can either be the SPS-73 or the Type 751/762 radar the above stated, the following statements are also
incorporated within the AEM/S encloses the upper deck. considered in this section for ship resistance[34]:
The SPS-73 or the Type 751/762 volume will be controlling  Waves and the wave breaking resistance
the ship's deck height and width. A Powerful shipboard  Resistance for a ship sailing in a seaway
Protection as a SLQ-32 EW system located on the lower
 Resistance due to ship's turning
deck of AEM/S providing early warning, early
 Shallow water resistance
identification, with a direct finding capability for
simultaneous multiple threats which. The upper deck right
The frictional resistance component is calculated on
side internal shell of AEM/S is appointed with an advanced
the basis of Reynolds number and wetted surface area
hybrid frequency-selective surface that allows the ship’s
together with a hull roughness allowance. EHP = ACT (VS)
own radar in and out, but not foreign radar [10].
^3, (A →Wetted Surface Area)

II.2. Resistance reduction

For a general understanding on the above mentioned,
this section will provide ways on how DFT2 resistance is
possible to be reduced. Firstly, considering
Bülent danişman , Ömer gören , and Sander çalişal (2002),
resistance reduction of the ship is possible by means of
raising (increasing) the beam whereas smoothing the
shoulders of the ship in a moderate way with a relative
increased Froude numbers, more detail in the following
sections. Then, a mathematical justification carried out, by
Figure 12 - Bridge location (Sketchup) the method of Michell’s integral, providing details on the
concept of parabolization of the ship waterlines by
increasing the beam (resulting to a reduction of the parallel
middle-body) leading to a decrease of the wave resistance
in the Froude number region, assumed to be ranged between
approximately, 0.2< Fn < 0.4[27].

II.2.1. Theoretical background

During the preliminary steps of the theoretical analysis
, mathematical analysis were performed for the effect of the
beam increment on the wave resistance using Michell’s
integral theory. To decrease the fluid flow ( wave making
Figure 13 - AEM/S resistance) to a steady state case, a coordinate system fixed
with respect to the ship is set up, as the origin is amidships
with the x-axis positive towards the motion's direction.
Assuming the vessel is at stationary, where a velocity in
uniform flow (c) equally to that of DFT2 superimposed (laid

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 41
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
over), located on the negative x-direction, and expressed by consist of the integrals for the aft (sometimes taken as the
the following expressions: bow) and stern regions, without contribution from the
parallel middle-body.
ū=c + u; v=v; w=w
Furthermore, the wave resistance may either increase
A numerical model is being considered in the process or decrease depending on the value of Q by addition of
of calculating the reduction of the ship wave making parabolic waterlines which in turn increase the beam and the
resistance, for this purpose a simplification was conducted parallel middle-body, λ values as far as they vary and when
by considering the wall-sided of the ship model with a Q is negative, this will cause the wave resistance to
parallel middle-body in the interval –L/4 < x < L/4 with decrease. For further understanding, Çalışal et al. (2002)
parabolic waterlines along the complete length of the hull. simplifies this numerical model, where a decrease in wave
The following equations are one of the form of Michell’s resistance was obtained in the Froude number range of 0.2 <
integral, and can be expressed as: Fr < 0.4[27].

4ρg2 ∞ λ2 II.3. Accuracy of CFD

R = ∫ [𝑃2 (λ) + Q2 (λ)𝑑λ] 1
πc 2 1 √λ2 − 1
where II.3.1. Model and experimental setup
𝑔λ2 𝑔λ In this section, Maxsurf software is used to provide
𝑃(λ) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)exp ( 𝑐 2 𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 wave making resistance analysis, and resistance results
2
acting on the ship. The analysis results denote an
understanding on the experimental to validate the ship
𝑔λ2 𝑔λ study results. Table 8 shows DFT2 model particularities
𝑄(λ) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)exp ( 2 𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 3 used for the experimental (analysis).
𝑐 𝑐

