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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Arithmetic progressions are sequences where each term is calculated by adding a fixed number, called the common difference, to the previous term. Geometric progressions use multiplication instead of addition, with each term multiplied by a fixed ratio. Harmonic progressions are the inverse of arithmetic progressions. The relationships between arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means are also explained, with the means satisfying AM ≥ GM ≥ HM for any two positive numbers. Formulas are provided for calculating terms and sums of finite and infinite sequences.

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Rahul Banerjee
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510 views

Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Arithmetic progressions are sequences where each term is calculated by adding a fixed number, called the common difference, to the previous term. Geometric progressions use multiplication instead of addition, with each term multiplied by a fixed ratio. Harmonic progressions are the inverse of arithmetic progressions. The relationships between arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means are also explained, with the means satisfying AM ≥ GM ≥ HM for any two positive numbers. Formulas are provided for calculating terms and sums of finite and infinite sequences.

Uploaded by

Rahul Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Arithmetic Progressions

An Arithmetic Progression is a sequence of numbers in which we get each term by adding a particular
number to the previous term, except the first term.

 Each number in the sequence is known as term.

 The fixed number i.e. the difference between each term with its preceding term is known as
common difference. It can be positive, negative or zero. It is represented as ‘d’.

Some Examples of Arithmetic Progressions

Common difference Value of d Example

d > 0, positive 10 20, 30, 40, 50,…

d < 0, negative -25 100, 75, 50, 25, 0

d = 0, zero 0 5, 5, 5, 5,..

General form of Arithmetic Progression

Where the first term is ‘a’ and the common difference is‘d’.

Example

Given sequence is 2, 5, 8, 11, 14,…

Here, a = 2 and d = 3

d = 5 – 2 = 8 – 5 = 11 – 8 = 3

First term is a = 2

Second term is a + d = 2 + 3 = 5

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Third term is a + 2d = 2 + 6 = 8 and so on.

Finite or Infinite Arithmetic Progressions

1. Finite Arithmetic Progression

If there are only a limited number of terms in the sequence then it is known as finite Arithmetic
Progression.

229, 329, 429, 529, 629

2. Infinite Arithmetic Progression

If there are an infinite number of terms in the sequence then it is known as infinite Arithmetic
Progression.

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18…..…

The nth term of an Arithmetic Progression

If an is the nth term,a1 is the first term, n

is the number of terms in the sequence and d is a common difference then

the nth term of an Arithmetic Progression will be

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
Example

Find the 11th term of the AP: 24, 20, 16,…

Solution

Given a = 24, n = 11, d = 20 – 24 = – 4

an = a + (n - 1)d

a11 = 24 + (11-1) – 4

= 24 + (10) – 4

=24 – 40

= -16

Arithmetic Series

The arithmetic series is the sum of all the terms of the arithmetic sequence.

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

The arithmetic series is in the form of

{a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) + .........}

Sum of first n terms of an Arithmetic series

Sum of the first n terms of the sequence is calculated by

Example

If Radha save some money every month in her piggy bank, then how much

money will be there in her piggy bank after 12 months, if the money is

in the sequence of 100, 150, 200, 250, ….respectively?

Solution

Given sequence is-

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
100, 150, 200, 250, …

a = 100 (first term)

d = 50 (common difference)

n = 12 (as we have to calculate money of 12 months)

Now we will put the values in the formula

So the money collected in her bank in 12 months is Rs. 4500.

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

But when we have finite Arithmetic Progression or we know the last term of the
sequence then the sum of all the given terms of the progression will be
calculated by

Where l = a + (n – 1)d i.e. the last term of the finite Arithmetic


Progression.

Remark: The sum of the infinite arithmetic sequence does not exist.

Example

Find the sum of the sequence 38, 36, 34, 32, 30.

Solution

Given

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Geometric Progression

A Geometric Progression is a sequence of numbers in

which we get each term by multiplying or dividing a particular number to

the previous term, except the first term.

The ratio between every term to the next term is constant.

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
nth term of the Geometric Sequence

an = a1 r n - 1

Sum of Geometric Series

Harmonic Progression

It is the reverse of Arithmetic Progression. If a, a + d, a + 2d

…..is an Arithmetic Progression then  the harmonic progression is

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

nth term of Harmonic Progression

Remark: There is no special formula for finding the

sum of the harmonic series so we can calculate the sum of the arithmetic

series and then take the reciprocal of it which will be the sum of the

harmonic series.

The harmonic series is divergent to infinity.

Arithmetic Mean

Arithmetic mean is the average of the two numbers. If a, b and c are

in Arithmetic Progression then the arithmetic mean of a and c will be

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
Some Important Points


Sum of first n positive integers is given by


 The difference between the sum of the first n terms and first (n -

1) terms is also the nth term of the given Arithmetic Progression.

an = Sn – Sn-1

Geometric Mean

Geometric mean is the average of two numbers. If a and b are the two numbers
then the geometric mean will be

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

Relationship between A.M. and G.M.

As we have seen above the formula for the Arithmetic mean and the Geometric
mean are as follows-

Where a and b are the two given positive numbers.

Let A and G be A.M. and G.M.

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
So

Now let’s subtract the two means with each other

This shows that A ≥ G

Properties of relationship of A.M and G.M.           

Property I: If the Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean of two positive numbers
a and b are A and G respectively, then

A > G

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes
As A – G > 0

Property II: If A be the Arithmetic Mean and G be

the Geometric Mean between two positive numbers a and b, then the

quadratic equation whose roots are a, b is

x2 - 2Ax + G2 = 0

Property III: If A is the Arithmetic Means and G be the Geometric Means


between two positive numbers, and then the numbers are

A ± √A2 – G2

Harmonic Mean

Harmonic mean is calculated by dividing the number of items with the sum of
the reciprocals of all the items.

Harmonic mean is used when there are extreme observations. Like

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

In this case if we will use arithmetic mean to find the average then we will
get the inaccurate average.

Relation between AM, GM and HM

If a and b are two positive real numbers then

AM ≥ GM

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Arithmetic Progressions-Revision Notes

GM ≥ HM

The combination of above two inequalities shows that

AM ≥ GM ≥ HM

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