Faculty of Engineering IE 342

Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

Chapter 3: Engineering
Anthropometry and Workspace
Design (Body Size)
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Key Topics
 Definiton of annhroo omehoicn
 Anhroo omehoicn an licnantons
 Humann Vanoianbilihy & shantstcns
 Wranh is annhroo omehoicn danhan?
 Shoucnhuoanl & Funcntonanl Danhan
 Use annhroo omehoicn danhan in design
 Geneoanl oincni les foo annhroo omehoicn danhan
in design
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Introducton
• Tre im oo eo design of wook lancne oo ooducnh leands ho anwkwanod
oshuoe annd feel heooible
• Foo exanm le, hre rumann feels uncnomfoohanble if hre dimensions
of hre cnranio is noh fiht

• Tre unfih dimensions of wook lancne oo ooducnhs cnann cnanuse eoooo,

fantgue, discnomfooht

• In cnremicnanl & oweo lannhs fancnhooies some of dis lanys anoe

locnanhed so rigr hranh o eoanhoos mush shannd on shool oo use an
landdeo ho oeand vanluet
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

Awkwanod Poshuoe
Defniton of Awkward posture is an devianton of an joinh foom hre oefeooed
neuhoanl ositon sucnr ans eofooming an hansk wihr difeoenh body anohs (etgt,
bancnk, joinhs) hwished oo benh bancnkwanod oo foowanod oanhreo hrann in hre neuhoanl
ositon (hre noomanl ositon of body anohs)t
Neutral and awkward wrist postures
Neutral and awkward elbow postures
Neutral and awkward shoulder postures
Neutral and awkward back postures
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Anthropometry

 Anhroo omehoy wood cnomes foom anthro (man) and pometry

(measure).

 Ih oovides hre fundanmenhanl bansis annd quannhantve danhan foo

manhcnring hre rysicnanl dimensions of wook lancne annd ooducnhs
wihr hre body dimensions of inhended useos.

 Is hre shudy annd meansuoemenhs of rumann body dimensionst

 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Anthropometric data used in diferent areas (applicatons):

1t Ih an lies ho develo guidelines of wook lancne annd equi menh
(reigrh, cnleanoanncne , oeancnres annd ehcnt)t

Examples, the dimensions of:

• Wookshantons foo shannding oo sitng ( ooducnton lines)
• Pooducnton mancnrineoy wook lancne
• Su eomanokeh cnrecnkouh cnounheos
• Aisles (hre dishanncne behween mancnrines)
• Disanbilihy Cranio (Wreelcnranio)
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Example 1: (producton lines)

Inspecton Dell laptop line (Dell fancnhooy in Beijing , Engine assembly line (Suzuki KB-seoies engine lannh in
2003) [rt ://niosrtbancnkinjuoiescnom/cnrinantrhm] Indian, 2008) [rt ://newsro eotsulekrantcnom/indian-manout-
suzuki_ roho_497214trhm]
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Anthropometric data used in diferent areas (applicatons): Cont.

2t Ih an lies ho design cnonsumeo ooducnh (etgt, vericnle, bicnycnle,

rannd hools annd ehcnt)t

Examples, the dimensions of:

• Vericnle (seanh & dis lanys)

• Aiocnoanf (seanh & dis lanys)
• Hannd Tools (etgt, ranmmeo & doill hool)
• Com uheos Acncnessooies (keyboanod, mouse)
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Example 2: (small bulldozer design)

Sitng Height
Midshoulder Height

Hip breadth

Transmission shif
lever Steering clutch
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Anthropometric data used in diferent areas (applicatons):

3t Ih’s used in biomecnrannicnanl models in oodeo ho find hre im ancnh

of wook shoess on useos joinhs annd muscnles duoing hansk
eofoomanncne
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Human Variability vs. Body dimensions

 Treoe anoe six important ans ecnhs im ancnh on body dimensions:

1- Age variability: Treoe anoe difeoencnes in body dimensions

anmong cnrildoen, young annd old eo let
• Manny of shudies founded hranh hre STATURE of eo le incnoeanses anh ange 20 ho 25
• Ohreo meansuoemenhs sucnr ans weight and chest circumference many incnoeanse
u ho ange 61

2- Sex variability: Geneoanlly hre body dimensions of hre manjooihy

of andulh manles anoe grater than hrose of andulh femanles t
• Men anoe usuanlly larger than women in mosh of dimensions sucnr ans reigrhs,
wreoeans women anoe goeanheo hrann men in skinfold hricnkness meansuoet
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Human Variability vs. Body dimensions

3- Ethnic group variability: Body size annd oo ootons vanoy goeanhly

behween difeoenh oancnianl annd ehrnicn goou s (Afoicnanns, Middle
Eansheon, Fano Eansheon, Scnanndinanvianns, ehcnt)t

