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Chapter 3

This document discusses phonetics, the study of speech sounds. It describes how sounds are produced based on their place and manner of articulation. Place of articulation refers to where in the mouth a sound is made, such as bilabials using both lips or alveolar using the tongue tip at the alveolar ridge. Manner of articulation describes how the air flow is disrupted, such as stops which involve a brief pause in air flow or nasals which allow air to flow through the nose. The document provides examples of consonant and vowel sounds in English based on these place and manner categories.

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45 views2 pages

Chapter 3

This document discusses phonetics, the study of speech sounds. It describes how sounds are produced based on their place and manner of articulation. Place of articulation refers to where in the mouth a sound is made, such as bilabials using both lips or alveolar using the tongue tip at the alveolar ridge. Manner of articulation describes how the air flow is disrupted, such as stops which involve a brief pause in air flow or nasals which allow air to flow through the nose. The document provides examples of consonant and vowel sounds in English based on these place and manner categories.

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ellyna_elvindo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name: Gilang Dwi Rianda

Student’s Number: RRA1B215012

CHAPTER III

THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE

The study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. It consists of


articulatory phonetics that discuss how speech sounds are made, then acoustics phonetics that is
how speech sounds as “waves in the air”. Next is auditory phonetics that talks about perception
of speech sounds. The last is forensic phonetics discuss about speaker identification (legal).
When talk about sounds of language there are voiced and voiceless sounds. We start with the air
pushed out by the lungs up through the trachea (or windpipe) to the larynx. Inside the larynx are
your vocal folds (or vocal cords), which take two basic positions. First when the focal are spread
apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are
described as voiceless. Second, when the vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs
repeatedly pushes them a part as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced
in this way are described as voice.

Place of articulation. The term used to describe many sounds are those which donate the
place of articulation of the sound, that is, the location inside the mouth at which the constriction
takes place.

 Bilabials: there are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia). They
are represented by the symbols [p], which is voiceless, and [b] and [m], which are voiced.
 Labiodentals: there are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. They are
represented by the symbols[f], which is voiceless, and [v], which is voiced. Notice that
the final sound in the word cough, and the initial sound in photo, are both pronounced as
[f].
 Dentals: these sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The
symbols used for this sound is [θ], usually referred to as “theta”. The voiced dental is
represented by the symbol [ð], usually called “eth”. The term “interdentals” is something
used for these consonant when they are pronounced with the tongue tip between (= inter)
the upper and lower teeth.
 Alveolar = tongue tip at alveolar ridge, e.g. [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r]
 Palatals = produced with the tongue and hard palate, e.g. sh [ʃ] ch [ʧ] j [ʤ]
 Velars = tongue against the soft palate (velum), e.g. [k] [g]
 Glottals = produced without active use of mouth, i.e. [h] (nb. voiceless sounds are
produced with an open glottis – space between vocal folds).

Manner of articulation
 Stops = by briefly stopping air stream, e.g. [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
 Frictives = blocking and pushing through air stream, e.g. [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ]
 Affrictives = combine brief stop with obstructed release, e.g. [ʧ] [ʤ]
 Nasals = e.g. [m] [n], nb. raised velum blocks nasal air flow except if lowered
 Liquids = [l] – “lateral liquid”, air flows around tongue as it points at mid alveolar ridge;
[r] – tongue tip raised and curled back near the ridge
 Glides = involving tongue moving forward, e.g. [w] y [j], aka semi-vowels
 Glottal stop = represented as [?], when the glottis is briefly completely closed, e.g. in the
middle of “Oh oh” or Cockney speech
 Flap = tongue tapping alveolar briefly, e.g. when saying “butter” as “budder”, the sound
is represented as [D]
 American English speakers tend to flap [t] and [d] consonants between vowels

Vowels described based on space in mouth and tongue elevation, per front to back, high
to low. Relaxing pleasure vowels tend to be lower, which may require opening the mouth wider
(e.g. ho, cf. hi) Diphthongs is two vowel combination, as vocal organs move from one position to
another. Note “shwa” [ə] = most common sound in English, e.g. word “a” or end of “the”[θ]
“eth” [ð]

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