Math 106

Solid Mensuration
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L E C T U R E

Engr. Shiella Marie Abao-Pacturan

Instructor
 POLYGON
MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Polygon is a closed plane figure bounded by straight lines

like triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, etc.
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L E C T U R E

Formulas for Polygon

1. Sum of the interior angle (S) S=(n-2)180o

2. Interior angle of a regular polygon (α ) α =(n-2)(180o)(1/n)

3. Number of diagonals (N) N=(n/2)(n-3)

Where: n- number of sides

 POLYGON
Example: MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Find the (a) interior angle (b) sum of the interior angle and c) number of
diagonals of quadrilateral and pentagon.
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Solution: Quadrilateral Pentagon

L E C T U R E

Number of Sides (n) 4 5

a. Interior angle (a) a=(n-2)(180o)(1/n) a=(n-2)(180o)(1/n)
a=(4-2)(180o)(¼) a=(5-2)(180o)(1/5)
a=90o a=108o

b. Sum of interior angle (S) S=(n-2)(180o) S=(n-2)(180o)

S=(4-2)(180o) S=(5-2)(180o)
S=360o S=540o

c. Number of diagonals (N) N=(n/2)(n-3) N=(n/2)(n-3)

N=(4/2)(4-3) N=(5/2)(5-3)
N=2 N=5
 PLANE FIGURES
MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Plane Figures are flat two-dimensional (2D) shape. A

plane figure can be made of straight lines, curved lines, or
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both straight and curved lines.

L E C T U R E

Area is a measure of the size or extent of a plane surface.

Area is measured in square units such as mm2, cm2 and m2

 PLANE FIGURES
I. TRIANGLE MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Triangle is a closed figure bounded by three straight lines called sides. It can
also be defined as polygon of three sides.
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B
Area of Triangle:
L E C T U R E

a. Given base(b) and altitude(h): A=½bh a c

b. Given Two Sides and included angle: A=½ab sin(θ) θ

C A
c. Three sides given (Heron's Formula): A= √s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

Where: s =½(a+b+c) called the semi-perimeter

d. Given one side and three angle: 1.) A=(a2sinBsinC)/(2sinA)

2.) A=(b2sinAsinC)/(2sinB)
3.) A=(c2sinAsinB)/(2sinC)
 PLANE FIGURES
II. QUADRILATERAL MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides

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5 Types of Quadrilateral:
a
L E C T U R E

1. Square: A=a2 Where: A- area

P=4a a- side a
P- perimeter
b
2. Rectangle: A= bh Where: h- height h
P= 2(b+h) b- base a

h
3. Trapezoid: A=½(a+b)h Where: a- top base
90o
b- bottom base
h- altitude b
 PLANE FIGURES
MATH106- Solid Mensuration

4. Parallelogram:
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a. Given base and altitude: A=bh Where: h- altitude

b- base b
L E C T U R E

a h a
b. Given two sides and included angle: A= ab sin(θ) 90o

Where: a- diagonal side b

b- base

d1
c. Given diagonals and their included angle: A=½d1d2 sin(θ) θ
d2
 PLANE FIGURES
MATH106- Solid Mensuration

a
5. Rhombus:
a h a
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a. Given base and altitude: A=ah Where: h- altitude 90o

a- side
L E C T U R E

b. Given a side and included angle: A= a2 sin(θ) a

θ
a

θ
c. Given diagonals and their included angle: A=½d1d2 d θ Where: θ=90o
2
d1
 PLANE FIGURES
III. CIRCLE MATH106- Solid Mensuration

D
r
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1. Circle: A=𝝅/4(D2) or A=𝝅r2 Where: D- Diameter

L E C T U R E

r- radius

2. Semi-Circle: A=𝝅/8(D2) or A=𝝅/2(r2)

S S
3. Sector of a Circle: A=½θ r2
θ
Where: S(Arc Length) = θ r2 r
θ- deg. of sector in radians r r
θ
S
4. Segment of a Circle: Asegment=Asector -Atriagle
 PLANE FIGURES
IV. ELLIPSE MATH106- Solid Mensuration
a Area: A=𝝅ab
b
Circumference: C=2𝝅√[(a2+b2)/2]
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Where: a- semi minor axis/length

b- semi major axis/length
L E C T U R E

V. PARABOLIC SEGMENT

Area: A= 2/3 (bh)

P R O B L E M S
PLANE FIGURES
MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Problem 1. Solution:

The section(see figure) of a certain

solid is bounded by two ASection= Abig circle - Asmall circle
concentric circles whose radii are
2 meters and 1.5 meters. Find the Abig circle=𝝅(2m)2 = 12.57m2
area of this section.
Asmall circle=𝝅(1.5m)2 = 7.07m2
S A M P L E

2m ASection= 12.57m2 - 7.07m2

1.5m ASection= 5.50m2
P R O B L E M S
PLANE FIGURES
Problem 2. MATH106- Solid Mensuration

The section of a certain Solution:

solid consists of a semicircle, 2r
a rectangle and a triangle,
Let AT, AR & AC denote the
as shown. The altitude of areas of of Triangle,
the rectangle is three times 3r
Rectangle and semicircle,
the radius of the semicircle, respectively
2r
the altitude of the triangle is
twice the same radius, and AT=½ 2r(2r)= 2r2 : Given AT = 20 ft.2
S A M P L E

the area of the triangle is 20 AR= 2r(3r)= 6r2 20ft.2= 2r2

sq.ft. Find the total area of r2= 10 ft.2
AC=½ 𝝅r2
the section.
ATotal=2r2 +6r2 + ½ 𝝅r2 = ½ r2 (16+𝝅)
ATotal= ½ 10ft.2 (16+𝝅) = 95.708 ft.2
P R O B L E M S
PLANE FIGURES
Problem 3. MATH106- Solid Mensuration
Solution:
A city block is in the
form of a parallelogram BD (distance bet.ave)= 400ft.

whose shorter diagonal Applying t he Pythagorean theorem t o right triangle

BDC t o dist ance DC,
AB is perpendicular to B Street =500' C
side BC, as shown in the 90o 90o DC = √ (500')2-(400')2 = 300'
figure. The shorter sides 400' Since the sides of angle DBC are respectively
represent streets and D perpendicular to the sides of angle BAC,
angle DBC =angle BAC. Hence right triagles
the longer sides DBC and BAC are similar so we can use ratio
S A M P L E

represent avenues. If & proportion formula for solving distance AB.

the distance between AB/500'=400'/300'
the avenues is 400ft. AB = (2000'/3)
And the length of each Considering BC as base and AB as Altitude of
the parallelogram, Area=bh
street is 500ft., find the Street =500' A
area of the block. Ablock= (BC)(AB) = (500')(2000'/3)
Ablock= 333,333.33 sq.ft.
P R O B L E M S
PLANE FIGURES
Problem 4. MATH106- Solid Mensuration

Show that, for the two Solution:

triangles ABC and AXY
(see figure), Since the altitude of the two then the area of ∆ABC becomes,
triangles are not giv en, then we
Area of ∆ABC (AB)(AC) can draw the altitudes from points
= Area of ∆ABC = ½ (AB)(AC)(sinA)
Area of ∆AXY (AX)(AX) B and X as follows
Consider area of ∆AXY by using sides AX
& AY and angle @A :
See Formula of Triangle at condition b.
S A M P L E

Area of ∆AXY = ½ (AX)(AX)(sinA)

Then,
Area of ∆ABC ½ (AB)(AC)(sinA)
Consider ∆ABC, =
Area of ∆AXY ½ (AX)(AX)(sinA)
Area of ∆ABC = ½ (AC)(h 1)
But, Area of ∆ABC (AB)(AC)
=
sinA=h1/AB Area of ∆AXY (AX)(AX)
h1 = AB(sinA)
P R O B L E M S
PLANE FIGURES
Problem 5. Solution: MATH106- Solid Mensuration

A sail has a spread of The giv en sail canv ass is a general Solv e for A1 as A= ½ bh
canvass as shown in the quadrilateral because the two
opposite sides are not parallel. A1 = ½ (9')(12') = 54 ft.
figure. Find the surface Because of this, we need to
area of one side of the div ide this into two triangles as Solv e for A2 using Heron's Formula
follows
sail.
A= √s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

A2 = √s(s-12')(s-15')(s-x)
Solv e for x using Pythagorean theorem,
S A M P L E

x = √ (9')2+(12')2 = 15'
Consider ∆ABC,
Then can solv e for s, s=½(Perimeter)
S= ½ (15'+12'+15') = 21'
Therefore,
A2 = √21'(21'-12')(21'-15')(21'-15')
A2 = 82.486 ft.

ATotal = A1+A2 = 54' +82.486' = 136.486 ft.