4- Occupatonal variability: Difeoencnes in body size & dimensions

cnann be eansily obseoved behween eo le wooking in difeoenh
ocncnu antonanl goou s (Fioefigrheos)t
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

5- Generatonal variability: Tre body size dimensions cnrannges

cnann ocncnuo in one o ulantons due ho im oovemenh in nuhoiton annd
living cnonditons (etgt, US eo le behween 1840-beginning of
1920)t

6- Transient diurnal variability : Geneoanlly hre body dimensions

cnann cnrannge hroougr hre cnrannges in body wanheo cnonhenh anh hre end
of dany (body weigrh 1 kg/dany)t
• Tre STATURE of eoson cnann oeducne 5 cnm due ho hre goanvihantonanl foocne anh hre end
of hre dany
• Clothes cnann anlso cnrannge hre body dimensions
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Statstcal Analysis &s anthropometric data

 Troee shantstcn issue anoe im oohannh wrile use hre annhroo omehoicn
danhan in design hranh incnlude:

- Normal distributon (ih uses becnanuse an ooximanhely mosh of

o ulanton danhan anoe cnlosely) annd hwo anoanmeheos anoe im oohannh mean
(M) annd standard deviaton (S or SD)t

M = ∑ (Xi)/N

∑ (Xi - M)2
S=
√ N-1
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Statstcal Analysis &s anthropometric data (Cont.)

- Percentle : Peocnentle vanlue oe oesenh hre eocnenhange of hre

o ulantons wihr an body dimension of an cneohanin size oo smanlleot
Table 10.1 Multplicaton Factor for Percentle

Xp = M + F × S, Percentle
Calculaton
F
1sh -2t326
Where, M = meann of sanm le size 5hr -1t645
S = shanndanod devianton 10hr -1t282
F = mult licnanton fancnhoo 25hr -0t674
cnoooes onding ho hre 50hr 0
oequioed eocnentle 75hr 0t674
90hr 1t282
95hr 1t645
99hr 2t326

(See page 248)

 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Statstcal Analysis &s anthropometric data (Cont.)

- The benefts of percentles in anthropometric study:

1- Peocnentles seove hre designeo ho eshanblisr hre ooton of an useo o ulanton
hranh will be incnluded in an s ecnificn designt Example, design hre anom oeancnr foo 5hr
eocnentle meanns hranh only 5% of hre useos ranving smanlleo hrann 5 hr eocnentle annd
95% of hre useos anoe fited ho hre designt

2- Tre use of eocnentles rel s in hre selecnton of eosons wro cnann use an given oo
designed ooducnhs oo wook lancnet Example, if hre cnocnk ih of ann anio lanne is
designed ho fih 5hr ho 95hr eocnentles so, you cnann selecnh hre eoson wrose body
meansuoes anoe behween hrose eocnentlest
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Example

- Stature height in cm for 30 workers

M = 168t66 cnm

S = 5t27

We need to satsfy the normality

assumpton for this data by chi-square
test
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Measurements
 How to measure
 Tre mosh cnommon hecnrnique ho meansuoe hre body dimensions
is anthropometers tools, tapes and caliper.

Anthropometry tools group (Lanfanyete Inshoumenh Com anny, 2012),

[http://www.lafaafyeteevafluaaf/on..oo /]
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Measurements
 General Terms used in anthropometry
• Height is an shoanigrh line, oinh-ho- oinh veotcnanl meansuoemenh
• Depth is an shoanigrh line, oinh-ho- oinh rooizonhanl meansuoemenh ounning
fooe annd anf hre bodyt
• Distance is an shoanigrh line, meansuoemenh behween lanndmanoks on hre bodyt

• Curvature is an oinh-ho- oinh meansuoemenh following an cnonhouo, annd hris

meansuoemenh is hy icnanlly neihreo cnlosed noo cniocnulanot
• Circumference is an cnlosed meansuoemenh hranh follows an body cnonhouo annd,
usuanlly noh cniocnulanot
• Breadth is an oinh-ho- oinh rooizonhanl meansuoemenh ounning ancnooss hre
body oo segmenht
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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Measurements
 Example of Curvature measures

Upper Body protector

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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

Examples of anthropometry tools

Chest depth caliper

Finger caliper

Skinfold caliper

Flexible tape measure Shoulder caliper

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Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

Examples of anthropometry tools

Goniometer
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 Structural and Functonal Data

Treoe anoe hwo hy e of annhroo omehoicn danhan:

 Statc anthropometric data (Structural) danhan anoe

meansuoemenhs of hre body dimensions hanken wihr hre body in
shanndanod annd shantcn ositon (e.g., srouldeo boeandhr annd shanhuoe)t

 Dynamic anthropometric data (Functonal) danhan anoe obhanined

wren hre body ando hs vanoious wooking oshuoes (e.g., fexion-
exhension oannge of hre woish moton)t
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Common body measures and applicatons

