i

COLONIAL LIFEIN CONRAD’S THE HEART OF DARKNESS AND

FORSTER’S A PASSAGE TO INDIA (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED
ON GENETIC STRUCTURALISM PERSPECTIVE)

KEHIDUPAN KOLONIAL PADA KARYA CONRAD HEART OF DARKNESS DAN

FORSTER A PASSAGE TO INDIA (KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN BERDASARKAN
PERSPEKTIF STRUKTURALISME GENETIK)

MUH FAUZI RAZAK

P0600215014

ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2017
 i

COLONIAL LIFEIN CONRAD’S THE HEART OF DARKNESS AND

FORSTER’S A PASSAGE TO INDIA (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED
ON GENETIC STRUCTURALISM PERSPECTIVE)

Thesis

As a partial fulfilment to achive Master Degree

Program

English Language Studies

Arranged and submitted by

MUH FAUZI RAZAK

to
ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2017
ii
 iii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS

Yang Bertanda tangan di bawah ini

Nama : MUH FAUZI RAZAK

Nomor Mahasiswa : P0600215014

Program Studi : ELS

Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tesis yang saya tulis ini

benar-benar merupakan hasi karya saya sendiri, bukan merupakan
pengambilalihan tulisan atau pemikiran orang lain. Apabila di kemudian hari
terbukti atau dapat dibuktikan bahwa sebagian atau keseluruhan tesis ini
hasil karya orang lain, saya bersedia menerima sanksi atas perbuatan
tersebut.

Makassar, 22 November 2017

Yang menyatakan,

Muh Fauzi Razak

 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the researcher would like to express greatest praise to the
Almighty Allah SWT for the chances, the spirits, the health and the love that
has been given in the whole path of the writer’s life and also for the guidance
in finishing this thesis. The researcher sent greatest invocation to Prophet
Muhammad SAW for becoming the most perfect person in this universe.

The researcher would like to extend his grateful thanks to Prof. Drs. H.
Burhanuddin Arafah, M.Hum, Ph.DandDr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.Sfor their
valuable times, ideas, suggestions, corrections, critiques and guidance during
the supervision. Furthermore, the researcher would like to thank to
theexaminers team Dr. H. Fathu Rahman.M. Hum., Drs. Abidin Pammu. M.A.,
Dipl.TESOL., Dr. H. Sudarmin Harun. M. Hum., for their input and advices.
The researcher also expresses sincere gratitude to Pak Muhtar and Pak
Muhlar for their help in managing all formal deeds during his study and the
last but not least, the researcher express his gratitude to Daeng Nai’ for his
help in managing the administration process.

Unlimited and unbounded thanks are dedicated to the researcher’s

beloved parents, Dr. H. Mashur Razak. S.E., M.M and Hj.Harniati. S.E., for
their advice, love, support, and pray. The researcher also whises to express
his sincere thanks for his brother Muh Maula Razak. S.E for encouragement
to finish this thesis. The researcher also would like to thank for his beloved
wife Nur Sapta Riskiawati. S.S., M. Hum., for hersupport, helps, love, and
pray during his study.

The researcherwould like to express his appreciation to her closest

friends, Firdaus Wahyudi, Arifuddin, and Sofyan Sukwara Akfan, for their
 v

helps and friendship. Sincere thanks due to all friends of English Literature
2015 whose name cannot be mentioned one by one and without their help
and kindness this thesis would not have been completed in due time

Makassar, 19 Oktober 2017

The Writer
vi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page ...................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................... ii
Certificate of the Authorship ............................................................................ iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
A. Background ..................................................................................... 1
B. Research Questions ........................................................................ 11
C. Objectives of the Research .............................................................. 11
D. Significance of the Research ........................................................... 11
E. Scope of the Research .................................................................... 12
F. Sequence of the Chapters ............................................................... 12

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 14

A. Previous Related Studies................................................................. 14
B. Theoretical Background ................................................................... 18
1. Genetic Structuralism ................................................................. 18
2. Comparative Literature............................................................... 21
3. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Element in Literature ........................ 23
4. Colonialism ................................................................................ 25
5. The Characteristics of Colonialism ............................................. 27
6. The History of Belgian Colony in Congo ..................................... 31
7. The British “Raj” or Rule in India ................................................ 32
8. British Impact on Society and Culture in India ............................ 34
C. Conceptual Framework ................................................................. 37
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 38

A. Type of Research ........................................................................... 38
B. Source of Data ............................................................................... 38
C. Method of Collecting Data .............................................................. 39
D. Method of Analyzing Data .............................................................. 40

CHAPTER IVFINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .................................................. 41

A. Findings ........................................................................................... 41
B. Discussion ...................................................................................... 67

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION ............................................................................ 75

A. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 75

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 77

APPENDICES
 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background, research questions, objective of the

research, significance of the research, scope of research and sequence of

chapters.

A. Background

The Industrial Revolution was a time of great age throughout the world.

It represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840.The

movement originated in Great Britain and affected everything from industrial

manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen.The main

industry at the time was the textile industry. It had the most employees, output

value, and invested capital. It was the first to take on new modern production

methods. The transition to machine power drastically increased productivity

and efficiency. It started in Great Britain and soon expanded into Western

Europe and to the United States. The actual effects of the revolution on

different sections of society differed. They manifested themselves at different

times. The ‘trickle down’ effect whereby the benefits of the revolution helped

the lower classes did not happen until towards the 1830s and 1840s. Initially,

machines like the Watt Steam Engine and the Spinning Jenny only benefited

the rich industrialists.

 2

The effects on the general population, when they did come, were

major. Prior to the revolution, most cotton spinning was done with a wheel at

home. These advances allowed families to increase their productivity and

output. It gave them more disposable income and enabled them to facilitate

the growth of a larger consumer goods market. The lower classes were able

to spend. For the first time in history, the masses had a sustained growth in

living standards. Yet, where people supposed to live being also a problem,

Industrialists wanted more workers and the new technology largely confined

itself to large factories in the cities. Thousands of people who lived in the

countryside migrated to the cities permanently. It led to the growth of cities

across the world, including London, Manchester, and Boston. The permanent

shift from rural living to city living has endured to the present day.

The effects caused by the industrial revolution which has mentioned

above, can lead to another impact such as the emergence of where the

industry must obtain the availability of raw materials, and the next impact is

where the result of the raw material processessby the industry will be

marketed. To resolve these two impact due to the industrial revolution then,

the west began to invade a country which potentially has abundant of raw

materials.By finding countries which has raw materials abundantly for

industrial purposes, there was an intention to control the whole country and

make it as a new source of raw materials as well to the British empire.

Speaking about which one of the best country should be picked by the British
 3

as a supplier of raw materials, Africa is one of the country with abundant of

raw materials supplier as well as with its large population constituted a ready

market for such products. Furthermore, as result of low wages paid to

workers, there was accumulation of profits by the industrialists at a faster rate

than they could invest back. There was under utilization of capital in Europe

at this time, and a need to find where these capitals will be transported and

invested for the creation of new products. It was during this process of

investment of the surplus capital, thosecolonialism and imperialism emerged.

For colonialism itself, generally it is the direct and overalldomination of

one country by another on the basis of state power being in the hands of

aforeign power. Specifically colonialism has two objectives, they are political

domination and the second one is to make possible the exploitation of

colonized country (Ocheni, 2012:46).

Colonialism involved an extraordinary range of different forms and

practices carried out with respect to radically different cultures, over many

centuries, and lists examples including settler colonies such as British, North

America, Australia, and French Algeria; administered territories established

without significant settlement for the purposes of economic exploitation, such

as British India and Japanese Taiwan; and maritime enclaves, such as Hong

Kong, Malta, and Singapore (Young, 2003:17). Exploitation term was strongly

related with colonialism since practically, colonialism exploit many aspect

toward their colonized country.

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Talking about colonialism in Africa, we cannot separate from the

phenomenon which took place between 1800 until 1960s. It is a phenomenon

which is part and parcel of another phenomenon called imperialism. In fact,

colonialism is a direct form of imperialism. This is why it is often said that “all

colonialism is imperialism, but not all imperialism is colonialism” (Ocheni,

2012:46).

In Post Colonial Study the Key Concept, Aschroft explains imperialism

as the formation of an empire, and, as such, has been an aspect of all

periods of history in which one nation has extended its domination over one

or several neighbouring nations (2007:111). As a capitalist consequence, one

country should extend their domination to another so they will keep working

this industrialization of mass product. If they are not invading the others this

circulation of capitalist will break up and there is no any income to keep this

system of capitalist worked. Lenin also stated his conception about

imperialism as it is stated in Loomba (2005:27) “the growth of ‘finance-

capitalism’ and industry in the Western countries had created ‘an enormous

superabundance of capital”. This money could not be profitably invested at

home where labour was limited. As it is stated above imperialism is all about

extending particular power to another and from Lenin, he is more focusing on

imperialism as a certain place in west to make a capitalist system became

superabundances.
 5

That is why they tried to invade another “colony” which is lacked capital

but were abundant in human resources to become a laborer. The word colony

itself, based on The Postcolonial Studies Dictionary, originates from Latin

words “colonye” meaning ‘to cultivate’, and referred to the Roman Empire that

colonized large parts of the world including Europe and England (Nayar,

2015:30).Therefore it needed to move out and subordinate non-industrialised

countries to sustain its own growth. Based on Lenin’s concept about

imperialism it is clear that with participation of the third coutrieslike Asia and

Africa as a new track to build the new industrial country with abundance of

human resources in it so this circulation of profit and money can be always

applied to fulfill European mission about being a powerfull country based on

industrial term.

Colonization (or colonisation) is a process by which a central system of

power dominates the surrounding land and its components. The term is

derived from the Latin word colere, which means "to inhabit".Also,

colonization refers strictly to migration, for example, to settler colonies in

America or Australia, trading posts, and plantations, while colonialism deals

with this, along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled "new

territories" (Steele, 2003:6).

Colonialism and imperialism are two terms which has a similarity,

because both colonialism and imperialism involved forms of subjugation of

one people by another, but what makes them different is, imperialism always
 6

related to those term such as empire, domination, and power.Those terms not

found in colonialism, the terms such as settlers, community, have been using

in it instead of empire, domination, and power in imperialism. In Loomba

(2005:21)also explained furtherly about in colonialism there is no any

existence of those settlers who tries to over dominate another settler, or tried

to make those settlers qonquered anything from another settler.

This research aims to analyze two works from Conrad and Forster that

each of them the researcher indicates that both works might be contained

colonialism during the colonial life. The researcher decided took those

authors since both have numerous works that always emphasized on colonial

life in their each of character, especially from their sitution of the works.

Joseph Conrad was born Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski on

December 3, 1857, near Berdichev in the Ukraine, a region that had once

been part of Poland but was then ruled by Russia. His parents, Apollo and

Evelina Bobrowski Korzeniowski, belonged to the educated landowning

Polish gentry and fought for Polish independence. In 1862, Apollo

Korzeniowski, a talented writer and translator, was exiled to Vologda in

northern Russia. The difficult life there took its toll on the family, and Conrad’s

mother died in 1865 and his father in 1869. Conrad moved to Krakow to live

with his maternal uncle. He spent much of his time reading Charles Dickens

and Victor Hugo but also dreamed of the life of a sailor (Bloom, 2009:12).

Dreaming become as a sailor, Conrad actualized it as a sailor on 1878 as an

 7

officer on a British ship. He ended up spending twenty years at sea. Conrad

interspersed long voyages with time spent resting on land. And In 1890, at

thirty one years of age, Joseph Conrad set off forAfrica, where he was to

command a riverboat on the Congo River, a waterway that flowed through the

very region the author had dreamed of exploring since he was a young boy.

This exploration in Congo became the influenced for him to create a great

story such as The Heart of Darkness.

Heart of Darkness tells us about the hipocricy of colonialism. It started

when the relationships between European nations and the other "not civilized"

countries changed since the last thirty years of the nineteenth century, in

Europe there was a very important development of the industrial capitalism.

Before then, the colonial expansion policy was a way to find new jobs for the

European people and especially to defend and control the colonies for the

resources they had, for example, they were the place of the raw material

extraction. Similar to the story by Conrad that began with the appearance of

two central figures, Marlow and Kurtz. Marlow and Kurtz both come to the

Congo and they take part in a violent and (somewhat) organized form of

exploitation and pillaging, working for a company that hauls ivory out of

Africa, exploiting the local population as a labor force and destroying the local

ecology.Claiming to educate the natives, to bring them religion and a better

way of life, European colonizers remained to starve, mutilate, and murder the

indigenous population for profit. As a short information, through his many

 8

notable works, Conrad view colonialism as a huge crime that ever happen to

colonized country. In a certain journal from Al-Khaiat, he even categorized

Conrad as a writer of condemner colonialism. Through in his abstract he

stated,

Joseph Conrad’s attitudes to imperialism and races have been the

object of an ever increasing flow ofwritings. It has been so hard to give
him his due and to utter the final verdict concerning his real attitude as
regards imperialism and races. His own fiction has provided evidence
for both admirers and vilifiers (Khaiat, 2010).

From his statement, it proves that not only colonialism but also racial

perspective become the main subject from Conrad to depict character in his

work. One of consequences from colonialism itself is racial issues because

when west came to invade the colonized nation, the inhabitants will be differ

with the white race, because of that differ term, racial prejudice came to

appear.

Similar with Conrad, Forster also categorized as a one of author that

always concentrating colonialism as a main issues in his work. Srivastava in

his international journal state that,

Forster is considered as a humanist activist and an earlytwentieth

century writer, Forster models the relationships between colonisers
and colonised in terms of European exploitation versus non-European
victimisation. He recreates the experience of the coloniser in a different
setting and recalls the perceptions of imperial subjugation and its
aftermaths (Srivastava, 2017).
 9

Exploitation became the main priority for such an Europe came to the

nation which became colonized further. This exploitation has taken many

different types, it could exploit the inhabitants, and resources.

E. M. Forster was born on January 1, 1879, London. He died on June

7, 1970, at Coventry, Warwickshire. Forster’s father Edward Morgan

Llewellyn Forster, an architect, died when the son was a baby, and he was

brought up by his mother and paternal aunts. Both his parents died in his

childhood leaving him with a legacy of 8000 Pounds. This money helped him

in his livelihood and enabled him to follow his ambition of becoming a writer.

His schooling was done at Ton bridge School in Kent where the theater got

named after him. He attended Cambridge University where his intellect was

well groomed and he was exposed to the Mediterranean culture which was

much freer in comparison to the more unbending English way of life. After

graduating he started his career as a writer; his novels being about the

varying social circumstances of that time. He was a British novelist, essayist,

and social and literary critic. In 1953 he was awarded the Order of

Companions of Honor and in 1969 given Queen Elizabeth's Order of Merit

(Srivastava, 2017).

Forster’s novel through his novel, A Passage to India deals with human

relationships, relationship between west and east generally, but here the

British is not shown as tyrants, although they do fail to understand Indian

religion and culture. They are also convinced that the British Empire is a
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civilizing force on the benighted "natives" of India, and they regard all Indians

as their inferiors, incapable of leadership. And yet, in their own way, the

English try to rule in a just way.Ronny, for example, in Forsters’s novel, is

completely sincere when he characterized as the City Magistrate and says

that the British "are out here to do justice and keep the peace" (chapter 5).

And there is no trace of satire in the passage that shortly follows this, which

describes Ronny's daily routine: "Every day he worked hard in the court trying

to decide which of two untrue account was the less untrue, trying to dispense

justice fearlessly, to protect the weak against the less weak, the incoherent

against the plausible, surrounded by lies and flattery." Ronny is also aware of

the hostility between Hindus and Moslems, and believes that a British

presence is necessary to prevent bloodshed.

