Asian Social Science; Vol. 10, No.

5; 2014
ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

Anticipation of Penalty Kick to a Goal Keeper

Johansyah Lubis1
1
Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
Correspondence: Johansyah Lubis, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Kampus B, Jl. Pemuda
10, Rawamangun, Jakarta 13220, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: January 16, 2014 Accepted: February 20, 2014 Online Published: February 28, 2014
doi:10.5539/ass.v10n5p55 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n5p55

Abstract
The objective of this research is to determine the correlation between speed of reaction (X1), agility (X2) and
confidence (X3) with anticipation of the penalty kick (Y). This research was conducted with a sample of 10
respondents selected using purposive sampling. The results of this research are as follows. First, there is a
positive correlation between speed of reaction toward the anticipation of the penalty kick. The linear regression
is express through Ŷ = -6.74 + 43.82X1.The correlation coefficient 0.773. It means the speed of reaction toward
the anticipation the penalty kick is 60 %. Second, there is a positive correlation between agility toward the
anticipation of the penalty kick. The linear regression is expressed through Ŷ = -10.42 + 0.86X2. The correlation
coefficient is 0.784. It means the agility toward the anticipation of the penalty kick is 59 %. Third, there is a
positive correlation between confidence toward the anticipation of the penalty kick. The linear regression is
expressed through Ŷ = 27.73 + 0.40X3. The correlation coefficient is 0.784. It means the confidence toward the
anticipation of the penalty kick is 61 %. Fourth, there is a positive correlation between speed of reaction, agility
and confidence with the anticipation of the penalty kick. The linear regression is expressed through Ŷ = -24.995
+ 430.37 X1 + 0.016X2 +0.198X3. The correlation coefficient correlation is 0.9105. It’s mean the speed of
reaction, agility and confidence with anticipation the penalty kick is 91 %.
Keywords: penalty kick, goal keeper
1. Introduction
A goalkeeper’s task is to secure his net by catching, hitting or even chasing off the ball with any part of his body so
that the ball does not go over the line and into his net. A goalkeeper in soccer is a player who is allowed to kick,
catch, or hit the ball to prevent it from going into the net within the allowed area for him
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjaga_gawang).
A goalkeeper, in order to anticipate a penalty kick, must have good reaction speed and agility. An opponent and a
ball are stimulus that can be seen by the eyes of a goalkeeper, so a goalkeeper must quickly make a decision in
giving orders to the muscle to perform movements quickly to save the ball. (Saleh, 1979: 8-9)
A penalty kick in soccer is a difficult and dangerous situation for a goalkeeper. In order to successfully deal with
such situation, a goalkeeper should be ready mentally and confident in order to keep his goal safe.
A goalkeeper must learn to read and predict where the ball is about to be kicked to from the tendency of the
kick’s direction. In order to read the ball properly, a goalkeeper must watch the kicker’s eyes and overall actions,
watch the approach, keep a close eye on the planted foot, hips and head, and do not react too soon
(jbgoalkeeping.com).
According to Johnson and Nelson (1979), the terms reaction time and speed of reaction are used alternately to
state one's ability in providing kinetic response to the stimulus presented unexpectedly, the reaction time is
intended more to explain in relation with time, whereas the speed of reaction is intended more to the direction of
the movement. The speed of reaction involves the processes of the central nervous system in developing
response sharpness. First, a sensory organ is driven by some stimulus; awaking a sensory organ and is then
transfered to nerve impulses and carried to the brain. A similar opinion said that the speed of reaction is the
period of the emergence of the stimulus until the beginning of the response. So the speed of reaction is the time
required to perform the inception of the response or the interval between the stimulus to the response. (Oxendine,
1984)

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Movement time starts when the body movement is recognized (not when the stimulus is identified) and ends when
the body movement stops.