c → Ship's speed Table 8. Principal Particulars of Ship Model

ρ → Water density Name DFT2 Model Unit
g → Gravitational acceleration Length, (L) 100 m
Breadth, (B) 24 m
if the restriction of the tangent plane of DFT2 surface Depth, (D) 6,738 m
is introduced, and makes a small angle with the xz-plane, Draft, (T) 4,027 m
δg δg Block coefficient, (Cb) 0,549 -
that means, δx ≪ 1 ; δz ≪ 1, this lead us to two equations of
Wind velocity, (V) 14.50 m/s
the boundary condition on the surface of the ship as follow:
Wind attack angle 0-180 degree
δФ δg
= 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧); 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧) II.3.2. Computational analysis
δy δx
In this part three computational tools will be kept in
or
consideration, 1) a tool for calculation wave resistance
δϕ
= 𝑐𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧); 𝑦 = 0 characteristics. This will be carried out through the Maxsurf
δy software, from which a slender body analysis and hull
resistance curve as shown in the following figures. 2) a
To formulate a unique solution considering the above calculation of a boundary layer flow or a viscous flow
equations, additional boundaries (restrictions) must be calculation providing a form factor variation results, 3) a
initiated as the DFT2 is assumed to move forward into still total resistance coefficient (Total free surface resistance
water, and it will be taken that the waves are trailing aft. coefficient) calculation of the vessel highlighting the results
furthermore, the perturbation velocities are zero at infinite of the total resistance coefficient vs the ship speed, as Figure
depth. the velocity potential ϕ must therefore satisfy the 16 demonstrates.
following requirement:

 𝛻φ2 = 0; −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞; 0 ≤ 𝑦 < ∞; 0 ≤ 𝑧 < ∞

𝛿2 𝜑 𝑔 𝛿𝜑
 = = 0; 𝑧 = 0; −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞; 0 < 𝑦 < ∞
𝛿𝑥 2 𝑐 2 𝛿𝑧
𝛿𝜑
 𝛿𝑦
= 𝑐𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑦 = 0; −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞; 𝑍 ≥ 0
 𝑧 ⇒ ∞; 𝜑 = 0
 𝑥 ⇒ +∞; 𝜑 = 0
 𝑦 ⇒ ∓∞; 𝜑 = 0; −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞; 𝑍 ≥ 0

The details of 1 to 3 are also found in

Wehausen and Laitone (1960). Where an assumption of a
shallow draft to reduce the effect of the exponential term in Figure 14- Slender body analysis and hull resistance curve
P and Q functions is being considered. The function Q

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 42
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A) "Low observable" Signatures
The use of LO technology, is among of the methods
applied in the paper by means of reducing DFT2 RCS to the
minimum level as that of a deployed active decoy known
as chaff cloud. In theory, chaff cloud draw targets to the
missile seeker leading to redirecting the missile away from
the ship. DFT2 is gas turbine surface combatant that
possess five diverse signature emission, DFT2 utilizes
Radars from which electromagnetic radiation waves are
emitted, the shape of the ship also is a source of emitting
Figure 15- Slender body resistance vs speed curve signatures that conduct the vessel to a detection mode and
therefore provide an advantage to the enemy to attack. The
different signatures given in this section has to be reduced to
provide the result of stealth required for the ship. The
following points are methods or ways carried out through
this section to improve DFT2 stealth performance:

B) Radar Cross Section (RCB):

RCS is being defined in regard to Merrill i. Skolnik [44]
as “The radar cross section of a target is the (fictional) area
symbolized as (σ measured in m²) intercepting that amount
of power which, when scattered equally in all directions,
produces an echo at the radar equal to that from the
target”. This means that the RCS area is going to be bigger
than that of the actual geometric area, caused by radar
Figure 16- Tatal Resistance coefficient vs speed curve energy reflected by the ship and, "...influenced by the size of
the ship, its angular orientation, the absorption coefficient of
the materials from which it is constructed, and by the
frequency of the illuminating radar [45]."

Despite the fact that DFT2 might have an ability of

reproduce radar energy, individual parts of the
superstructure and smaller objects also replicate energy
separately because of shape of each object (gunmounts,
radar antennas, lifeline stanchions and deck lockers) once
their sizes and orientations are directed to the incoming
radar energy. Mathematically, a radar range calculation can
be adopted to give an approximation on how to decrease
RCS, this is given by the following equations.
Figure 17- Wave making resistance (Maxsurf) σ = AP x R x D