1- Standing tasks (example, assembly or display jobs)
 Stature measure (foo minimanl
reigrh of oveoreand)
 Eye height, standing (foo visuanl
hansks wrile shannding, dis lany)
 Elbow height, standing (foo
wook anoean, anssembly oo
fixhuoes)
 Fingertp height, standing (foo
lowesh ranndles oo cnonhool
[See Table 10.2]
swihcnr oo keys)
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Example of standing jobs

Engine assembly line (Suzuki KB-seoies engine lannh in

Indian, 2008) [rt ://newsro eotsulekrantcnom/indian-manout-
suzuki_ roho_497214trhm]
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Common body measures and applicatons

1- Sitng tasks (example, assembly, monitoring ofce work )
 Sitng height (foo minimanl reigrh
of oveoreand)
 Eye height, sitng (foo visuanl
hansks wrile sitng, PC dis lany)
 Elbow height, sitng (foo wook
anoean, anssembly oo fixhuoes)
 Sitng knee height (foo loweo
leg lenghr, ex, hanble) annd wihr
cnleanoanncne
[Note: See Table 10.2, (important)]
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design

 Treoe anoe six im oohannh oocneduoes ho use annhroo omehoicn
danhan in design:
1- Determine the user populaton (Who will use the product or
workplace?)
Tre ange of eo le? Gendeo of hre goou ? Rancne & ehricn of hre goou ?

Milihanoy oo cniviliann eo le?

2- Determine the relevant body dimensions (Which body dimensions are

most important?)

Foo exanm le, dooowany oo ofcne cnranio?

 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design (Cont.)

3- Determine the percentage of the populaton to be accommodated:

- Treoe anoe vanoious fancnhoos hranh cnonshoaninh hre ancncnommodanhed eocnenhange of

o ulanton wihr ooducnh oo wook lancne design:
- Finanncnianl Fancnhoo
- Ecnonomicnanl Fancnhoo
- Design Conshoaninhs Fancnhoo
- Treoe anoe hroee manin hy es of design in annhroo omehoicn danhan:
1- Design foo andjushanble oannge: hranh meanns hre designeos srould design cneohanin
dimensions of equi menh oo fancnilihy in an wany hranh hrey cnann be andjushed ho hre
individuanl wookeos (itet, identfied hre oannge of dimensions loweo annd u eo)t
Exanm le: seanhs annd sheeoing wreels in vericnlest
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design (Cont.)

2- Design foo exhoemes: hranh meanns hre designeos srould use hre annhroo omehoicn
danhan foom exhoeme individuanls (itet, sroohesh eo le OR hanllesh eo le)t
Exanm le: Design hre height of a door, hre designeos need ho use stature
dimension of hre tallest worker in design hre dooo to ensure that all workers can
enter from the door

3- Design foo hre anveoange: hranh meanns hre designeos srould use hre anveoange
annhroo omehoicn vanlues in hre design of cneohanin dimensions if hre design of
exhoeme oo andjushanble is noh an licnanblet
Exanm le: seanhs in ublicn fancnilites annd cnrecnkouh cnounheos in su eomanokehs t
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design (Cont.)

4- Determine the appropriate percentle for the dimensions (Wricnr is fih 5hr
oo 95hr?)
Srould hre eocnentle be selecnhed foom manle oo femanle oo bohr?
Wricnr eocnentle of oelevannh dimension srould be used: 95hr oo 5hr, oo ohreo?

- Designeos need ho be cnleano wrehreo hrey anoe designing a lower or an upper limit foo
hre physical dimensions of the system or devicest
 Lower-limit dimensions: Ih oefeos ho hre physical size of the system, noh the
human user; annd ih meanns hranh rysicnanl size of hre syshem cnannnoh be smanlleo hrann
hre s ecnified dimensionst
 For example, hre design of stool srould be strong enough to support a very
heavy person so, hre 95th OR 99th percentle of male body weight srould be used
ans ihs minimum strength requirementt
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design (Cont.)

 Upper-limit dimensions: Ih oefeos ho hre physical size of the system, noh the
human user; annd ih meanns hranh rysicnanl size of hre syshem cnannnoh be goanheo hrann
hre s ecnified dimensionst
 For example, hre reach distance of control device should be designed foo 1st OR
5th percentle of female functonal overhead reach so, hranh hre sroohesh wookeos
cnann oeancnr ih wihrouh ooblemst
 Faculty of Engineering IE 342
Industrial Engineering Department Human Factors Engineering

 Use of anthropometric data in design (Cont.)

5- Make the necessary modifcaton to the data from anthropometric

tables
• The measurements are taken for nude person (modifcaton for clothes important)
• Allowances for shoes, gloves and headwear (allowance range 2-5 cm)
• Erect positon and natural standing

6- Use mock-up or simulators to test the design