From those reasons above, the researcherattempts to analyze it from

the view of genetic structuralism idea, and through colonialismconceptthe

researcher can find out the colonial life during colonial period in both

works.To make it more interesting the writer intends also using comparative

method by comparing both novels to reveal any kind of similarities and

differences in colonial lifeby knowing that as a historical context one differs

with the other, one is illustrated since 18th century in Africa and the other one

in 19th century from India.

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B. Research Questions

Based on the explanation above, here the researcher decided the

research questions as followed:

1. How is colonial life reflected by the charactersin Conrad’s Heart of

Darkness and Forster’s A Passage to India?

2. What are the similarities and differences of colonial life through the

performances of the characters in both works?

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on the research questions above, the objectives of this research

are as follows:

1. To elaborate the colonial life which reflected by the characters in

Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Forster’s A Passage to India.

2. To reveal the similarities and differences of colonial life which potrayed

through the performance of characters in both works.

D. Significance of Research

The significances of this research are divided into two categories,

theoretically and practically.The analysis of this research is fully expected to

provide significance for the readers in case of the information about how is

the existence of colonialism influenced in countries such as Africa and India

in colonial periodwhether in social and cultural aspect. In practical way, this

research goal is to offer some important insight to the readers about

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thecolonial culture and ideas which brought by the British and its impact to

the society in their each colonizing country (Africa and India).

The analysis of this research is expected to provide some information

about colonialism in Africa and India. It certainly differs from period to periode

since the colonialism purpose does not only focuse about the way they can

exploit human physically, but they can also exploit them as a mentally.This

research also expected to encourage the reader to search more about

colonialism in literature and reveal more about the colonial culture’s impact to

the society of developing country in a contempt periodespecially in literary

works.

E. Scope of the Research

A limitation to the research is important in doing research to avoid the

excessive analysis on information and data that are not relevant to the main

topic of the research. In this research case, the limitation of the research is on

the colonialism and sociological perspective of the literary works which is

inspired by the colonizationby the west in both works and the similarities and

differences about colonial lifefrom what in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness

andForster’s A Passage to Indiaexist.

F. Sequence of the Chapters

The content of the writing can be found in the sequence of chapters.

Therefore, the structure of the writing including the skeleton ideas that
 13

explained in the writing. The sequence of the chapters in this writing is

divided into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I is introduction which consists of background, research

questions, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope of

the research and sequence of the chapters.

Chapter II is literature review which contains the subchapters, namely

previous related studies, theoretical background and the conceptual

framework.

Chapter III is research methodology. It consists of type of research, source

of data, method of collecting data, and research procedure.

Chapter IV presents the findings and discussion related to the subject

matter of the research. It contains the analysis of colonialism in Conrad’s

Heart of Darknessand Forster’s A Passage to India.

Chapter V includes the conclusion and suggestion, which contains sum up

of significant points of the previous chapters and it offers suggestions for

further research. The last are bibliography and appendices.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This second chapter reveals the previous study that related to the

subject matter of this research, the theory used in this research and the

conceptual framework.

A. Previous Related Studies

A Passage to India and Heart of Darkness has been commented upon

by a host of critics from a number of perspectives and angles. One of them is

a thesis written by Nurprihatna (2012) from Hasanuddin University “Systems

of Representation in E. M. Forster’s Novel A Passage to India”. This thesis

uses sociological approach. She tried to investigate how eastern and western

cultures are portrayed in the characters point of views and identifying how the

character of the author’s point of view is represented in the novel. There are

three findings that she reveals, first most of main character in its novel such

as Dr Aziz, Hamidullah, and Professor Godbole are representing religious,

professional, and educational diversity, and different exposure to British

culture, with somehow the spirit of anti British ruling practices in India.

Second, western culture is depicted through the opinions and attitudes of

western characters such as Fielding, Mrs Moore, and Miss Adela. It

separated furtherly again into two terms: the one represents British such as
 15

Fielding and Mrs Moore with the inclusiveness of ‘Britishness’ because of

their willingness to learn, understand, share, and respect indian people and

their culture. The other one who represents British culture in India such as

Rony Heaslop, Major Callender, Mr Turton with the exclusiveness of

‘Britishness’ that portray the opinions and attitudes of the empire. Lastly

Fielding’s figure is likely to represent the author’s E. M. Forster as a humanist

and liberalist because of his principles of equality and justice for mutual

benefits.

Berzenji (2013) under the research entitledThe Image of the Africans in

Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart.He examines two opposing images

of African culture presented in both novels: Conrad's Heart of Darkness and

Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Heart of Darkness depicts Africans as

marginalized, voiceless and primitive, which is considered by many critics as

an indictment of the hypocritical civilizing mission of the Europeans; whereas

Achebe's Things Fall Apart repudiates the cultural assumptions presented by

Conrad and delineates a totally different image of the African society in the

process of change, which is aware of its past history and strives to control its

future.

Karim (2010) had done a research entitledThe Roles of Mother in Pride

and Prejudice by Jane Austen and Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (A

Study of Comparative Literature). By using comparative and descriptive

qualitative method she tried to analyze and review four main researches, they
 16

are mothers characteristics in both novels, mothers role in each novel, their

significant in managing their family life, and the last is the elements of

comparison especially about mothesr characteristics and mothers role in both

novel.

Loureiro(1992) in research entitled Subjective Reality in Joseph

Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. She examines subjectivity as an integral part of

perception and judgment. By using formalist approach she demonstrated that

personal and social values not only tain judgement partiality, but she also

highlights the petty discrimination founded on external differences which are

exemplified in Heart of Darkness and exercised in our society. The result of

this study is found to be an allusion so long as one is unaware of the biases

buried within cultural, social, and familial constructs. As it is stated above she

uses formalist approach while the researcher uses postcolonial study and

orientalism theory to examine the west construction of the east through

colonial discourse.

Guven (2013) had studied Post-Colonial Analysis of Joseph Conrad’s

Heart of Darkness. In his journal, he used post-colonial perspective by taking

European imperialism and colonialism over Africa into consideration in order

to clarify how Conrad has deconstructed binary oppositions of colonialism by

subverting the general idea of the Europeans towards Africa in the 19th

century.
 17

Magfirah (2012) had conducted study entitled Imperialism in Central

Africa as Revealed in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. This research

aims to find out the imperialistic traits of the characters perform in their

respective position, and to reveal the impacts of imperialism on character’s

performance in Belgian Congo.

Jajja (2013) under the title A Passage to India : The Colonial Discourse

and the Representation of India and Indians as Stereotypes. The research

aimed to examine the operations of the colonialist ideology in A Passage to

India, to show that Forster meant to reinforce the colonialist ideology of

superiority, along with the representation of India and Indians as stereotypes

and marginalized people and culture in his novel. The study also wanted to

examine the link between imperialism and culture and the resultant mimicry

and hybridity among the Indians and the development of the identity of the

Indians. The study was based upon the analysis of the text of the novel in the

light of Postcolonial theories. The study found that A Passage to India like

any imperial discourse privileged the Europe and the European codes, and

ideologies while the Indians and their culture were presented as lesser and

inferior stereotypes.

Based on the previous research which has already mention above,

there are some simmilarities and differences between this current research

and those previous research; first,this research is different with another since

the researcher decided took two works to analyze and to compare the
 18

colonial issues which reflected by the characters while some previous

research only focused on one literary work. Another difference is this

research analyzed colonialism while other previous research choosed to

analyzed imperialism as the main issues. In approach perspective also

different with another research, genetic structuralism perpective used by the

researcher to analyze the main issues of colonialism while the other research

used postcolonial perspective in analyzing European imperialism to African.

There is alsoused formalist approach to demonstrated personal and social values

not only tain judgement partiality in her object which made this previous one is

completely different with what the researcher aimed to analysis.

B. Theoretical Background

Theory is the main basic grip in every research or any scientific

writings in order to organize the scope of its research, either the role of the

research analysis. Every existing research should have a theory or even more

to support the analysis and furthermore to convince people most by changing

people’s common sense views which the research is worth studied.

1. Genetic Structuralism Approach

Genetic structuralism was emerged as a reaction from classic

structuralism that literary research only analyzes the intrinsic elements and

disregards other elements such as the author’s background and historical

background. These intrinsic structures are homologous to the mental

 19

structure of the group of authors. Therefore, by understanding literary text

and disregarding author as the meaning will be incomplete the identity, and

values that have been used by the author.

Genetic structuralist analysis in the History of Literature is merely the

application to the particular general method that believing the only valid one

only in human science which is relate to all the sector human behavior

analyzing fundamental principles applied in human science in general and to

literary criticism in particular (Goldmann, 1975). From this point of view,

genetic structuralism is the scientific study of human facts, whether economic,

social, political, or cultural involves in some research to come up against a

whole series of problems.

Lucian Goldmann a Romanian theorist based in France rejected the

idea that text are creations of individual and argued that they are based upon

trans-individual mental structures belonging to particular groups or classes.

Despite of sustain his theory, Goldmann develop set of categories that

connect each other which are human fact, collective subject, and worldview.
 20

a. Human Fact

Human fact or the fact of humanity is all of the result of activity or

human behavior, both of verbal or physical which seeks understood by

science (Faruk: 1994).

In concluding that, human fact can be some important issues that

researcher analyzes in both Conrad and Forster’s workHeart of Darkness

and A Passage to Indiabecause the story tells about the existence of

colonialism that shows about the influence of colonialism idea which

brought by the west and its impact toward the native of India and Africa in

the story.

b. Collective Subject

According to Goldmann (1975) text are not creation merely of an

individual consciousness but that literary works have their origins in a

trans-individual subject of cultural creation.

Collective subject a social group or class whose ideas and activities to

create a complete and united view of their social life in order to make the

ideas is more plural than just focus on the text. Goldmann specifies

collective subject as social class because these social class is the

collectivity that create a complete and coherent structure of society.

 21

c. World Views

Through worldview it is possible the literature is reflected the authentic

values which embrace life. Authentic values are values that implied in a

novel. Values that organize form completely. Goldmann believe there is

homology between literary structures with the society structure, because

both are product are the same structure activity. The relation between

society and literary structure cannot be understood as direct determinative

relation but trough by what he called worldview.

The worldview is a term suitable for the overall complex of ideas,

aspirations, and feelings that connect together members of one social
group to another. As a collective consciousness that worldview is evolving
as a result of specific economic and social situation faced by collective
subject who has it (Faruk, 1994).
So, worldview is a united ideas that develop in the collective subject

that has been created social reaction in certain community. This research

uses genetic structuralism to seek and understand about colonialism

existence and its influence toward the colonial life in both works by

Conrad and Forster.

2. Comparative Literature

Comparative study of literature basically enables us to understand the

literature of languages other than their own. Different personalities, different

eras and different movements can be taken up as the topics of the

comparative study. Comparative of literature implies a study of literature

 22

which uses comparison as the main instrument. This could be seen in

whatZepetnek has stated in, “in principle, comparative literature” literature is a

method in the study of literature in at least two ways. First, comparative

literature means the knowledge of more than one national or language and

literature, and/or it means the knowledge and application of other disciplines

in and for the study of literature and second, comparative literature has an

ideology of inclusion to another, which it can be a marginal literature in its

several meanings of marginality, a genre, various text types,etc (1998).

Comparative study in literature has another definition, as it is states in

Damono, Comparative literatureis the study of literature beyond the

boundaries of a country as well as the relationship between literature and

other fields of knowledge and belief (2013:1). In another source by (Wellek &

Warren), in the “Theory of Literature” provided three senses when it comes to

the comparative literature, first, the study of oral literature, especially of folk

tale themes and their migration, yet the study of oral literature must be an

important concern of every literary scholar who wants to understand the

processes of literary development, the origin and the rise of our literary

genres and devices. Second is comparative literature confines it to the study

of relationships between two or more literatures, including its image, the

concept of particular author at a particular time, and travellers, the special

atmosphere, and the situation of literary into which the foreign author is

imported. And the third sense is identifying comparative literature with the
 23

study of literature in its totality, with world literature with general or universal

literature (1956:46-48).

Etymologically, the term comparative literature denotes any literature

work or works when compared with any other literary work or works. As it is

stated by (Das, 2000: 2), the simple way to define comparative literature is to

say that it is a comparison between two literatures. Commonly it will analyses

the simmilarities and dissimilarities and paralles between two literatures.

Finding those various references about comparative method in

literature, mostly, comparative become the best method when one literary

work or works will be analysed in another literary work or works. Simmilarities

and dissimilarities put as the focus subject in comparative literature.

3. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic in Literature

Basically an approach is divided into two types, the intrinsic and

extrinsic approach. The intrinsic study was originally written by Rene Wellek

and Austin Warren in their book Theory of Literature. Rene Wellek introduced

intrinsic approach, which essentially is a study of literary work based on

analyzing the internal elements that build on literary work. According to

Wellek (1962: 332) the natural on sensible starting point for work in literary

scholarship is the interpretation and analysis of the works of literary

themselves. After all, only the works themselves justify all of interest in the life

of an author, in social environment, and the whole process of literature.

 24

Wellek further explained by introducing elements from the foundation

of a literary work, plot, setting, theme, character, point of view, and style.

Even there are many elements in intrinsic approach, the researcher only

focus on the character since the researcher tries to identified the problems

through the performance by the character.

This character itself is one of the most important element since the

researcher have to analyzed literary work through the intrinsic approach. E.

M. Forster, in Aspect of the Novel (1972), introduced popular new terms for

an old distinction by discriminating between flat and round characters. A flat

character (also called a type, or “two dimensional”), Forster says, is built

around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualizing

detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or

sentence. A round character is complex in temprament and motivation and is

represented with subtle particularity such a character therefore is as difficult

to describe with any adequasy as a person in real life and like real person, is

capable of surprising us (Abrams, 1999:33).

If intrinsic used to analyzed the elements inside the novel, extrinsic

used to analyzed the elements which is outside from the novel that indirectly

affect literature. The extrinsic elements take effect on the totality of a literary

work. Wellek and Warren (Waluyo, 2002:61) say that there are four

interrelated extrinsic factors in the literature: author’s biography,

psychological, sociological, and philosophical.

 25

The researcher intends to use both elements since he wanted to

analysis the problem of issues through the character behaviors and by

involving the historical, and sociological fact outside the literary work.

4. Colonialism

The term colonialism is important in defining the specific form of

cultural exploitation that developed with the expansion of Europe over the last

400 years. Although many earlier civilizations had colonies, and although they

perceived their relations with them to be one of a central imperium in relation

to a periphery of provincial, marginal and barbarian cultures, a number of

crucial factors entered into the construction of the post renaissance practices

of imperialism.

Colonialism is the policy of a nation seeking to extend or retain its

authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing

or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country.The European

colonial period was the era from the 15th century to the mid-20th century

when several European powers had established colonies in

the Americas, Africa, and Asia. At first, the countries followed a policy

of mercantilism, designed to strengthen the home economy at the expense of

rivals, so the colonies were usually allowed to trade only with the mother

country. By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave
 26

up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free

trade, with few restrictions or tariffs (Kohn, 2006).

Edward Said offers the following distinction: ‘“imperialism” means the

practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre

ruling a distant territory; “colonialism”, which is almost always a consequence

of imperialism, is the implanting of settlements on distant territory’ (Aschroft,

2007:40).The meaning of the sentence about “imperialism is a consequence

of colonialism” is when every practice of colonialism arises, in which the

country only places their citizens in the colonized country, there is always the

intention to take full control of what the colonial country tries to posses, such

as controling of abundant raw materials for guarantees the industry to keep

working, controlling human resources to be recruited in order to participate in

increasing the number of workers in a factory. That practice is called

imperialism.

