PLUMBING 3.

DISTRIBUTION – pressure, piping networks having passed the examinations conducted by the
- Art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other 4. USE – plumbing fixtures Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), has received a
apparatus. 5. COLLECTION – gravity, piping networks certificate of registration from the board of master plumbing
- Section 217.6 NPC 1999 6. DISPOSAL – sanitary, storm sewers and possesses the current license to practice.
7. TREATMENT – sewage plants, natural purification
PLUMBING SYSTEM
- includes the water supply distributing pipes, the fixtures and
PROPERTIES OF WATER PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes; the building drain
1. SURFACE TENSION – ability of water to stick to itself and pull 1. All premises to be provided with clean potable water
and building sewer; the storm water drainage with their devices,
itself together 2. Fixtures be supplied with water in sufficient volume and
appurtenance and connections within the building and outside
2. HEAT CAPACITY – ability to absorb heat pressure
the building within the property line.
3. CAPILLARITY – ability of water to climb up a surface against 3. Plumbing must use minimum amount of water
- Section 217.12 NPC 1999
the pull of gravity 4. Devices for heating and storing water designed to prevent
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS 4. DISSOLVING ABILITY – ability to dissolve almost any damage from overheating or explosions
1. WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – carries water from substance. also known as universal solvent 5. Buildings fixtures must be connected to public sewers
the water source, street main or a pump to the building and to 6. Family unit must at least have one: water closet, sink, lavatory
USES OF WATER
various points in the building at which water is used. and shower
1. NOURISHMENT – much of the human body is water
2. PLUMBING FIXTURE – receptacles that receive the supplied 7. Fixtures must be made of non - absorbent material, free from
2. CLEANSING AND HYGIENE – medium for the dissolution and
water and allow the occupants of the building to use the water. concealed fouling surfaces and in ventilated enclosure
transport of organic waste
3. DRAINAGE SYSTEM – all the piping within a public or private 8. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials,
3. CEREMONIAL USES – particularly evident in religious services
premise which conveys all wastes, sewage, rainwater or other free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed
4. TRANSPORTATIONAL USES – water as a transportation
liquid wastes to a point of disposal. by Registered Master Plumbers
medium
9. Drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
WATER CYCLE 5. COOLING MEDIUM – remarkable cooling potential which
maintained
1. Evaporation is the change of state of water (a liquid) to water removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates
10. Fixture connected to drainage system equipped with water-
vapor (a gas) 6. ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT – in almost any landscaping
sealed trap
2. Condensation where water vapor (a gas) change into water application indoors or out, water becomes a center of
11. Drainage pipe provide adequate circulation of air free from
droplets (a liquid). interest.
siphonage
3. Precipitation water that falls to the earth 7. PROTECTIVE USES – fire protection
12. Vent terminals shall extend to outer air
4. Sublimations the process where ice and snow (a solid)
PLUMBER 13. Plumbing system must be tested for defects
changes into water vapor (a gas) without moving through the
- the one who works or engages in the business of installing in 14. Substance which will harm/clog the sewage and disposal
liquid phase.
buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in system shall not be allowed
5. Transpiration is evaporation of liquid water from plants and
the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. 15. Proper protection against contamination of food or water
trees into the atmosphere.
- Section 214.5 NPC 2000 through backflow, etc.
6. Run-off
1. APPRENTICE PLUMBER – a beginner at the trade who usually 16. No water closet without light and ventilation
7. Transportation movement of solid, liquid and gaseous water
serves for 3 to 5 years as helper to a journeyman. 17. If no sewer line, provide septic tank
through the atmosphere.
2. JOURNEYMAN PLUMBER – has served his apprenticeship and 18. Suitable provision shall be made to prevent backflow
8. Evapotranspiration
is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing 19. Plumbing systems must be maintained by master plumbers
9. Infiltration is the movement of water into the ground
plumbing. 20. Fixtures shall be properly spaced, to be accessible for their
PLUMBING CYCLE 3. MASTER PLUMBER – a person technically and legally qualified intended use.
1. SOURCE – lakes, rivers, reservoirs and licensed to practice the profession of master plumbing
2. SUPPLY – main water, storage tanks without limitations in accordance with Republic Act 1378,
 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the - Rivers and lakes 5. POLLUTION
preservation of the strength of structural members and the - Advantage: - Cause: contamination
prevention of damage • Easy to acquire - Effects: Disease
22. Sewage must not be discharged into the ground unless • Large quantity - Correction: Chlorination
treated • For irrigation METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT
HISTORY OF PLUMBING - Disadvantage: 1. REVERSE OSMOSIS – Remove dissolved minerals by forcing the
• Contains large amounts of bacteria, organic, & water, under pressure, through a synthetic membrane
inorganic substances 2. DEIONIZATION – When water passes through the cartridge the
dissolved mineral salts are retained in the resin, producing a
WATER PROBLEMS AND CORRECTION mineral free water
3. NEUTRALIZING FILTERS – a pressurized tank containing a filter
bed of calcium carbonate or calcite.
4. POLYPHOSPHATES – These compounds deposit a protective layer
on exposed metal surfaces.
5. WATER SOFTENERS – Ion exchange softeners produce a water
with near zero hardness
6. ZEOLITE FILTERS – This compound releases an atom of oxygen to
oxidize the dissolved iron and manganese; oxidized particles
- collected on the filter bed
- JOHN F. HAAS – the Master Plumber who became the first Chief
of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection TREATMENT & PURIFICATION:
-
- NAMPAP – National Master Plumbers Association of the 1. AERATION – Water is sprayed into air to release any entrained
Philippines Tcu- true color unit noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Ntu - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit 2. COAGULATION – Small sediments particles which do not settle
SOURCES OF WATER
well combine together to form larger particles
1. RAINWATER
1. ACIDITY 3. FLOCCULATION – sediment particles collide with each other and
- From roof of bldg. and water sheds
- Cause: carbon dioxide, carbonic acid stick together.
- Advantage:
- Effects: corrosion, rusting, clogging 4. FILTRATION – Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel
• Soft and pure
- Correction: raising alkaline in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended
• Suitable for hot water
2. HARDNESS particles.
- Disadvantage
- Cause: Magnesium, Calcium 5. SEDIMENTATION – Water is passed through basins, so gravity-
• Only in wet season setting and deposition takes place
- Effects: Clogging
• Roofs may not be clean 6. CHLORINATION – Water is injected with hypochlorite or chlorine
- Correction: boiling, water softener
2. GROUNDWATER gas to kill the harmful bacteria.
3. TURBIDITY
- Springs and wells
- Cause: Silt, mud WELLS
- Advantage:
- Effect: Discoloration, bad taste - holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using
• Abundant supply
- Correction: filtration manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, etc.
• Less treatment
4. COLOR
- Disadvantage: TYPES OF WELLS
- Cause: Iron, manganese
• Have organic matter - Effects: Discoloration GENERAL:
3. NATURAL SURFACE WATER - Correction: Oxidizing filter 1. SHALLOW WELL
 2. DEEP WELL 3. PIPE FRICTION – head loss due to friction in the suction and 1. OVERHEAD TANKS
CONSTRUCTION: discharge lines, elbows and valves, and suction entrance loss - doesn’t have pressure concerns
1. DUG WELL 4. VELOCITY HEAD – change in kinetic energy of water from - relies on gravity
- Most common well source to the discharge point. Velocity head is equal to the - use overhead feed system
- 15m deep square of the velocity divided by twice the acceleration of - Components:
- known as "shallow well" gravity • Supply Pipe
2. BORED WELL
TYPES OF PUMPS • Inlet
- Similar to Dug well
1. PISTON PUMP • Overflow Pipe
- Constructed using auger drive
- Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston • Drip Pan
- 15m - 40m deep • Gate Valves
- Types: SINGLE ACTION, DOUBLE ACTION, DUPLEX OR TWIN
3. JETTED WELL 2. CISTERNS
• RECIPROCATING PUMP
- Use extreme water pressure/suction pump - Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and
- Operate with controlled speed
- referred to as "Sand-Point Wells connected with a pump
• ROTARY PUMP
- located where ground is soft 3. PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
- make use of a pump driver
- up to 80m deep - May be centralized or per bathroom group
- can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
4. DRIVEN WELL - uses air pressure
- More effective in viscous fluids
- Dug with sharp pointed hollow iron 4. HOT WATER TANKS
• JACK PUMP
- 10m - 15m deep - TYPES:
- with an exposed lift and push rod to activate a
5. DRILLED WELL • Range Boiler
submerged piston
- Used for drilling oil with a simple roller bit or diamond bit - small hot water tank (30-60cm dia, 180 cm length)
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
- up to 1000m deep - made of galvanized steel sheet, copper
- Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal
- Methods used: • Storage Boiler
force
• PERCUSSION RIG: repetitious dropping of a heavy - large hot water tanks (60-130cm dia, 5m length)
• JET PUMP
weight into the hole - made of heavy-duty material sheets applied with
- Draw water from well
• ROTARY RIG: rotating a sharp bit into the hole, while rust proof paint
- Types:
mud is pumped into the center shaft, which is then
Deep: high volume VALVES
forced into the bore hole, sealing and supporting it
Shallow: for residential - FUNCTIONS
• OTHER ROTARY METHODS: blowing of water or
compressed air to blow loosened water into the
Convertible: deep/shallow • Start / shutdown water system
Miniature: small volume • Regulate pressure
surface
• TURBINE PUMP • Check backflow
LOCATING A WELL - used for large applications because of their multiple • Control direction of water
- must not be less than 50 ft. away from pollution sources impellers
- Locate on higher ground - can discharge up to 2000 GPM TYPES OF VALVES
3. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 1. GATE VALVE
PUMP TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS - designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media - full way valve
1. TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH) – the sum of the static head, storage receptacle - used mainly to completely close / open water line
pipe friction and velocity head at the point of discharge 4. SUMP PUMP - best for main supply
2. STATIC HEAD – the total discharge in elevation of water from - used in applications where excess water must be pumped - types:
suction level to the discharge level away • WEDGE SHAPE VALVE
• DOUBLE DISC VALVE
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
 2. GLOBE VALVE 1. AIR GAP (WATER DISTRIBUTION) –lowest opening from any 14. SIPHONAGE – a suction created by the flow of liquids in the
- Can reduce water pressure (throttling) pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level rim pipes. A pressure less than atmosphere
- Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle of any tank, vat or fixture 15. STANDPIPE – A vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into which water
- Only one side of the valve is an inlet 2. AIR GAP (DRAINAGE) – lowest opening from any pipe, is pumped to give it at a head
- types: plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance conveying waste 16. TAILPIECE – the piping or tubing that connects the outlet of a
• PLUG – for throttling to the flood level rim of the receptor. plumbing fixture to the trap
• COMPOSITIONAL – for shutting 3. BACKFLOW – The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or 17. TRAP ARM – that portion of a fixture drain between a trap and
• CONVENTIONAL – for steam & hot water substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of the vent
3. CHECK VALVE water from any source other than from its intended source
- prevent backflow 4. BATTERY OF FIXTURES – any of two or more similar adjacent DEFFECTS IN WATER DISTIBUTION SYSTEM
- types: fixtures which discharge into a common horizontal soil or 1. WATER HAMMER
• SWING CHECK VALVE waste branch. - knocking in pipes
• LIFT CHECK VALVE 5. BRANCH INTERVAL – a length of soil or waste stack 2. BACK SIPHONAGE
• VERTICAL CHECK VALVE corresponding in general to a story height, but in no case less - flowing back of used water from a plumbing fixture
• HORIZONTAL CHECK VALVE than 2.43 meters within which the horizontal branches from 3. EXPANSION / CONTRACTION
4. ANGLE VALVE one floor or story of a building are connected to the stack. - pipes expands / contracts due to change in temp.
- Operates in the same manner as globe valve (disc & seat 6. CROSS CONNECTION – Any connection or arrangement 4. FRICTION HEAD LOSS
design) between a potable water supply system and any plumbing - friction occurs when water flows
- Used to make a 90° turn fixture or any tank, receptacle, equipment or device through
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- Reduces number of joints which enables contaminated water or other substances to
1. UMIRAY RIVER
5. BUTTERFLY VALVE enter any part of the system
2. ANGAT DAM
- used to regulate a fluid flowing through a section of pipe 7. FLOOD LEVEL – the level in a fixture at which water begins to
3. IPO DAM
6. FOOT VALVE overflow over the top or rim of the fixture
4. LA MESA DAM
- located at the lower end of pump 8. GOOSENECK – A flexible tubing connection between a service
5. NOVALICHES TREATMENT PLANT
- to prevent loss of priming the pump pipe and water main. A return bend of small-sized pipe
6. BALARA TREATMENT PLANT
- retention valve commonly used as a faucet
7. SAFETY VALVE 9. INVERT – The lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe or
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION
- used in line with excessive pressure conduit that is not vertical
1. DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
10. PLUMBING UNIT – A minimum standard quantity of plumbing
TYPES OF FAUCET/BIBB - water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake
fixtures that discharge wastes into a plumbing installation
1. COMPRESSION COCK basin and extended into deep water
11. ROUGHING-IN – the installation of all piping and fitting parts
- compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet - components: WATER BASIN, RECEIVING WELL, FILTRATION
of the plumbing system, which can be completed prior to the
2. KEY COCK PLANT
installation of fixtures and accessories. These include sanitary
- round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet 2. INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
and storm drainage, tap, hot and chilled water supplies, gas
3. BALL FAUCET - Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water
piping, vent piping and the necessary fixture supports
- ball connected to handle - Involves individual special mechanical equipment
12. SEAL – The vertical distance / water in the trap between the
4. HOSE BIBB dip and the crown weir of a trap. PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
- Has grooves fit for a hose 13. SIAMESE CONNECTION – a hose fitting with clapper valves for 1. SERVICE PIPE
- made for threaded attachment of hose combining the flow from two or more lines of hose into a - pipe from the main / other source of water supply to the
DEFINITION OF TERMS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM single stream. The inlet fitting of a fire standpipe located water distribution system of the building
above the ground 2. WATER METER
 - A device used to measure the amount of water that goes water supply is equal to the total fixture units in a plumbing
through the water service. system wherein one unit is approximately valued at 7.5 gallons
3. HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN of water discharge per minute.
- The principal water distribution pipe running from the water • PROBABLE DEMAND – referred to as the Peak load. Probable
meter from which the various branches and risers to the amount of water discharge at any given time
fixtures are taken.
4. RISER
- water supply extending vertically to one full storey / more to
convey water into pipe branches / plumbing fixtures
5. FIXTURE BRANCH TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- water supply pipe between fixture supply pipe and water 1. UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
distribution pipe - with continuing network of pipes to provide constant
6. CONTROLS AND VALVES circulation of water
- for control, isolation, repair or water distribution system - hot water rises on its own
7. STORAGE TANKS - does not need pump
TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2. DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
1. UPFEED SYSTEM - hot water rises on the highest point of the plumbing
system and travel through gravity
• DIRECT UPFEED – provided by city water companies using
- water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot
normal pressure from public water main
water and gravity
- ADVANTAGE: eliminates extra cost of pumps and
3. PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM
tanks
- more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floors
- DISADVANTAGE: pressure is inadequate to supply tall
buildings
TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEM
• AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM (PNEUMATIC) – when pressure is not
1. HOT WATER SPACE HEATING – Water is confined within a
enough compressed air is used to raise and push water
system at low temperature
- Advantage: with compact pumping, sanitary,
2. HOT WATER SUPPLY – Not a closed system which operate on
economical, less construction and maintenance and
much higher temperature
serve about 10 stories interval
- Disadvantage: no electricity = no water
PROTECTION OF HOT WATER
2. DOWNFEED / GRAVITY SYSTEM (OVERHEADFEED) – water is
1. SYSTEM RELIEF VALVE – Used for Hot Water Space Heating
pumped into a large tank on top and is distributed by gravity.
System
- Advantages: water is not affected by peak load hour
2. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF – Used for Hot Water
and time needed to repair broken parts does not
Supply System
affect water supply
- Disadvantages: subject to contamination, high
maintenance cost, occupies valuable cost, requires
stronger foundation

