Theoretical Framework

Moderator
Variable
Intelligence
Quotient

Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Learning Academic
Environment Performance

Moderator
Variable
Adaptability

Table 1. Presentation of the relationship between Independent Variable and Dependent

Variable

Learning environment refers to the locations, context, or place where students

learn. Learning environment can also be referred as a setting where a teachers facilitate

learning. So we can say that learning environment is an educational setting where

knowledge is extracted. According to Moose (1979), Steele (1973), and Bronfenbrenner

(1981, 2005) learning environment is relevant to students because it shapes the

psychological and social behavior of a student. They stated that learning environment is

the important thing that must be considered in facilitating learning. In other words,
learning environment does not only impact the cognitive ability of the students specially

in learning but is also affect their willingness and motivation in learning. Moos stated

that architecture, physical design, temperature, and noise can influence social and

psychological aspect of an individual (Moos 1979). Therefore, we can say that learning

environment is one of the factors that determines the learning of the students

specifically the academic performance of the students. Moos model has impacted and

influence the field of education and architecture in student’s achievement and behavior.

According to Martin (2002), most teachers about their classroom and facility for

facilitating learning and teaching. Based on the results of his observations he noticed

indicators such as low levels of motivation and poor academic performance. He also

noticed poor strategies of teachers in brining positive atmosphere so that students will

be interested in their learning. According to Moose (1979), changes in psychological

behavior such as poor mindset, negative thinking, loss of interest, emotional

breakdown, stress, anxiety, and depression are most likely to be the indicators of having

an inappropriate learning environment. He stated also that physical factors such as

temperature, noise, and disturbance are factors that also affect the student’s academic

performance. Student who can’t learn easily, who have poor academic performance,

and has a feeling of unease is obviously the indicators of inappropriate learning

environment.

Academic performance is determined the learning of the students specifically the

level of their cognition, interest, and participation. Learning environment is one of the

main factors the teachers, parents, and students to consider to have a good learning

system. According to Vargas (2020), learning environment contains challenges that

affects the students learning. The said challenges are also the factors that must be

considered in education. According to him there are three things to be considered

namely lightning, noise, and temperature. Each of those have different effects to

students to mental, behavioral, and physical aspects. If students will not find strategies

in order to adapt their environment it will not just affect their academic performance but

their well-being as well. According to Vargas (2020) and Macias (2020), a noisy

environment is one of the challenges that student face especially in new normal system

of learning. According to them noise is a form of sound that is causes disturbance to the

students. Most likely noise affects the student’s concentration in learning. There is

nothing to argue about this effect since it is obvious. But they also stated that the effect

can lead to much worse because if concentration is affected it most likely affect their

behavior as well. They showed that there is a relationship between concentration and

behavior. Most students who have aggressive behavior has a poor concentration and

most likely have poor academic performance. Lightning is another of factors that need

to be considered in learning environment. According to them poor lightning affects

students’ concentration because concentration is connected to occipital lobe and

temporal lobe which is responsible for vision, hearing, and thinking. Therefore, they

conclude that having a poor lightning affects the vision of the students which decrease

the level of their concentration which lessens the learning of students and which will

affect their academic performance negatively. Temperature is also stated in their study

however they stated it is obvious that the more the temperature is uncomfortable the

more students will most likely can’t achieve a good level of concentration. According to

Noemy (2017) and Ines (2017) academic performance is always associated with test
results and assessment. It determines the level of IQ and measures the understanding

of the students. To measure the impacts of the said factors it is appropriate to examine

the test results of the students. According to them academic performance also

measures the management of the students to themselves, how they facilitate learning,

and knowing their personality in terms of social life, skills, openness, and experience.

Most problems related to schools affects the students’ academic performance. Tons of

researches relating to education system is focus on how these challenges and factors

affects students’ academic performance (Noemy and Ines, 2017). Therefore, we can

say that academic performance of the students as a dependent variable play an

important role in determining the results of the study so that we can find answer and a

conclusion on how learning environment affects student’s academic performance in

online synchronous modality.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO,2012)

observed that in today’s world, education systems must constantly evolve in order to

effectively respond to the rapidly changing demands of the societies they serve. To

reach a common understanding of how both the physical and social dimensions of

learning environments affect the quality of learning processes, an exploration of the

relationship between place and process is needed. Students in the process of

socialization require a healthy environment and models so as to increase their

performance.(Gilavand,2016). In other words, if an environment has an appropriate

characteristic which increases the levels of concentration of the students it helps the

students to become participative or active in learning. Hence, a clean, quiet and

comfortable environments are important components of learning environment.

Furthermore, creating an ideal learning environment ought to be a priority of every

concerned educationalist because being comfortable should be a combination of

several factors which include temperature, lighting, and noise control etc (Murugan &

Rajoo, 2013). Logically speaking, learning environment and academic performance

have strong relationship to each other. The more environment is comfortable the more

the students will have good academic performance. However, the more the environment

is uncomfortable due to the challenges faced by the student the more they will be

distracted at loss their concentration (Murugan & Rajoo, 2013). The extent to which

students’ learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school

compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and

accessories. It is believed that a school with adequate learning environment contributes

to stir up expected outcomes of learning that will facilitate good academic performance,

by encouraging effective teaching and learning (Duruji et’al,2014). According to Amir

(2020), learning environment in new normal learning system is a challenged that

students faced. The level of understanding can be still enhance while students are not

school. They stated that home can be both advantage and disadvantage to the students

in new normal system of learning. Based on their theories, related studies, and their

findings they conclude that the relationship between variables exist with Pearson’s r

about 0.98. Therefore, that if the environment is favorable to the students they are

more concentrated. Learners deserve learning spaces that meet their individual and

collective needs. To meet this challenge, educational leaders must provide physical and

cultural environments that are empowering and engaging (Orlu,2013). Learning

environment is composed of some components that influence the student’s learning

curve. These components according to Balog (2018) include; people; teaching

materials, technical tools, and learning resources; curriculum, training, and instruction,

and physical environment/learning space. The levels of their understanding can be

evaluated based on their written works, performance task, and oral recitation Balog

(2018). Mondal (2012) identified some important factors that may affect learning

process to include Intellectual factor which refers to the individual mental level. Learning

factors are factors owing to faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of

experimental background which may affect the learning process. Physical factors

include health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and

glandular abnormality. Mental factors are attitudes like interest, cheerfulness, and open

mindedness etc that are important in the development of personality. Personal factors,

such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are

directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. These are just the factors that

might affects the relationship between learning environment and academic

performance. To accurately measure how learning environment affects students

academic performance it is better is better to fix first this factor to avoid bias. Waldman

(2016) observed that before students can succeed academically, they must feel safe,

both physically and mentally, and to have a safe learning environment, students must

feel welcomed, supported, and respected. The educational process of development

occurs in physical, social, cultural and psychological environment which implies that a

proper and adequate environment is very much necessary for a fruitful learning

(Mudassir and Norsuhaily, 2015). High academic achieving learners are likely to have

been exposed to curriculum content under an ideal learning environment. Hence the
affirmation of the opinion of Shamaki,(2015) that “educational attainment/achievement is

likely to be determined by the idealness of the learning environment”.

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