‘Colonialism’ in postcolonial studies is used primarily to describe the

European conquest, settlement and systematic administrative control (by

which we mean institutional structures of governance, legal apparatuses and

military dominance) over territories in Asia, Africa, South America, Canada

and Australia (Ireland and America were also England’s colonies). The term

has been associated primarily with European empires of the 19th century

although there have been empires for centuries before that of Europeans,
 27

most created through the desire for wealth, resources and religious

expansion. The Roman, Assyrian, Babylonian, Ottoman, Chinese, Japanese

and Russian empires are a few of these (Burbank and Cooper 2010:31).

5. The Characteristics of Colonialism

In his book Colonialism and Postcolonialism Butt (2013)classified the

characteristics of colonialism into three parts, as follows:

a. Colonialism is typically described as a form of domination

Domination here involves the subjugation of one people by another,

Furtherly this domination here means the control by individuals or groups over

the territory and/or behavior of other individuals or groups. This domination

also has taken varied institutional forms, but in general has involved the

denial of selfdetermination, and the imposition of rule rooted in a separate

political jurisdiction.

1) Subjugation

Subjugation is the biased use of authority, law, or physical force

to prevent others from being free or equal. It can mean to keep

someone down in a social sense, such as an authoritarian government

might do in an oppressive society. It can also mean to mentally burden

someone, such as with the psychological weight of an oppressive idea

(Jaiswal, 2015:1).

2) Political Control
 28

Political control related with colonialism is the policy and

practice of a strong powerextending its control territorially over a

weaker nation or people. The policy or practice of acquiring full or

partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers.

Colonialism arose out of the need for the strong European Powers to

have direct political control overanother country or territoryand it is

based on the concept of domination above (Oba & Ebo, 2011).

b. Colonialism is involved an attempt to impose the colonial

power’s culture and customs onto the colonized

This attempt of colonial power could be the result of a belief in the

racial and/or cultural superiority of the colonizing power; an evangelical desire

to spread particular religions or cultural practices; or as a mechanism for

establishing and consolidating political control.

1) Racial Prejudices

Racial prejudices is determination bythe division

andclassification of human beings through physical and biological

characteristics. Race often is used by various groups to either maintain

power or to stress solidarity. In the 18th and19th centuries, it was often

used as a pretext by European colonial powers (Baroroh, 2013:10).

2) Educated Natives

Colonialism and education are two main ways through which

European powers perpetuatedunderdevelopment in colonized country.

 29

Though education predates colonialism, but the European nations

used theirstrong powers to introduce a system of education that were

so foreign, whose aim was to ensure thatnations were subjugated and

exploited. Education also one of cultural practices that brought by the

western to civilize native in order to get some “valuable” colonized

(Oba& Ebo, 2011:624).

c. Colonialism is deeply linked to the exploitation of colonized

peoples

This exploitation has taken many different forms, but it might mention,

among other policies, the exploitation of human and natural resources, the

exploitation toward the attitude of human being, the establishment of

exploitative trade relations, and the forcible introduction of capitalist forms of

production. As will be seen, the legacy of such practices is deeply contested.

1) The Exploitation of Human and Natural Resources

Human exploitation is the unethical, selfish use of human

beings for the satisfaction of personal desires and/or profitable

advantage. It also used to refer to when an individual is forced to

work against their own will, under threat of violence or other

punishment (Brace, 2004:24).Exploitation of natural environment or

resources is an essential state of human existence, throughout the

history of mankind; human have been manipulating natural

resources to produce various materials they needed to sustain

 30

growing human populations. This likely to refer primarily for

economic development and food production but many other entities

from the natural environment have been extracted (Cronin,

2009:12).

2) The Exploitation of Human Being Attitude

Eventhough physical violence, and exploit of natural

resources are included one of exploitation indicators, the way west

perceive those natives as a human being is also one we should

consider as a exploitation from the western. In Yousafzai journal

(2011) stated attitude means a way of thinking, acting, or feeling, a

behavior which a community has towards others. Furtherly he

wrote, attitude is a reflection of what people feel about the people

of other communities. The role of the community here is very

important in changing the attitude of individuals. However, in

natives case, the west exploit them in negative attitude. negative

attitude always create problems andtension.

These three characteristics of colonialism seems like to show the

power of the west is bigger than the “others” out there. It tries to give an any

kind of influence to the east so the mission of dominating, imposing colonial

powers, and exploiting the east will be accomplished.

6. The History of Belgian Colony in Congo

 31

The origins of Belgian colonialism in central Africa were rather peculiar.

Although the leading economic and political forces of his country were

opposed to any colonial ‘adventure’, Leopold II, the king of the Belgians

(1835-1909), relentlessly tried to get control of some overseas region which

would enable him to develop a lucrative commercial business. This would not

only enrich the king himself, but also, so he said, Belgium itself

(Vanthemsche, 2006). Looking at the background of why Belgium was

colonizing the central Africa because of many other european countries did,

such as economic, and politic business.

Under the reign of Leopold II, Congo is one the exploitation purpose

which was done by the Belgium empire. It assumed that he controlled over

the Congo, and exploited its resources and its inhabitants for material gain.

Leopold instituted a virtual slave labor system that used the Congolese as

tools to extract wild rubber, ivory, and other natural resources from the Congo

for the benefit of private enterprises owned or controlled by Leopold. He

exploited the vulnerability of the Africans, in an effort to amass enormous

wealth and fortune.

At the Berlin Conference in 1885, King Leopold was granted to the

exclusive right to privately exploit the Congo. Once in the Congo, Leopold

devised an economic system in which the Congo was sectioned into different

areas leased to different European corporations that paid Leopold 50 percent

of the extracted wealth. In setting up this structure, Leopold was like the
 32

manager of a venture capital syndicate today. He had essentially found a

way to attract other people’s capital to his investment schemes while he

retained half the proceeds (Hochschild, 1998: 117).

The king of Leopold took the central figure in colonizing congo society,

because of his special treatment from the berlin conference, he can

capitalized and exploit any kind of source to gain his power under his reign.

7. The British “Raj” or Rule in India

India was accustomed to invaders by the time the English arrived in

the seventeenth century. Beginning with the great Indo Aryan invasion (2400-

1500 B.C.), the natives of the Indian subcontinent had seen parts of their land

overrun by conquering armies of Huns, Arabs, Persians, Tartars, and Greeks.

Buddhists, Hindus, and Moslems had ruled over parts of the vast country.

None had succeeded in ruling all of India none until Great Britain came onto

the scene. The English arrived at an opportune time, during the disintegration

of the Mogul Empire, which had controlled most of India from 1526 until the

death of Aurangzeb in 1707. As the empire dissolved, wars for power

between Marathas, Persians, and Sikhs began. The English took advantage

of these conflicts (Ostrander, 1967:7).

The English did not come as invaders or conquerors; they came as

traders. In one of international journal from (Singh, 2016:1) clearly stated in

his introduction that British came to India in 17th century as a trading

company and set up their first factory on the banks of Hughli river in Bangal.
 33

The primary functioned of this trading company was to earn huge profit by

selling Indian products in British market as these products like spices, cotton,

and silk. Afterall since they came only as a trader, but looking at the great

potential to take over anything, the British then tried to not act as an trader

only, but more than that.

When the British East India Company was formed in 1600, its agents

were in competition with the French and Portuguese traders who had

preceded them. Whereas the other European traders kept aloof from Indian

affairs, the English became involved in them. Trade was their most important

consideration, but fortifications and garrisons were necessary to insure

security. Warring princes were very interested in obtaining European arms

and military skills for their own purposes and willingly paid for them with cash,

credit, or grants of land. Of course the arrival of British to this colony was not

without a rebellion from the Indian, there was a rebellion which attempted by

the Mogul empire against the British existence in India. This rebellion showed

a desire on the part of Indians to win back control of their own country. The

rebellion, which lacked organization, support, and leadership, left widespread

bitterness. In 1858 the British government took over rule of India, with power

in the hands of the British Parliament. Great Britain indirectly controlled

various territories, known as “Indian States,” where the rulers were rewarded

for support during the rebellion: titles were conferred, autonomy was granted,

and protection against possible revolts was assured.

 34

From 1858 to 1914 England firmly established its rule over the country.

English governors at the head of each province were responsible to the

governorgeneral (or viceroy) who was appointed by the King of England and

responsible to Parliament. In 1877 Queen Victoria was declared Empress of

India. From this role of British governor, they took over control to the whole of

the areas which means not physically anymore but through the way more

modern than that.

8. British Impact on Society and Culture in India

Singh (2016) tried to formulate three impacts which is brought by

the western ideas in following areas:

a) Condition of India Women

In India, women were discriminated at all stages of life. Practices of

female infanticide, child marriage, polygamietc prevailed in Indian society.

The new British ideas resulted in to several reforms movement in different

parts of the country for the improvement of conditions of Indian women,

b) Education

The British took a keen interest in introducing the English language in

India. They had many reasons for doing so. Educating Indians in the English

language was a part of their strategy. The Indians would be ready to work as

clerks on low wages while for the same work the British would demand much

higher wages. This would reduce the expenditure on administration. It was

also expected to create a class of Indians who were loyal to the British and
 35

were not able to relate to other Indians. This class of Indians would be taught

to appreciate the culture and opinion of the British. In addition, they would

also help to increase the market for British goods. They wanted to use

education as a means to strengthen their political authority in the country.

They assumed that a few educated Indians would spread English culture to

the masses and that they would be able to rule through this class of educated

Indians. The British gave jobs to only those Indians who knew English

thereby compelling many Indians to go in for English education. Education

soon became a monopoly of the rich and the city dwellers.

c) Reform movement

British idea of freedom, equality, liberty and human rights along with

western education resulted in to massive social religious, reform movements

and had great impact on the society.Indians were discriminated on grounds of

color. An attitude of contempt towards Indians was developed by the

AngloIndian bureaucracy. They looked upon the India as half Negroes and

half guarillas who could effectively work under force only. The white

Europeans always considered the Indians as people of an inferior race.

It can be concluded that the British rule proved as exploiter from the

very beginning. Altough, the British rule improve the new condition of the

women at the time, introduced a formal education to the Indians, but it ruined

the basic structure of India.

 36

C. Conceptual Framework

Heart of Darkness andA

Passage to India
 37

Genetic Structuralism

Colonialism
Perspective

Domination Exploitation Imposing Colonial

Culture

Colonialism inHeart of Colonialism in A Passage

Darkness to India

Simmilarities and Differences of

Colonial life in Both Works

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 38

This chapter presents type of research, source of data, method of

collecting data, and research procedure.

A. Type of Research

This study is categorized as a descriptive qualitative research and for

the analysis of this work; the researcher usedColonialism andGenetic

Structuralism perspective. This study focusedon analyzing colonial life in

Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Forster’s A Passage to India and through the

related literary history, analyzing how the colonialism impact the colonial life

which influenced by the west to the east through the characters in both

Conrad’s and Forster’s, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to india.

B. Source of Data

The data were classified into two types. They were primary data and

secondary data. Those were explained further below:

1. Primary Data : Primary data were the important data of a research or the

data that were directly related to the object of research.The primary data

were taken from the Short story and Novel (Heart of Darkness and A

Passage to India).

2. Supporting Data : Supporting data included all sources which supported

the main data. The supporting data were taken from other sources, such

as books, article, encyclopedias, internet, and other sources related to

this writing as well as from library research.

 39

C. Method of Collecting Data

This research is used a library research to obtain the data, and to make

this research much better, the researcher read intensively the works from

Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Forster’s A Passage to India and

investigated the narration (sentence/s or dialogue/s) of the characters in the

story. The investigation that the researcher meant is gathering some

narrations (sentence/s or dialogue/s) of the characters which indicated the

potrait of colonialism perspective.

The narrations (sentence/s or dialogue/s) in the works that had been

gather, it was correlated and grouped into the explanation about colonialism

perspective based on the understanding in chapter II. The researcher also

conducted some library research to find some useful resources that were

related to this issue.

After gathered, correlated and grouped the narrations (sentence/s or

dialogue/s), the researcher determined the colonialism during colonial life that

the characters reflectedd in the story. The colonialism perspective was

determined after seeing the characters portrayed colonialism issues in the

story.

D. Method of Analyzing Data

 40

In method of analyzing data, the researcher library research to obtain

the data that supported the researcher. The researcher used genetic

structuralism idea who stated by Goldmann and colonialism perspective as

the theory to conduct the researcher to analyze text, especially the narration

of the characters of the story, and used the comparative method to reveal the

simmilarities and disssimilarities about colonialism perspective in both works.

The analysis of data tended to be mainly focus on what the character’s

narration, conversation between another character.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

 41

This chapter deals with the presentation of the finding and discussion

upon the data found after identifying the source of data.

A. FINDINGS

In this part the researcher began to present the data that have been

found in the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and A Passage to

India by E.M Forster. The analysis firstly focuses on the colonial life which

inspired the situation of the event in which the characters get involved.

Secondly, the analysis concentrates on what the simmilarities and differences

exist in colonial life which inspired the situation of the event in which the

characters get involved in both novels.

1. Colonial life reflected by the characters in Conrad’s Heart of

Darkness.

The story of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad mostly tells us about

the western took over the African Congo during 19th century. Through

dominating and exploiting their human and natural resources, slave trading

system, and cruel treatment to the natives of congo, all of those things has

portrayed most in the content of the novel. In the beginning of the story, the

voyage trough the congo river, Marlow in his quote stated that

Hunters for gold of pursuers of fame, they all had gone out on that
stream, bearing the sword, and often the torch, messengers of the
might within the land, bearers of a spark from the sacred fire. What
greatness had not floated on the ebb of that river into the mystery of an
uknown earth! (Conrad, 1999:4).
 42

In the quotation above, it clearly shows that the colonizt are described

as typical of some people who did the colonial adventurous for the sake of

civilization. This is one of the purpose of colonizers that wanted to civillize the

“dark” country through their civilization idea. The domination became the first

priority for them to conquers anything in that land.

I was thinking of very old times, when the Romans first came here,
nineteen hundread years ago, the other ... Light came out of this river
(Conrad, 1999:5).
The point idea of colonialism basically from the uncivilized to the

civilized but it only affected to te east country that west assumes it is not

civilized yet. Based on Marlow story, he remembered when Roman came first

in Congo and lightened up all of the entire place. What we can understand

about “light” here means this idea of civilization has been applied to the native

of Congo but still in dominating mission.

They were conquerors, and for that you want only brute forcenothing to
boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident
arising from the weakness of others. They grabbed what they could get
for the sake of what was to be got. It was just robbery with violence,
aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blindas is
very proper for those who tackle a darkness(Conrad, 1999:6).
In the quotation, Marlow sees how messed up colonization really is,

and he knows that the colonizing countries care only about efficiency and

profit. This is exactly same the reason why most of these colony created

only because of the desire for wealth, and resources. The explorers aren't

heroes they're robbers and murderers who just wanted to bring home profit.
 43

I got my appointment of course; and I got it very quick. It appears the

Company had received news that one of their captains had been killed
in a scuffle with the natives. This was my chance, and it made me the
more anxious to go. It was only months and months afterwards, when I
made the attempt to recover what was left of the body, that I heard the
original quarrel arose from a misunderstanding about some hens. Yes,
two black hens. Fresleventhat was the fellow's name, a Danethought
himself wronged somehow in the bargain so he went ashore and
started to hammer the chief of the village with a stick (Conrad, 1999:9).