IV. STEALTH PERFORMANCE 1/4

𝑃 .𝐺 2 .σ.λ2
𝑅𝑓𝑠 = [(4𝜋)3.𝐾.𝑇𝑃 .𝐵.𝐹 ]
0 𝑛 .(𝑆/𝑁).𝐿𝑆 4
III.1. Stealth in a surface warship
Stealth (steal technology) is a military tactics and Where:
passive and active electronic countermeasures known as AP → The projected object surface
sub-discipline, where in the current days stealth in not R → Reflectivity, re-radiated fraction of intercepted power
something new to naval warfare. As mankind continue to by the target
develop the idea of hiding from enemies for centuries by D → Directivity, ratio of the maximum intensity of the
using the vast area of the ocean, this has led Navy ships to radiator to the intensity of an isotropic source
rely on stealth technology (LO technology) to avoid Rfs → Maximum Detection Range
detection, hide from enemy attack, and also conduct the PP→ Peak Power
enemy to a level of tiring position so as to conduct a surprise G → Transmitter/Receiver Gain (usually the same for
attack on enemy vessels. monostaticradar)
𝑐
λ → Wavelength of Radar Frequency = , (c → speed of
𝑓0
Different methods can be applied for developing
light, fo →radar operating frequency
specific shape for DFT2 that will decrease detection by
σ → Radar Cross-Section of Target
redirecting electromagnetic radiation waves from radars, this
k → Boltzmann’s Constant (1.38×10−23 J/K)
leads this section to provide some methodologies usable for
TO→ Temperature of Radar (in Kelvin)
the enhancement of DFT2 stealth: 1
B → Radar Bandwidth= , ( τ→radar pulse width)
𝜏

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 43
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
F →Noise Figure of Radar Receiver 4
R = √1.3648 × 1025 = 1922.06 Km
L → Radar Losses
S/N →Radar Threshold for Detection By decreasing RCS up to 10dB or 10m2, (1) becomes:

The result of these equations provide an understanding R4 = 251.3508 - 10= 241.3508dB = 1.3648 × 1021
on how proportional the detection range(Rfs) of a radar can m 4

be towards RCS of the target having a power of ¼ or σ¼. In →

4
𝑅 = √1.3648 × 1021 = 192.206 Km
another word the range is proportional to the fourth root of
4
RCS. In symbols, 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑘 × √𝑅𝐶𝑆, where k is a DFT2 stealth will consider the use of Radiation-
constant that depends on the radar and the situation [45].. absorbent material (RAM), which is a Radiation-absorbent
material, this will suck up (absorb) the emitted energy from
This gives as the ability to conclude on the reduction an enemy vessel or aircraft radar emitting into the coating
of RCS, i.e. by reducing the RCS in 30000 times, the of the RAM and will change it to heat instead of reflected it
detection range will be reduced to 30 times, hence DFT2 back. Figure 18 represent a radar absorbent material utilized
stealth enhancement on the reduction of the RCS is on a stealth bomber skin.
possible. As a result the vessel can carry out its mission
without being discovered. To make this understandable an
example is being conducted from (KoK and Steven Loke
Yew) is shown below[43].

Example:
An Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C-band
radar with the following parameters:
Peak Power, PT = 1.5 MW
Antenna Gain, G = 45 dB
Operating Frequency, fo = 5.6GHz
𝑐 3×108
Wavelength, 𝜆 = 𝑓 = 5.6×109 =
0
0.053571 𝑚
Radar Temperature, To = 290K Figure18-B-2 bomber Skin (wikipedia)
Pulse Width, τ = 0.2 μs
1 1 2. Infra-red (IR): thermal radiation located in
Radar Band width, 𝐵 = 𝜏 = 0.2×10−6 =
electromagnetic range is able to IR signal, this signal is
5𝑀𝐻𝑧
emitted particularly in the Middle IR spectrum. "This
RCS, σ = 100000 m2
region corresponds to a heat source temperature between
Noise Figure, F = 3 dB
500 and 1000 degrees Kelvin[5]. " The inlet and exhaust
Radar Losses, L = 6 db
gases releases high temperatures ranged at approximately
Radar Threshold Detection S/N = 20 dB
750 degrees Kelvin that emitting a radiation strongly in
the MIR region, therefore, the level of IR radiation in
By utilizing the equation, 4 and breaking the above
that areas covers 2 percent of the ship's total surface and
parameters and converting them in to dB unit, the equation
can produce 99 percent of a total MIR of the ship
becomes: 5
signature. "It is important to note that it is these
(R4)dB = (PT + G2 + λ2+ σ – kToB – (4π)3 – F – S/N min)dB
concentrated MIR sources which serve to attract anti-
ship missiles with IR or dual mode (IR/radar) seekers."
The following table represent the calculating of each
Decrease and camouflage the concentrated heat in the
individual parameters in dB:
ship's machinery exhausts is primarily important for a
well enhanced stealth of DFT2.
Table 9- dB calculating results
PP G λ2 (4π)3 F kT S/N(S KT σ 3. Acoustic: The creation of sound waves which can occur
2
OB /N) OB
internally or externally of the water have an ability to
61.7 9 - - 32.9 3 6 20 5 travel through the water or the air, and might be collected
609 0 25.4 136.9 763 0 by a hydrophone which result to an acoustic noise. This
213 875 noise in is also known as an acoustic signature of the
ship formed by a combination of all the sounds creation
Equation 5 gives the followings: from the machinery (i.e. machinery noise, propeller noise
"if in use", hydrodynamic noise, and if any, the ship’s
sonar noise, and so on). DFT2 acoustic signature can be
R4 = 61.7609 + 90 – 25.4213 + 50 + 136.9875 – 32.9763 – 3 decreased by utilizing or adopting the following methods
– 6 – 20 in two areas. At first, the passive sonar detection can be
= 251.3508 dB = 1.3648 × 1025 m4 (1) reduced as the ship can ship generate noise in a certain
level that should be lowered or masked from