• MAXIMUM DEMAND – refers to the maximum water discharge

for plumbing fixtures in terms of units. The maximum demand of
1. Classification of Plumbing Fixtures Scullery, Water Closet, 21. A kind of urinal that either the floor or flange supports. * Stall 42. This type of system is connected to a municipal coded fire
Bathing Urinal alarm box dedicated to that building. * Auxiliary Protective
2. A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to 22. Minimum clearance of urinal center to urinal center: Signaling System
discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a minimum of ____ m* 0.75 43. This type of system uses leased telephone lines to connect the
conveying medium. * Water Closet 23. A plumbing fixture usually consisting of a basin with a water fire alarm system of a given building to a remote
3. An approved type installed receptacle, device, or appliance supply, connected with a drain. * Kitchen Sink receiving station such as the local fire or police station. *
which is supplied with water or which receives liquid or 24. Referred to as island sinks * Bar sinks Remote Station Protective Signaling System
liquid-borne wastes and discharges such wastes into the 25. Also known as Laundry Tray * laundry tab 44. In this type of system, the fire alarm system is connected to a
drainage system to which it may be directly or indirectly 26. Used by janitors for emptying pails of dirty water and mop privately owned central station. * Central Station Protective
connected. * plumbing fixture cleaning. *slop sink Signaling System
4. Plumbing fixtures shall be constructed of dense, durable, 27. A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is 45. This type of system is similar to the central station system
absorbent materials and shall have smooth, impervious also known as wash basin. * lavatory discussed above, except that the central station is owned by
surfaces, free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces * 28. It is also known as the Sitz Bath. * BIDETS the same concern as the building being monitored. *
True 29. Lavatory sink that is mounted on the wall. * Wall Hung Proprietary Protective Signaling System
5. A typical flush tank toilet usually holds several liters on its 30. These are perfect for the new small houses, with smaller size 46. Fire suppression and extinguishment involve two essential
tank. * Flush Tank water closets bathrooms that are becoming so popular today. * trough variables: the extinguishing agent and the system or
6. Advantage of Direct Flush Valve (DFV water closets) * Easy 31. Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than procedure for applying the agent. True
Maintenance ____ m apart. 4.9 47. _________ suppression agents are a relatively new means of
7. This is used in areas where running water systems are not 32. Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than ___% suppressing fires involving cooking equipment. * Wet
available. * Pail Flush Water Closet slope. * 4 Chemical
8. A water closet installed in such a way that no part of the 33. circuits which connect initiating devices such as smoke 48. _______ is considered a "clean" agent, in that it leaves no
water closet touches the floor. * Wall Hung detectors, heat detectors, manual pull stations, and water residue after discharge. * halon
9. Squat Bowl Water Closet is also known as western type. False flow alarms. * Alarm Initiating Device Circuits 49. water used for fire suppression has modifiers added to change
10. Water closet center to side wall: minimum of _____ m * 0.375 34. Devices which send a signal off premises also can be some of its characteristics * Water with Modifiers
11. Flushes through a simple wash down action * Wash Down connected to these circuits * Alarm Indicating Appliance 50. ______ is the most common fire extinguishing agent * Water
12. Flushes through a siphon action created in the trap way * Circuits 51. _________ extinguishing agents can extinguish extremely fast
Reverse Trap 35. The __________ contains the electronics that supervise and if introduced directly into the flaming area. * Dry chemical
13. Less noisy and very efficient * Siphon Vortex monitor the fire alarm system. * Fire Alarm Control Panel 52. _______ usually are owned by land development or
14. Retains a large amount of standing water * Siphon Jet 36. Powers the entire fire alarm system * Primary Electrical manufacturing companies. * Private water systems
15. Metal bar connected to the toilet handle. * Trip Lever Supply 53. _______ usually fall under a unit of local government or an
16. The hinged unit attached to the bowl where user can sit. * 37. Commonly are used to detect fires * Heat Detectors "authority" with legal responsibility. * Public water systems
Seat 38. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide detectors. * Gas Sensing 54. Water mains usually have the larger diameter pipe closer to
17. Ball Cock is also called Ball tap or Float Valve * True and Other Phenomena Detectors the water source. From that point to the end user, the size
18. Minimum Required Water Closet in Dormitories with 28 39. Operate by detecting ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) energy * gradually decreases. True
females * 3 Flame Detectors 55. ______ control the flow of water through the water
19. Minimum Required Urinals in industrial and commercial 40. Not usable in all environments and their effectiveness varies distribution system. * valves
buildings. * 0 depending on the fire scenario and occupant capability 56. _______ visually show the position of the gate or valve seat to
20. An economical option in that one unit provides enough space Ionization smoke detectors * Smoke Detectors indicate whether it is closed, partially closed, or open. *
to a maximum of eight men, and it only requires one 41. This type of fire alarm is contained entirely within the building Indicating valves
plumbing connection * Through Urinal which it services. * Local Protective Signaling System 57. ______ provide proper pressure and volume in the water
distribution system. * Pumps
58. ________ may have a valve at each outlet or they may have 76. Contains water in the pipe at all times, but water is supplied
only one valve that controls the flow to all outlets. * wet from the building’s domestic system * Manual wet standpipe
Barrel Hydrants 77. Common in remote or freestanding structures such as parking
59. Valves in water distribution systems usually are buried or garages where environment is hard to monitor * Manual dry
installed in manholes. * True standpipe
60. The most common type of sprinkler system in use unless 78. Can supply effective fire streams during more advanced fire
there is danger of the water in the pipes freezing or when stages * Class I Standpipe Systems
other special conditions require one of the other types of 79. For use by untrained building occupants * Class II Standpipe
systems * Wet Pipe Systems Systems
61. Exist only in locations that cannot be heated properly * Dry 80. Combine features of Class I and Class II Systems * Class III
Pipe Systems Standpipe Systems
62. It can be found in electrical equipment rooms, computer 81. FDC must be visible, recognizable, and accessible. * true
rooms, and operating rooms. * Pre-action Systems 82. Freestanding FDCs are preferred over wall-mounted. * false
63. It offers effective protection from severe hazards, such as 83. ________ FDCs may be necessary due to topography, safety,
flammable liquids. * Deluge Systems and other factors. * freestanding
64. These systems are effective in areas that are too large for a
single dry pipe system. * Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-action
Systems
65. Types of systems are used to protect small, unheated areas *
Antifreeze Systems
66. These are sprinklers intended for use in residential
applications only * Residential
67. The __________ typically have extended pipe lengths that are
dry (without water) and which extend into the unheated area.
* Dry Sprinklers
68. Designed to react more quickly than standard sprinklers when
subjected to the effects of fire. * Fast Response Sprinklers
69. Desirables for prisons. * Ornamental, Flush, Recessed, and
Concealed
70. _________ are an arrangement of piping, valves, hose
connections, and related equipment installed in a building in a
fixed manner. * Standpipe and hose system
71. The systems may or may not have hoses permanently
attached. * True
72. Water supplies may or may not be continually provided to
standpipe systems. * True
73. Found in internal stair towers of mid- to high-rise buildings *
Wet standpipe
74. Contains pressurized air in the pipe * Automatic dry standpipe
75. Contains pressurized air or atmospheric air in the pipe *
Semiautomatic standpipe
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 1- DEFINITION

Topic 1 – Module 2: HISTORY

Introduction to
Plumbing Module 3- PRINCIPLES

Module 4- COMPONENTS

Module 5- PLUMBING
CYCLE
 DEFINITION
• The art and technique of
installing pipes, fixtures, and
other apparatuses in buildings for
bringing in the supply of liquids,
substances and/or ingredients
and removing them;

• Water, liquid and other carried-

wastes hazardous to health,
sanitation, life and property;

• Pipes and fixtures after

installation i.e., the ‘plumbing
system’

- NPC 217.6
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 1- DEFINITION

Topic 1 – Module 2: HISTORY

Introduction to
Plumbing Module 3- PRINCIPLES

Module 4- COMPONENTS

Module 5- PLUMBING
CYCLE
 HISTORY
• In 1935, the National Master
Plumbing Practice in Plumbers Association of the
the Philippines Philippines (NAMPAP) was
formally organized.
• In 1902, the Plumbing Trade
• Manila City Ordinance 2411, the
was duly recognized by the
“Plumbing Code for the City of
government in the City of
Manila” was enacted and placed
Manila. Master Plumber John F.
under the Department of Public
Haas became the first Chief of
Services, Manila.
the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A • In 1954, the Third Congress
Plumbing Code based on the approved House Bill No. 962
Plumbing Code of the United which in June 18, 1955, became
States was incorporated into the R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the
Building Code for the City of Philippines” upon ratification of
Manila. President Ramon Magsaysay.
 HISTORY
• On January 28, 1959, the • The Professional Regulation
National Plumbing Code of the Commission (PRC) adopted the
Philippines prepared by NAMPAP Revised Plumbing Code of 1999
was promulgated and approved which President Joseph Estrada
by Malacañang. Also, the approved December 21, 1999
National Waterworks and pursuant to Section 4 of R.A.
Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) 1378 known as the Plumbing
was created. Law.

• Before Martial Law in 1972,

Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise
known as the “Building Code of
the Philippines” was passed with
the “National Plumbing Code of
1959” as referral code in full text.
 HISTORY

Summary
Date Law Proponent
1902 Plumbing trade City of Manila

1935 Manila city ordinance 2411 – Plumbing Department of Public

Code for the City of Manila Services

June R.A. 1378 – Plumbing law of the Pres. Ramon

1954 Philippines Magsaysay
1959 National Plumbing Code of the NAMPAP / National
Philippines / NAWASA Government
1972 R.A. 6541 – Building Code of the
Philippines with NPC in full text
1999 Revised Plumbing Code PRC

Dec Sec 4 of R.A. 1378 – Plumbing Law President Joseph

1999 Estrada
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 1- DEFINITION

Topic 2 – Module 2: HISTORY

Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 3- PRINCIPLES

Module 4- COMPONENTS

Module 5- PLUMBING
CYCLE
 PRINCIPLES

22 Basic Principles of
the Plumbing Code
▪ All premises intended for ▪ Plumbing fixtures, devices
human use or habitation shall be and appurtenances shall be

1
provided with a supply of pure
and wholesome water, neither
connected to unsafe water supply
nor subject to backflow or back-
2
supplied with water in sufficient
volume and pressure adequate
to function satisfactorily and
without undue noise.
siphonage.
Appurtenance: pre-fabricated or
on-the-job assembly of
component parts
 PRINCIPLES
▪ Plumbing shall be designed ▪ Each family dwelling unit shall

3
and adjusted to use the minimum
quantity of water consistent with
proper performance and
cleaning.
6
have at least one water closet,
one kitchen type sink, a lavatory
and a bathtub or shower to meet
the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
▪ Devices for heating and storing

4
water shall be so designed and
installed as to prevent dangers
from explosion through
overheating.
▪ Plumbing fixtures shall be

7
made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed
fouling surfaces and shall be
located in ventilated enclosures.
▪ Every building abutting on a

5
street, alley or easement with a
public sewer shall connect its
plumbing fixtures to the sewer
system.
 PRINCIPLES
▪ The drainage system shall be ▪ Each fixture directly
designed, constructed and

8
maintained to safeguard against
fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate
10
connected to the drainage
system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap.

cleanouts so arranged that the ▪ The drainage pipes piping

11
pipes may be readily cleaned. system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of
▪ All piping shall be of durable air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals

9
NAMPAP-APPROVED materials,
free from defective workmanship, under ordinary use.
designed and constructed by
▪ Vent terminals shall extend to

12
Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service. the outer air and installed to
prevent clogging and the return of
foul air to the building.
 PRINCIPLES
▪ Plumbing systems shall be ▪ Proper protection shall be

13
subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
provided to prevent

15
contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage.
▪ Substance which will clog the When necessary, the fixture,
pipes, produce explosive device or appliance shall be

14
mixtures, destroy the pipes or connected indirectly with the
their joints or interfere unduly building drainage system.
with the sewage-disposal
▪ No water closet shall be

16
process shall not be allowed to
enter the building drainage located in a room or
system. compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
 PRINCIPLES
▪ If there is no sewer system in ▪ Plumbing systems shall be
the area, suitable provision shall

17
be made for the disposal of
building sewage by some
accepted method of sewage
19
maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master
Plumbers.

20
treatment and disposal, such as ▪ All plumbing fixtures shall be
a septic tank. installed properly spaced, to be
accessible for their intended use.
▪ Where a plumbing drainage

18
system may be subject to ▪ Plumbing shall be installed
backflow of sewage, suitable with due regard to the
provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the
building. 21
preservation of the strength of
structural members and the
prevention of damage to walls
and other surfaces through
fixture usage.
 PRINCIPLES
▪ Sewage or other waste from
plumbing systems which may be
deleterious to surface or sub-

22
surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into
any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through
subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.