Marlow heard some news from the surface about the violence and

brutality who has done toward to the natives. Violence and brutality is a

general thing that we can found in the colonial period in Africa. It is not only

general in colonial period, this is also happen generally in slavery system

which is one of the part of colonialism itself.

We pounded along, stopped landed soldiers; went on, landed

customhouse clerks to levy toll in what looked like a God forsaken
wilderness, with a tinshed and flag pole lost in it; landed more soldiers
to take care of the custom house clerks, presumably (Conrad,
1999:14).

Ruling the natural and human resources, the colony must need some

soldiers to take care all of those things. In the quotation above, Marlow

explains the daily activity about the soldiers who came to accomplish their

civilization mission.

It was paddled by black fellows. You could see from afar the white of
their eyeballs glistening. They shouted, sang; their bodies streamed
with perspiration; they had faces like grotesque masks these chaps;
but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of
movement, that was as natural and true as the surf along their coast
(Conrad, 1999:14).
 44

According to the above quotations, it emphasized about the physical

state of black people who are rowing the boat. Where, he has a bone,

muscle, wild and strong energy of vitality. The other information about

colonialism thought from this quotation is slavery act has done by those black

fellow. This is one of traits based on King Leopold II came to this place, to

exploit the natural and human resources.

A Lot of people, mostly black and naked, moved about like ants
(Conrad, 1999:16).

Western presented the Africa always as a dark place or dark continent.

This is because of the civilization idea which brought by the west is not

reach the entire place of that dark continent yet, they also assumes those

people as black not only because of their skin but also their mind is not

civilized yet, in the description above, Marlow stated that the black moved

like ants and most of them are naked. This is one of the kind of western

treatment to the all people there.

They were building a railway. The cliff was not in the way or anything;
but this objectless blasting was all the work going on (Conrad,
1999:17).
Previous quotation describes about how the black people moved like

ant and most of them are naked. The cruel tretament by the west is keep

continue to the black natives such as they have to build kind of a facility like

railway to prove the idea of civilization has been accomplished to the natives.

Six black men advanced in a file, toiling up the path. They walked erect
and slow, balancing small baskets full of earth on their heads, and the
 45

clink kept time with their footsteps. Black rags were wound round their
loins, and the short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails. I could
see every rib, the joints of their lambs were like knots in a rope; each
had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a
chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking. They
were called criminals, and the outraged law, like the bursting shells,
had come to them, an insoluble mystery from the sea (Conrad,
1999:17).

In Vanthemsche’s journal aboutthe history of colonialism in Congo, the

colonialist allow to take over control any kind of human and natural resources

in the land that they have newly found (2006). The cruel treatment toward the

natives is the fact that the colonialist really did the control over everyting to

the land. And the black people were oppressed in the circumstances in such

a way. How those blacks drained her energy and treated ruthlessly. Plus they

were wearing something that makes them totally like a slave such as iron

chain that always clinking everytime they moved in a certain places.

I've seen the devil of violence, and the devil of greed, and the devil of
hot desire (Conrad, 1999:18).

Violence, greed, devil, and hot desires, those terms are used by

Marlow to describe the cruelty act from colonialism which affected in the dark

continent. Since those colonialist has their legal policy, so they can act

whatever they want to the land, with the mission of civilization, they could

grab everything from the natural resources. The histroy told us that originally

King of Leopold II made his journey to the colony land with his army that will

take everything on the land, they have already a good preparation such as
 46

they granted from the Berlin Conference in 1885 which allowedhimhaving the

exclusive right to privately exploit the Congo.

Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the
trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim
light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair (Conrad,
1999:18).

Marlow adressed the black natives as the black couch that after

receiving cruelty from the colonist, they just left by the pain, abandonment,

and despair.

Marlow became the real and one to be judge this cruel treatment

towards the native since he has already travel to this entire place and river in

the Congo. He told this story when doing his voyage in the river.

They were dying slowly it was very clear. They were not enemies, they
were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black
shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish
gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of
time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar
food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to
crawl away and rest (Conrad, 1999:18-19).

Exploitation of human resources is clearly perform in the quotation

above. Slavery is a common way occured in most of the entire story in this

novel from Conrad. Colonialism gives a big impact to the natives so much,

cruelty, dying, disesase, and starvation. These impact gives by the colonist

who has a mission to civilized the dark country in order they can have a same

standard with what the west have in that period. But the idea of civilization is
 47

the only reason for them to allow colonization in unknown place such as

Africa (Congo).

Near the same tree two more bundles of acute angles sat with their
legs drawn up. One, with his chin propped on his knees, stared at
nothing, in an intolerable and appalling manner: his brother phantom
rested its forehead, as if overcome with a great weariness; and all
about others were scattered in every pose of contorted collapse, as in
some picture of a massacre or a pestilence. While I stood horror
struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went
off on all-fours towards the river to drink. He lapped out of his hand,
then sat up in the sunlight, crossing his shins in front of him, and after
a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone (Conrad, 1999:19).

Here the quotation illustrates the true consequences of colonialism,

mistreated and overworked slaves who are left to die on their own. The slaves

are given no food, care, or medicine, and are left to die outdoors. Even

Marlow calls them "bundles," "creatures," and phantoms" They are treated so

inhumanely that Marlow cannot even see them as fully human. In previous

chapter, slavery is one of the consequences from colonialism itself, what

Marlow saw here is the slavery system which has done by the colonist to

bring the mission of civilization to the dark continent.

Everything else in the station was in a muddle, heads, things,

buildings. Strings of dusty niggers with splay feet arrived and departed;
a stream of manufactured goods, rubbishy cottons, beads, and brass-
wire set into the depths of darkness, and in return came a precious
trickle of ivory (Conrad, 1999:20).

Even the slavery system have varied issues of working, but In the

slavery case of Congo, they have to built some facilities such as station and

railways. The quotation above shows us the situation and the condition of the
 48

slavery which is very heartbreaking. Black or the west calls them as a nigger

came and return to the station all the time by bringing some ivory. Ivory based

on congo colonialism history is the main raw material which is King of Leopold

II became the reason why they have to colonized the land of Congo.

And then I saw this station, these men strolling aimlessly about in the
sunshine of the yard. I asked myself sometimes what it all meant. They
wandered here and there with their absurd long staves in their hands,
like a lot of faithless pilgrims bewitched inside a rotten fence. The word
`ivory' rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think
they were praying to it (Conrad, 1999:26).

Still in the station, all the slaves seems hopeless walking around under

the sunshine of the yard. Marlow seems shock how could this happen to

them, how caould this happen to this human, but unfortunalely Marlow is one

of them which is giving the natives a cruel treatment. Marlow saw they are like

a pilgrims who brings the ivory as a stick. This quotation above stated that

they were like praying to the ivory because ivory at the time was one of the

main natural resource that became priority for the colonizt colonized the

Native of African Congo.

A Nigger was being beaten near by (Conrad, 1999:26).

That little quotation explained that nigger is really colonized by the

colonizt. In colonialism types, there are several kinds of way how the colonizt

treated the colonized, one of them are tortured them by no chance. In Heart

of Darkness there are so many cruel treatment which has done by the
 49

colonizt and that really explain to us the practic of colonialism is totally chaos

and brutal.

It was as unreal as everything else as the philanthropic pretense of the

whole concern, as their talk, as their government, as their show of
work. The only real feeling was a desire to get appointed to a trading
post where ivory was to be had, so that they could earn percentages
(Conrad, 1999:27).

One of the traits of colonialism is deeply linked to the exploitation, and

one kind of exploitation is the slave trade. The history also stated that slave

trade is happening in the Congo since the colony of west came, and ivory is

the main natural resources that west tried to exploit from the Land of Congo.

They can exploit the natural resources because the policy allowed the to do

that.

Black figures strolled about listlessly, pouring water on the glow,

whence proceeded a sound of hissing; steam ascended in the
moonlight, the beaten nigger groaned somewhere. ‘What a row the
brute makes!’ said the indefatigable man with the moustaches,
appearing near us. ‘Serve him right. Transgression punishment bang!
Pitiless, pitiless. That’s the only way. This will prevent all conflagrations
for the future (Conrad, 1999:29).

Through the quotation above, Marlow feels pity for the natives unlike

other the majority of colonizers. In the novel, the African “others” are

presented as the dark side of Europe. Their situation is shown as the

consequence of historical distance. This explanation may seem to strengthen

the concept of the Europeans “as civilized, enlightened, at a more advanced

state of intelligence and ability than the African. Marlow even heard of one of
 50

that nigger said pitifully about his own condition because of this cruelty

tretament.

This devoted band called itself the Eldorado Exploring Expedition, and
I believe they were sworn to secrecy.Their talk, however, was the talk
of sordid buccaneers: it ywas reckless without hardihood, greedy
without audacity, and cruel without courage; there was not an atom of
foresight or of serious intention in the whole batch of them, and they
did not seem aware these things are wanted for the work of the world.
To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no
more moral purpose at the back of it than there is in burglars breaking
into a safe. Who paid the expense of the noble enterprise I don‘t know;
but the uncle of our manager was leader of that lot (Conrad, 1999:35).

From the quote above it can be seen that the black people were

oppressed in the circumstances in such a way. Here Marlow explained there

are one of explorer also exist in the Congo river, they are devoted band called

the Eldorado Explorer. Based on Marlow’s story this devoted band grabbed

all the treasure of the native. This is probably the cause of the west policy so

they can grabb everything from the land. One characteristics of domination is

you can subjugated to another people, and this is what Eldorado explorer

tried to do, they subjugated people of the native by grabbing their treasure.

Now I had suddenly a nearer view, and its first result was to make me
throw my head back as if before a blow. Then I went carefully from
post to post with my glass, and I saw my mistake. These round knobs
were not ornamental but symbolic (Conrad, 1999:40)

One of improvement that should done by the colonist is civilizing the

natives by various cruel treatment such as violence, exploitation and so on.

Slavery system is one of those treatment that should applied to the natives

and to watch slaves activity, the colonist built some post to tell the slavery
 51

system is going well. They can communicate one from another by this kind of

post slavery trading. Later on, Marlow through his confusion, he finds out that

they are human skulls. Kurtz uses these skulls to threaten the others and this

shows his brutality against the natives.

He was an improved specimen; he could fire up a vertical boiler. He

was there below me, and, upon my word, to look at him was as
edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat,
walking on his hind legs (Conrad, 1999:42).

Civilization is not only the main idea of Colonization. West always

keeping in their mind about they are more superior than the east which is

inferior. Here, Marlow without any hesitation said that the black is another

specimen than him. He even described the black as a kind of dog which is

having a hind leg.

Not a very enthralling book; but at the first glance you could see there
a singleness of intention, an honest concern for the right way of going
to work, which made these humble pages, thought out so many years
ago, luminous with another than a professional light. The simple old
sailor, with his talk of chains and purchases, made me forget the jungle
and the pilgrims in a delicious sensation of having come upon
something unmistakablyreal (Conrad, 1999:44).

In this passage, even the natives’ views and pains are represented in a

European book. By reading this book Marlow says, this implies that the

Europeans dominate the natives’ lands and the book stands for European

discourse. Brannigan indicates that “Africa is merely the fictional projection of

a European fantasy in which Europe is the only truth. The natives are seen as
 52

inferior when compared to the Europeans and there cannot be any other truth

for them.

Their headman, a young, broad chestlike black, severely draped in

Dark blue fringed cloths, with fierce nostrils and his hair all done up
artfully in oily ringlets, stood near me. ‘Aha!’ I said, just for good
fellowship’s sake. ‘Catch ‘im,’ he snapped, with a bloodshot widening
of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth ’catch ‘im. Give ‘im to us.’ ‘To
you, eh?’ I asked; ‘what would you do with them?’ ‘Eat ‘im!’ he said
curtly, and, leaning his elbow on the rail, looked out into the fog in a
dignified and profoundly pensive attitude. I would no doubt have been
properly horrified, had it not occurred to me that he and his chaps must
be very hungry (Conrad, 1999:47).

The mindset of colonial idea is fullly thought about savages do many

things unproperly to describe them as a savages. In the quotation above,

there is no any concrete evidence of cannibalism throughout the novel, but

The Europeans deliberately regard the natives as cannibals so as to justify

their colonialism. It only justified European rule of Africa by demonstrating the

superiority of Europeans to their primitive African counterparts. In other

words, cannibalism is produced as the proof of the savagery of the natives by

the Europeans.

He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of

development we had arrived at, must necessarily appear to them
savages in the nature of supernatural beings we approach them with
the might as of a deity, and so on, and so on (Conrad, 1999:52).

In this passage, it describes Kurtz’s idea of what natives saw in the

Europeans. This is also one example about dominating idea by colonist which

assumes that how Europeans are superior to the Africans and should help

them to develop by civilizing them but through the cruelty and violence. In this
 53

passage also Kurtz honestly believes, or used to believe, in the goodness of

colonialism. He believed that the white man could bring goodness and

enlightenment to the black Africans. But to Kurtz, this is only possible if the

white man plays the part of a god. Kurtz envisions a utopia not of equality

between the two races, but of a peaceful and benevolent reign of the white

man over the blacka kind of master slave relationship. But Kurtz seriously

underestimates what that means.

In front of the first rank, along the river, three men, plastered with bright
red earth from head to foot, strutted to and fro restlessly. When we
came abreast again, they faced the river, stamped their feet, nodded
their horned heads, swayed their scarlet bodies; they shook towards
the fierce river demon a bunch of black feathers, a mangy skin with a
pendent tail something that looked like a dried gourd; they shouted
periodically together strings of amazing words that resembled no
sounds of human language; and the deep murmurs of the crowd,
interrupted suddenly, were like the response of some satanic litany
(Conrad, 1999:79).

Here, White men view the native Africans as "savages" in their paint

and armed with their strange weapons. Their language is so alien that it

sounds like a "satanic litany." Which, unless it says "here's to my sweet

Satan" when played backwards, sounds like a stretch to us. Colonialism ideas

stressed that white men always superior than the black men.

This is the reason why I affirm that Kurtz was a remarkable man. He
had something to say. He said it. Since I had peeped over the edge
myself, I understand better the meaning of his stare, that could not see
the flame of the candle, but was wide enough to embrace the whole
universe, piercing enough to penetrate all the hearts that beat in the
darkness (Conrad, 1999:82).
 54

In the quotation above, it tries to reveal the violence and brutality

through Kurtz who is the chief of Inner Station. Interestingly, Kurtz has a lot of

abilities from art to music although he is a cruel man. Kurtz also as a

European thinks that he has the right to control all the natives and Marlow is

critical about his meaningless authority over black people, since he does not

approve of European violence brought about by European colonialism. What

Kurtz perform here is the one of characteristic about colonist that always think

that they are more superior so they allow to do anything to the inferior one.

I had a vision of him on the stretcher, opening his mouth voraciously,

as if to devour all the earth with all its mankind. He lived then before
me; he lived as much as he had ever lived a shadow insatiable of
splendid appearances, of frightful realities; a shadow darker than the
shadow of the night, and draped nobly in the folds of a gorgeous
eloquence (Conrad, 1999:86).

In this quotation above, Marlow clearly describes Kurtz’s mistreatments

and greediness via his physical appearance. Additionally, Kurtz sees himself

responsible for education of the natives besides exploiting them and says that

“Each station should be like a beacon on the road towards better things, a

center for trade of course, but also for humanizing, improving, instructing”.