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 44
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
transmitting its signature to the surrounding. Secondly, 19 provide an understanding on the propagation of
during active sonar activities, a reduction of the acoustic noise developed by the machinery equipments
reflection created by the ship known as the sound in the ship.
reflection (Target Strength)has to be carried out. Figure

Figure 19- Machinery Noise Sources on a Diesel-electric Vessel From[43]

4. Electronic: Signatures are emitted by active electronic However, stealth design rely on physics and
producers experience in the surroundings of a logic experience-based
That are propagating their signatures into the and physics-based, and rules of thumb as well. These logics
atmosphere. The primary way of reducing or decreasing are somehow not sufficient of reaching far in the designing
electronic signature is to quiet or silence by means of concept of stealthy vessel. "Stealth engineers need very
turning off the equipments (EMCON); nonetheless, the ship highly sophisticated computational models and a great deal
will automatically lose all active detection and radio of measured data for input to them. These allow them to
communications capabilities. simulate in the computer the RCS signatures of the designs
their envision and recognize where changes are needed. "
3. Visual: Big ships are easy to be detected through human
naked eyes in the day light due to the size. A ship's wake Finally, this paper provide a probability of DFT2 to
is visually detectable from the air and from space; the acquire the perfect resistance, stealth enhancement by going
wake has a surprisingly long persistence[5]. through the different ship design concepts, that will allow
CCG to conduct their assigned missions accurately.
V. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The present paper offers study methods on the
improvement of stealth performance of DFT2, ship [1]. Norbert Willem, Herman Bulten. Numerical Analysis
resistance reduction, through different Concepts regarding of a Waterjet Propulsion System[R]; Eindhoven
Concept Operation, Concept Exploration, and Concept University of Technology November 15, 2006.
Development study by considering the design space [2]. Yanuar, Gunawan, M.A. Talahatu, R.T. Indrawati, and
optimization that is being carried out using different A. Jamluddin. Resistance Reduction Trimaran ship
software such as Maxsurf, Rhino, Sketchup, and AutoCAD. model by Biopolimer of eel slime [J]; Jurnal of Naval
The main goal for this paper is the study of DFT2 concepts Architecture and Marine Engineering, December 2015
design, resistance rection including wave resistance, and http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v12i2.19549
stealth technology perfomance. [3]. Zheng Xiang yang. Preliminary Design and Stealth
Research of a Trimaran Warship [D]; Harbin
Methods to reduce DFT2 resistance, were in general Engineering University,2010.
was found by the utilization of interaction effects between [4]. Yue Chen, Lingyu Yang, Yi Xie, Song Yu.
the main hull and the deck hull for wave resistance reduction Characteristic parameters and Resistance chart of
using Computational analysis. Additionally, the reduction operation and maintenance Trimaran in the sea[D];
of wave resistance being among of the methods considered School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
in this paper, where the attention was to focused on the form Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,
factor change for viscous resistance, to the impact of Zhenjiang, China, Special Issue 2016 S1 (91) 2016
parabolization on seakeeping, added resistance, and so on. Vol. 23; pp. 20-2410.1515/pomr-2016-0041.
Furthermore, Stealth performance is among the main key Content.scendo.com
carried out through this paper.