1999 National Plumbing Code

PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 1- DEFINITION

Topic 1 – Module 2: HISTORY

Introduction to
Plumbing Module 3- PRINCIPLES

Module 4- COMPONENTS

Module 5- PLUMBING
CYCLE
 COMPONENTS

PLUMBING
WATER DISTRIBUTION COLD WATER SYSTEM
SYSTEM
HOT WATER SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE WASTE PIPING

SYSTEM
VENTILATION SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

PIPES & FITTINGS

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 1- DEFINITION

Topic 1 – Module 2: HISTORY

Introduction to
Plumbing Module 3- PRINCIPLES

Module 4- COMPONENTS

Module 5- PLUMBING
CYCLE
 THE PLUMBING CYCLE

Components & Flow in

Water Systems:
SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION USE

Water
`` Mains, Pressure,
Storage Plumbing
Piping
Tanks Fixtures
Networks

SOURCE
COLLECTION
Lakes, Rivers, Gravity,
Reservoirs, Piping
Ground, Rain Networks
TREATMENT DISPOSAL

Treated water Sewage Plants,

Sanitary and
returned to the Natural Storm Sewers
original source Purification
 THE PLUMBING CYCLE

Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION USE COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always take one direction
only (from supply to disposal) and each side should always be carefully
separated from each other.
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 6- WATER SUPPLY
Topic 2 –
Module 7- SOURCES OF WATER
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 8- QUALITY OF WATER

Module 9- WATER TREATMENT

AND PURIFICATION

Module 10- WELLS

NATURE OF WATER
NASA | Earth's Water Cycle; Posted by: NASA Goddard; Aug 3, 2012
 NATURE OF WATER
The Hydrological Cycle
 NATURE OF WATER

The Water Cycle:

Major Phases

Evaporation
Transpiration
Sublimation
Condensation
Transportation
Precipitation
Run-off
Evatransportation
Infiltration
 NATURE OF WATER
Inflows add water to the different parts
of the hydrologic system, while outflows
remove water. Storage is the retention
of water by parts of the system. Because
water movement is cyclical, an inflow for
one part of the system is an outflow for
another. Looking at an aquifer as an
example, percolation of water into the
ground is an inflow to the aquifer.
Discharge of ground water from the
aquifer to a stream is an outflow (also an
inflow for the stream). Over time, if
inflows to the aquifer are greater than its
outflows, the amount of water stored in
the aquifer will increase. Conversely, if
the inflows to the aquifer are less than
the outflows, the amount of water stored
decreases. Inflows and outflows can
occur naturally or result from human
activity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER
The Properties of Water; Posted by: Odyssey Earth; Mar 3, 2012
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER

• Surface Tension
• Heat Absoptic /Capacity
• Capillarity
• Dissolving Ability
 USES OF WATER

• NOURISHMENT
• CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
• CEREMONIAL USES
• TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
• COOLING MEDIUM
• ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
• PROTECTIVE USES
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 6- WATER SUPPLY
Topic 2 –
Module 7- SOURCES OF WATER
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 8- QUALITY OF WATER

Module 9- WATER TREATMENT

AND PURIFICATION

Module 10- WELLS

 SOURCES OF WATER
For Domestic Use:

SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rain Collected from roofs of buildings Water is soft & Only a source during the
Water and special water sheds and pure and is wet season;
stored in cisterns or ponds; suitable for the
hot water supply Storage becomes a
Cistern water for drinking should system breeding place for
be boiled, chlorinated or mosquitoes;
otherwise sterilized
Roofs may not be clean
 SOURCES OF WATER
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural Obtained from ponds, lakes Easy to acquire; Contains large amounts
Surface and rivers of bacteria, organic, &
Water Usually in large inorganic substances;
quantities; Purification & treatment
is necessary
Used for irrigation,
industrial purposes
and, when treated,
for community
water supply
 SOURCES OF WATER

SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground Obtained from underground by Usually has an May have organic matter
Water means of mechanical & abundant supply; & chemical elements;
manual treatment is suggested;
equipment; requires less
treatment (character of ground
From springs and wells and is because of water, its hardness,
the principal source of water natural filtering depends upon the
for domestic use in most rural nature and condition of
areas the soil and rock through
which it passes or
percolates)
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 6- WATER SUPPLY
Topic 2 –
Module 7-SOURCES OF WATER
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 8- QUALITY OF WATER

Module 9- WATER TREATMENT

AND PURIFICATION

Module 10- WELLS

 QUALITY OF WATER

Standard Values for Physical and Chemical

Quality: Aesthetic Quality

CHARACTERISTICS MAXIMUM LEVEL mg/L

Taste Unobjectionable
Odor Unobjectionable
Color 5 TCU
Turbidity 5 NTU
Aluminum 0.2
Chloride 250
Copper 1
Hardness 300 (as CaCo3)
 QUALITY OF WATER
Water Quality Problems & Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
Entrance of oxygen and Corrosion of non- Raising alkaline content
1. Acidity carbon dioxide ferrous pipes; by the introduction of a
neutralizer (sodium
Rusting & silicate)
clogging of steel
pipes
2. Hardness Presence of magnesium Clogging of pipes; Boiling;
and calcium salts
Impaired laundry Use of an ion exchanger
and cooking (zeolite process)
 QUALITY OF WATER
Water Quality Problems & Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

3. Turbidity Silt or mud in surface or in Discoloration; Filtration

ground Bad taste

4. Color Presence of iron and Discoloration of Oxidizing filter

manganese fixtures and laundry

5. Pollution Contamination by organic Disease Chlorination

matter or sewage
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 6- WATER SUPPLY
Topic 2 –
Module 7- SOURCES OF WATER
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 8- QUALITY OF WATER

Module 9- WATER TREATMENT

AND PURIFICATION

Module 10- WELLS

 WATER TREATMENT
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONABLE ELEMENT REASONS FOR TREATMENT

Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness

Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to

plumbing, stains clothing, etc.

Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive

Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,

interferes with water softeners, iron
bacteria clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains

clothing
Algae Bad taste & odor
 WATER TREATMENT

OBJECTIONABLE ELEMENT REASONS FOR TREATMENT

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide Aeration

Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process

Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration

Calcium & Magnesium Addition of water softeners

Iron Iron Filters

Sulfur Chlorination

Pathogenic Germs Disinfection

Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration

 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
a. Aluminum - Naturally occurring aluminum as well as aluminum salts used
as coagulants in drinking-water treatment are the most common sources of
aluminum in drinking water.

Effect : exacerbation of discoloration of water by iron.

b. Alkalinity - measure of the water’s ability to neutralize acids and bases

(buffering). As alkalinity increases, the water becomes more stable and
less likely to corrode household plumbing. An alkalinity of more than 30 mg/l
is desirable.
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
c. Chlorides - soluble mineral compounds that are dissolved by the water as it
filters through the earth. The amount of chlorides in water are determined
by the type of rocks and soils it has contacted.

Cause:
1. the leaking of sea water into a well cause of increased chlorides.
2. human and animal waste

Effect:
1. salty taste
2. corrosion of household appliances and domestic plumbing
3. average life of water heaters has been estimated to shorten by one
year for every 100 mg/l chloride over the first 100 mg/I.

Treatment:
1. reverse osmosis (RO)
2. deionization (DI)
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
d. Copper – Copper in a drinking-water supply usually arises from the
corrosive action of water leaching copper from copper pipes.

Cause:
1. Acidic Water: A soft, acidic water will dissolve small amounts of
copper from the plumbing
2. Dissolved Solids: increase the ability of the water to conduct an
electrical current.
3. Galvanic Corrosion: occurs when two different metals come in
contact with each other. The differences between the two metals
produce an electrical current, causing one of the metals to corrode.
E.g. a brass fitting to a galvanized pipe.
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants

Effects:
1. blue green stain on plumbing fixtures.
2. can cause temporary stomach cramps and general intestinal
discomfort

Treatment:
1. Acidic water - by neutralizing the acidity of the water done by using a
metering pump to add small amounts of an alkaline solution (such as soda
ash and water) to the water, or by using a neutralizing filter
2. Dissolved Solids –
a. reverse osmosis filter to drastically reduce the solids content
b. use a polyphosphate compound
3. Galvanic Corrosion - by placing a dielectric (plastic or rubber) joint
between the two different metals to break the electrical current
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
e. Acidity (Corrosive) Water - Neutral water, neither acidic or basic, has a pH of
7. As pH values decrease from 7 to 0, the acidity of the water increases; pH
values from 7 to 14 show increasing basicity.

Cause:
1. Water’s natural acidity is caused by the presence of carbonic acid and
carbon dioxide.

Effects:
1. Metal surface - slowly dissolving the metal into the water. Constant
exposure to corrosive water will shorten the life of household plumbing,
causing pin-holes in pipes

2. Copper plumbing - corrosion cause blue-green stains in sinks and tubs;

give the water a bitter medicinal taste
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
3. Steel or galvanized metal - rusty stain in fixtures, give the water a
metallic taste, and may produce cloudy water on occasion

4. Interfere with other water treatment. Iron and manganese cannot be

easily removed from acidic water. In this case, the acidity must be
neutralized prior to the iron removal treatment.

Treatment:
1. pH Adjustment
2. Neutralizing Filters
3. Polyphosphates
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
f. Fluoride - occur in groundwater supplies, fluoride is added to water to help
prevent dental cavities.

Cause:
1. Fluoride is dissolved into water from fluoride bearing minerals that occur
naturally in the earth.

Effect:
1. Dental fluorosis

Treatment:
1. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
2. Distillation
3. Deionization (DI)
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
g. Hardness - measured by the amount of soap that had to be added to water to
produce a lather. Also measured as the concentration of dissolved calcium and
magnesium compounds (expressed as calcium carbonate).

Cause:
1. naturally occurring calcium and magnesium compounds dissolved by
the water

Effect:
1. hard, chalky scale (boiler scale) when water is heated
2. white, powdery residue on plumbing fixtures, and will cause spots on
dishes.

Treatment:
1. water softener (Ion exchange softeners produce a water with near zero
hardness)
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
h. Iron and Manganese - naturally occurring metallic elements.

Cause:
1. Metals are dissolved from soils and rocks as the water passes through
the earth
2. Corrosion of galvanized or steel plumbing materials

Effect:
1. produces a gray or black deposit; cause a coating to form inside the
plumbing and will break free, causing black particles to appear in the
water.
2. water - bitter, metallic taste

Treatment:
1. Chlorination and Filtration
2. Zeolite Filters
3. Birm Filters
4. Water Softeners
5. polyphosphates
 WATER TREATMENT
Biological Derived Contaminants
a. Actinomycetes and fungi
found in surface water sources, including reservoirs; can grow on unsuitable
materials in the water supply distribution systems i.e.rubber
Effect: objectionable tastes and odours in the drinking-water.

b. Animal life
Invertebrate animals are naturally present in many water resources used as
sources for the supply of drinking-water and often infest shallow, open wells.

Cause:
1. invertebrates may pass through water treatment works
2. motility and larvae penetrate filters at the treatment works and vents on
storage reservoirs

Treatment :
1. Production of high-quality water,
2. maintenance of chlorine residuals in the distribution system
3. regular cleaning of water mains by flushing or swabbing
 WATER TREATMENT
Biological Derived Contaminants
c. Cyanobacteria and algae
Effect:
1. coloration and turbidity of water after filtration
2. They can also give rise to geosmin, 2-methyl isoborneol and other chemicals,
which have taste thresholds in drinking-water of a few nanograms per litre.

d. Iron bacteria

Cause: In waters containing ferrous and manganous salts, oxidation by iron

bacteria (or by exposure to air)

Effect: rust-coloured deposits on the walls of tanks, pipes and channels and
carry-over of deposits into the water.

Treatment : Iron Filters

 WATER TREATMENT
Methods of Water Treatment
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
– Remove dissolved minerals by forcing the water, under pressure, through a
synthetic membrane.; membrane contains microscopic pores allowing only
molecules of a certain size to pass through; water will squeeze through the
membrane leaving the mineral salts behind; RO unit capable of removing 90 %
of the dissolved mineral salts from water supply.
• Deionization (DI)
– units are available as small, wall-mounted cartridges containing ion
exchange resins. When water passes through the cartridge the
dissolved mineral salts are retained in the resin, producing a mineral-
free water
• Neutralizing Filters
– a pressurized tank containing a filter bed of calcium carbonate or
calcite. As the acidic water passes through the filter, the carbonic acid
and carbon dioxide combine with the calcium carbonate neutralizing the
acidity
 WATER TREATMENT
Methods of Water Treatment
• Polyphosphates
– These compounds deposit a protective layer on exposed metal
surfaces.

• Water Softener
– (Ion exchange softeners produce a water with near zero hardness)

• Zeolite Filters
– This compound releases an atom of oxygen to oxidize the dissolved iron
and manganese; oxidized particles collected on the filter bed; These
filters require periodic regeneration with potassium permanganate to
replace the oxygen used in the removal process.
WATER PURIFICATION
How Do Water Treatment Plants Work?; Posted by:
Concerning Reality; Nov 21, 2018
 WATER PURIFICATION
Treatment & Purification:
AERATION
Spraying the water into the atmosphere
through jets or passing it over rough
surfaces to remove entrained noxious
gases such as carbon dioxide or
hydrogen sulfide
 WATER PURIFICATION
Treatment & Purification:
COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous
sulfate and lime, to the water which
cause the larger suspended particles to
form a gelatinous mass which
precipitates readily. The precipitate is
gathered in large dumps and disposed
of.
COAGULATION chemical process in
which the coagulant reacts with the
sediment to make it capable of combining
into larger particles.

FLOCCULATION physical process in

which the sediment particles collide with
each other and stick together.
 WATER PURIFICATION
Treatment & Purification:

FILTRATION
Water is passed through layers of sand
and gravel in concrete basins in order
to remove the finer suspended particles.
 WATER PURIFICATION
Treatment & Purification:

SEDIMENTATION
Water is passed through basins so
sediments can settle through a period
of time.
 WATER PURIFICATION
Treatment & Purification:

CHLORINATION
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or
chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.
WATER PURIFICATION
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 6- WATER SUPPLY
Topic 2 –
Module 7- SOURCES OF WATER
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 8- QUALITY OF WATER

Module 9- WATER TREATMENT

AND PURIFICATION

Module 10- WELLS

 WELLS

Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw
bucket, pump, etc.

Types of Wells (General):

Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
 WELLS

Individual Well Springs:

(Types According to Method of
Construction)

Dug Well
- Most common type, usually dug
manually around 15 meters deep
- Diameter ranges from 1-
1.5 meters
- a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
- Permanent lining of masonry,
concrete or brickwork for
protection against collapse of
perimeter, protection from
outside pollution, provision of
foundation for pump mechanism
 WELLS
Dug Well
 WELLS
Bored Well
- Similar to dug well, but
constructed using an auger driven
in by hand or with power tools
- Seldom hand driven below 15
meters, but can reach 40+ meters
with power tools
- Steel or plastic casing similar in
diameter to required hole is
pushed in to prevent caving in of
the hole
- Perforated pvc pipe is then
inserted in the casing, and the
first casing is slowly pulled out
 WELLS
Bored Well
 WELLS
Jetted Well
- Use of extreme water pressure
so as not to affect existing
foundations in the vicinity
- Makes use of a suction pump
above, while casing acts as the
pump riser
- Used only where ground is
relatively soft, hence sometimes
referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”
- Depths of up to 80 meters
- Continuous pumping of water
loosens soil which then overflows
upward. A pipe is then lowered,
adding length while water is
continuously pumped into the hole
 WELLS
Jetted Well
 WELLS
Driven Well
- Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
- Depths are from 10-15 meters
- Perforated steel pipes are
driven into a hole, adding lengths
of pipes as the well point is
driven deeper
- Protection of the end of the pipe
being hit by the use of a wooden
block, steel cap or drive cap
 WELLS
Driven Well
 WELLS
Drilled Well
- Used for drilling oil with a
simple roller bit or diamond bit
- Can reach up to 1000 m
- Percussion rig: repetitious
dropping of a heavy weight into
the hole
- Rotary rig: rotating a sharp bit
into the hole, while mud is
pumped into the center shaft,
which is then forced into the bore
hole, sealing and supporting it
- Other rotary methods: blowing
of water or compressed air to
blow loosened water into the
surface
 WELLS
Drilled Well
 WELLS
Locating a Well:

Location must not be less than

50 ft. away from pollution sources

Locate on higher ground

 WELLS
Methods of Well Screening:

Well screens are made of non-

corrosive material like brass.