However, Kurtz tortures them rather than educating and it shows this reversal

in his novel.
 55

2. Colonial life reflected by the characters in Forster’s A Passage to

India.

Another works that the author indicates the colonial life has potrayed is

from E.M. Forster (A Passage to India). Several of E.M. Forster’s novels take

as their subject ‘The British Abroad’, presenting characters who struggle to

experience a culture outside the confines of British social norms. A Passage

to India, however, takes this concept yet further, as Forster describes not only

members of the British Raj in India, but members of Indian society under

colonial rule. In his quote, Aziz said,

I do not think so. They all become exactly the same, not worse, not
better. I give any Englishman two years, be he Turton or Burton. It is
only the difference of a letter. And i gave any Englishwoman six
months. All are exactly alike. Do you not agree with me? (Forster,
1978:8).
Aziz as the part of Indian native obviously has his own experience

since British came for the first time in India until now. From this quotation,

Aziz explains to his friend that, even firstly the English came quietly good, but

it does not even take a long time untill you see the true of English manner.

Aziz think that all English exactly the same and alike, first they just pretend to

be a good people toward the native of India, but then for Englishman after two

years and Englishwoman after six months they are all becoming purely bad.

The history of India under the colony explained that British came for the first

time not as a invader, but only as a trader. Trader means they just want to
 56

promote their goods to the Indians, but after that they saw a great potential of

human and natural resources and finally they exploit it.

The roads, named after victorious generals and intersecting at the right
angles, were symbolic of the net Great Britain had thrown over India.
He felt caught in their meshes (Forster, 1978:17).

Aziz feels isolated since the arrival of British to his land. Here we can

see the domination from the British empire over dominate the entire place of

India. Because of this Aziz like trapped in his own land due to several

principal that made natives like him feel restricted. Here also the rigid angles

marked out by the colonial roads stand in for the lines that the English draw to

organize and manage their colony. Aziz feels the effects of the British Empire

at a deep, feeling personally trapped by colonial life.

Indians are not allowed into the Chandrapore Club even as a guest,
(Forster, 1978:28).

Many of reform movement has made by the British became so harsh

for the native of India, discrimination by the English to the Native could not

avoid it. Because of that reform also, British made a certain club which is only

for the English allowed to join it. Since it only special for the English, Indian

certainly did not allowed to join it. In another content of reform movement,

They looked upon the Indians as half Negroes and half guarillas who could

effectively work under force only. The white Europeans always considered the

Indians as people of an inferior race.

“Wanting to see Indians! How new that sounds!’ Another, “Natives!

Why fancy!” A third, more serious, said, “Let me explain. Natives don’t
 57

respect one, you see.” “That occurs after so many meetings.” But the
lady, entirely stupid and friendly (Forster, 1978:33-34).

The arrogancy based on the thinking from the British that he or she is

more superior than the natives showed in this quote. Mrs Callender who is

one of the Englishwoman in the novel described the natives is not respecting

each other, and she knows that after many meetings to the natives. What has

been described by Mrs Callender is a characteristics from any Anglo indian

toward the natives, they always think that they are more superior and India is

inferior to them. The condition of Indian woman based in the History of British

Raj in India, they were discriminated at all stages of life.

“Why, the kindest thing one can do to a native is to let him die”
(Forster, 1978:34).

She continues her bad statement about native in the quotation above.

She said that the kindest thing one can do to a native is to let him die. Mrs

Callender is really showing herself as a typical of an arrogant Englishwoman

that she think she is more superior than the native. This is one of the impact

from the reform movement that allowed all the native get discriminated by the

Englishman or woman.

“He can go where he likes as long as he doesn’t come near me. They
give me the creeps” (Forster, 1978:34).

When Mrs Moore asked her about if we let him die and goes to the

heaven what are we gonna do?, Mrs Callender confidently says that she

doesn’t care where they are going as long as they never come near to her.
 58

Mrs Callender seems like one of Englishwoman character that exist in the

novel as extremely superior to the native of Indian.

“I only want those Indians whom you come across socially as your
friends. “well, we don’t come across them socially, “he said, laughing.
“they’re full of all the virtues, but we don’t, and it’s now eleven thirty,
and too late to go into the reason (Forster, 1978:35).

This conversation between Rony and Miss Quested indicates that

socially, Englishman and woman are not equal with the Native. This is one of

superiotity traits what has been showed by Rony to Miss Quested.

Historically, all of the western include British empire has an permanent idea

that they are more superior than any other country except west itself. So

people who do not have a western blood or do not have a white skin like

western, they are all included as a inferior. The last sentence in reform

movement paragraph in previous chapter stated that “The white Europeans

always considered the Indians as people of an inferior race”.

“The educated Indians will be no good to us if there’s a row, it’s simply

not worth while conciliating them, that’s why they don’t matter. Most of
the people you see are seditious at heart, and the rest ‘id run
squealing” (Forster, 1978:54).

In the quotation above, it shows that even the educated native is

typically bad to them. English introduced the modern education to the natives

in order they can stand equally but in fact, it is only a discourse they created,

they never think the native will be equally same with the British men or

women, they will always looking down the natives, even the educated one.
 59

“We're out here to do justice and keep the peace. Them's my

sentiments.India isn't a drawing-room."
"Your sentiments are those of a god," Mrs. Moore said quietly, but it
was his manner rather than his sentiments that annoyed her.
Trying to recover his temper,Ronny said, "India likes gods."
"And Englishmen like posing as gods" (Forster, 1978:71).

From this quote, Ronny As the Civil Magistrate represents the British

idea of colonial justice. Justice is not an abstract ideal, but a way of keeping

the peac of controlling the natives. This inevitably entails the feeling that the

British are far superior to the Indians. Ronny's comment that "India likes

gods" is a reference to the many religions of India: he is suggesting that in

this mess of religious diversity, the British can bring order. This is also one of

the attempt by the colony to impose their culture to the natives. Something

that the native can trust and assuming those English like their god.

“What do you and Adela want me to do? Go against my class, against

all the people i respect and admire out here? Lose such power as i
have for doing good in this coutry because my behaviour isn’t
pleasant? You neither of you understand what work is, or you i’d never
talk such eyewash. I hate talking like this, but one must occasionally.
We’re not pleasant in India, and we don’t intend to be pleasant. We’ve
something more important to do” (Forster, 1978:72).

Since the arrival of Mrs Moore and Miss Quested in India, they were

both looking ethusiastic with the society and even culture from the natives.

Here, Ronny Heaslop as the civil magistrate in Chandrapore was making his

mother surprised about his son attitude. Because of her surprising, he

questioned it directly to his son about his strange manner since he became a

civil magistrate. Then Ronny explained that in this place, British came with
 60

highly pride, more superior than any other native,so he has to act fully

controlled the Indians. Domination over the native has shown very clearly

from this description, Ronny apparently does not have any plesant mission

coming to this place, all he only knows is to spread their domination as a

class of higher than any other races, spreading his superiority to those whom

are inferior.

Aziz was exquisitely dressed, from tie-pin to spats, but he had

forgotten his back collar-stud, and there you have the Indian all over:
inattention to detail, the fundamental slackness that reveals the race
(Forster, 1978:123).

British came to India by spreading their bad stereotypes to all the

natives, in this case, Ronny's racism makes him jump to conclusions. Earlier

in the novel that Aziz is missing his collar stud because Fielding needed one

and Aziz was just being a good friend. But Ronny just assumes that Aziz is

acting according to the stereotype of the lazy native. In the eyes of British,

native always look more inferior the them, they only looked upon the Indians

as half Negroes and half guarillas who could effectively work under force

only. The white Europeans always considered the Indians as people of an

inferior race.

“All unfortunate natives are criminals at heart, for the simple reason
that they live south of latitude 30” (Forster, 1978:261).
Here, Professor Mcbryde through his racist perspective, assuming that

all the natives was born as a criminal at heart. He does not have any clear or
 61

logic reason why someone like natives like that. In his point of view, criminal

or any word similarly has choosen to be the part if Indian native from the first.

He had not gone mad at the phrase "an English girl fresh from
England," he had not rallied to the banner of race. He was still after
facts, though the herd had decided on emotion. Nothing enraged
Anglo-India more than the lantern of reason if it is exhibited for one
moment after its extinction is decreed (Forster, 1978:259).

In this passage, it describe a little bit about the irony of the British

colonial justice system in India. According to Fielding the system which is

administered by the British, always actionbased on their colored, literally, by

their racial views. Their racial hatred is cruelly ironic considering that their

view of the superiority of the white race is based on the supposed fact that

the white race is more "rational."

"Ah, dearest Grasmere!" Its little lakes and mountains were beloved by
them all. Romantic yet manageable, it sprang from a kindlier planet”
(Forster, 1978:213).

Through his racist point of view, McBryde also even compare his origin

place in England than India. He though that in contrast to India, Grasmere, a

pleasant little place in England, is a source of comfort. It's not threatening in

the way India is in its vastness: it's homey and sounds kind of cute with its

"little lakes and mountains.

“But i wanted to ask her. I want someone who believes in him to ask
her.” “what difference does that make?” “she is among people who
disbelieved in Indians” (Forster, 1978:267).
 62

In this case, Aziz accused as a someone who tried to violence Miss

Quested inside the cave. In the middle of the judgement, Mr Fielding tried to

convince Miss Quested that it was not Aziz, he never intended to do that

since Aziz and Fielding is quite close as relation between native and British.

Fielding strongly though that this is absolutely missunderstanding between

Miss Quested and Aziz. What really make Miss Quested judged Aziz like that

because of she thinks based on the perspective of the English perceived the

native as a general. In the quotation above it clearly showed that Miss

Quested was living near from around someoone who hate the native, so it

influenced her to think the same with someone who always perceive native as

inferior or savage.

"You're superior to them, anyway. Don't forget that. You're superior to

everyone in India except one or two of the Ranis, and they're on an
equality” (Forster, 1978:58).

Even the first came of the British empire does not have any purpose to

colonize the Indians, but after all they spread their idea of civilization to them.

After became a trader for several years, but looking at the great potential,

they spread their civilzation reform to all the Indians by creating some rules

such as reform movement. Because of that reform, Indians were

discriminated on grounds of color. An attitude of contempt towards Indians

was developed by the AngloIndian bureaucracy. They looked upon the

Indians as half Negroes and half guarillas who could effectively work under

force only. The white Europeans always considered the Indians as people of
 63

an inferior race. Mrs. Turton's comment here exemplifies the racism typical of

Englishwomen in the novel. Here she attempts to convince the

progressiveminded Adela that they are superior to Indians in every way,

including the heads of state.

One touch of regret not the canny substitute but the true regret from
the heart would have made him a different man, and the British Empire
a different institution."I'm going to argue, and indeed dictate," she said,
clinking her rings. "The English are out here to be pleasant" (Forster,
1978:74).

The passage suggests that Ronny's attitude is representative of the

British Empire's as a whole toward its "civilizing mission." By questioning

Ronny, Mrs. Moore questions the whole notion of a civilizing mission here.

Ronny's callous attitude toward Indians suggests that the civilizing mission is

just an excuse to gain power, and no more.

When the villagers broke cordon for a glimpse of the silver image, a
most beautiful and radiant expression came into their faces, a beauty
in which there was nothing personal, for it caused them all to resemble
one another during the moment of its indwelling, and only when it was
withdrawn did they revert to individual clods(Forster, 1978:449).

One of the impact from the reform movement and the entire mission of

civilization by the British empire is Indians were discriminated on grounds of

color. Even they looked upon the Indians as half Negroes and half guarillas

who could effectively work under force only. In this passage, again and again

attacks race, the color of your skin, as the basis for a community, whether it's

the white Anglo-Indians or the Indians. Instead, when communities come

together for a worthy cause, as in this religious festival, their faces acquire a
 64

"beautiful and radiant expression": it is this expression, rather than the color

of their skin, that represents their belonging to a community. Compare this

expression to the similarly beautiful expression on the Anglo-Indians when

they come together in support of Adela. Of course, this expression quickly

dissipates when they use Adela's case as an excuse to vent their ugly racist

attitudes.

“You don’t because you can’t, you have smuggled her out of the
country; she is Mrs. Moore, she would have proved his innocence, she
was on our side, she was poor Indian’s friend” (Forster, 1978:354).

In this passage, Aziz friend of him explained that even as a educated

Indians, he or Aziz can not do nothing about Aziz’s case. They planned to

invite Mrs Moore since she and most Indians are quite close as a socially. But

in fact it did not change anything, since Mrs Moore also has already be friend

of those poor Indians.

“I ruin my career, no matter; we are all to be ruined one by one.” “This

is no way to defend your case,” counselled the magistrate. “I am not
defending a case, nor are you trying one. We are both of us slaves”
(Forster, 1978:355).

What can explain by this short quote from Aziz’s friend is they both

controlled and dominated by the British. In Aziz’s accusation case, he felt so

intimidated becuase those British are in charged to decide wheter Aziz

proved guilty or not. In British parliament even the educated Indian, it does

not give any change, as long as you are the inferior race, they can not do

nothing over the British qoncuerors. Hamidullah even stated both of them are
 65

still slaves in British perspective. Here also domination is playing its part, it

involves the subjugation of one people by another, Furtherly this domination

here means the control by individuals or groups over the territory and/or

behavior of other individuals or groups. It was fit with what has been

performed by Aziz as the individual which controlled by the British.

“I remember when Turton came outfirst … you fellows will not believe
me, but I have driven with Turton in his carriage Turton! Oh yes, we
were once quite intimate. He has shown me his stamp collection” The
Red nose boy has againinsulted me. I do not blame him he was told
that he ought to insult me. Until lately he was quite a nice boy, but the
others have got hold of him” (Forster, 1978).

Throughout the novel, the situation between west and east became so

tense. In the previous explanation, what became the signal of negative

attitude is the tensious and problem. Here it draws a picture of the tense

situation between colonial rulers and the Indians. The comments and

treatment, the Indians receive from the English, show their aggrandizement.

The disgusting attitude towards the Indians is due to historical, psychological,

philosophical, cultural and traditional behavior.

“Old Calendar wants to see me in his bungalow, he said. Some case, I

dare say. I dare say not. I dare say nothing. He has found out our
dinnerhourthat’s all and chooses to interrupt us every time in order to
show his power. Unintentionally, he rushes, leaves his friends, party,
feast, invitation, rest, everything, “because his soul was servile but
because his feelings the sensitive edges of him feared a gross
snub.”He hires a tonga and reaches the Callendar’s bungalow. The
Tongawallah isasked to wait for him outside the bungalow. However,
he is told that the civil surgeon is out and left no message for him. It is
very shocking forDr Aziz. No courtesy and no politeness! He faces a
shocking response, a rude attitude. The servant says to him that no
 66

message is left for him, he only understood from the master, “He had
as a matter of fact said, ‘Damn Aziz words that the servant understood”
(Forster, 1978).

Major Callander, due to negative attitude towards the Indians,does not

like to take pains and leave a clear message. This shows his insulting

behavior. Insulting behaviour coul revert to the definition of negative attitude.

tense and problem always comes around when everytime negative attitude

was portrayed by the west to the east.