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 45
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[5]. John W. Mc Gillvray, Jr. Commander, U.S. Navy. [19]. Ngo Van He , Keisuke Mizutani2, and Yoshiho Ikeda3.
1

Stealth Technology in Surface Warships; How This Reducing air resistance acting on a ship by using
Concept Affects the Execution of the Maritime interactio n effects between the hull and
1
Strategy[R]; Naval war college Newport, R.I. May 18 accommodation[D]; School of Transportation
1992. Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and
[6]. LT Justin Strock and Dr. Alan Brown. Methods for Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2Sanoyas Shipbuilding
Naval Ship Concept and Propulsion Technology Corporation, Osaka, Osaka, Japan, 3Osaka Prefecture
Exploration in a CGX Case Study [D]; Virginia Tech University, Osaka, Japan, December 2014.
University. [20]. Dr. Michael Parsons, Dr. Hyun Chung, Dr. Eleanor
[7]. Mohamed SAID, FANB Bin. Design Study of Nick,Anthony Daniels, Su Liu, Dr. Jignesh Patel.
Trimaran Frigate DFT[D]; Department of Engineering, Intelligent Ship Arrangements (ISA): a New Approach
Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, to General Arrangement [J]; Naval Engineers Journal,
430033, China, January 2021. Vol. 120, No. 3, 2008, pp. 51-65.
https://ijisrt.com/design-study-of-trimaran-frigate-dft [21]. Marine Engine IMO Tier II and Tier III, Programme
[8]. Dr. Alan Brown and LT Corey Kerns. Multi-Objective 2015. https://www.marine.mandieselturbo.com
Optimization in Naval Ship Concept Design [D]; [22]. J. Albers. MAN B&W medium-speed engines - the
Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) Virginia Tech right propulsion system for the merchant ship types.
University. https://www.phoenix-int.com MAN B&W Diesel AG, D-86135 Augsburg,
[9]. E.C. Tupper, BSc, CEng, RCNC, FRINA, WhSch. Germany,February1893. https://www.witpress.com
Introduction to Naval Architecuture [M]; Britishlibrary [23]. R. W. SAATY. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP,
Cataloguing in publication data, 1996. Saaty 1996) [J]; Mathld Modelling, Vol. 9, No. 3-5,
https://www.homepags.ed.ac.uk pp. 161-176, 1987 Printed in Great Britain Pergamon
[10]. David Cash, Gerritt Lang, Dorothy Mc Dowell, Cory Journals Ltd,1987. https://core.ac.uk
Mc Graw, Scott Patter, and Joshua Staubs. Concept [24]. Han Bingbing. Keywords SWath ship form design and
exploration and Development of an Agile Surface resistance performance research [D]; Dalian University
Combat (ACS) [R]; trimaran ASC HI-2 Ocean of Technology, 2019.
Engineering Design Report AOE4065/4066 Virginia [25]. James Schultz, Justin Baity, Erika Kast, John Wilde,
Tech University, Fall 2003-Spring 2004. Nate Reimold, Rich Hardy. Concept Exploration and
www.dept.aoe. vt.edu Development of an Air Superiority Cruiser CG(X) [R];
[11]. Morgan Baldwin , Aaron Cox , Nathan Good , Nick CGX Variant1 Ocean Engineering Design Project
Marickovich , Travis Smith , and Ryan Webster. AOE 4065/4066, Fall 2005 – Spring 2006.
Concept exploration and Development of an Advanced [26]. Ang Li, Yunbo Li. Numerical and experimental study
Logistics Delivery Ship (ALDV) [R]; ALDV HI-2 on seakeeping Performance of a high speed trimaran
Ocean Engineering Design Report AOE4065/4066 with t-foil in Head waves[R]; Polish maritime
Virginia Tech University, ,Fall 2004 – Spring 2005. research 3 (103) 2019 vol. 26; pp. 65-77
[12]. Jang Young-sung. Ship Resistance Calculation and 10.2478/pomr-2019-0047
Trimaran Layout Optimization [D]; Tianjin [27]. Devrim Bülent Danışman 1*, Ömer Gören1 and Sander
University,2012. Çalışal2. Resistance Reduction Studies by Means of
[13]. Bayartu. Design and Construction of Naval Increasing the Beam with Waterline Parabolization[D];
1
Architecture and Ocean Structure [D]; Harbin Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
University of Engineering, June 2013. Engineering, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean
[14]. Panagiodis Dimitroglu. Performance of high speed Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul,
multi-hull ship [R]; Massachusetts Institute of Turkey, 2University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
Technology, June 1998. Canada and Piri Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey,
[15]. Next generation axial flow waterjet March 2017.
https://www.kongsberg.com/contentassets [28]. Omar bin Yaakob. Ship hydrostatics and stability: A
[16]. 300/400 series trifold brochure low res compressed systematic approach[M]; University of Technology
https://www.thrustmaster.net Malaysia, August 2012.
[17]. Course Objectives chapter 2.2, Hull form and [29]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_ship
geometry [M]. Naval Accademy. [30]. Samuel F. Kilceski. Department of Generalized
https://www.usna.edu Trimaran Hull form Design Method of Naval Warship
[18]. Owen F. Hughes and Jeom Kee Paik with Dominique [R]; Faculty of the University of New Orleans, May
Béghin, John B. Caldwell, Hans G. Payer and Thomas 2014.
E. Schellin. Ship structural analysis and design [M]. [31]. Xinyu LIANG, Yali XUE, Zheng LI. Techno-
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers economic analysis of applying China’s R0110 gas
601 Pavonia Avenue Jersey City, New Jersey 07306, turbine in IGCC plants[D]; Department of Thermal
2010. https://www.toaz.info Engineering, Tsinghua University State Key Lab of
Power Systems Beijing, China, May 2011.