Natural material like stones and

rock sediment provide additional
screening
How do Water Wells Work?; Posted
by: Concerning Reality; July 20, 2020 WELLS
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS &

CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13-CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 PUMPS
Pump Terminology and Definitions
Total dynamic head (TDH): the sum Velocity head: change in kinetic
of the static head, pipe friction and energy of water from source to the
velocity head at the point of discharge point. Velocity head is
discharge equal to the square of the velocity
divided by twice the acceleration of
Static head: the total discharge in gravity
elevation of water from suction level
to the discharge level

Pipe friction: head loss due to friction

in the suction and discharge lines,
elbows and valves, and suction
entrance loss
 PUMPS
2 Basic Types of Pumps

Piston Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
 PUMPS

Piston Pumps

Water is sucked into a sealed

vacuum by use of a piston

Single Action (water is drawn

in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

 PUMPS
Piston Pumps
 PUMPS

Centrifugal Pumps

Water is drawn into the pump &

discharged with a centrifugal force
 PUMPS
Centrifugal Pumps
 PUMPS
Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps Submersible Pumps

Jet Pumps Sump Pumps

Rotary Pumps
Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps

Jack Pumps

Submersible Pumps
 PUMPS
Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Piston pumps that operate with
controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is
pulsating and changes only when
the speed of the pump is changed.
Sometimes an air chamber is
introduced to regulate the
pulsation.
 PUMPS
Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps
typically used for drawing
water up from a well.

There are four types of Jet Pumps:

- Deep well Jet Pumps are used
in high volume applications

- Shallow well Jet Pumps are

used for residential wells

- Convertible Jet Pumps can be

used for deep wells and shallow
wells
- Miniature Jet Pumps are used
for small applications
 PUMPS
Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps
that make use of a pump driver

Rotary Pumps can discharge from

900 to 1200 GPM

Rotary Pumps are more efficient

for viscous fluids
 PUMPS
Turbine Pumps

Turbine Pumps are centrifugal

pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers

Turbine Pumps can discharge

up to 2000 GPM
 PUMPS

Jack Pumps
Piston pump with an exposed
lift and push rod to activate a
submerged piston
 PUMPS
Submersible Pumps

Submersible Pumps are designed to

be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can
be designed by manufacturers to be
submersible
 PUMPS

Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in
applications where excess water
must be pumped away from a
particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a
category that encompasses a
number of styles of pumps that are
used to pump out collected fluid.
 PUMPS

Sump Pumps
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS

& CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13-CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Types of Tanks for domestic use:

Overhead Tanks

Cisterns

Pressure Tanks

Hot Water Tanks

 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Overhead Tanks

-Does not have any pressure

concerns but relies on gravity to
supply water to fixtures below
-Usually made of galvanized steel,
stainless steel, or reinforced
concrete, it can come in various
shapes and sizes
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Gravity Supply Tanks

Used in Overhead Feed System

Main Components:
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Cisterns

-Usually built of reinforced

concrete underground and
connected with a pump
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Pneumatic Water Tanks:

May be centralized or per
bathroom group

Also makes use of a pressure

relief valve, which relieves
pressure automatically if
necessary
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Types of Hot Water Tanks:

Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel

Storage Tank
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof
paint
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS &

CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13- CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water

Rules Regarding Location of Valves:

Locate & distribute valves in such a
manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve
- a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
- Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does
not control flow of water)
- Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
 CONTROLS & VALVES
2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered The Double Disc Valve
Disc
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Globe Valve
- Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
- Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
- Only one side of the valve is an
inlet
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Globe Valve

3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling

The Conventional Disc Valve

(Ball Type)
-for shutting

The Composition Disc Valve

-for steam & hot water
 CONTROLS & VALVES

The Conventional Disc Valve

(Ball Type)
-for shutting
 CONTROLS & VALVES
The Composition Disc Valve
-for steam & hot water
 CONTROLS &
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Check Valve
- Main function is to prevent
reversal of flow (backflow) in the
line
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Check Valve
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Check Valve

4 Types:

The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

 CONTROLS & VALVES
Check Valve

Swing Check Valve Lift or Piston Check Valves

 CONTROLS & VALVES
Check Valve

Vertical Lift Check Valve

 CONTROLS & VALVES
Angle Valve

- Operates in the same

- manner as globe valve
- (disc & seat design)
- Used to make a 90° turn
- Reduces number of joints
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Butterfly Valve

- Typically used to regulate a fluid

flowing through a section of pipe
- A flat circular plate is positioned
in the center of the pipe. The
plate has a rod through it
connected to a handle on the
outside of the valve. Rotating
the handle turns the plate either
parallel or perpendicular to the
flow.
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Foot Valve

- Located at the lower end of the

pumps
- Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of pumps
- a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
 CONTROLS & VALVES

Safety Valve

- Used on water systems,

heating systems, compressed
air lines & other pipe lines with
excessive pressure
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:

Ball Faucet

Compression Cock

Key Cock
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:
Compression Cock
- Operates by the compression of
a soft packing upon a metal seat
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:

Key Cock
- Operates with a round tapering
plug ground to fit a metal seat.
 CONTROLS & VALVES
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:

Ball Faucet
- Constructed with a ball
connected to the handle
- ‘Hose bibb’- has grooves fit for a
hose
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS &

CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13-CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System:

Service Pipe Riser
- pipe from the street water - a water supply pipe extending
main or other source of water vertically to one full storey or
supply to the building served more to convey water into pipe
branches or plumbing fixtures
Water Meter
- device used to measure in Fixture Branch
liters or gallons the amount - the water supply pipe between
of water that passes through the fixture supply pipe and the
the water service water-distributing pipe

Horizontal Supply Main Controls & Valves

- the principal water distribution - used for control, isolation and
pipe running from the water repair of the water distribution
meter from which the various system
branches and risers to the
fixtures are taken. Storage Tanks
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Types of Cold Water Distribution Systems

(within buildings):
Upfeed System

1. Direct Upfeed
-Water is provided by the city
water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

2. Air Pressure System

(Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city
water supply is not strong
enough
- Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into the
system
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Downfeed (Overheadfeed)
or Gravity System
- Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

Upfeed 1. Pressure from water 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps &

System main is inadequate to tanks.
supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected
during peak load hour.

Air 1. Water supply is 1. With compact pumping unit.

Pressure affected by loss of 2. Sanitary due to air tight water
System pressure inside the chamber.
tank in case of power 3. Oxygen in the compressed air
interruption. serves as purifying agent.
2. Maximum zoning for 4. economical (smaller pipe diam)
each system is only 10 5. less initial construction &
levels. maintenance cost
6. Adaptable air pressure.
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

Over- 1. Water is subject to 1. Water is not affected by peak

headfeed contamination. load hour.
System 2. High maintenance 2. Not affected by power
cost. interruptions.
3. Occupies valuable 3. Time needed to replace broken
space. parts does not affect water
4. Requires stronger supply.
foundation and other
structure to carry
additional load of
tank and water.
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Maximum and Probable Demand

Maximum Demand Probable Demand
- refers to the maximum water - also referred to as the Peak
discharge for plumbing load, it is the probable
fixtures in terms of units. The amount of water discharge at
maximum demand of any given time. The fewer
water supply is equal to the total the number of fixtures installed
fixture units in a plumbing the higher the percentage
system wherein one unit is of probability of their
approximately valued at simultaneous use.
7.5 gallons of water discharge
per minute.
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Fixture Unit Values

Type of Fixture Fixture Units

Floor drain 1
Lavatory or wash basin 2
Bath tub 2
Kitchen sink 2
Laundry tub 2
Shower bath 2
Slop sink 3
Urinal 5
Water closet 6
Bathroom group (WC, Lav., Tub, 8
and Shower
 COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Probability of Simultaneous Use of Fixtures

Number of Fixture Units Percentage of Simultaneous Use
1 to 5 50 – 100%
6 to 50 25 – 50%
50 or more 10 – 25%

Pipe Diameter
Diameter 13 20 25 32 38 50
mm mm mm mm mm mm

Gallons 20 38 80 110 170 223

PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS &

CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13-CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Definitions
Air Gap (water distribution)
- An unobstructed vertical distance
through the free atmosphere between
the lowest opening from any pipe or
faucet conveying potable water to the
flood-level rim of any tank, vat or fixture

Air Gap (drainage)

- The unobstructed vertical distance
through the free atmosphere between
the lowest opening from any pipe,
plumbing fixture, appliance or
appurtenance conveying waste to the
flood level rim of the receptor
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Definitions
Backflow
- The flow of water or other liquids,
mixtures or substances into the
distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water from any source other than from
its intended source

Battery of Fixtures
- Any of two or more similar adjacent
fixtures which discharge into a common
horizontal soil or waste branch
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Definitions
Branch Interval
- A length of soil or waste stack
corresponding in general to a storey
height, but in no case less than 2.43m
w/in which the horizontal branches from
one floor of a building are connected to
the stack

Cross Connection
- Any connection or arrangement
between a potable water supply system
and any plumbing fixture or any tank,
receptacle, equipment or device through
which enables contaminated water or
other substances to enter into any part
of the system
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Fixture Branch
- The water supply pipe between the
fixture supply pipe and the water
distributing pipe

Flood Level
- The level in a fixture at which water
begins to overflow over the top or rim of
the fixture

Gooseneck
- A flexible tubing connection between a
service pipe and water main;
- A return bend of small-sized pipe
commonly used as a faucet
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Invert
- The lowest portion of the interior part
of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical

Plumbing Unit
- A minimum standard quantity of
plumbing fixtures that discharge wastes
into a plumbing installation including:
(1)water meter, (1)water closet,
(1)lavatory, (1)shower head and drain
for a stall / bathtub, (1)kitchen sink,
(1)laundry tray, (3)floor drains and
(4)faucets / hose bibbs
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Roughing-in
- The installation of all piping and fitting
parts of the plumbing system, which can
be completed prior to the installation of
fixtures and accessories. These include
sanitary and storm drainage, tap, hot
and chilled water supplies, gas pipings
and the necessary fixture supports.

Seal
- The vertical distance between the dip
and the crown weir of a trap;
- The water in the trap between the dip
and the crown weir

Siamese Connection
- A hose fitting with clapper valves for
combining the flow from two or more
lines of hose into a single stream
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Siphonage
- A suction created by the flow of liquids
in pipes; a pressure less than
atmospheric

Standpipe
- A vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into
which water is pumped to give it at a
head
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Tailpiece
- The piping or tubing that connects the
outlet of a plumbing fixture to the trap

Trap Arm
- That portion of a fixture drain between
a trap and a vent
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Water Hammer Friction Head Loss
- a knocking in the pipes caused - Friction occurs when liquid
when faucets in the lower levels are flowing through the pipe makes
shut off abruptly or automatically contact with the pipe
enclosures, thus reducing the
- the force exerted by the
speed of water flow
decelerating water causes the pipes
to shake and rattle - There is greater Friction Head
Loss with longer pipes, small
diameter pipes, and a high
Expansion / Contraction number of valves of fittings
- Pipes expand and contract due to
continuous changes in temperature
- An air space should be provided
to allow for breathing room
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

UMIRAY RIVER

ANGAT DAM
Water is diverted
through a 13km tunnel
from Umiray River in
Quezon toward Macua
& Angat rivers, which
in turn flow into the
Angat Reservoir.

The Angat Dam supplies 97%

of the water needs of Metro
Manila residents and most of
the irrigation requirements of
farms in central Luzon. From
here, water flows through 2
tunnels down to the Ipo Dam.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Water is conveyed
through three intake
structures at the Ipo ANGAT DAM
Dam going to three
connecting tunnels.
Water then travels
through a distance of 6
km to Bicti, Norzagaray,
which in turn passes
through five aqueducts,
each about 16km long. IPO DAM
The Angat Dam supplies 97%
of the water needs of Metro
Manila residents and most of
the irrigation requirements of
farms in central Luzon. From
here, water flows through 2
tunnels down to the Ipo Dam.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Water is conveyed LA MESA DAM

through three intake
Located in
structures at the Ipo
Novaliches,
Dam going to three
Quezon City, the La
connecting tunnels.
Mesa Dam can
Water then travels
store up to
through a distance of 6
50.5million cubic
km to Bicti, Norzagaray,
meters of water
which in turn passes
from Angat River
through five aqueducts,
IPO DAM and Alat River.
each about 16km long.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
LA MESA DAM
Located in
Novaliches, Quezon
City, the La Mesa
Dam can store up to
50.5million cubic
meters of water from
Angat River and Alat
River.
NOVALICHES
TREATMENT PLANT

Treatment
Plants 1 & 2
supply the
west zone.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

BALARA TREATMENT The Balara Treatment

PLANT
Plants have full
production capacity
to supply the east
zone.

NOVALICHES
TREATMENT PLANT

Treatment
Plants 1 & 2
supply the
west zone.
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

BALARA TREATMENT
PLANT
 WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Classification of Public Water Distribution:

Direct Pressure Distribution
- Water is obtained through a large
intake installed on the lake basin &
extended into deep water
- Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant

Indirect Pressure Distribution

- Water is taken form a drilled well
or underground water
- Involves individual special
mechanical equipment
PLUMBING
and SANITARY
SYSTEMS
 Module 11- PUMPS

Topic 2 – Module 12- WATER TANKS &

CISTERNS
Water Supply and
Distribution System Module 13-CONTROLS &
VALVES
Module 14- WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 15- COLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Module 16- HOT WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

(within buildings):
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
- Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
- With a continuing network
of pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
- Hot water is immediately
drawn from the fixture any time
- Provides economical
circulating
return of unused hot water
 HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
Downfeed and Gravity Return
System
- Hot water rises on to the
highest point of the plumbing
system and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
- Water distribution is
dependent on the expansion
of hot water & gravity.

Pump Circuit System

- Pumps are introduced for a

more efficient circulation of hot
water to the upper floor levels of
multi-storey buildings
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

Hot Water Consumption

Kind of Building Gallons per Person per Hour
Office Buildings 4 to 5
School Buildings 2 to3
Apartment Buildings 8
Hotels 8 to 10
Factories 4 to 6
Residential 10

Working Load of Hot Water Systems

Kind of Building Gallons per Person per Hour
School, Office & Industrial Types 25%
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
 WATER TANKS & CISTERNS

2 Types of Water Heating Systems:

Hot Water Space Heating System
- Water is confined within a
system at low temperature
Hot Water Supply System
- Not a closed system which
operate on much higher
temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve
- Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System
Temperature & Pressure Relief
- Used for Hot Water Supply
System
 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM

TOPIC 3: PLUMBING FIXTURES

Plumbing Fixture

- Receptacles which are used to provide, receive, and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into
drainage system with which they are connected to
- An approved type installed receptacle, device, or appliance which is supplied with water or which receives liquid
or liquid-born wastes and discharges such wastes into the drainage system to which it may be directly or indirectly
connected. There are many plumbing fixtures and fittings from the pipes which carry the water to and from our
fittings to the tanks and waste outlet that deliver it and remove it.

Classifications of Plumbing Fixtures

A. Soil Fixtures
B. Scullery Fixtures
C. Bathing Fixtures

Quality of Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing fixtures shall be constructed by:

A. Dense
B. Durable
C. Non-absorbent materials
D. Smooth, impervious surfaces
E. Free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces

Except as permitted elsewhere in the hood, all fixtures shall conform in quality and design to nationally recognized
applicable standards or to other approved standards acceptable to the Administrative Authority.

MODULE 19: SOIL FIXTURES

A. Water Closets
- It is a plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it to a waste pipe using water as
conveying medium.