He didn’t come into the Club. He said he wasn’tallowed to. There upon
the truth struck him, and he cried: Oh,good gracious! Not a
Muhammedan? Why ever didn’t you tell me? You’d been talking to a
native? I was going all wrong…What a mix up! Why hadn’t she
indicated by the tone of her voice that she was talking about an
Indian? Scratchy and dictatorial, he began to question her, “he called
to you in the mosque. Did he? How? Impudently what was he doing
him there himself at that time of night? … Now, it’s not their prayer
time.” … So he called to you over your shoes then it was impudence.
It’s an old trick. I wish you had had them on (Forster, 1978).
Here, Ronny Heaslop as the son of Mrs Moore and as the civil

magistrate as well in the chandrapore express his emotion when he knew that

his mother has come to the mosque and meet with one of the “dirty” Indian,

Aziz. This meeting was nothing to Mrs Moore but we can see the tension,

emotion from Ronny seems like there is something wrong or there’s problem

here. Commonly indian was treated unproperly by the English due to his

status as an Indian. Rude, and negative behaviour was attributed as having a

bad manner, rude, and so forth. That is why Ronny felt suspicious with his

mother.
 67

B. Discussion

This discussion is to show about the similarities and differences related

to colonialism perspective which is portrayed in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness

and Forster’s A Passage to India.The simmilarities and differences will be

based on the analysis in the previous session on findings, and it presented

with the table form and discussing quote by qoute to show that its

simmilarities and differences. The discussion contains the data which are

related to the theory of colonialism perspective by using genetic structuralism

approach.

1. Comparison of Colonialism Perspective in Both Novels.

a. Subjugation

What the researcher has got from his analysis about subjugation in

both novels, he indicated that both novels contained several issues about

subjugation. It proves in Conrad’s Heart of Darknes there are several datas

which the researcher has investigated as a types of domination specifically

subjugation. And in Forster’s novel A Passage to india even only one data

about subjugation but still it really exist in the novel. The researcher found its

simmilarities since subjugation by controlling individual or groups happened in

both works. For example in several citation from Conrad’s novel Heart of

Darkness, Marlow explained about some gold hunter which appear in the

fresh land of Africa, brought any tools such as sword that they can use to
 68

grab and take everything that potentially it could make them secure their

wealth and fame.

The evil side from domination especially subjugation is they did not

care about what if they took everything from this land except their desire to

pursue their wealthy as a colonizers. It also happened in the other works from

Forster’s A Passage to India. Through the main character Aziz, we can figure

out the Empire of British has thrown their colony almost over in India. Based

on data, since India is under controled by British, Aziz as a native in his own

land felt trapped and could not avoid himself to follow the rules from the

colony at the time.

Subjugation also illustrated in many citation. Through the Conrad’s

novel Heart of Darkness and like the typical domination from what Conrad

has been described in his work, the act of exploit everything is really

performed by violently. It was quite different with domination from Forster’s

novel A Passage to India, Aziz only describe the British empire that has

already thrown their colonial influenced almost over in India. There is no any

specifical what they were doing while they intend to spread their domination

in entire place of India.

b. Political Control

This indicators has performed clearly in several quotes from Forster’s

novel A Passage to India. In such data, historically, Indians has so many god
 69

and they like to praise their various god. In the middle of debate among his

mother Mrs Moore, Ronny Heaslop as a civil magistrateexplained his

important role toward the native. According to him, in this place native has no

any chance to be pleasant by us, bureaucracy, reform movement, and

various kind of rules by the British has been established in order to defend

the natives out from their savageness behaviour. In fact, it is only reason for

the British to justify their power under the native. Ronny uses the god which

used to praise by the native to also justify the British empire in the India as a

politically. God here refers to those English people who posses land act like

a god, and the reference of native love their god will be justifiable.

Political control also performed by the continous quote from Ronny to

his mother, based on Ronny statement, he could not establish something like

this in his own origin place, this thing would be working unless you find a

country which still depend in their savageness, barbarism and so on. This is

why his mother, Mrs Moore questioned his son’s attitude because of she

wandered about his new son’s behaviour. His son Ronny also only follow

what had been applied by his class and race in India, that is why he felt

terrible if he against or betray his own people. Indicator of colonialism such a

political control did not found in Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness by any

citation. Since the distance of one century, Africa is mostly told purely about

the way human exploit cruelty by the Colony.

c. Racial Prejudices
 70

Based on the finding and analysis by the researcher, he found several

information based on the citation related with superior and inferior in both

works. As short brief, superior was an opposite word from inferior which mean

superior is higher than inferior. Higher here interpreted by the west was all

position, race, civilization is more higher than what inferior has. But this term

was recently appear after west tried to spread their civilization mission toward

the wilderness country such as India and Africa. In data, even there is no any

citation about superior and inferior, but from what Marlow judge about the

black has officially prove that west claimed themselves more superior than

the black. In data, there is a strange act from the native that made Marlow

looked very surprised. Cannibalism is marked as a savageness trait that

made Marlow surprised because this act was human eating flesh or organ of

other human beings. From the west point of view, this act obviously did not

make any sense to them and so Marlow judge them as an inferior race.

Data also shown the depiction about superior and inferior, through the

other main character in Conrad’s short story Heart of Darkness Kurtz derived

himself as a remarkable man who able can bring the enlighment to the

savage land such as Africa. Similarly in Forster’s novel A Passage to India, it

clearly indicates that there was a superior and inferior contained in the novel.

In the first chapter of Forster’s novel, there was a story about the club which

special only for those English allowed to enter. In data 30, it stated that

“Indians are not allowed into the Chandrapore Club even as a guest”. Even
 71

there is no any quote that who is superior and inferior, but from the statement

the researcher could conclude that the club which is only special for the

English and it was not allowed for the Indians even as a guest. This will be

conclude that English here as a superior and those who could not allow enter

to the club is an inferior.

Superior and inferior became the main priority for such a west to

enlarge their civilization mission toward the land that they claim still include as

an uncivilized. The relationship between anglo indian and native indian could

not avoid from the stereotype that West is superior than Indian which is

inferior. In data 34, it clerly stated that socially English cannot accross equally

with the Indians because superior and inferior cannot be equall forever. In the

last sentence of reform movement paragraph in previous chapter stated that

the white Europeans always considered the Indians as people of an inferior

race.

d. Educated natives

Since the ariival of British in India with their mission of civilization, idea

of colonialism, it has a several impact directly toward the society culturally,

socially etc. Socially, since the idea of colonialism was to civilize all of the

natives which means they also have a modern mind like the western, British

made a political movement such as to educate the natives. It proved by many

character such as Aziz, Hamidullah has a good English as their second

 72

language, they even use it fluently. Even they are properly educated, but still

the British claimed that they never have the same standard with those

Englishmen or women. In data 35, Professor McBryde was mocking the

native who get some proper education from the British. McBryde claimed

they did not matter even the educate one, they still never equal to us. In the

case of Conrad’s short story Heart of Darkness, there is no any native which

treated educatevily by the colony. They were purely tretaed cruelly, brutally,

all the physical side. That thing was making this story differ from the other.

e. The Exploitation of Human and Natural Resources

There are two kinds of exploitation here, Human and resources.

Human exploitation always involvedviolence and forced human to work

against their will. In order to obtain provit and materials, colonizers

implemented this method. In another references about History of Colonialism

in Congo, when under the reign of Leopold II, he exploited its resources and

its inhabitants for material gain. These whole traits has been found in

Conrad’s short story Heart of Darkness. The whole story of Conrad’s Heart of

Darkness was a story from the narrative of the main character, Marlow. Every

event that happened in that story was based from the story teller of Marlow.

The act of human exploitation has clearly shown based on the analysis from

the researcher above. The researcher found many of these human

exploitation activity in the Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Several

datas has been found and identified as a human exploitation. Marlow saw six
 73

black native was walking erect and slow wearing some iron collar and chain in

their several part of the body such as head and neck. Marlow also saw how

those black people were oppressed in the circumstances in such a way,how

those blacks drained her energy and treated ruthlessly.

In another quotation has shown the viciousness of colonization toward

the African. The depiction such as cruelty, dying, disesase, and starvation

became the daily treatment toward the native as an object of human

exploitation. These treatment gave by the colonist who has a mission to

civilized the dark country in order they can have a same standard with what

the west have in that period. Two citationwere not different with previous

citation. Data has shown vividly about the ferocity by the colonization with let

the nigger or native die without any help from the colony. They were given no

food, medicine and so on. They were treating with unpleasantly and

inhumanly by the colony. Those act of human and natural exploitationis not

found in any citation from Forster’s novel A Passage to India.

f. The Exploitation Attitude of Human Being

It is more considerable to put natives’s attitude as an object by the

colonizers to stronger their position as high race. What attitude here means

the way colonizers perceive or thought the native India as having a negative

attitude. negative here means the attitude toward the natives always create a

problem or tension. Most of this indicator has found in Forster’s A Passage to

India. Even there is no any physical treatment, violences through body

 74

contact, but in Forster’s work through A Passage to India seems portrayed

more “violences” through the one that we call human attitude exploitation.

Historically, india has been colonized by the west since early of 20th century.

At the time, most colony establish their colony only wanted to be as a trader.

But since there is another potential of taking control over the territory, and

built some civilization institute such as bureaucracy, law office, even college,

colony will get their guarantee position over the natives of India. In the

previous indicator, even there are some little native also work through this

institute, but for the English, nothing will fall down our bridge to distinguish

which one is west and which one is the east. This is illustrated through

Forster’s work by depicting western negative attitude toward the east, in the

way they act, they feel, and they behave. Western perceive those attitude

means negative attitude.

 75

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Generally both works have its own way to illustrate the colonialism

perspective. In the previous chapter, colonialism has taken in a various

characteristics, racial prejudices was one of the impact of its colonialism

which brought by the west to the east. But before that idea spread to the

entire place of colony land, first the west had to subjugate the land, people

and even resources. This subjugation has found in several quotation in both

works. In Conrad’s work, subjugation has performed through the story of

voyage by the main character, Marlow.

In another work by Forster, subjugation has illustrated by also the main

character, Aziz. Here Aziz as a native India felt trapped by his own place

because of the colonist took over India. Another thing that can be seen

through the work is the act of human exploitation. itis became the great

consequences from colonial adventure by the west settlement. Because of

that, African had to face the hard living became the exploit one. Exploitation

of human and resources can be performed through this masterpiece work by

Conrad. Cruel treatment, violence, physical exploitation, resources

exploitation has clearly performed through the story from Marlow.Instead of

human and natural exploitation, Forster’s work through his novel illustrated

about the attitude’s of human being exploitation through negative attitude by

the west toward to the natives

 76

The second problem research about elaborating the simmilarities and

differences of colonialism perspective which reflected by the characters in

both works has illustrated through the several citation from varied characters.

Subjugation has shown by each one main character in both works.

Itillustrated when western came and subjugate the land by using civilization

idea. In exploitation idea, human and natural resources exploitation became

the main indicator of colonialism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the

exploitation toward human being attitude strongly depicted in Forster’s A

Passage to India. Human exploitation thorugh violences, cruel treatment does

not potray in Forster’s work due to the historical track of colonialism itself,

which is in 20th century, most of colonialism had been portrayed through the

superiority of western class toward the infeirority of the natives.

 77

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Appendices
 82

Appendix I
Synopsis of Heart of Darkness
Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow,
an introspective sailor, and his journey up the
Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an
idealistic man of great abilities. Marlow takes a job
as a riverboat captain with the Company, a
Belgian concern organized to trade in the Congo.
As he travels to Africa and then up the Congo,
Marlow encounters widespread inefficiency and
brutality in the Company’s stations. The native
inhabitants of the region have been forced into the
Company’s service, and they suffer terribly from
overwork and ill treatment at the hands of the
Company’s agents. The cruelty and squalor of
imperial enterprise contrasts sharply with the
impassive and majestic jungle that surrounds the
white man’s settlements, making them appear to
be tiny islands amidst a vast darkness.

Marlow arrives at the Central Station, run by the general manager, an

unwholesome, conspiratorial character. He finds that his steamship has been
sunk and spends several months waiting for parts to repair it. His interest in
Kurtz grows during this period. The manager and his favorite, the brickmaker,
seem to fear Kurtz as a threat to their position. Kurtz is rumored to be ill,
making the delays in repairing the ship all the more costly. Marlow eventually
gets the parts he needs to repair his ship, and he and the manager set out
with a few agents (whom Marlow calls pilgrims because of their strange habit
of carrying long, wooden staves wherever they go) and a crew of cannibals
on a long, difficult voyage up the river. The dense jungle and the oppressive
silence make everyone aboard a little jumpy, and the occasional glimpse of a
native village or the sound of drums works the pilgrims into a frenzy.

Marlow and his crew come across a hut with stacked firewood,
together with a note saying that the wood is for them but that they should
approach cautiously. Shortly after the steamer has taken on the firewood, it is
surrounded by a dense fog. When the fog clears, the ship is attacked by an
unseen band of natives, who fire arrows from the safety of the forest. The
African helmsman is killed before Marlow frightens the natives away with the
ship’s steam whistle. Not long after, Marlow and his companions arrive at
Kurtz’s Inner Station, expecting to find him dead, but a half-crazed Russian
 83

trader, who meets them as they come ashore, assures them that everything is
fine and informs them that he is the one who left the wood. The Russian
claims that Kurtz has enlarged his mind and cannot be subjected to the same
moral judgments as normal people. Apparently, Kurtz has established himself
as a god with the natives and has gone on brutal raids in the surrounding
territory in search of ivory. The collection of severed heads adorning the
fence posts around the station attests to his “methods.” The pilgrims bring
Kurtz out of the station-house on a stretcher, and a large group of native
warriors pours out of the forest and surrounds them. Kurtz speaks to them,
and the natives disappear into the woods.

The manager brings Kurtz, who is quite ill, aboard the steamer. A
beautiful native woman, apparently Kurtz’s mistress, appears on the shore
and stares out at the ship. The Russian implies that she is somehow involved
with Kurtz and has caused trouble before through her influence over him. The
Russian reveals to Marlow, after swearing him to secrecy, that Kurtz had
ordered the attack on the steamer to make them believe he was dead in order
that they might turn back and leave him to his plans. The Russian then leaves
by canoe, fearing the displeasure of the manager.Kurtz disappears in the
night, and Marlow goes out in search of him, finding him crawling on all fours
toward the native camp. Marlow stops him and convinces him to return to the
ship. They set off down the river the next morning, but Kurtz’s health is failing
fast.

Marlow listens to Kurtz talk while he pilots the ship, and Kurtz entrusts
Marlow with a packet of personal documents, including an eloquent pamphlet
on civilizing the savages which ends with a scrawled message that says,
“Exterminate all the brutes!” The steamer breaks down, and they have to stop
for repairs. Kurtz dies, uttering his last words“The horror! The horror!”in the
presence of the confused Marlow. Marlow falls ill soon after and barely
survives. Eventually he returns to Europe and goes to see Kurtz’s Intended
(his fiancée). She is still in mourning, even though it has been over a year
since Kurtz’s death, and she praises him as a paragon of virtue and
achievement. She asks what his last words were, but Marlow cannot bring
himself to shatter her illusions with the truth. Instead, he tells her that Kurtz’s
last word was her name. (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/summary.html).
 84

Appendix II
Synopsis of A Passage to India
Two englishwomen, the young Miss Adela
Quested and the elderly Mrs. Moore, travel to India.
Adela expects to become engaged to Mrs. Moore’s
son, Ronny, a British magistrate in the Indian city of
Chandrapore. Adela and Mrs. Moore each hope to see
the real India during their visit, rather than cultural
institutions imported by the British.

At the same time, Aziz, a young Muslim doctor in India, is increasingly

frustrated by the poor treatment he receives at the hands of the English. Aziz
is especially annoyed with Major Callendar, the civil surgeon, who has a
tendency to summon Aziz for frivolous reasons in the middle of dinner. Aziz
and two of his educated friends, Hamidullah and Mahmoud Ali, hold a lively
conversation about whether or not an Indian can be friends with an
Englishman in India. That night, Mrs. Moore and Aziz happen to run into each
other while exploring a local mosque, and the two become friendly. Aziz is
moved and surprised that an English person would treat him like a friend.