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 46
Volume 6, Issue 3, March – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[32]. Yue Chen, Lingyu Yang¸Yi Xie¸Song Yu. The
research on characteristic parameters and Resistance
chart of operation and maintenance Trimaran in the
sea[D]; School of Naval Architecture and Ocean
Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and
Technology, Zhenjiang, China, Polish Maritime
Research Special Issue 2016 S1 (91) 2016 Vol. 23; pp.
20-24 10.1515/pomr-2016-004.
[33]. Swaroop N. Neti. Ship design optimization using asset
[R]; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, Virginia, February 10, 2005.
www.dept.aoe. vt.edu
[34]. https://www.mermaid-consultants.com/ship-resistance-
calculation.html
[35]. James S. Webster, Howard Fireman, Dillon A. Allen,
Adrian J. Mackenna, John C. Hootman. Alternative
Propulsion Methods for Surface Combatants and
Amphibious Warfare Ships[D].
http://doerry.org/norbert/references/AlternatePropulsio
nStudy-ApprovedforPublicRelease03-21-07.pdf
[36]. Deng Bo,Zhang Er, Zhang Zhenhua, Mei Ziyuan (ship
structure and intensity foundation) Warship Structure
and Strength Basics [D];Naval University of
engineering Press, March 2019.
[37]. Finn C. Michelsen. Wave resistance solution of
Michell's integral for polynomial ship forms [R]; the
University of Michigan Industry Program of the
College of Engineering, July 1906.
[38]. Ismail Kilicaslan. Manpower systems integration
factors for Frigate design in the turkish navy [R];
Naval Postgraduate School Monterey (NPS),
California, December 2016. From: apps.dtic.mil
[39]. Maggy. Design and Manufacture of ships and Marine
Structures [D]; Shanghai Institute of Ships and Marine
Engineering, March 2011.
[40]. Sarah E. Rollings. Seakeeping analysis of small
displacement high-speed vessels[R]; Naval
Postgraduate School (NPS) monterey, california,
March 2003.
[41]. Kennell, Colen. “Design Trends in High-Speed
Transport” [D]; Marine Technology, Vol. 35, No. 3,
pp. 127-134, July 1998.
[42]. William D. O’Neil. Stealth Radar stealth[D]; US
Institute for Defense Analyses, published in 2001.
analysis.williamdoneil.com
[43]. Kok, Steven Loke Yew. Naval Survivability and
Susceptibility Reduction StudySurface Ship[R];
Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School
(NPS), 2012-09. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17404
[44]. Merrill i. Skolnik. Introduction to Radar
Systems(Second edition) [M]; Mcgraw-hill Book
Company, international edition 198.
http://s2.bitdownload.ir/Ebook/Electronics/Skolnik%2
0%20Introduction%20to%20Radar%20Systems%203e
%20IE%20(McGraw,%201981).pdf
[45]. Ingo Harre, Bremen, Germany. RCS in Radar Range
Calculations for Maritime Targets[D]; V2.0-20040206.
http://www.mar-it.de/Radar/RCS/RCS_xx.pdf

IJISRT21MAR017 www.ijisrt.com 47