Water closets are classified according to:

I. Type of Flushing
a. Flush Tank Water Closets
– A typical flush tank water closet usually holds several liters on its tank. This tank eventually
empties when a lever or push-button is activated. A flush tank hold the supply of water for flushing
and has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.
– The whole process consists of a lever or push-button connected to blockade (canister) that
prevents the water from getting into the bowl directly, when it is activated, this blockade is lifted,
and thus, the water can flow down into the bowl.
– There are many types of flush tank system:
• Dual-flush
• Gravity-fed
• Flapper or Canister system
– Advantages: Requires little pressure, highly efficient, and has straightforward installation
– Disadvantages: Resets slowly, and requires lots of maintenance
 b. Direct Flush Valve (DFV) Water Closets
– This works by using a special one-way valve that lets the water go through when the lever is
activated. The lever pulls a chain or cord attached to a proper blockade system. This blockade
prevents the water from a plumbing system entering the bowl.
– DFV is designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. It is activated by direct
water pressure without the use of flush tank or it simply means that, the flushing action can be
obtained directly from a flush valve connected to a bowl.
– It is also known as “flushometer” or “flushometer valve”.
– It requires 10 to 20 psi flow pressure.
– Advantages: Works fasts & conveniently, produces less noise, and easy maintenance
– Disadvantages: Requires high water pressure, and tricky repairs & installation
II. Make
a. One-piece water closet
– The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single
unit, usually used in tandem with the bidet.
b. Close coupled water closet
– A water closet where in the flush tank is separated but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-
piece model.
c. Pail flush water closet
– A water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only
through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems
are not available.
d. Squat bowl water closet
– A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern type” since the user assumes a squatting
position rather than a sitting position.
III. Mounting
a. Floor Mounted
– A floor mounted or standard toilet has the classic bowl-and-tank design with the tank clearly
visible and the bowl connecting down the floor.
– They are generally considered more design-oriented and are more traditional.
b. Wall hung
– A water closet installed in such a way that no part of the water closet touches the floor.
– A wall mounted water closet is the one that is fixed to the wall or in other words, it is hanged on
the wall.
– It gives a different style to the bathroom since this concept highlights the modern way of
bathroom design.
– It is the new means when it comes to designing small bathrooms.
IV. Flushing Action
a. Siphon Wash Down
– Water enters through an open rim as though a bucket of water were dumped into the bowl filling
the front trap way and creating a siphon action.
– This model provides quick removal of water with minimum waste rise.
– Some water surface makes the model more vulnerable to soiling and clogging.
– This is the least efficient and most noisy type but the lowest in cost.
– Flushes down through a simple wash down action
– Discharges waste into a trap way located at the front of the bowl
– Has a bulge on the front
– Has a small amount of standing water
 b. Reverse Trap
– The trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the bulge at the front.
– The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water area and quietness in operation makes
it desirable than siphon wash down.
– Water enters through rim punching and a jet that fills the rear trap completely creating a siphon
action and resulting in quick withdrawal of water from the bowl.
– The water jet is located at the inlet of the trap way.
– Most of the bowl surface is covered with water.
– This model is efficient but moderately noisy and its cost is reasonably low.
– Flushes through a siphon action created in the trap way
c. Siphon Jet
– Water enters through a rim punching and jet placed in and up leg of the rear trap filling the trap
way and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water
withdrawal.
– Large water surface provides an efficient and clean operation.
– With quiet flushing and moderate cross, this is the most popular residential model.
– Has a larger trap way making it less likely to clog
– Quieter flushing action
– Retains a large amount of water
d. Siphon Vortex
– This type of hole develops its flushing action for the water entering through a diagonal hole
around the rims which creates a swirling action which warms a vortex into the center.
– It is the quietest, most efficient and most sanitary water closet.
– Water enters through diagonal punching around the rim of the bowl creating a vortex that draws
the water down into the rear trap with a swirling action that scours the walls of the bowl.
– Water strikes through parallel ridges and falls over forming a jet producing siphoned action.
Large water surface provides a very efficient and clean process and the flushing is extremely quiet.
– This model is mostly of one-piece construction with a low profile and it is expensive.
– Less noisy and very efficient
– Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down
– Retains a large amount of standing water
V. Shape
a. Round Front
– It is intended for installation on a limited space.
– Circular in design, this bowl shape requires less room making it an ideal choice when the space is
at a minimum. The round front bowl shape is often associated with older or smaller baths.
b. Elongated Front
– It is more comfortable but occupies a larger space
– Elongated water closet is oval extending several inches more in the front of the bowl.
– As the bathroom becomes larger, the elongated front bowl shape becomes more common which
makes it seem more contemporary in appearance.

Minimum Water Closet Clearances

Setting:

• Water closet center to side wall: Minimum of 0.375 m

• Water closet center to WC center: Minimum of 0.75 m

Parts of a Toilet
 • Trip lever – metal bar connected to the toilet handle
• Tank cover – lid of the toilet tank
• Chain – connects the trip lever to the flapper valve
• Float ball – moves up and down along the toilet fill valve
• Refill tube – squirts water into the bowl after the flush
• Flapper valve – this goes up when the toilet handle is pushed down and stops water from constantly flowing
into the toilet bowl
• Flush valve gasket – allows water to flow into the bowl when flushed
• Seat cover – placed on the seat as a protective barrier from possible germs resting on the seat
• Seat – the hinged unit attached to the bowl where user can sit
• Base – bottom of the toilet
• Closet bolt – long screws that connects the flange to the toilet
• Closet flange – also known as “toilet flange”, it is a type of flange used to mount the toilet to the floor and
connect the toilet drain to the Drain pipe
• Shut-off valve – also called as “stop valve”, it is used to shut off the water during emergency and repair
• Flexible hose – pipe used to transport water
• Fill valve – where the water flows from the supply line and refill the tank after flushing
• Ball cock – also called as “ball tap” or “float valve”, it is used to fill water tanks and avoid overflow
• Toilet handle – tool used for flushing
• Float rod – horizontal rod connected to the float ball and fill valve
• Bowl – the open vessel under the toilet seat that can be flushed with water
• Overflow pipe – safety feature used to prevent water from exiting the toilet tank
• Rim holes – the holes under the lip of the toilet seat
• Wax ring – ring of wax found between the flange and bottom of the toilet
• P-trap pipe – the u-shaped part of the pipe that holds water and prevents smelly gas from rising the toilet
• Drain pipe – moves sewage and greywater to aid air flow and prevent clogging
• Float rod adjustment screw – device used to tighten or loosen float rod
• Overflow tube – empties the water directly into the toilet bowl

Minimum Requirements of Water Closets

Occupancy Minimum Water Closet Kind and Number of Users

Dwelling or Apartment 1 Family
1 Per 1-100 males
2 Per 101-200 males
3 Per 201-400 males
Assembly places
3 Per 1-50 females
(theaters and auditoriums)
4 Per 51-100 females
for public use
8 Per 101-200 females
1 Per additional 500 males over 400
2 Per additional 300 females over 400
1 Per 10 males
Dormitories 1 Per 8 females
1 Per additional 25 males, 20 females
1 Per 1-10 persons
2 For 11-25 persons
3 For 26-50 persons
Industrial
4 For 51-75 persons
5 For 76-100 persons
1 Per additional 30 persons in excess of 100
 B. Urinals
- A sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only. Urinals are often provided in public toilets for male users in
Western countries. They are usually used in a standing position. Urinals can be with manual flushing,
automatic flushing or without flushing, which is the case for waterless urinals. They can be arranged as single
sanitary fixture with or without privacy walls.

There are four basic types of urinals:

I. Wall Hung
– A wall urinal or wall hang urinal has its plumbing hidden behind a wall
– Only the bowl and the flushing lever button or other mechanism remain visible
– Smaller than a toilet, this fixture saves space and water
– Can be used rapidly, comfortably and hygienically
II. Pedestal
– A urinal that is not connected or may be supported to the wall
– It is mounted on a single pedestal
– The wall hung and the pedestal type are the most common type used by the military
III. Through
– Behind the name of this urinal is the way it resembles a feeding system
– It is an economical option in that one option which provides enough space to a maximum of eight
men, and it only requires one plumbing connection
– The drawback for this type of urinal is that it is less private than individual urinals
– This type of urinal is usually crafted from stainless steel or porcelain
IV. Stall
– A kind of urinal that either the floor or flange supports
– There are two kinds of stall urinals:
• Half stall urinals – supported by flange
• Full stall urinals – supported by the floor

Minimum Clearance for Urinals

Setting:

• Urinal center to side wall: Minimum of 0.30 m

• Urinal center to urinal center: Minimum of 0.60 m

Flushing:

• Every water supply to a urinal shall be protected by an approved type of vacuum breaker or other
approved backflow prevention device
• Urinals shall have an average water consumption of not more than 1.0 gallon (3.8 liters) of water per flush
• Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks (NPC 408.1)
• Flushometer valves shall be a self-closing type, discharging a pre-determined quantity of water. No
manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals (NPC 408.2)

Minimum Requirements for Urinals

Occupancy Minimum Urinals Kind and Number of Users

Schools:
Elementary 1 Per 75 males
Secondary 1 Per 35 males
Office or Public Building 1 Per 1-100 males
 2 Per 101-200 males
3 Per 201-400 males
4 Per 401-600 males
1 For each additional 300 males
1 Per 1-100 males
Assembly places 2 Per 101-200 males
(theaters and auditoriums) 3 Per 201-400 males
for public use 4 Per 401-600 males
1 For each additional 500 males
1 Per 25 males
Dormitories
1 Per 50 males in excess of 150
Industrial and Commercial 0 0

MODULE 20: SCULLERY FIXTURES

A. Kitchen Sink
- Is a plumbing fixture usually consisted of a basin with a water supply connected to a drain

Kitchen sinks can be classified according to:

I. Materials
a. Stainless Steel
– Are made to last
– Are the most used home kitchen sink and commercial sink because they offer quality, durability,
a low price, and ease of cleaning
– Won’t be damaged by hot or cold objects and resist damage caused by impact
b. Porcelain or Enamel Over Cast Iron
– A popular material for kitchen sinks
– Not only are they heavy and durable, this kitchen sinks can also be very stylish since they are
manufactured in a very wide range of types and colors
– They are resistant to hot or cold objects just like stainless steel, however porcelain can be
damaged by sharp impacts and cleaning the surface aggressively leads to more dirt accumulation
– Enamel over cast iron is similar to the porcelain, but this sinks are less ragged and a less expensive
alternative. It is easy to clean and provides the most colorful choices and has a hard finish
c. Integral Solid Surface
– Formed a part of a solid surface countertop
– The beauty of an integral solid surface kitchen sink is that it is joined to the solid countertop
forming one seamless piece. This means that there are no little services (spaces) between the sink
and the countertop where moisture and rim can build up
– Integral solid surface kitchen sink is easy to pin
d. Composite
– Are often made from quartz or granite mix with an acrylic binder
– They are fairly hard, scratch-resistant, and a good value for money
– There are types of composite kitchen sink:
• Granite composite
• Quartz composite
• Soapstone
e. Copper
– Are usually made of hammered copper which gives them a very old fashion/passion (<--hindi ko
sure kung alin d’yan, di ko maintindihan si ma’am, TF) feel
 – Copper sinks come in a number of shades and are usually sealed to prevent corrosion. Without
sealing, copper requires periodic polishing and can be protected with wax
f. Glass
– Glass is a common material for - - - sinks
– A glass sink can contain a beautiful array of colors and it catches the light when the water runs
through it
– Tempered glass is also very durable, easy to clean and (inaudible)
II. Bowl Types/Kinds
a. Single-bowl sink
– Has one but usually large basin without any divider
b. Double-bowl sink
– The primary purpose of double-bowl sink was to make dishwashing easier, one bowl for soapy
water and the other with clean water for rinsing
– Nowadays, it is rarely used for dishwashing however this type of kitchen sink does make
dishwashing easier
c. Triple-bowl sink
– Have many uses, allowing the user to segregate their tasks easily. It makes the preparation
process easier
– The bowl on one side of the sink can be used for soaking baking pans or drying the dishes, while
the bowl on the other side of the sink can be used for general purposes
d. Corner sink
– Such a sink can turn an unused corner into an effective type/part of your kitchen
– It is a great option for kitchen with dead corner spaces
e. Bar sink
– Are sometimes referred to as, “island sink”, “- - - sink”, “water bar sink”, or “entertainment sink”
– They are usually smaller and shallower by design than the main sink in your kitchen
– They are usually square or round and are most commonly made of copper and stainless steel
f. Laundry tub
– A deep wide sink used for washing clothes
– It is also known as, “laundry tray” or “set tub”
– Materials:
• Cement or Cement with tiles
• Porcelain
g. Slop sink
– A deep sink usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pail of dirty water, “mop sink”

MODULE 21: BATHING FIXTURES

A. Lavatories
- Is a fixture designed for the washing of hands or face, also known as, “wash basin”

Lavatories are of different types:

I. Pedestal
– Are often installed in small bathrooms where space does not allow a large sink vanity cabinet
– It is fastened to a wall, with a pedestal under the drain to support the sink and conceal the plumbing
II. Wall Hung
– A lavatory sink that is mounted on the wall
 III. Through
– These are larger, single basin sink, which accommodate two or more wash stations and thus have two
or more faucets
– These are perfect for the new small houses with smaller size bathroom that are becoming so popular
today

Classification of Counter Lavatories:

A popular trend in lavatories is the built-in or vanity design. This style provides more surface area and is
more attractive than most other designs. Countertop lavatories, also called as “flat rim”, are available in various
sizes, shape and colors.