Mr. Turton, the collector who governs Chandrapore, hosts a party so

that Adela and Mrs. Moore may have the opportunity to meet some of the
more prominent and wealthy Indians in the city. At the event, which proves to
be rather awkward, Adela meets Cyril Fielding, the principal of the
government college in Chandrapore. Fielding, impressed with Adela’s open
friendliness to the Indians, invites her and Mrs. Moore to tea with him and the
Hindu professor Godbole. At Adela’s request, Fielding invites Aziz to tea as
well.
At the tea, Aziz and Fielding immediately become friendly, and the
afternoon is overwhelmingly pleasant until Ronny Heaslop arrives and rudely
interrupts the party. Later that evening, Adela tells Ronny that she has
decided not to marry him. But that night, the two are in a car accident
together, and the excitement of the event causes Adela to change her mind
about the marriage.

Not long afterward, Aziz organizes an expedition to the nearby

Marabar Caves for those who attended Fielding’s tea. Fielding and Professor
Godbole miss the train to Marabar, so Aziz continues on alone with the two
 85

ladies, Adela and Mrs. Moore. Inside one of the caves, Mrs. Moore is
unnerved by the enclosed space, which is crowded with Aziz’s retinue, and by
the uncanny echo that seems to translate every sound she makes into the
noise “boum.”

Aziz, Adela, and a guide go on to the higher caves while Mrs. Moore
waits below. Adela, suddenly realizing that she does not love Ronny, asks
Aziz whether he has more than one wifea question he considers offensive.
Aziz storms off into a cave, and when he returns, Adela is gone. Aziz scolds
the guide for losing Adela, and the guide runs away. Aziz finds Adela’s
broken field-glasses and heads down the hill. Back at the picnic site, Aziz
finds Fielding waiting for him. Aziz is unconcerned to learn that Adela has
hastily taken a car back to Chandrapore, as he is overjoyed to see Fielding.
Back in Chandrapore, however, Aziz is unexpectedly arrested. He is charged
with attempting to rape Adela Quested while she was in the caves, a charge
based on a claim Adela herself has made.

Fielding, believing Aziz to be innocent, angers all of British India by

joining the Indians in Aziz’s defense. In the weeks before the trial, the racial
tensions between the Indians and the English flare up considerably. Mrs.
Moore is distracted and miserable because of her memory of the echo in the
cave and because of her impatience with the upcoming trial. Adela is
emotional and ill; she too seems to suffer from an echo in her mind. Ronny is
fed up with Mrs. Moore’s lack of support for Adela, and it is agreed that Mrs.
Moore will return to England earlier than planned. Mrs. Moore dies on the
voyage back to England, but not before she realizes that there is no “real
India”but rather a complex multitude of different Indias.

At Aziz’s trial, Adela, under oath, is questioned about what happened

in the caves. Shockingly, she declares that she has made a mistake: Aziz is
not the person or thing that attacked her in the cave. Aziz is set free, and
Fielding escorts Adela to the Government College, where she spends the
next several weeks. Fielding begins to respect Adela, recognizing her bravery
in standing against her peers to pronounce Aziz innocent. Ronny breaks off
his engagement to Adela, and she returns to England.

Aziz, however, is angry that Fielding would befriend Adela after she
nearly ruined Aziz’s life, and the friendship between the two men suffers as a
consequence. Then Fielding sails for a visit to England. Aziz declares that he
is done with the English and that he intends to move to a place where he will
not have to encounter them.
 86

Two years later, Aziz has become the chief doctor to the Rajah of Mau,
a Hindu region several hundred miles from Chandrapore. He has heard that
Fielding married Adela shortly after returning to England. Aziz now virulently
hates all English people. One day, walking through an old temple with his
three children, he encounters Fielding and his brother-in-law. Aziz is surprised
to learn that the brotherinlaw’s name is Ralph Moore; it turns out that Fielding
married not Adela Quested, but Stella Moore, Mrs. Moore’s daughter from her
second marriage.

Aziz befriends Ralph. After he accidentally runs his rowboat into

Fielding’s, Aziz renews his friendship with Fielding as well. The two men go
for a final ride together before Fielding leaves, during which Aziz tells Fielding
that once the English are out of India, the two will be able to be friends.
Fielding asks why they cannot be friends now, when they both want to be, but
the sky and the earth seem to say “No, not yet. . . . No, not
there.”(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/passage/summary.html).
 87

Appendix III
Biography of Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad, one of the English

language's greatest stylists, was born Teodor
Josef Konrad Nalecz Korzenikowski in Podolia, a
province of the Polish Ukraine. Poland had been a
Roman Catholic kingdom since 1024, but was
invaded, partitioned, and repartitioned throughout
the late eighteenth-century by Russia, Prussia,
and Austria. At the time of Conrad's birth
(December 3, 1857), Poland was one-third of its
size before being divided between the three great
powers; despite the efforts of nationalists such as
Tadeusz Kosciuszko, who led an unsuccessful
uprising in 1795, Poland was controlled by other
nations and struggled for independence. When
Conrad was born, Russia effectively controlled
Poland.

Conrad's childhood was largely affected by his homeland's struggle for

independence. His father, Apollo Korzeniowski, belonged to the szlachta, a
hereditary social class comprised of members of the landed gentry; he
despised the Russian oppression of his native land. At the time of Conrad's
birth, Apollo's land had been seized by the Russian government because of
his participation in past uprisings. He and one of Conrad's maternal uncles,
Stefan Bobrowski, helped plan an uprising against Russian rule in 1863.
Other members of Conrad's family showed similar patriotic convictions:
Kazimirez Bobrowski, another maternal uncle, resigned his commission in the
army (controlled by Russia) and was imprisoned, while Robert and Hilary
Korzeniowski, two fraternal uncles, also assisted in planning the
aforementioned rebellion. (Robert died in 1863 and Hilary was imprisoned
and exiled.) All of this political turmoil would prove to be predictably disturbing
to young Josef, who could only stand idly by as he watched his family
embroiled in such dangerous controversy. The notion of the strong
oppressing the weak and the weak powerless to revolt surfaces in Heart of
Darkness, where the White traders wantonly murder the Congolese in pursuit
of riches and power.

Conrad's father was also a writer and translator, who composed

political tracts, poetry, and satirical plays. His public urgings for Polish
freedom, however, eventually caused Russian authorities to arrest and
 88

imprison him in 1861; in 1862, his wife (Conrad's mother), Eva, was also
arrested and charged with assisting her husband in his anti-Russian activities.
The two were sentenced to exile in Vologda, a town in northern Russia. Their
exile was a hard and bitter one: Eva died of tuberculosis in 1865 and Apollo
died of the same disease in 1869. Conrad, now only twelve years old, was
naturally devastated; his own physical health deteriorated and he suffered
from a number of lung inflammations and epileptic seizures. His poor health
would become a recurring problem throughout the remainder of his life.
Poland did not gain independence until 1919, and although patriots such as
Apollo were instrumental in this eventual success, their martyrdom left many
children (such as Conrad) without parents or hope for their future.

After his father's death, Conrad was returned to Krakow, Poland,

where he became a ward of his maternal uncle, Thaddeus Bobrowski. His
uncle sent Conrad to school in Krakow and then to Geneva under the
guidance of a private tutor. However, Conrad was a poor student; Despite his
having studied Greek, Latin, mathematics, and (of course) geography, he
never completed the formal courses of study that he was expected to finish.
His apathy toward formal education was counterbalanced by the reading he
did on his own: During his early teenage years, Conrad read a great deal,
particularly translations of Charles Dickens' novels and Captain Frederick
Marryat, an English novelist who wrote popular adventure yarns about life at
sea. (He also read widely in French.)

Marryat's novels may have been partly responsible for the sixteen-
year-old Conrad's desire to go to sea and travel the world as a merchant
marine (an exotic wish for a boy who grew up in a land-locked country); in
1874, his uncle reluctantly granted him permission to leave Poland and travel,
by train, to the French port city of Marseille to join the French Merchant Navy.
After his arrival, Conrad made three voyages to the West Indies between
1875 and 1878; During this time, he smuggled guns for the Carlists, who were
trying to put Carlos de Bourbon on the throne of Spain. In 1878, Conrad
suffered from depression, caused in part by gambling debts and his being
forbidden to work on any French ships due to his lying about having the
proper permits. He made an unsuccessful attempt at suicide, shooting himself
through the shoulder and missing his vital organs. (Biographers differ in their
interpretations of this attempt: Some contend that Conrad was depressed
about his squandering all his money, while others report that the attempt was
a ruse designed to put Conrad out of work and thus escape the grasp of
creditors.) Later that year, Conrad boarded an English ship that took him to
the eastern port-town of Lowestoft; there, he joined the crew of a ship that
made six voyages between Lowestoft and Newcastle. During this time, he
 89

learned English. Conrad's determination to succeed as a seaman was

impressive: Although he began his career as a common sailor, by 1886 he
had sailed to the Asia and was made master of his own ship. He then became
a British subject and changed his name to Joseph Conrad (partly to avoid
having to return to Poland and serve in the Russian military).

In 1888, Conrad received his first command of the Otago, a ship

harboring in Bangkok whose master had died. Surprisingly, Conrad hated the
day-to-day life of a sailor and never owned a boat after becoming famous;
The sea, however, offered Conrad the opportunity to make a living. One of
Conrad's most important voyages occurred in 1890, when he sailed a
steamboat up the Congo River in central Africa. Conrad was attracted to this
region partly because of the adventure he thought it could offer him and
(perhaps more importantly) because working in the Congo could earn him
some much-needed money. During this voyage, Conrad witnessed incredible
barbarity, illness, and inhumanity; his recollections of this trip would
eventually become the basis of his most famous work, Heart of Darkness.
During this time, Conrad was considering turning his seafaring adventures
into novels, and he eventually published Almayer's Folly, which he had been
composing during the early 1890s in 1895. The success of his first novel lured
him away from the sea to his new adventures as an English novelist. He
settled in England, married Jessie George (in 1896), and began the career for
which the world would remember him best.

After the publication of Almayer's Folly, Conrad began producing a

number of books in rapid succession, many of which featured plots about
sailors and travel to explore moral ambiguity and the nature of human
identity. The Nigger of the "Narcissus" (1897) concerns a tubercular Black
sailor whose impending death affects his fellow crewmen in a number of
profound ways. Lord Jim (1900) examines the effects of a cowardly act and
how this act's moral repercussions haunt a man until his death. (Lord Jim's
story is told by ">Marlow, the narrator of Heart of Darkness.) In 1902, Conrad
published Heart of Darkness, a short novel detailing Marlow's journey into the
Belgian Congo — and the metaphorical "heart of darkness" of man. All three
books were highly regarded in their time and are still widely read and studied
today. In 1904, Nostromo was published; the complex tale of an imaginary
South American republic. The effects of greed and foreign exploitation helped
to define Conrad's oblique and sometimes difficult narrative style. Although he
produced a large body of work, Conrad was often a slow writer who felt the
pressure of deadlines and the need to keep writing to keep his family
financially solvent. His struggles were eased, however, in 1910, when John
 90

Quinn, an American lawyer, bought all of Conrad's manuscripts and awarded

him a small pension.

Conrad continued writing tales of travel, but also turned his attention to
novels of political intrigue. The Secret Agent (1907) concerns a group of
anarchists who plan to blow up the Greenwich Observatory; Under Western
Eyes (1911), set in nineteenth-century Czarist Russia, follows the life of a
student who betrays his friend the assassin of a government official to the
authorities. His story "The Secret Sharer" (1912) uses the "Doppelganger
theme" (where a man meets his figurative double) to examine what Conrad
viewed as the shifting nature of human identity and the essential isolation of
all human beings. In 1913, Chance was a great success both critically and
financially; the novel, like Heart of Darkness, explores the ways in which an
innocent person (like Marlow) becomes hardened by the horrors that
surround her. Other novels marked by these essential Conradian themes
include The Inheritors (cowritten with Ford Maddox Ford,
1901), Victory (1915), and The Shadow-Line (1917). Conrad also turned
to autobiography: The Mirror of the Sea (1906), A Personal Record (1912),
and Notes on Life and Letters (1921). All treat his seafaring days and
development as an artist.

Conrad died of heart failure on August 3, 1924. He was buried in

Canterbury Cemetery and survived by his wife and sons (Borys and John).
Still honored by millions of readers as one of the greatest modern writers,
Conrad left behind a large body of work whose nature he defined (in his
Preface to The Nigger of the "Narcissus") as "a single-minded attempt to
render the highest kind of justice to the visible universe, by bringing to light
the truth, manifold and one, underlying its every aspect."
(https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/h/heart-of-darkness/joseph-conrad-
biography-2)
 91

Appendix IV
Biography of E.M. Forster

Edward Morgan Forster was born in London in

1879, the son of an architect. He attended
Tonbridge School, which he hated; he caricatured
what he termed "public school behavior" in several
of his novels. A different atmosphere awaited him
at King's College, Cambridge, which he enjoyed
thoroughly.

After graduation, he began to write short

stories. He lived for a time in Italy, the scene of
two of his early novels: Where Angels Fear to
Tread (1905), and A Room with a View (1908).
Cambridge is the setting for The Longest
Journey (1907). It was in this year that he returned
to England and delivered a series of lectures at
Working Men's College. His most mature work to
date was to appear in 1910 with the publication
of Howards End.

Forster then turned to literary journalism and wrote a play which was never
staged. In 1911 he went to India with G. Lowes Dickinson, his mentor at
King's College. During World War 1, Forster was engaged in civilian war work
in Alexandria. He returned to London after the war as a journalist.

In 1921 he again went to India, to work as secretary to the Maharajah

of Dewas State Senior. He had begun work on A Passage to India before this
time, but on reading his notes in India, he was discouraged and put them
aside. The book was published in 1924, having been written upon his return
to England. This was his last novel. It is considered to be his magnum
opus, and it won for the author the Femina Vie Heureuse and the James Tait
Black Memorial prizes in 1925.

In 1927 Forster delivered the William George Clark lectures at Trinity

College, Cambridge. Titled Aspects of the Novel, the lectures were published
in book form the same year. Also in 1927 he became a Fellow of Cambridge.

Forster's writing after that time has been varied. A collection of short
stories (The Eternal Moment) was published in 1928. Abinger Harvest (1936)
is a collection of reprints of reviews and articles. During World War II he
 92

broadcast many essays over the BBC. He has written a pageant play
(England's Pleasant Land), a film (Diary For Timothy), two biographies
(Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson in 1934 and Marianne Thornton in 1956), a
libretto for Benjamin Britten's opera, Billy Budd (with Eric Crozier), and
numerous essays. In 1953 he published The Hill of Devi, an uneven collection
of letters and reminiscences of his experiences in India.

In 1960 A Passage to India was adapted for the stage by Santha

Rama Rau. After playing in London for a year, the play opened on Broadway
on January 31, 1962, and ran for 110 performances. Although Forster was
"delighted" with the adaptation, most of the American critics felt the play did
not measure up to the novel.

In 1946, Forster moved to King's College in Cambridge to live there as

an honorary fellow. Mr. Forster's numerous awards included membership in
the Order of Companions of Honour, a recognition bestowed in 1953 by
Queen Elizabeth II.Forster died on June 7, 1970.
(https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/p/a-passage-to-india/critical-
essays/the-british-raj-in-india).
 93

Table 1: Colonialism Indicators based on Butt’s Book (Colonialism and

Postcolonialism) Which Exist in Both Novels.