Figure 1. Reaction time (RT), movement time (MT) and response time
Source: Goerge H. Sage, Introduction to Motor Behaviour: A Neuropsyscological Approach

Agility is a combination of speed and coordination (Bompa, 1999) Agility is a person’s ability to change the
body position to a particular direction. Someone who is able to change to a different position at high speeds with
precise coordination means his agility is very good.
Self-confidence is a goalkeeper's beliefs and attitude towards his own ability. Self confidence can be positive or
negative that is formed and learned through the learning process..
According to Peter Lauser in his book entitled Personality Tests translated by DH Gulobahwa: some
psychological aspects that can be used to help a personal establishment, or improve one's personality is
self-confidence. (Sujanto, 1982). According to Singer: to face athletes who don’t believe in themselves (lack of
confidence), a coach can help athletes finds his own identity (sense of identity), i.e to better understand the
circumstances that has occurred to him. (Setyobroto, 2001)
According to Vealey and Knight in his book, based on the model of sport, self-confidence is identified as three
components or dimensions in sport, namely:
1) Physical Skills and Training
Self-confidence is closely related to athlete’s perception regarding to their physical abilities.
2) Cognitive Efficiency
Cognitive efficiency is an athlete's level of confidence or belief that he is able to focus himself, maintain
concentration and make decisions in order to demonstrate successful performance.
3) Tenacity
Tenacity is an athlete's level of confidence or belief that he is able to focus again after his failure. (Vealey, R.S.)
2. Methodology
The method used for this study is a survey method. Meanwhile, the statistical technique used is correlation
analysis, i.e linking variables between the independent variables with the dependent variable, so that in this study
there is no control over the treatment. The independent variables consist of three variables: the speed of reaction
(X1), agility (X2) and self-confidence (X3), while the dependent variable is anticipation of the penalty kick (Y).
The design study can be seen as follows:

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Figure 2. The research design

Description:
X1 = The speed of Reaction
X2 = Agility
X3 = Self-confidence
Y = The Anticipation of the Penalty Kick

The pilot test for the instrument was conducted in the school’s soccer field.The study was conducted in two phases:
the first phase is the pilot test and the second phase of the study was collecting the actual data for analysis. The
target population in this study were all goalkeepers of soccer club’s Universitas Neger Jakarta.
Methods use to collect data for the study were anticipation of penalty kick which is the goalkeeper’s ability to
read the direction of the ball and moving towards the ball quickly has a reliability of 0.872 and valid through
face validity. The speed of reaction measurements was performed with visual stimulus by using whole-body
reaction test for eye-hands and eye-foot has a reliability of 0.811. Agility is the ability to change direction in
reaction to a stimulus and in this case the stimulus is in the form of a ball kicked from various directions at
varying speed has a reliability of 0.8. Self-confidence is a confidence test with the following constructs a.
Physical skills and Training (goalkeeping techniques. attends training without failure) b. Cognitive Efficiency
(concentration during training, ability to make decisions quickly) c. Tenacity (concentration during the game,
never gives up, 3. trying or playing with maximal effort). The instrument was pilot tested with a reliability value
of 0.978.
3. Results
Data analysis presented in this article includes four variables, i.e. anticipation of the penalty kick (Y), speed of
reaction (X1), agility (X2) and self-confidence (X3). The data collected is presented in the form of descriptive
statistics shown as follows.

Figure 3. Histogram for anticipation of penalty kick

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Figure 4. Histogram for the speed of reaction

Figure 5. Histogram for agility

Figure 6. Histogram for self-confidence

3.1 Analysis for Inferential Statistics

3.1.1 Normality Test
Based on the normality test conducted, it can be concluded that the null hypothesis (H0) that states samples were

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not normally distributed can be rejected, in other words, all of the samples are selected from normally distributed
population. Normality test calculation results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Normality test results of estimation error

Ltable
Number Estimation Error Regresion N Lcalculated Description
α = 5% α = 1%
1 Y over X1 10 0.1327 0.258 0,294 Normal
2 Y over X2 10 0.1236 0.258 0,294 Normal
3 Y over X3 10 0.1093 0.258 0,294 Normal

3.1.2 Homogeneity Test

Based on analysis of data, it can be concluded that the sample is homogeneous as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Homogeneity test results

2table
Number Variance dk 2calculated Description
α = 5% α = 1%
1 Y over X1 5 0,056 11,070 15,086 Homogeneous
2 Y over X2 7 0,597 14,067 18,475 Homogeneous
3 Y over X3 8 0,007 15,507 20,090 Homogeneous