A. Flush
B. Self-rimming
C. Under Counter
B. Bathtubs
- A tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person
- It is available in left outlet and right outlet
C. Whirlpool Baths
- Example: Jacuzzis
- Requirements for whirlpool baths
a. Provide removable access panel to the pump
b. Locate the circulation pump above the crown weir of the trap
c. The pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water retention
d. Suction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards
D. Bidets
- A plumbing fixture usually used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals,
- It is used for cleaning private parts, and known as, “sitz bath”
- Sometimes referred to as female urinals
- Settings and clearance for bidet shall be the same as the water closet:
• Bidet center to side wall: Minimum of 0.375 m
• Bidet center to bidet center: Minimum of 0.75 m
E. Floor Drains
- With approved-type hinged strainer plate with the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal
to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece
- Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid-depth and with an inside caulk
outlet to provide watertight joint in the floor
F. Shower Receptors
- Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope
- Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum of 559 mm wide door
G. Shower Baths/Compartments
- Metal enclosure containing shower head, valve, and faucets
- Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 m2 and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle
- This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions
other than the fixture valve, shower head, and safety grab rails
- Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart
TOPIC 4: FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

MODULE 22: FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

Basic Components of a Fire Alarm System

Fire alarm systems generally have the following components:

A. Alarm Initiating Device Circuits

- These are the circuits which connect initiating devices such as:
• Smoke detectors
• Heat detectors
• Manual pull stations
• Water flow alarms
- Many systems monitor devices, which is important to the overall fire safety of the building, also tie in to
initiating circuits
- These devices indicate an “abnormal” condition, not a fire or “alarm” condition
- They are referred as “supervisory devices”
- One example of this is the valve supervisory switch or tamper switch of a valve controlling the automatic
sprinkler system. This type of devices may also be connected to supervisory type circuits
B. Alarm Indicating Appliance Circuits
- Audible and visible alarm indicating appliances tie into these circuits to provide warning to the building
occupants
- These are devices which send signal off premises can also be connected to these circuits
C. Fire Alarm Control Panel
- It contains the electronics that supervise and monitor the fire alarm system
- The initiating and indicating circuits are connected directly into this panel
D. Primary Power Supply
- The primary electrical or power supply powers the entire fire alarm system
- Typically, the primary power supply for fire alarm system is provided by connecting into the local commercial
power service
E. Secondary Power Supply
- The primary electrical or power supply powers the entire fire alarm system
- It is a separate power supply that operates automatically when the primary power fails
- It is also capable of operating the entire system

Initiating Devices

- Initiating devices fall into one of these two main categories:

• Those that indicate an alarm condition
• Those that indicate an abnormal condition of a monitored device
- Fire detection can occur by using any device that responds to conditions caused by the fire
- The most common by-products of a fire are:
• Heat
• Smoke
• Flames
• Fire gases
- In addition, people can detect a fire and initiate an alarm by activating a manual pull station. Also, when a
sprinkler system activates and causes an alarm, it is a result of the sprinkler system detecting heat produced
by the fire if the sprinklers have feasible links.
Types of Initiating Devices:

A. Heat Detectors
- They are commonly used to detect fires
- They are not as prone to fire alarms and are less expensive than smoke detectors. However, the response of
heat detectors may not be adequate in many instances which limits their usefulness.
- They are slower to respond to fires than smoke detectors because heat detectors cannot respond to smoke
- Typically, they are best suited for detecting fast-growing fires in small spaces
- It is a means of fire detection in locations that smoke detectors cannot protect due to such environment
effects such as:
• Mist
• Normally occurring smoke
• High humidity

Heat detectors have several different operating mechanisms:

I. Fusible-element Type
– This mechanism uses a eutectic alloy that melts rapidly at a pre-determined fixed temperature
– When this temperature is reached and the fusible alloy melts, an electrical contact occurs and causes
an alarm
– It is commonly used in sprinkler heads
– These mechanisms must be replaced after each operation
II. Bimetallic Type
– This mechanism combines two metals with different thermal expansion coefficients
– As the mechanism heats, one metal expands more than the other, causing the deflection in the shape
of the element
– This deflection causes an electrical contact, thus initiating the alarm
– These types of mechanisms are self-resetting as the element cools
III. Rate-compensated Heat Detector
– This detector responds to a given temperature of the surrounding air regardless of the rate which the
temperature rises
– This in effect, compensates for thermal lag, which standard thermal detectors do not do
– This can be compared to the rate of rise detectors
– Some of this detector operate on what is commonly referred to as the “rate of rise” principle.
Regardless of the ambient temperature, if the detector senses a rise in temperature exceeding a set
amount, an alarm occurs
IV. Combination Heat Detector
– Detectors can combine the two operating principles of reaching a fixed temperature and reaching a
set rate of rise
– Smoke and heat detectors can also be combined in a single unit
– It should be noted that some combinations, smoke-heat detectors activate when either condition is
reached while others require both the smoke and heat mechanism to operate
– In most cases, little benefit, if any, result from the combination detector which requires both heat and
smoke to cause an alarm

Other types of heat detectors include heat-sensitive cables and liquid expansion detectors

B. Smoke Detectors
- Smoke detectors are not usable in all environments and their effectiveness varies depending on the fire
scenario and occupant capability

The two basic operating mechanism currently used in smoke detectors are:
I. Ionization smoke detectors
– Have a small amount of radioactive material located within the detector that “ionizes” the air entering
the detection chamber
– Once ionized, the air particles become conductive, allowing a current to flow through the detector
circuitry
– Smoke entering the ionization chamber causes a reduction in the current flowing through the
detector’s circuitry
– At a certain reduced level of current flow, the detector signals an alarm
– Respond better to fast-flowing, flaming fires that produce smaller particles (0.01-3.0 microns)
– Respond better to dark smoke than to light smoke
II. Photoelectric Smoke Detector
– Use one of the two methods to detect smoke, however, both use a light-emitting source and a receiver
– Photoelectric smoke detectors that operate on the “light obscuration” principle work as follows:
• A light source is directed at a receiver, which is accustomed to receiving a certain intensity of
light
• When smoke particles enter the detection chamber, they partially block the light travelling
from the emitter to the receiver
• When the light is reduced or obscured by a certain amount, the detector’s built-in circuitry
sounds an alarm
– The second operating principle used in photoelectric detectors is that of “light scattering”. It is more
common and operates as follow:
• The receiver in the detection chamber is located there so that the light emitted is normally
not seen by the receiver, that is the light emitter and the receiver are not aligned as with the
“light obscuration” method
• When smoke enters, the detection chamber lights from the emitter striking it. A fraction of
the light striking the smoke particle is scattered or reflected away from the smoke particle.
Some of the scattered light lands on or strikes the photoreceiver
• When a present amount of light lands on the receiver, the detectors signals an alarm
– Detectors that operates on the photoelectric principle, are generally appropriate in locations where
slow-growing, smoldering fires are expected. These fires typically generate large particles from 0.3 to
10 microns
– They also respond better to light gray smoke as opposed to very dark smoke
– Better suited than ionization detectors for locations with high humidity
– Air velocity may also affect smoke detector operation

There are special types of photoelectric smoke detectors:

a. Projected-beam Detector
– The operating principle is the same as a light obscuration-based detector, but the light emitter
and the receiver are physically separated across large areas (example is the length of a room)
– Smoke at any location between the two components can result in an alarm
– These detectors can also be used in conjunction with mirror system so that the projected beam
is directed in several directions before ultimately striking the receiver
b. Cloud Chamber
– It uses a pump to sample air from a given room. The air is pumped into the high humidity
chamber and the pressure in the chamber is then reduced lightly. If smoke particles are present
as the pressure is lowered, moisture will condense in the smoke particles. This create a cloud
within the chamber
– The photoelectric principle is then used to detect the presence of the “cloud” and hence,
“smoke”
 C. Flame Detectors
- Another method of fire detection is detectors that are sensitive to light waves emitted by fires
- This typically operate by detecting the ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) energy
- These detectors are extremely quick to operate and are typically used only in high hazard areas such as:
• Industrial process facilities
• Fuel loading areas
• Areas where explosions may occur
- Explosions suppression system protect them
- One problem with IR detectors is that they will respond to sunlight, creating an unwanted alarm problem
- Must “see” the flame to detect it so they usually have to be pointed toward the locations where fires are likely
to originate
D. Gas Sensing and Other Phenomena Detectors
- These are not common. Special gas detectors sense specific gases given off by a fire; these gases indicate a
fire
- Examples of this detector are the following:
• Carbon Dioxide Detector
• Carbon Monoxide Detector
- The use of this is in a home is becoming very popular as a way of warning residents of gases
produced by malfunctioning equipment
- Basically, any method of fire detection not already mentioned is considered under the “other phenomena”
category, one example is pressure. If a fire burn in a sealed room (let’s say in Apollo capsule), excessive
pressures develop quickly and can be detected. Some explosion detection devices operate in this way
E. Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (Pull Stations)
- They are very common initiating devices, and usually referred to as “manual pull stations”
- These are simple devices which operate manually, and they require a person to operate the mechanism
- Provides a means of manually activating the fire alarm system and are used in all types of fire alarm systems
- They may be the only initiating devices, such as heat or smoke detectors
- These are found throughout the building hallways, near exits, and at other strategic locations such as a nurse’s
station or security center

Automatic Suppression System

- Fire suppression system can connect into fire alarm panel so that activation of the system causes the panel to
signal an alarm. Wet pipe automatic sprinkler systems commonly have water flow detectors. As water starts
to flow in the sprinkler piping, it causes a vane to swing into an alarm position; this sends an alarm to the fire
alarm panel. Dry pipe sprinkler systems may have pressure sensors for the same reason
- All other fire suppression systems can be connected to fire alarm panel. As mentioned earlier, not all devices
signal an alarm condition. Many devices are tied into the fire alarm system so that they will alert for abnormal
condition. The most common examples are that of a valve supervisory switch or tamper switch on a sprinkler
system. This assures valve that control a sprinkler system are in a proper position. They can have a tamper
switch that will operate if the valve position changes. If the valve moves, a signal will appear at the fire alarm
panel indicating where it should be inspected. This is important since someone could purposely close a valve
on the sprinkler system, rendering the system to be inoperable
- Many other indicating devices can connect into the fire alarm panel for supervision. The following is a partial
list:
• Water level and temperature in a gravity tank
• Water level and air pressure in storage tank
• Status of fire pump
• Air pressure on dry pipe system
• Temperature in the sprinkler control valve room
Indicating Appliances

A. Signal Circuit Appliances

- When a fire alarm system goes into an alarm condition because of the operation of an initiating device, several
activities can occur
- The building codes may require that a signal be sent to the fire department
- Activation of the fire alarm panel may cause other events to happen. In most cases, the fire alarm system also
provides audible and visual indications that an alarm condition has occurred. This latter function is the most
important when considering an occupied building
- A fire alarm panel can also perform functions as needed or required. Example of this would be to control a
remote annunciator or to operate relays that function and recall elevators

Secondary Power Supply

- Also known as “backup power supply”, it is required so that the fire alarm operations can continue if failure
of the main power supply occurs
- Should activate automatically within 30 seconds of the primary power failure to maintain its normal operating
voltage
- Should be capable of powering the system at maximum loading for at least a 24-hour period and can be
capable of operating all alarm appliances for another 5 minutes
- The time period required for the second power operation capabilities vary and can be found in the National
Fire Alarm Code
- Batteries with chargers are a common form of secondary power supply and engine-driven generators are also
acceptable

Trouble Signal

- It is an important feature of any fire alarm system

- Upon detection of an abnormal condition within the fire alarm system, the trouble signal alarm activates to
attract attention to the system so that the condition can be repaired
- The code requires that all the systems provide an abnormal condition trouble signal for a signal open or ground
fault of the system’s initiating, indicating circuits, and loss of primary and secondary power supply to the
system
- All components of a fire alarm systems should be listed for fire alarm system use by an acceptable testing
agency
- Additionally, all components must be used only for the specific function for which they have been designed
and tested

Types of Fire Alarm Systems

- In 1993, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) incorporated all the existing 72 series standards into
1 standard that include NFPA. This new standard is entitled, “National Fire Alarm Code”. Fire alarm system
can be designed and configured to meet the requirements of local fire codes.

In addition to the basic features or components common to most fire alarm system, there are several types of fire
alarm systems:

A. Local Protective Signaling System

- Contained entirely within the building which it services
- The main purpose of this type of system is to provide an evacuation alarm for occupants of that building
- The system need not to be connected by any means of the fire service, therefore, the - - - of the fire service
can only occur if someone hearing the evacuation alarm calls and reports the fire alarm
- The most common type of fire alarm
 B. Auxiliary Protective Signaling System
- It is connected to a municipal coded fire alarm box dedicated to that building
- Upon activation of the fire alarm within the building, the municipal box is tripped and sends a signal to the
fire service
- Uses the same line as the street fire alarm boxes available to the public
C. Remote Station Protective Signaling System
- This type of system uses leased telephone lines to connect the fire alarm system of a given building to a remote
receiving station such as the local fire or police station
D. Central Station Protective Signaling System
- In this type of system, the fire alarm is connected to a privately owned central station
- The central station monitors the fire alarm system and takes necessary action when an alarm is received
E. Proprietary Protective Signaling System
- Similar to the central station system discussed above, except that the central station is owned by the same
concern as the building being monitored. The buildings being protected may or may not be on the same
property as the central station
- Many large facilities use this type of system with the security center serving as the central station
F. Voice Alarm Communication System
- Systems can include an emergency voice alarm communication system. Inclusion of this equipment within the
fire alarm system provides for the transmission of information to occupants of the building
- The fire department can also use this equipment while operating within the building
G. Audible and Visual Alarm Indicators
- To make occupants of a building aware of a possible fire emergency, they must be notified in some manner
- Typically, fire alarm systems accomplish this through audible and visual indicating devices so that the
occupants don’t mistake the signals’ purpose and because the building may be occupied by handicapped
persons (deaf and blind people), there is a need for both types of signals
- Bells, chimes, horns, buzzers and speakers as well as strobe lights, rotating beacons, and flashing lights are
common examples of these devices
- Many times, the audible device will ring in what is referred to as “march time”. This means, the ringing is not
constant but in an on-off manner. The flashing of lights or strobe lights is better to alert occupants than steady
illuminating lights.
- It is a common practice, but not always desirable, to locate the audible and visual system in one unit
- In addition to march time signals, there are coded signals. Coded signal, as the name implies, have a pattern
(code) that provides information regarding the initiation of the alarm. The code may indicate a location such
as floor or wing where the alarm started. It also could alert the occupants about the required - - -. The extent
and meaning of any code or fire alarm signal, must suit the needs of a particular facility. In a hospital, for
example, where loudspeaker warnings are common, either coded or direct, such warnings and fire alarm
warnings need coordination so that the two will not interfere with one another
- All signaling systems should be engineered and tested to ensure they are capable of alerting all occupants.
This require a knowledge of the anticipated background noises. For example, a mechanical room that has
equipment operating that produces highest noises levels may require special attention

Other Functions Controlled by Fire Alarm Systems

As mentioned above, fire alarm system can do more than receive an indication of an emergency and send an
alarm. This section will identify some of the common function controlled by fire alarm system. The list is not
intended to be all inclusive:

• The fire alarm panel can send a signal to the fire department or other desired facility via one of the
methods described at the beginning
• Elevator capture and recall is a common function that fire alarm panels can perform easily. Upon receiving
an alarm, the fire alarm panel can operate one or more relay that control the action of the elevator
 • The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system (HVAC) or a smoke control system can also be
controlled through fire alarm panels. Fire alarm systems frequently include remote annunciator.
• Briefly, a remote annunciator “displays” the condition of the fire alarm panel at a remote location, usually
through lights or LEDs on graphic or tabular displays. Remote annunciator can also have switches that
controls the main alarm panel. The fire alarm panel may be in a secured area out of the public way.
However, it must be remembered that those investigating an alarm need to inspect the indicator on a fire
alarm or annunciator panel to determine the cause of the alarm and the location of the initiating device.
Remote annunciator can be at a location, such as the main lobby of a building or at a security desk so that
the needed information on the condition of the fire alarm panel is readily available
• Earlier, we discussed that fire suppression system can be tied into fire alarm panel so that their activation
is monitored. Another important function that a fire alarm panel can control is the activation of fire
suppression system. In this function, the fire alarm panel identifies a fire through its initiating circuits and
activates a fire suppression system such as a hollowed or a carbon dioxide system through a control circuit.
This means that fire alarm system can both alert when a fire suppression system is activated and serve as
a control mechanism when suppression system is activated. Another type of the fire suppression system
that fire alarm panel can control are pre-reaction and deluge (?) sprinkler system

MODULE 23: FIRE SUPRESSION AGENTS AND SYSTEMS

Basic Fire Suppression

- Fire suppression and extinguishment involves two essential variables:

• Extinguish agent
• System or procedure for applying the agent
- The primary method of achieving fire suppression can be explained using the fire tetrahedron which evolved
from the familiar fire triangle. The fire triangle is a graphic representation of the three components that must
be present for combustion to occur:
• Fuel
• Heat
• Oxygen
- If some of these components are removed or sufficiently reduced, combustion ceases. Fire suppression
involves the removal or reduction of one or more components of the fire triangle, or so it was thought, until
recently. With the advent of halon and a re-evaluation of the dry chemical extinguishing agent, came a
necessity to modify the fire triangle. In addition to the removal of one of the three component just described,
fire can be put out by interfering with the complex chemical reaction that are constantly occurring due to the
combustion process. This uninhibited chain reaction now adds a fourth side of the fire triangle and the fire
triangle becomes the fire tetrahedron

