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Physics FOR Class XI 1 Scope of Physics: Science Is A Systematic Study of Nature

1. Physics is the science that studies matter, energy, and their interaction. It seeks to understand the fundamental laws of nature through observation, experiment, and mathematical analysis. 2. Physics is divided into classical physics and modern physics. Classical physics deals with macroscopic phenomena while modern physics addresses microscopic phenomena. 3. Important Muslim scientists like Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haitham, and Ibn Sina made significant contributions to fields like algebra, optics, and medicine. Their work advanced scientific understanding.

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Uzma Ahmed
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46 views

Physics FOR Class XI 1 Scope of Physics: Science Is A Systematic Study of Nature

1. Physics is the science that studies matter, energy, and their interaction. It seeks to understand the fundamental laws of nature through observation, experiment, and mathematical analysis. 2. Physics is divided into classical physics and modern physics. Classical physics deals with macroscopic phenomena while modern physics addresses microscopic phenomena. 3. Important Muslim scientists like Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haitham, and Ibn Sina made significant contributions to fields like algebra, optics, and medicine. Their work advanced scientific understanding.

Uploaded by

Uzma Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS FOR CLASS XI

chapter 1 scope of physics


firstly we have to know that what is science and what kind of branch of science
is physics ??
Physics, science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between
the fundamental constituents of the observable universe.
In the broadest sense:
physics (from the Greek physikos) is concerned with all aspects of nature on both the macroscopic
and submicroscopic levels
* Physics plays an important role in all the natural sciences, however, and all such fields have branches in which physical laws and
measurements receive special emphasis, bearing such names as astrophysics, geophysics,isophysics, and even psychophysics.
*Physics can, at base, be defined as the science of matter, motion, and energy. Its laws are typically expressed with economy and
precision in the language of mathematics
SCIENCE: Science is a systematic study of (the colours of rainbow , the dropping of a mango from
the branch of a tree , the rusting of an iron piece , the growing of plants , the motion of bodies , the
formation of the solar system etc are all the phenomena of nature)
it is based on observations,expriments and measurements
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE : The subject science is divided into two main branches
(i) The physical science
(ii) The biological science
PHYSICAL SCIENCE: Physical science is the study of the inorganic world. That is, it does
not study living things. (Those are studied in biological, or life, science.) The four main
branches of physical science are astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences,
which include meteorology and geology.
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE: Biological sciences is the study of life and living organisms, their
life cycles, adaptations and environment. There are many different areas of study under the
umbrella of biological sciences including biochemistry, microbiology and evolutionary
biology.
PHYSICS: Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through
space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most
fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe
behaves.
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS: the main branches of physics are
(i) Classical Physics
(ii) Quantum Physics or Modern Physics
Classical Physics: classical physics believes in singular nature i.e. only the particle nature
of matter.it provides macroscopic (large) vision of matter.
It is based upon Newton`s Laws of mechanics and Maxwell`s laws of Electromagnetism.
Quantum Physics: quantum physics believes in dual nature i.e. both particle and wave
nature of matter. it provides microscopic (small) vision of matter.
It is based upon Planck`s Quantum theory of light and De-Broglie`s idea of matter wave. in the
practicle field, common branches of Physics are:
(i) Mechanics: it concerned with the motions of physical objects.
(ii) Optics: it concerned with the study of the behaviour and properties of light,

(iii) Heat and Thermodynamics: it deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to
energy, radiation, and physical properties
(iv) Electricity and Magnetism: Electricity and magnetism are two related phenomena produced
by the electromagnetic force. Together, they form electromagnetism. A moving electric charge generates
a magnetic field. A magnetic field induces electric charge movement, producing an electric current.
(v) Astro Physics: it is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and
chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in
space".
(vi) Electronics: it deals with the behavior of electrons. ... Electronics also encompasses the
application of such fundamental principles to the construction of devices using the manipulation of
electrons in their operation, known as electronic devices.
(vii) Fluid Mechanics: it concerned with the mechanics of fluids and the forces on them.
(viii) Spectroscopy: it is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation
as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation.
(ix) Nuclear Physics: This branch of physics deals with the structure of the atomic nucleus and the
radiation from unstable nuclei
(x) Waves and Sound: Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through a medium like air or
water. When we think about sound, we often think about how loud it is (amplitude, or intensity) and its
pitch (frequency).
(xi) Solid State Physics: it is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as
quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of
condensed matter physics.
(xii) Bio-Physics: it is the branch of biology that applies the methods of physics to the study of
biological structures and processes.
CONTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT MUSLIM SCIENTIST :
The contribution of Muslim scientists described as follows:
(i) Al-Khawarzmi: He was the founder of analytic al algebra. He invented the term logarithm
(algorithm). His famous book is "Hisabul-Jubr-wal-Muqabla"
(ii) Ibn-al-haitham: He was a great physicist. He developed the laws of reflection &
refraction. He constructed the "pinhole camera". He wrote many books. His famous book is

"Kitabul-Manazir".
(iii) Al-Battani: He wan an astronomist. He made calculations in connection with the solar
system, changes in seasons, eclipses of Moon and Sun, and other astronomical phenomena.
(iv) Jabir-ibne-Hayyan: He was a Chemist. He derived various laws of chemistry on the
basis of experiments.
(v) Omer Khayyan: He is a physician persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and
poet.
(vi) Al-Razi: He is the most prominent scientist and a great Physician. He wrote about 200
orignal monographs.
(vii) Abu-Rehan al-beruni: He was an astronomer, physician and mathematician. His
famous book is "Kitab-ul-Qanoon-ul-Masoodi". It is considered as an encyclopaedia of
astronomy.
(viii) Yakoob ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi: He wrote many books on Mathematics, Astronomy and
other subjects
(ix) Ibn-e-Sina: He was famous for his orignal research in the field of medicine. He gave
intravenous injections by mean of a silver syringe. His famous book is "Al-Qanoon-fil-tib"
(Qanoon). He also wrote Al-Shifa, an encyclopaedia of philosphy.

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