3.1.3 Hypothesis Testing

The first analysis showed that the coefficient of the regression direction of b of 0.93 and a constant of 3.13. Thus,
it was obtained that the relationship between the Speed of Reaction (X1) with the Anticipation of the Penalty
Kick (Y) which is expressed by the regression equation of Ŷ = 3.13 + 0.93X1. This regression equation implies
that for every one unit increase in the speed of reaction score there will be an increase of anticipation of penalty
kick score by 0.93 units at a constant of 3.13 as presented in Figure 7.
Anticipation of Penalty Kick (Y)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
The Speed of (X1)

Figure 7. Regression equation for Ŷ = 3.13 + 0.93 X1

The second analysis results in the coefficient of the regression direction of b of 0.80 and a constant of 9.89. Thus,
it was obtained the relationship between Agility (X2) with the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick (Y) which is
expressed by the regression equation of Ŷ = 9.89 + 0.80X2 as visually presented in Figure 8. To be used for
predictive purposes, this equation must satisfy the requirement of linearity and significance.

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80

Anticipation of Pinalty Kick (Y)

70

60
50

40

30

20
10

0
0 20 40 60 80
Agility (X2)

Figure 8. Regression equation for Ŷ = 9.89 + 0.80X2

The degree of relationship between agility (X2) and anticipation of penalty kick (Y2) is shown by the correlation
coefficient of ry2=0.777. The third analysis gave the coefficient of the regression direction of b ias0.81 and a
constant of 9.17. Thus, it was obtained the relationship between Self-Confidence (X3) with the Anticipation of
the Penalty Kick (Y) which is expressed by the regression equation of Ŷ = 9.17 + 0.81X3 as visually presented in
Figure 9.

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Anticipation of Pinalty Kick (Y)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
Self-Confidence (X3)

Figure 9. Regression equation for Ŷ = 9.17 + 0.81X3

The degree of relationship between Self-Confidence (X3) the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick (Y) is shown by
the correlation coefficient of ry3 = 0.788.
Results of multiple regression analysis between the Speed of Reaction (X1), Agility (X2) and Self-Confidence (X3)
with the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick (Y) are given b1 = 0.69; b2 = 0.01, and b3 = 0.39 with a constant of a =
-4.88. Thus the relationship between the Speed of Reaction (X1), Agility (X2) Self-Confidence (X3) with the
Anticipation of the Penalty Kick (Y) is shown in the regression equation of Ŷ = -4.88 + 0.69 X1 + 0.01X2 +
0.39X3. After calculating ANOVA to test the significance of regression, it is concluded that the model of the
regression equation is highly significant.

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There is a positive relationship between the Speed of Reaction, Agility and Self-Confidence with the
Anticipation of the Penalty Kick; meaning the higher the Speed of Reaction, the higher the Agility and more
positive is the Self-Confidence; and the higher the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick. The proven the fourth
hypothesis.
Data analysis showed that the correlation coefficient of Ry.123 = 0.958, and the coefficient of determination of
R2y.123 = (0.958)2 = 0.9178 or 92%. This means that a 92% change in the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick (Y) can
be determined or explained by the Speed of Reaction, Agility and Self-Confidence together, and the remaining
8% is explained by other factors.
4. Conclusion
Based on the study it can be concluded that:
1) there is a relationship between the Speed of Reaction and the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick of soccer
goalkeepers.
2) there is a relationship between Agility and the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick.
3) there is a relationship between positive Self-Confidence and the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick.
4) there is a relationship between the Speed of Reaction, Agility and Self-Confidence with the Anticipation of
the Penalty Kick.
5. Suggestion
Some suggestions to improve the ability to anticipate a penalty kick are as follows:
1) To optimize the ability of the Anticipation of the Penalty Kick in addition to mastering the technique,
goalkeepers should also have good Speed of Reaction, Agility and Self-Confidence.
2) For coaches, teachers and lecturers, they are expected to pay attention on factors that influence the
Anticipation of the Penalty Kick.
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