Fire Suppression Agents and Systems

A. Water
- Is the most common fire extinguishing agent used because it has several features that make it a desirable
extinguishing agent
- Can extinguish fire by cooling the fuel below the temperature at which the fuel can produce flammable vapors
- Can extinguish by smothering, dilution, and emulsification
- Has a very high specific heat. It needs a great deal of heat before it can change from the liquid to the gaseous
phase, therefore, water applied to a fire will absorb a large portion of the heat released by the fire. If there is
enough water to absorb the heat, the fire will go out since the fuel cools below the temperature required to
liberate additional flammable vapors
 - Once water is converted to steam, it is still an effective fire extinguishing agent since the steam can continue
to absorb a great deal of heat. It is best to introduce water into the fire area in the form of a spray as oppose
to a stream. A spray will allow for a quicker absorption of heat. For this reason, a sprinkler discharge water in
a spray pattern. When water transforms into steam, its volume increases approximately 1600 times. This acts
to displace the oxygen from the fire area resulting in the smothering or oxygen displacement of the fire.
Without adequate oxygen, the fire will soon die. Thus, water transferring to steam act as a suspension agent
in two ways:
• Heat absorption
• Oxygen displacement
- Extinguishment by dilution means the introduction of water into a burning liquid. The dilution acts to cool the
liquid and reduces the vapor production at the fuel surface since the flammable liquid is diluted
- Emulsification is another method of fire extinguishment using water. Basically, an emulsion is formed when
immiscible liquid is mixed and one of the liquids becomes dispersed in the other form. Emulsion that forms at
a surface will return the liberation of flammable vapors and the fire will die.
- Dilution and emulsification have several limitations and generally, are not a good way to extinguish a fire.
Spills and boils over may occur to some tanks causing the fire to spread and possibly causing injuries
- Perhaps, the main benefit of water as a suppression agent is that it is relatively cheap and readily available in
most areas especially if there is a municipal water supply.
- The major limitations of water are:
• It is extremely heavy
• It conducts electricity
• It can damage property
• It can freeze
- However, there are design methods including the selection of other agents that can minimize the negative
aspect of water as a suppression agent
B. Water with modifiers
- Occasionally, water used for fire suppressions has modifiers added to change some of its characteristics
- Foam is the most common; are added to water to form a foam solution for fighting certain types of fire, such
as flammable liquid spills
- Additives also include surface tension reducing agents frequently called wetting agents. It increases the ability
of water to penetrate combustibles. In turn, this allow the water to attack deep-seated fire
- Antifreeze is used to reduce the freezing point of water when temperatures at or below freezing point
threaten the proper use of water-based fire suppression systems
C. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- A substance with many commercial uses. Perhaps the most common is the carbonization in the soda pop or
other carbonated beverages
- Has a large number of properties which make it a good fire extinguishing agent
- One of the most common uses of the carbon dioxide system is to protect kitchen cooking equipment. The
whole docks and enclosed broilers may be protected with a total flooding application. Deep fryers require
local application protector
- At room temperature and pressure, CO2 can exist as a vapor or solid
• The solid form (dry ice) will transfer to gaseous form
• For fire extinguishing purposes, CO2 cannot exist at pressure below 75.1 psi absolute (about 60 psi)
• At this pressure, the liquid, vapor, and solid phases of CO2 can all exist simultaneously. This point is
important when designing piping system to carry liquid CO2
• Pressure in the pipeline must not drop below this point or the attendant formation of dry ice will block
the pipe and stop the flow
 - In any fire, heat results from the rapid oxidation of the fuel. Some of the heat generated brings the - - - portion
of the fuel to its ignition temperature while a large portion of the heat and combustion escapes by radiation
and convection to the surroundings
- If the atmosphere that supplies oxygen to the fire is diluted by adding CO 2, the rate of heat generated by
oxidation is reduced. When the rate of heat generation is less than the rate of heat loss, the fire will die.
Complete extinguishment will occur when all the fuels involved fall below their ignition temperature
• When the liquid is discharged to atmospheric pressure, it “flashes” over to vapor and dry ice. The
percentage of dry ice and vapor produced depends primarily on the storage condition of the liquid.
The superheated CO2 vapor is about 50% more dense than air. The dry ice has a temperature of about
100°F at atmospheric pressure. Despite the low temperature of the dry ice particles, the heat capacity
of CO2 is rather low compare to other fire extinguishing, such as water. Thus, the cooling effect, though
present, is not significant as a pound for pound basis as the cooling produced by water. Most of the
dry ice from typical total - - - discharge is sublimated by the air in the enclosure
- The evaporation of the dry ice in the fire stone removes heat from the surrounding at a rate of 60 – 100 DTUs
per pound of liquid CO2 discharged. While this cooling is more compared to the cooling obtained with other
agents, such as water, it provides ten times the cooling effect per pound. It does contribute to extinguishing
effectiveness
- The relative high density of CO2 vapor makes it useful for blanketing the surface of a fuel. The oxygen in the
surrounding air, physically, separates from the surface of the fuel. This effect is noticeable particular with local
application
D. Halon
- Is considered a “clean agent”. In that, it leaves no residue after discharge
- It is almost completely electrically nonconductive; hence its wide use in electronics. Halon is non-corrosive to
many materials. Halon 1301 is a gas when discharge and it has a good volume - - capabilities. However, Halon
1211, another fairly common agent, does not vaporize as readily as Halon 1301. The concentration required
are typically low on the order of 5% by volume which results in smaller storage containers
- It is approximately 2 ½ times more effective than CO2 on a weight basis
- Halon is colorless which allows people caught in a discharge to see through it
- Halon system often protect data processing centers and other areas which contain sensitive electrical
equipment, such system also exists in electric and telephone switch gear rooms. In addition to the type of
hazard protected, another critical criterion for using halon is the need to provide a tight enclosure. Since halon
is a gas, it can leak through improperly sealed openings and as a result the required design density is not
maintained
- Lately, there have been great concern over the effects halon has on the environment
• Depletion effect on the ozone layer. This has resulted in the re-evaluation of the use of halon as a fire
suppression agent. In addition, the use of halon in acceptance testing has been subject of study and
options such as using different test gases, like sulfur, are now being evaluated. Several new products
are now under development to replace the halon agent in existing fire suppression systems
E. Dry Chemical
- Can extinguish extremely fast if introduced directly into the flaming area
- Smothering and cooling result from the application of dry chemical agents but the primary extinguishing
capabilities result from the combustion-chain-reaction-breaking abilities of the dry chemical agent. This is the
same principal extinguishing features of halons
- This system uses a dry chemical powder mixture as an extinguishing agent. Common dry chemical agent
includes:
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Potassium bicarbonate
• Urea-potassium bicarbonate
• Monoammonium phosphate
 - Additives in the base compound reduce caking, promote water repellence, and increase flow and storage
characteristics. Examples of most common additives includes:
• Metallic stearates
• Tricalcium phosphates
• Silicones
- Multipurpose dry chemical usually refers to the monoammonium agent which can be used to suppress fires
involving ordinary combustibles, and energized electrical equipment as well as flammable liquids
- Regular dry chemical is not considered a good agent for ordinary combustibles since water must also be
applied to attack any subsurface burning, which the regular dry chemical cannot reach
- The multipurpose agent does have penetrating abilities, thus its multipurpose listing-. Agents should never be
mixed unless specifically listed for mixing as some agents will generate carbon dioxide. This may cause
container to explode and the agent to cake
- Dry chemical agents can be applied via portable fire extinguishers, hand hose lines, or fixed systems
- Here are some examples of hazards for which dry chemical agents are effective:
• Flammable and combustible liquids and combustible gases
• Combustible solids that melt when involved in fire such as naphthalene and - - -
• Those fuels released from transfer facilities, including transfer piping leaks
• Electrical hazards similar to transformers and oil circuit breakers
• Multipurpose, ordinary combustibles and some plastics, if all involved surfaces can be covered by the
agent
• Kitchen hoods and ducts as well as surface cooking units and deep fat fryers
- Here are some hazards for which dry chemical agents are not considered satisfactory:
• Chemicals containing their own oxygen supply, such as cellulose nitrate
• Combustible metals, unless the agent is specifically listed for such use
• Deep-seated fires in ordinary combustibles when multipurpose dry chemical agents cannot cover all
involved surfaces
• In addition, it is not wise to use a dry chemical to prevent reignition if a heat source is present
- Dry chemical agents are likely to leave sticky residue, may adhere to electrical components, slightly corrosive
and may affect occupant breathing and reduce vision. If the agent does not become moist, it may not flow
properly through system and will not discharge properly
- Dry chemical agents, however, are considered non-toxic
F. Wet Chemical
- Wet chemical suppression agents are a relatively new means of suppressing fires involving cooking equipment
- Leading manufacturers of wet chemical suppression system introduced this system in the early 1980s
- They are currently accepted only for the protection of restaurants, commercial and institutional food ducts
and associated cooking appliances. Only pre-engineering system are used
- Wet chemical extinguishing agents are typically potassium carbonate-based, potassium acetate-based, or a
combination of these. Mixed with water, these solutions are alkaline-based and discharged through system
piping by an expellant gas
- The primary extinguishing capability of the wet chemical agent is its characteristic of mixing with cooking
grease to form a foam barrier over the burning fuel. This blanket effect prevents the flammable volatiles from
mixing with oxygen needed for combustion. It also acts to cool the fuel surface and this aids in fire suppression
- They are generally harmless to humans. Any effects, that may occur, usually disappear once contact with the
agent ends
- The agent may have corrosive effect on some metals. The manufacturer’s literature should be consulted for
such information. This give warnings to use the right agent in the right system. In part, these are due to the
testing of specific system with specific wet chemical agent.
- Using non-approved agents or agents from other manufacturers may make the system inoperative
MODULE 24: TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Types of Water Distribution Systems

A. Public Water Systems

- Usually fall under a unit of local government or an “authority” with legal responsibility
- The water utility department and fire department need to develop and maintain a good working relationship.
They should support each other and work together to plan, design, and maintain the system for the benefit
of the community. If the public water system and the fire department are units of the local government, it is
easier to work together. This become even more critical when the water authority is separate from the local
government
B. Private Water Systems
- Usually owned by land development or manufacturing companies
- They may supply water utility service to a particular site or in some instances to a community. When serving
a single site, the water is usually used for manufacturing, processing, and fire protection. Generally, the system
has its own water storage and, in some cases, its own water processing equipment
- The water distribution system (pipes and valves) is only for use on site and is generally not connected to a
public system. The system may have standard water distribution hardware or hardware manufactured for the
private system owner
- If nonstandard hardware is used, sometimes the hydrants and hose connection are not compatible with the
local fire department’s apparatus. If you have any private system within your jurisdiction, they plan the site
and make arrangement with the private system operators for appropriate hardware so that the fire
department’s equipment and the equipment at the site system are compatible and are adaptable for
compatibility

Water Supply System Components

All water supply system, either private or public, have the same basic functional components:

A. Water Source
The source of a water utility varies around the country and perhaps even on small areas. The two sources of water
supply system are (although most water system have only one source, there are instances of both):
I. Ground Water Sources
- Ground water source-users received water from:
• Wells – water is pumped up from the ground
• Ground-level and subterranean springs – water is either drained from or pumped out of the
springs
- Once brought to the surface it is either stored or sent through the distribution system
- Ground water source-users may or may not treat the water prior distribution
II. Surface Water Sources
- It includes:
• Lakes
• Rivers
• Ponds
• Coastal waters
• Natural or artificial reservoirs
- Surface water source-users will treat the water, since the water from this source tends to be exposed
to contaminants more than ground water
- In some coastal areas, the local water utility may operate a desalination plant to convert salt water
to fresh water. There is a trend today in parts of the country who have system like this in their
community
B. Water Storage
Storage of water prior to delivery in water systems normally occurs in:
I. Elevated Storage
- Or reservoir, are common because they do not require pumping water into the distribution system.
Gravity supplies pressure to the distribution system
- Generally, a pumping system increases water main pressure in the event of a larger demand of water.
The use of the system for firefighting could put a larger than normal demand on the system and the
utility company could supply larger pressure and volumes with pumps
- In some systems, elevated storage tanks are used solely for storage of water for fire protection
- For these tanks to be reliable, they must be properly located, have an adequate capacity, and be of
sufficient height to develop the required pressures
II. Ground-level and Underground Storage
- Ground-level storage tanks, which lack the gravitational pressure of elevated tanks, usually cannot
supply the minimum pressure demand for normal use. Therefore, pumps maintain a minimum
pressure and can increase the pressure if there is a demand
III. Combination Storage Systems
- Some systems use a combination of elevated and ground-level tanks for storage
C. Water Distribution Systems (Pipes and Valves)/ Pumps
The main components of water distribution systems are:
I. Pumps
- Provides proper pressure and volume in the water distribution system. Normal system pressure may
have to be increased in the event an increased demand is placed on the system or part of the system.
Such demand may result from a main break, flashing/flushing (?) of the system or a large fire of
multiple fires occurring at the same time
II. Pipes (Main Pipes)
- Water remains from the foundation of a good water supply, size, location, ties (?) in materials, along
with the proper maintenance, all affect the quality and quantity of water supply delivered. For this
reason, communities and water departments must consider the quality, capability, reliability of new
system installation and - - -. The fire department must be consulted any time that modifications are
made to a system to assure that fire departments system will supply enough pressure and quantity
of water for fire protection purposes
- Are constructed out of cast iron, ductile iron, steel, cement asbestos, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or a
combination of these materials
- Usually have the larger diameter pipe closer to the water source. From that point to the end user, the
size gradually decreases
III. Valves
- control the flow of water through the water distribution system

Valves are broadly divided into two categories:

a. Indicating Valves
- Visually show the position of the gate or valve seat to indicate whether it is closed, partially
closed, or open
- The primary types of indicating valves used for connection of fire suppression system are:
• Outside screw and yoke (OS and Y)
• Yard post indicating valve (YPIV)
• Indicating butterfly valve
- Valves supplying water for fire protection and suppression systems should always be chained
and locked in the open position. If not chained and locked, the valve should have a valve
 tamper (?) alarm, which activates a trouble signal on an alarm system if the valve is not in the
full-open position
b. Non-indicating Valves
- Do not have any visible means to show their position except for a few valves in plants and
pumping station. Valves in water supply system are of the non-indicating type
- Valves in water distribution system are usually buried or installed in manhole. When properly
installed, a buried valve is operable from above ground through a valve box. A long-handled
wrench, called as T-wrench, is inserted in the valve box to operate the valve. It is very
important that valves are in the full-open position, as partially closed valve will not deliver
the amount of water needed for the system and can hamper or even cripple firefighting
operations
- This valve should be tested at least once a year to assure their proper operation. Valve should
be spaced so only a short length of pipe will be out of service at one time if there will be a
break
IV. Hydrants
V. Fire Protection Connections
D. Hydrants or Other End-user Devices
- Early method of obtaining water for firefighting purposes were crude (?)
- Water systems used hollowed-out logs for water mains (main pipes). Pits where dug at specified intervals to
expose the water mains (main pipes)
- A hole was made in the main and a wooden plug, “fire plugs”, was inserted used to identify the hydrants.
When a fire occurs, the wooden plug is removed from the main, water fills the pit and fire apparatus will rapt
from the pit. However, the flow of water was so meager that the system was seldom effective.
- Cast iron pipe permitted the system pressure to be increased and this led to the development of the post-
type fire hydrant. An opening at the upper end of the standpipe provided a place for the fire pumpers to
receive their supply
- How are hydrants installed:
• For hydrants to be immediately useful, they must be kept clear of obstructions, such as fences, walls,
landscaping and snow
• The center of the large opening should be a minimum of 18 inches above grade
• It must be far enough from any adjacent object to allow the hydrant wrench to turn in a continuous
movement and to allow for hose connection
• The caps and openings and the threads need to be inspected on a periodic basis to assure that they
operate freely and that the whole - - - can be connected. Any hydrants found to be non-functional
could be reported to the utility authority and a follow-up inspection made to be sure that the hydrant
was repaired and placed in service. One of the most common problem with out-of-service hydrant is
that someone failed to turn on the control valve for the hydrant after installing or maintenance.
Usually, each hydrant on a system will have its dedicated valve so that only one hydrant will have to
be out-of-service for repair or replacement
• Hydrants come in many styles. Utility companies usually will have one type of hydrant on their system.
However, some communities may have more than one design of hydrant on the system. Some large
developments have hydrants designed to add to the aesthetic of the development