No Colonialism Heart of Darkness A Passage to India

Indicator/Types

1. Domination
Hunters for gold of The roads, named after
a. Subjugation pursuers of fame, they victorious generals and
all had gone out on that intersecting at the right angles,
stream, bearing the were symbolic of the net Great
sword, and often the Britain had thrown over India.
torch, messengers of He felt caught in their meshes
the might within the (Forster, 1978:17).
land, bearers of a spark
from the sacred fire.
What greatness had not
floated on the ebb of
that river into the
mystery of an uknown
earth! (Conrad, 1999:4).

I was thinking of very

old times, when the
Romans first came here,
nineteen hundread
years ago, the other ...
Light came out of this
river (Conrad, 1999:5).

They were conquerors,

and for that you want
only brute forcenothing
to boast of, when you
have it, since your
strength is just an
accident arising from the
weakness of others.
They grabbed what they
could get for the sake of
what was to be got. It
was just robbery with
 94

violence, aggravated
murder on a great scale,
and men going at it
blindas is very proper
for those who tackle a
darkness(Conrad,
1999:6).

We pounded along,
stopped landed soldiers;
went on, landed
customhouse clerks to
levy toll in what looked
like a God forsaken
wilderness, with a
tinshed and flag pole
lost in it; landed more
soldiers to take care of
the custom house
clerks, presumably
(Conrad, 1999:14).

This devoted band

called itself the Eldorado
Exploring Expedition,
and I believe they were
sworn to secrecy.Their
talk, however, was the
talk of sordid
buccaneers: it ywas
reckless without
hardihood, greedy
without audacity, and
cruel without courage;
there was not an atom
of foresight or of serious
intention in the whole
batch of them, and they
did not seem aware
these things are wanted
for the work of the
world. To tear treasure
 95

out of the bowels of the

land was their desire,
with no more moral
purpose at the back of it
than there is in burglars
breaking into a safe.
Who paid the expense
of the noble enterprise I
don‘t know; but the
uncle of our manager
was leader of that lot
(Conrad, 1999:35).

Not a very enthralling

book; but at the first
glance you could see
there a singleness of
intention, an honest
concern for the right
way of going to work,
which made these
humble pages, thought
out so many years ago,
luminous with another
than a professional light.
The simple old sailor,
with his talk of chains
and purchases, made
me forget the jungle and
the pilgrims in a
delicious sensation of
having come upon
something
unmistakablyreal
(Conrad, 1999:44).

He began with the

argument that we
whites, from the point of
development we had
arrived at, must
necessarily appear to
 96

them savages in the

nature of supernatural
beings we approach
them with the might as
of a deity, and so on,
and so on (Conrad,
b. Political Control 1999:52).
“We're out here to do justice
and keep the peace. Them's
my sentiments.India isn't a
drawing-room."
"Your sentiments are those of
a god," Mrs. Moore said
quietly, but it was his manner
rather than his sentiments that
annoyed her.
Trying to recover his
temper,Ronny said, "India likes
gods."
"And Englishmen like posing
as gods" (Forster, 1978:71).

“What do you and Adela want

me to do? Go against my
class, against all the people i
respect and admire out here?
Lose such power as i have for
doing good in this coutry
because my behaviour isn’t
pleasant? You neither of you
understand what work is, or
you i’d never talk such
eyewash. I hate talking like
this, but one must
occasionally. We’re not
pleasant in India, and we don’t
intend to be pleasant. We’ve
something more important to
do” (Forster, 1978:72).

He had not gone mad at the

phrase "an English girl fresh
from England," he had not
 97

rallied to the banner of race.

He was still after facts, though
the herd had decided on
emotion. Nothing enraged
Anglo-India more than the
lantern of reason if it is
exhibited for one moment after
its extinction is decreed
(Forster, 1978:259).

One touch of regret not the

canny substitute but the true
regret from the heart would
have made him a different
man, and the British Empire a
different institution."I'm going
to argue, and indeed dictate,"
she said, clinking her rings.
"The English are out here to be
pleasant" (Forster, 1978:74).

2. Imposing Colonial Culture He was an improved I do not think so. They all
specimen; he could fire become exactly the same, not
a. Racial Prejudices up a vertical boiler. He worse, not better. I give any
was there below me, Englishman two years, be he
and, upon my word, to Turton or Burton. It is only the
look at him was as difference of a letter. And i
edifying as seeing a dog gave any Englishwoman six
in a parody of breeches months. All are exactly alike.
and a feather hat, Do you not agree with me?
walking on his hind legs (Forster, 1978:8).
(Conrad, 1999:42).

Their headman, a Indians are not allowed into the

young, broad chestlike Chandrapore Club even as a
black, severely draped guest, (Forster, 1978:28).
 98

in Dark blue fringed

cloths, with fierce
nostrils and his hair all
done up artfully in oily “Wanting to see Indians! How
ringlets, stood near me. new that sounds!’ Another,
‘Aha!’ I said, just for “Natives! Why fancy!” A third,
good fellowship’s sake. more serious, said, “Let me
‘Catch ‘im,’ he snapped, explain. Natives don’t respect
with a bloodshot one, you see.” “That occurs
widening of his eyes after so many meetings.” But
and a flash of sharp the lady, entirely stupid and
teeth ’catch ‘im. Give ‘im friendly (Forster, 1978:33-34).
to us.’ ‘To you, eh?’ I
asked; ‘what would you “Why, the kindest thing one
do with them?’ ‘Eat ‘im!’ can do to a native is to let him
he said curtly, and, die” (Forster, 1978:34).
leaning his elbow on the
rail, looked out into the “He can go where he likes as
fog in a dignified and long as he doesn’t come near
profoundly pensive me. They give me the creeps”
attitude. I would no (Forster, 1978:34).
doubt have been
properly horrified, had it “I only want those Indians
not occurred to me that whom you come across
he and his chaps must socially as your friends. “well,
be very hungry (Conrad, we don’t come across them
1999:47). socially, “he said, laughing.
“they’re full of all the virtues,
In front of the first rank, but we don’t, and it’s now
along the river, three eleven thirty, and too late to go
men, plastered with into the reason (Forster,
bright red earth from 1978:35).
head to foot, strutted to
and fro restlessly. When Aziz was exquisitely dressed,
we came abreast again, from tie-pin to spats, but he
they faced the river, had forgotten his back collar-
stamped their feet, stud, and there you have the
nodded their horned Indian all over: inattention to
heads, swayed their detail, the fundamental
scarlet bodies; they slackness that reveals the race
shook towards the fierce (Forster, 1978:123).
river demon a bunch of
 99

black feathers, a mangy “All unfortunate natives are

skin with a pendent tail criminals at heart, for the
something that looked simple reason that they live
like a dried gourd; they south of latitude 30” (Forster,
shouted periodically 1978:261).
together strings of
amazing words that "Ah, dearest Grasmere!"Its
resembled no sounds of little lakes and mountains were
human language; and beloved by them all. Romantic
the deep murmurs of the yet manageable, it sprang from
crowd, interrupted a kindlier planet” (Forster,
suddenly, were like the 1978:213).
response of some
satanic litany (Conrad, “But i wanted to ask her. I want
1999:79). someone who believes in him
to ask her.” “what difference
This is the reason why I does that make?” “she is
affirm that Kurtz was a among people who disbelieved
remarkable man. He in Indians” (Forster, 1978:267).
had something to say.
He said it. Since I had "You're superior to them,
peeped over the edge anyway. Don't forget that.
myself, I understand You're superior to everyone in
better the meaning of India except one or two of the
his stare, that could not Ranis, and they're on an
see the flame of the equality” (Forster, 1978:58).
candle, but was wide
enough to embrace the “You don’t because you can’t,
whole universe, piercing you have smuggled her out of
enough to penetrate all the country; she is Mrs. Moore,
the hearts that beat in she would have proved his
the darkness (Conrad, innocence, she was on our
1999:82). side, she was poor Indian’s
friend” (Forster, 1978:354).

“I ruin my career, no matter;

we are all to be ruined one by
one.” “This is no way to defend
your case,” counselled the
magistrate. “I am not defending
a case, nor are you trying one.
We are both of us slaves”
 100

(Forster, 1978:355).

“The educated Indians will be

b. Educated Natives no good to us if there’s a row,
it’s simply not worth while
conciliating them, that’s why
they don’t matter. Most of the
people you see are seditious at
heart, and the rest ‘id run
squealing” (Forster, 1978:54).

3. Exploitation I got my appointment of

course; and I got it very
a. The Exploitation of quick. It appears the
Company had received
Human and news that one of their
captains had been killed
Natural Resources in a scuffle with the
natives. This was my
chance, and it made me
the more anxious to go.
It was only months and
months afterwards,
when I made the
attempt to recover what
was left of the body, that
I heard the original
quarrel arose from a
misunderstanding about
some hens. Yes, two
black hens.
Fresleventhat was the
fellow's name, a
Danethought himself
wronged somehow in
the bargain so he went
ashore and started to
 101

hammer the chief of the

village with a stick
(Conrad, 1999:9).

It was paddled by black

fellows. You could see
from afar the white of
their eyeballs glistening.
They shouted, sang;
their bodies streamed
with perspiration; they
had faces like grotesque
masks these chaps; but
they had bone, muscle,
a wild vitality, an intense
energy of movement,
that was as natural and
true as the surf along
their coast (Conrad,
1999:14).

A Lot of people, mostly

black and naked, moved
about like ants (Conrad,
1999:16).

They were building a

railway. The cliff was not
in the way or anything;
but this objectless
blasting was all the work
going on (Conrad,
1999:17).

Six black men advanced

in a file, toiling up the
path. They walked erect
and slow, balancing
small baskets full of
earth on their heads,
and the clink kept time
with their footsteps.
 102

Black rags were wound

round their loins, and
the short ends behind
waggled to and fro like
tails. I could see every
rib, the joints of their
lambs were like knots in
a rope; each had an iron
collar on his neck, and
all were connected
together with a chain
whose bights swung
between them,
rhythmically clinking.
They were called
criminals, and the
outraged law, like the
bursting shells, had
come to them, an
insoluble mystery from
the sea (Conrad,
1999:17).

I've seen the devil of

violence, and the devil
of greed, and the devil
of hot desire (Conrad,
1999:18).

Black shapes crouched,

lay, sat between the
trees, leaning against
the trunks, clinging to
the earth, half coming
out, half effaced within
the dim light, in all the
attitudes of pain,
abandonment, and
despair (Conrad,
1999:18).
 103

They were dying slowly

it was very clear. They
were not enemies, they
were not criminals, they
were nothing earthly
now, nothing but black
shadows of disease and
starvation, lying
confusedly in the
greenish gloom. Brought
from all the recesses of
the coast in all the
legality of time
contracts, lost in
uncongenial
surroundings, fed on
unfamiliar food, they
sickened, became
inefficient, and were
then allowed to crawl
away and rest (Conrad,
1999:18-19).

Near the same tree two

more bundles of acute
angles sat with their
legs drawn up. One,
with his chin propped on
his knees, stared at
nothing, in an intolerable
and appalling manner:
his brother phantom
rested its forehead, as if
overcome with a great
weariness; and all about
others were scattered in
every pose of contorted
collapse, as in some
picture of a massacre or
a pestilence. While I
stood horror struck, one
of these creatures rose
 104

to his hands and knees,

and went off on all-fours
towards the river to
drink. He lapped out of
his hand, then sat up in
the sunlight, crossing
his shins in front of him,
and after a time let his
woolly head fall on his
breastbone (Conrad,
1999:19).

Everything else in the

station was in a muddle,
heads, things, buildings.
Strings of dusty niggers
with splay feet arrived
and departed; a stream
of manufactured goods,
rubbishy cottons, beads,
and brass-wire set into
the depths of darkness,
and in return came a
precious trickle of ivory
(Conrad, 1999:20).

And then I saw this

station, these men
strolling aimlessly about
in the sunshine of the
yard. I asked myself
sometimes what it all
meant. They wandered
here and there with their
absurd long staves in
their hands, like a lot of
faithless pilgrims
bewitched inside a
rotten fence. The word
`ivory' rang in the air,
was whispered, was
sighed. You would think
 105

they were praying to it

(Conrad, 1999:26).

A Nigger was being

beaten near by (Conrad,
1999:26).

It was as unreal as
everything else as the
philanthropic pretense
of the whole concern, as
their talk, as their
government, as their
show of work. The only
real feeling was a desire
to get appointed to a
trading post where ivory
was to be had, so that
they could earn
percentages (Conrad,
1999:27).

Black figures strolled

about listlessly, pouring
water on the glow,
whence proceeded a
sound of hissing; steam
ascended in the
moonlight, the beaten
nigger groaned
somewhere. ‘What a
row the brute makes!’
said the indefatigable
man with the
moustaches, appearing
near us. ‘Serve him
right. Transgression
punishment bang!
Pitiless, pitiless. That’s
the only way. This will
prevent all
conflagrations for the
 106

future (Conrad,
1999:29).

Now I had suddenly a

nearer view, and its first
result was to make me
throw my head back as
if before a blow. Then I
went carefully from post
to post with my glass,
and I saw my mistake.
These round knobs
were not ornamental but
symbolic (Conrad,
1999:40)

I had a vision of him on

the stretcher, opening
his mouth voraciously,
as if to devour all the
earth with all its
mankind. He lived then
before me; he lived as
much as he had ever
lived a shadow
insatiable of splendid
appearances, of frightful
realities; a shadow
darker than the shadow
of the night, and draped
nobly in the folds of a
gorgeous eloquence
b. The Exploitation (Conrad, 1999:86). “I remember when Turton
came outfirst … you fellows
Attitude of Human will not believe me, but I have
driven with Turton in his
Being carriage Turton! Oh yes, we
were once quite intimate. He
has shown me his stamp
collection” The Red nose boy
has again
insulted me. I do not blame
 107

him he was told that he ought

to insult me. Until lately he was
quite a nice boy, but the others
have got hold of
him” (Forster, 8:1978).

“Old Calendar wants to see me

in his bungalow, he said. Some
case, Idare say. I dare say not.
I dare say nothing. He has
found out our dinnerhourthat’s
all and chooses to interrupt us
every time in order to show his
power. Unintentionally, he
rushes, leaves his friends,
party, feast, invitation, rest,
everything, “because his soul
was servile but because his
feelings the sensitive edges of
him feared a gross snub.”He
hires a tonga and reaches the
Callendar’s bungalow. The
Tongawallah isasked to wait
for him outside the bungalow.
However, he is told that the
civil surgeon is out and left no
message for him. It is very
shocking forDr Aziz. No
courtesy and no politeness! He
faces a shocking response, a
rude attitude. The servant says
to him that no message is left
for him, he only understood
from the master, “He had as a
matter of fact said, ‘Damn Aziz
words that the servant
understood” (Forster,
265:1978).

He didn’t come into the Club.

He said he wasn’tallowed to.
 108

There upon the truth struck

him, and he cried: Oh,good
gracious! Not a
Muhammedan? Why ever
didn’t you tell me? You’d been
talking to a native? I was going
all wrong…What a mix up!
Why hadn’t she indicated by
the tone of her voice that she
was talking about an Indian?
Scratchy and dictatorial, he
began to question her, “he
called to you in the mosque.
Did he? How? Impudently what
was he doing him there himself
at that time of night? … Now,
it’s not their prayer time.” … So
he called to you over your
shoes then it was impudence.
It’s an old trick. I wish you had
had them on (Forster,
40:1978).