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Intellectual Revolution

This document provides an overview of major scientific and intellectual achievements from pre-Socratic times through the 20th century. It discusses early Greek philosophy's focus on nature, the Copernican revolution establishing a heliocentric model of the universe, and key scientific advances in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology made by figures like Newton, Darwin, Freud, and Einstein that changed fundamental understandings of nature and the human experience.

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Victoria Chavez
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143 views

Intellectual Revolution

This document provides an overview of major scientific and intellectual achievements from pre-Socratic times through the 20th century. It discusses early Greek philosophy's focus on nature, the Copernican revolution establishing a heliocentric model of the universe, and key scientific advances in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology made by figures like Newton, Darwin, Freud, and Einstein that changed fundamental understandings of nature and the human experience.

Uploaded by

Victoria Chavez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Before Socrates, “Intellectual

Revolution” refers to Greek’s


speculations about “Nature”

a.k.a. “PRE-SOCRATIC” / “NON-


THEOLOGICAL” / FIRST PHILOSOPHY
1.The world is natural whole
2.There is a natural order / laws of nature
3.Humans can discover those laws
Named after Nicolaus Copernicus

Shifted the paradigm from Ptolemic


geocentric to heliocentric model.
Opposed the classical astronomy
Four elements:
Earth
Water
Air
Fire
Opposed the geocentrism
Earth being the center of
the universe
Refers to the great scientific
intellectual achievements

Contributions include:
Universe model (Nicholaus
Copernicus)
(sun as the center of the universe)
Law of Planetary Motion (Johannes Kepler)
(planets revolve around the sun in
elliptical orbit)
Isaac Newton:
Laws of Motion
Significant scientific advances during
this period include:

Charles Augustine de
Coulomb: Electrostatic

Alessandro Volta: Cell or


battery
Hans Christian Oersted:
Idea that electricity
generates magnetism

Andrei-Marie Ampere:
How electric current
produces magnetism

Paul Erman: Made the


first measurement of
Earth’s magnetism
Michael Faraday:
Magnetism generates
electricity
James Maxwell:
Electromagnetic
radiation

Heinrich Hertz: Detection


and production of
radiowaves

Wilhelm Roentgen:
Discovers x-ray
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit:
First mercury thermometer

Benjamin Franklin:
Distinguished negative and
positive charges

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier: Made


chemistry a science; performed
combustion experiments
Henry Cavendish:
Combustion of oxygen
produces water

John Dalton:
Atomic Theory

Joseph John Thomson:


Discovery of electron
Humphry Davy, Jons Jacob Berzeliu
and others: Discovery of new
elements

Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt:


Pioneered organic chemistry
Robert Hooke: Cell Biology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observation


and discovery of microorganism

Carolus Linnaeus: Introduced binomial


nomenclature of classifying species
Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution

Louis Pasteur: Vaccine against rabies

Wilhelm Wundt: Introduction of


experimental psychology
Daniel Hale Williams: Performed the
first open heart surgery

Crawford Long: Use of ether in surgery

Martinus Beijenrick: Discovered first known virus


PHYSICS
Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity

Ernest Rutherford and James


Chadwick : Discovery of proton
and neutron

Wolfgang Pauli: Principle of


arrangement of electrons in an atom

Werner Heisenberg: Matrix version


of quantum mechanics
Otto Han: Discovery of Nuclear Fission

John Bardeen: Theory to


explain conductivity

Karl Alexander Muller & Georg


Bednorz: High temperature
conductor
Mikhail Tsvet: Paper
Chromatography

Jaroslav Heyrovsky: Polarography

Phoebus Levene:
Discovery deoxyribose
sugar of DNA

Neil Bartlett: Idea that noble


gases can make compounds
20th Century to Date, Biology
Ian Wilmut – Sheep (named Dolly) cloning
using somatic nuclear transfer

Dmitri Ivanovsky & Martinus


Beijerinck: Discovery of viruses

Rudolf Jaenisch – introduction of DNA into a mouse embryo


Leon Philippe Teisserenc
de Bort: Discovery of
stratosphere
Motonori Matuyama:
Presentation of the reversal of
Earth’s magnetic field every 100
Charles Francis million years
Richter: Earthquake
intensity scale
FIELD INVENTION

BIOTECHNOLOGY Biogas; biosensor; DNA


fingerprinting; gene cloning,
synthetic skin
COMMUNICATION AM radio; cellular phone,
communication satellite, fiber optics

DEFENSE Army tank; atomic bomb, neutron


bomb, tear gas
FIELD INVENTION
ENERGY Neon light, nuclear fusion; nuclear
power plant; nuclear reactor; solar
power
ENTERTAINMENT Animated cartoon film; Betamax,
casette, colored TV, CD, motion
picture sound, VCD, VHS, video
games
INFORMATION Calculator; floppy disk; laser
TECHNOLOGY printer; computer
FIELD INVENTION
MEDICINE Artificial heart; artificial kidney;
blood bank; electron microscope;
fluorescence bronchoscope;
hemopump, laser, MRI;
mammography; pacemaker;
scanning electron microscope; test
tube baby, ultrasound, x-ray
TRANSPORTATION Airplane, diesel locomotive,
helicopter; jet engine; jumbo jetliner;
spacecraft; monoplane and
seaplane, space shuttle, supersonic
aircraft
Charles Darwin

Theory of evolution by natural


selection
“On the Origin of Species” (1859)
it is not the most intellectual of the species that
survives; it is not the strongest that survives;
but the species that survives is the one that is
able best to adapt and adjust to the changing
environment in which it finds itself.
SIGMUND FREUD
Austrian neurologist and founder
of psychoanalysis

Personality development
presenting 3 fundamental
structures of human mind:
Id, Ego and Superego
ID

the quality of being unconscious and


contains all that is inherited, present
at birth and the instincts.

Driven by pleasure principle

Immediate gratification of all desires,


wants and needs
“I WILL BUY MY OWN ICE CREAM”

“IT’S WRONG TO TAKE SOMEONE


ELSE’S ICE CREAM”
“I WANT THAT ICE CREAM”

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