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S L Dixon Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery

This document contains the table of contents for a textbook on turbomachinery. The table of contents provides an overview of the 9 chapters and topics covered in the textbook. The chapters cover dimensional analysis and performance laws, basic thermodynamics and definitions of efficiency, two-dimensional cascades, axial-flow turbines and compressors, three-dimensional flows in axial turbomachines, centrifugal pumps and compressors, radial flow gas turbines, and hydraulic turbines. The textbook provides both theoretical analysis and practical design considerations for various types of turbomachines.

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Abel Azie
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295 views4 pages

S L Dixon Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery

This document contains the table of contents for a textbook on turbomachinery. The table of contents provides an overview of the 9 chapters and topics covered in the textbook. The chapters cover dimensional analysis and performance laws, basic thermodynamics and definitions of efficiency, two-dimensional cascades, axial-flow turbines and compressors, three-dimensional flows in axial turbomachines, centrifugal pumps and compressors, radial flow gas turbines, and hydraulic turbines. The textbook provides both theoretical analysis and practical design considerations for various types of turbomachines.

Uploaded by

Abel Azie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

PREFACE TO FOURTH
EDITION ix

PREFACE TO THIRDEDITION xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii

LISTOF SYMBOLS XiV

1. Introduction: Dimensional Analysis: Similitude 1


Definition of a turbomachine I
Units and dimensions 3
Dimensional analysis and pegormance laws 4
Incompressiblejluid analysis 6
Performance characteristics 7
Variable geometry turbomachines 9
Specijc speed 10
Cavitation 12
Compressible gasflow relations 15
Compressiblejluid analysis 16
The inherent unsteadiness of thejlow within turbomachines 20
References 21
Problems 22

2. Basic Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics: Definitions of Efficiency 23


Introduction 23
The equation of continuity 23
The first law of thermodynamics - internal energy 24
The momentum equation - Newton’s second law of motion 25
The second law of thermodynamics - entropy 29
Definitions of efficiency 30
Small stage or polytropic efficiency 35
Nozzle efficiency 41
D i m e r s 43
References 53
Problems 53
vi Contents
3. Two-dimensional Cascades 55
Introduction 55
Cascade nomenclature 56
Analysis of cascade forces 57
Energy losses 59
Lif anddrag 59
Circulation and 113 61
Efficiency of a compressor cascade 62
Performance of two-dimensional cascades 63
The cascade wind tunnel 63
Cascade test results 65
Compressor cascade performance 68
Turbine cascade performance 70
Compressor cascade correlations 71
Fan blade design (McKenzie) 80
Turbine cascade correlation (Ainley) 81
Comparison of the profile loss in a cascade and in a turbine stage 86
Optimum space-chord ratio of turbine blades (Zweifel) 87
References 88
Problems 90

4. Axial-flow Turbines: Two-dimensional Theory 93

Introduction 93
Velocity diagrams of the axial turbine stage 93
Thermodynamics of the axial turbine stage 94
Stage losses and efficiency 96
Soderberg 's correlation 97
Types of axial turbine design 99
Stage reaction 101
Diffusion within blade rows 103
Choice of reaction and effect on efficiency 107
Design point efficiency of a turbine stage 108
Maximum total-to-static eflciency of a reversible
1 turbine stage
1 2
Stresses in turbine rotor blades I14
Turbineflow characteristics I20
Flow characteristics of a multistage turbine 122
The Wells turbine 124
References 132
Problems 133

5. Axial-flow Compressors and Fans 137


Introduction 137
Two-dimensional analysis of the compressor stage 138
Velocity diagrams of the compressor stage 140
Thermodynamics of the compressor stage 141
Contents vii
Stage loss relationships and efficiency 142
Reaction ratio 143
Choice of reaction 143
Stage loading I 4 4
Simplified off-designpetformance 145
Stage pressure rise 147
Pressure ratio of a multistage compressor 148
Estimation of compressor stage efficiency 149
Stall and surge phenomena in compressors 154
Control offlow instabilities I59
Axial-flow ducted fans 160
Blade element theory 162
Blade element efficiency 163
Lifi coefficientof a fan aerofoil 164
References I65
Problems 166

6. Three-dimensional Flows in Axial Turbomachines 169

Introduction I69
Theory of radial equilibrium 169
The indirect problem 171
The direct problem 179
Compressible$ow through afired blade row 180
Constant specific mass flow 181
Off-design performance of a stage 183
Free-vortex turbine stage 184
Actuator disc approach 186
Blade row interaction effects 190
Computer-aided methods of solving the through-flowproblem 191
Secondaryj?ows 193
References 195
Problems 1%

7. Centrifugal Pumps, Fans and Compressors 199

Introduction 199
Some definitions 200
Theoretical analysis of a centnfugal compressor 202
Inlet casing 203
Impeller 203
Conservation of rothalpy 204
D i m e r 205
Inlet velocity limirations 205
Optimum design of a pump inlet 206
Optimum design of a centrifugal compressor inlet 208
Slip factor 213
Head increase of a centrifugal pump 218
viii Contents
Performance of centrifugal compressors 219
The difiser system 227
Choking in a compressor stage 230
References 232
Problems 233

8. Radial Flow Gas Turbines 2%


Introduction 236
Types of inwardflow radial turbine 237
Thermodynamics of the 90 deg IFR turbine 239
Basic design of the rotor 241
Nominal design point efficiency 242
Mach number relations 246
Loss coefficients in 90 deg IFR turbines 247
Optimum efficiency considerations 248
Criterionfor minimum number of blades 253
Design considerationsfor rotor exit 256
Incidence losses 260
SigniJicance and application of specific speed 263
Optimum design selection of 90 deg IFR turbines 266
Clearance and windage losses 269
Pressure ratio limits of the 90 deg IFR turbine 269
Cooled 90 deg IFR turbines 271
References 272
Problems 273

9. Hydraulic Turbines 277


Introduction 277
Hydraulic turbines 278
The Pelton turbine 281
Reaction turbines 290
The Francis turbine 290
The Kaplan turbine 296
Effect of size on turbomachine efficiency 299
Cavitation 301
References 305
Problems 306

Bibliography 309

Appendix 1. Conversion of British and US Units to SI Units 310

Appendix 2. Answers to Problems 311

Index 315

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