There are two basic types of fire hydrants used today:

I. Dry Barrel Hydrants

- Operate with a valve at the bottom of the hydrant that opens at the water main (main pipes) and,
when closed, permits the water remaining in the barrel to drain out
- These hydrants are common at areas subject to freezing weather conditions and are by far the most
common hydrants today
 - Current dry barrel hydrant’s design incorporates a traffic safety flange and operating rod installed
just above grade. With this type of design, if a vehicle hits the hydrant, it will shear the hydrant and
operating valve and allow the main valves to remain close
- The safety flange allows the new hydrant to be installed without digging down to water main (main
pipes); this provides for less expensive repair and decreases time out-of-service.
II. Wet Barrel Hydrants
- Have a valve at each outlet or they may have only one valve that controls the flow to all outlets
- In general, hydrant bonnets (tops), barrels, and foot pieces are made of cast iron and the important
working parts are usually made of bronze, but the valve facings may be made of rubber, leather, or
composition material. A standard hydrant is equipped with one large opening, 4 inches to 4 ½ inches,
and two outlets, - - -
- Hydrant outlets trend must conform to the trend which the local fire department uses. National
Standard Post Coupling (?) trends are best suited for visual aid operations. Adapters may be necessary
when using hydrants in other response areas

MODULE 25: AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

Automatic Sprinkler Fire Suppression Systems

- Many codes do not require a specific type of automatic suppression system, but generally, it is expected that
an automatic sprinkler system will exist unless the hazard is not compatible with water
- The most common automatic fire suppression system
- They consist of automatic sprinkler that operate at a pre-determined temperature and automatically
distribute water upon a fire in sufficient quantity at least to contain and possibly extinguish a fire. The water
reaches the sprinkler through a system of overhead piping. Some reliable public or private water source
supplies the overhead piping
- Sprinkler systems have two main purpose:
• To extinguish unwanted fires
• To control the size of a fire until trained fire suppression crews arrive to extinguish the fire.

Either of these activities result in increased property protection and life safety. When connected to an
approved fire alarm system, sprinkler system provides the added benefit, acting as initiating devices, to
activate the fire alarm system

Classifications of Automatic Sprinkler Systems

A. Wet Pipe Systems

- Use closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water under pressure at all times
- Is the most common type of sprinkler system in use unless there is danger of the water in the pipes freezing
or when other special conditions require one of the other types of systems
B. Dry Pipe Systems
- Employ closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system which contains air or nitrogen under pressure
- When a fire occurs and an automatic sprinkler activates, the air or nitrogen escapes. This reduces the pressure
in the system to a point at which the pressure on the water supply side causes the valve to operate, allowing
water to flow through the system piping
- Usually exist on locations that cannot be heated properly
C. Pre-action Systems
- Employ closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system which contains air, which may or may not be
under pressure
 - When a fire occurs, a fire detecting device, such as a smoke or heat detector activates and causes the water
control valve to open and water to flow into the pipe system. Thereafter, when an automatic sprinkler
activates, water is available to flow through the sprinkler immediately
- Commonly exist in areas where there is danger of serious water damage as a result of a damaged automatic
sprinkler or broken piping
- Electrical equipment rooms, computer rooms, and operating rooms are locations which use pre-action
sprinkler systems
D. Deluge Systems
- Employ automatic sprinklers which are open at all times
- When a fire occurs, a fire detecting device, usually a heat detector, activates and causes the deluge valve to
open. Water then will flow into the piping and discharge through all the open sprinklers
- Offer effective protection from severe hazards, such as flammable liquids, where there is a possibility that the
fire could splash ahead of the operation of closed automatic sprinkler
E. Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-action Systems
- These systems combine the essential features of each system and can operate as either system
- The dry pipe feature serves as a supplemental operation in case of failure of the pre-action system
- Effective in areas that are too large for a single dry pipe system
F. Anti-freeze Systems
- Are used to protect small, unheated areas
- The system’s piping is filled with a special anti-freeze solution to prevent freezing in piping that protects the
area

Types of Automatic Sprinklers

A. Standard
- Heat-sensitive devices designed to react at pre-determined temperatures to release a stream of water
automatically, and to distribute it in a specified pattern and quantity over designated areas
- Under normal conditions, the discharge of water from a closed automatic sprinkler is restrained by a cap or
valve held tightly against the orifice by the releasing mechanism
- The standard automatic sprinkler orifice is one-half inch in diameter. The most common used release
mechanisms include:
• Fusible links
• Glass bulbs
• Chemical pellets
- Water flowing through the orifice strike a deflector designed to create a specified discharge pattern
- Sprinklers are made for installation in an:
• Upright (SSU)
- The water spray flows downward in a hemispherical pattern from the deflector
• Pendent (SSP)
- **same def. with upright**
• Sidewall position
- Which are mounted on a horizontal or vertical position depending on design, the flow projects
horizontally away from the wall mounted sprinkler. A small amount of water also hits the wall
directly behind the sprinkler
- While the shape of the deflector usually indicates the proper position of the sprinkler, the letter SSU or SSP
are stamped on the deflector’s surface for easy identification
B. Special Heads
There are different types of special heads sprinkler:
I. Extended Coverage
 - NFPA defines extended coverage sprinklers as “sprinklers with special extended, directional discharge
patterns”
- These are specially designed sprinklers and must be installed according to their listings and
appropriate usage
II. Fast Response Sprinklers
- As the name implies, it is specially designed to react more quickly than standard sprinklers when
subjected to the effects of fire

These group of sprinklers include the following types:

a. Quick Response Sprinklers

- Recent technology has introduced a quick response sprinkler. The sole creation for this
special designation is performance on the underwriter’s laboratories
- Plunge-test – a 14-second maximum operating time which holds promise of improved life
safety and property protection
- Results from an actuation element that has a higher ratio of surface-area-to-mass
- To attack a fire before it can develop high velocity plumes
b. Residential Sprinklers
- Use in residential applications only
- Use less pressure and flow and the design requirements are based from fires and conditions
found in residential settings
- Must not be used outside their listed uses and applications
c. Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
- Intended for special fire-threat applications and were development as a result of the quick
response residential sprinkler research coupled with a high pressure and water flows
associated with existing large rapt sprinklers
- The result is basically a large drop sprinkler with a quick response actuation element
- These sprinklers attack a fire rapidly with large amounts of water so that the activation of the
small number of ESFR sprinkler head minimizes or prevents the spread of fire
d. Quick Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprinklers
- Still under development
III. Dry Sprinklers
- In some instances, it is desirable to use dry sprinklers attached to wet pipe sprinkler systems. One
common example is the protection of a freezer in an otherwise heated area
- Have mechanisms that keep a tight seal in place, which prevents water from the wet pipe system
flowing into the dry sprinklers
- Have extended pipe lengths that are dry (without water) and which extend into the unheated area
- When the sprinkler fuses, the seal linkage drops out, allowing water to flow into the previously dry
sprinkler

There are different types of dry sprinklers. This includes:

a. Ornamental, Flush, Recessed and Concealed

- In some cases, it is desirable to change the appearance from the normally associated standard
sprinkler installations. Aesthetic is one reason why people do not use sprinkler. Standard
sprinkler heads are considered unsightly
- Manufactures have responded by painting or finishing sprinkler heads or by giving them a low
profile, so they do not project from the ceiling as much (flush, recessed, and concealed)
- In some cases, this can also be used to limit damage to sprinklers and prevent tampering
- Prisons are one setting where low profile sprinklers are desirable as inmates cannot hang
themselves from such sprinkler heads
 b. Large Drop
- Designed to provide a water spray of large drops as compared to other sprinklers
- These larger drops have an increased ability to travel through high-heat and high-velocity fire
plumes thereby reaching the seat of the fire
- Water drops from standard designs sprinklers may be dispersed by high-velocity fire plumes,
significantly reducing the sprinklers ability to control and extinguish the fire
c. Open
- Do not employ an actuating element, therefore when the water flow into the piping,
sprinklers will flow immediately
d. Nozzles
- Used in applications which require special discharge patterns and spray characteristics
e. Automatic On-off
- Has an integral waterflow control mechanism which can allow or prevent the flow of water
through the sprinkler
- One common use of this sprinkler is the protection of computer facilities, where limited water
flow is desirable
- A common design uses a simple heat-driven bulb which will allow flow if heated and will close
if the sprinkler cools
f. Intermittent Level
- This sprinkler includes a shield located directly above the sprinkler which is designed to
prevent water from other sprinklers located at higher levels from cooling the sprinkler’s
operating elements
- Without this protection, sprinkler would respond more slowly, or not at all, to fire conditions
g. Corrosion Resistant
- Used in environments that are hostile to unprotected sprinklers may include corrosion
protection
C. Extended Coverage

MODULE 26: STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEM

Purpose of Standpipe and Hose System in buildings

- Allow the occupants or fire service personnel to suppress a fire without further help
- Arrangement of piping, valves, hose connections, and related equipment installed in a building in a fixed
manner
- May or may not have hoses permanently attached; water supplies may or may not be continually provided
- Dictated by the class and type of system

Types of Standpipe Systems

The different types of standpipe systems are defined by their features:

• Operational
- It refers to the water availability, either:
o Immediate
o After activation permits water to enter pipe
o Manually supplied through FDC
• Configuration
- Whether or not it ordinarily has water in the pipe
 A. Wet standpipe
- Water is in the pipe at all times and is required to support manual firefighting
- Environmental temperature must be at least 40°F for installation
- Found in internal stair towers of mid- to high-rise buildings
B. Automatic Dry Standpipe
- Contains pressurized air in the pipe
- Environmental temperature must be at least 40°F for installation
- System piping and hose valves can be stored at lower temperature
- Found in residential multi-family mi-rise buildings
C. Semi-automatic Standpipe
- Contains pressurized air or atmospheric air in the pipe
- Water enters pipe through activation of remote-control device
- Environmental temperature must be at least 40°F
- Found in industrial complexes or public areas where features are exposed to varying weather
D. Manual Wet Standpipe
- Contains water in the pipe at all times, but water is supplied from the building’s domestic system
- Domestic supply line is usually not more than ¾ or 1 inch in diameter and serves as priming water to reduce
water time it takes for water to reach the hose valve
- Found in older mid- and high-rise buildings
- Rarely newly installed in buildings due to arrival of combined standpipe systems
E. Manual Dry Standpipe
- Does not have an attached water supply that’s why firefighters must connect a water source to the fire
department connection
- Common in remote or freestanding structures such as parking garages where environment is hard to monitor
F. Combined Standpipe and Sprinkler System
- Designs will try to use the standpipe system as the sprinkler supply line
- Common on old buildings with existing standpipes and new buildings where standpipe design provides outlets
for sprinkler system
- Benefits to contractors/developers are manageable designs, better use of space, cost savings
- Benefits to the fire department is ready access to sprinkler control valves and manual hose valves
- This type of system is formally adapted by NFPA in 1971 and the certain requirements for this system

Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems

NFPA 14 defined the standards for the installation of standpipe and hose systems into three classes:

A. Class I Standpipe Systems

- For use by trained firefighting personnel
- Can supply effective fire streams during more advanced fire stages
- 2 ½ inch (65 mm) hose connections or hose stations attached to standpipe riser. This sized hose produces a
heavy fire stream, primary for the fire service, which supplies hoses for fighting fire
B. Class II Standpipe Systems
- For use by untrained building occupants
- Have 1 ½ inch (38 mm) hose connections
- This follow some department’s standard operating procedures (SOPs):
• Do not rely on existing hoses and nozzles for fire attack
• Carry hose packs into the structure, disconnect the house line, and connect the department’s
equipment
C. Class III Standpipe Systems
- Combine features of Class I and Class II systems
- 2 ½ inch (65 mm) connections for fire department personnel
 - 1 ½ inch (38 mm) connections for occupants
- Must allow for simultaneous use of Class I and Class II services

Standpipe System Components

A. Fire Department Connections (FDC)

- If the building has a standpipe or sprinkler system, the first responders should connect post lines to the FDC
- FDC is a coupling device on a building’s exterior
- It provides primary or secondary water source
- Check valves prevents water from leaving the system
- Protective caps or plugs prevent FDC from clogging with debris

There are two types of FDC:

I. Wall-mounted
- FDC breaches exterior building wall
II. Freestanding
- FDC supply line is buried underground
- It extends out of the ground to connect to piping
- Location of Fire Department Connections:
• FDC must be visible, recognizable, and accessible
• NFPA 14 lists requirements for FDCs
• Other requirements may exist (e.g., jurisdictional)
• Wall-mounted FDCs are preferred over freestanding
• Freestanding FDCs may be necessary due to topography, safety, and other factors
- Fire Department Connection Identification:
• FDCs mut have ID signs so fir fighters know what kind of system they supply
• Signs should give information about inlet pressure requirements
B. Pipes and Fittings
- Components used to install systems must meet or exceed adopted standards of:
• American Water Works Association
• American Society for Testing and Materials
• American Welding Society
• American National Standards Institute
- Materials are chosen considering the pipe schedule type, and joining method
- Fittings join piping and components together by various methods
- Regardless of material, the purpose is to connect pipe and other system components
C. Gauges
- Pressure gauges are important and required to help determine available water pressure in a system
- Installed at the top of each standpipe
- Recommended for pressure-regulating devices
- Should not be exposed to freezing temperatures
- Must have a shut-off control valve and be able to drain
- Help determine the available water pressure in the system
D. Valves
- There are many different types of valves:
• Check valves
• Control valves
• Drain valves
• Hose valves
 - Pressure-restricting, pressure-reducing, and pressure-control devices and valves
- Allow boost pressure to be high but manageable
- Special care must be taken with installation, testing and maintenance
- Flow tests must be performed at time of acceptance and periodically thereafter
- Fire companies should identify properties with these devices
E. Hose cabinets, Hose, Hose Racks, and Nozzles
- Cabinet/closet: mounted to the wall; holds fire protection equipment
- Hoses: certain requirements for use, length, and collapsible vs. non-collapsible
- Hose racks: may require a listing depending on size
- Nozzles: may require a listing and must be able to flow at low pressures