Structural Engineering

Problem-1: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-2: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. [BWDB – Diagram) of the following beam. [EED –
2020] 2020]

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> 20 x 5 + 30 + 5 x 10 x 12.5 - R C x 10 = 0
=> 20 x 12 + 5 x 25 - R C x 20 = 0
=> R C = 18.25 kN.
=> R C = 18.25 K.
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A + R C - 20 - 50= 0
=> R A + R C - 20 - 5= 0
=> R A = 5.5 kN.
=> R A = 25 – 18.25 = 6.75 K.

Faruque Abdullah
Practical Engineering
Problem-3: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-4: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> -10 x 10 – 10 x 5 + 2 x 20 x 10 - R D x 20
=> 0.5 x 16 x 12 x 8 - R B x 16 = 0
= 0.
=> R B = 48 kN.
=> R D = 10.5 K
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A + R B - 96= 0
=> R C = 47.5 K.
=> R A = 48 kN.
Problem-5: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-6: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MB = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> - 4 x 3 x 1.5 + 15 - R D x 10 = 0
=> 1 x 6 x 3 + 2 x 4 - R B x 6 = 0
=> R D = - 0.3 K
=> R 𝐵 = 4.33 K
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R B = 12.3 K.
=> R A = 3.67 K.
Problem-7: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-8: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MB = 0
∑ MA = 0 2
=> - 0.5 x 4 x 6 x x 4 + 2 x 5 x 2.5 + 6 x 7
3
=> 10 x 2.5 x 1.25 + 200 + 50 x 4 + 25 x 7 - - RE x 9 = 0
RB x 5 = 0
=> R E = 3.89 K
=> R B = 120 K
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A = 24.11 K.
=> R A = 21.25 K.
Problem-9: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-10: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Solution:

∑ MB = 0 ∑ MA = 0

=> MB = 10 x 2 = 20 k-ft. [Clockwise] => 6 + 6 x 6 + 5 x 5 x 13.5 - R B x 11 = 0

∑ MA = 0 => R B = 34.5 K

=> 20 + 10 x 5 - R C x 10 = 0 ∑ Fy = 0

=> R C = 7 K => R A = 3.5 K.

∑ Fy = 0

=> R A = 3 K.
Problem-11: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-12: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam. [RPP-2019]

Solution: Solution:

∑ MA = 0 ∑ MA = 0
=> 10 x 5 + 2 x 5 x 7.5 + 10 x 10 - R B x 15 1
=> 0.5 x 6 x 6 x x 6 - R C x 12 = 0
=0 3

=> R B = 15 K => R C = 3 K
6 𝑤
∑ Fy = 0 =
6 (6−𝑥)

=> R A = 15 kN. => w = (6 - x)

1
Vx = 15 - . [6 + (6-x)] x
2

12 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
=> 0 = 15 -
2

=> x = 3.55′
Problem-13: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-14: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MA = 0
=> MA = 3 x 10 + 2 x 20 = 70 k-ft.
∑ Fy = 0 ∑ MA = 0
=> R A = 3 K + 2 K = 5 K 1
=> 0.5 x 6 x 6 x x 6 + 9 x 6 + 8 x 4 x 10 -
3
R D x 12 = 0
=> R D = 34.17 K
∑ Fy = 0

=> R A = 24.83 K.
Problem-15: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-16: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MC = 0
∑ MB = 0
2
=> - 100 x 8 + 0.5 x 6 x12 x x 6 + 0.5 x 12
3 => 1 x 5 x 2.5 + 10 x 7.5 + 1 x 5 x 12.5 - R E
1
x 12 x (6 + x 12) - R D x 18 = 0 x 15 = 0
3

=> R D = 3.55 K => R E = 10 lb

∑ Fy = 0 ∑ Fy = 0

=> R C = 204.45 K. => R A = 10 K.

Problem-17: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-18: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MB = 0 ∑ MB = 0

=> 2 x 8 x 4 + 40 x 4 + 8 x 10 - R C x 8 = 0 => - 400 x 2 x 1 + 600 x 1 + 200 x 6 x 4 -

RD x 5 = 0
=> R C = 38 lb
=> R D = 920 lb
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A = 26 kN.
=> R B = 1680 lb.
Problem-19: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-20: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> 50 x 4 – 150 + 2 x 8 x 12 - R D x 12 = 0
=> 10 x 4 x 2 + 8 x 7 + 5 x 12 - R C x 10 = 0
=> R D = 20.17 K
=> R C = 19.6 K
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A = 45.83 K.
=> R A = 33.4 K.
Problem-21: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-22: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> (20 x 4) x 2 + 40 x 7 - R C x 5 = 0
=> 50 x 8 x 10 + 500 x 20 – 300 x 28 - R F x
=> R C = 88 K 36 = 0
∑ Fy = 0 => R F = 160 K
=> R A = 32 K. ∑ Fy = 0

=> R A = 440 K.
Problem-23: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-24: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MC = 0 ∑ MB = 0
1
=> - 15 x 4 x 2 + 10 - R B x 3 = 0 => - 0.5 x 3 x 3 x x 3 + 6 x 4 + 2 x 2 x 5 +
3
=> R B = 36.67 K 10 - R D x 6 = 0

∑ Fy = 0 => R D = 49.5/6 = 8.25 K

=> R B = 36.67 K. ∑ Fy = 0

=> R B = 6.25 K.
Problem-25: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-26: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Solution:

∑ MB = 0
∑ MB = 0
=> - 2 x 2 x 1 + 6 x 1 +
=> - 10 + 2 x 4 x 2 + 10 x 6 - R C x 4 = 0
2
0.5 x 3 x 3 x (2 + x 3) - R C x 2 = 0
3 => R C = 66/4 = 16.5 K
=> R C = 20/2 = 10 K ∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R B = 1.5 K.
=> R B = 4.5 k.
Problem-27: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-28: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MB = 0
2
=> 6 x 2 + 12 x 4 – 0.5 x 3 x 3 x (6 + x 3) - 1
3 => - (0.5 x 6 x 3) x ( x 6) + 2 x 10 x 5 -
3
RD x 6 = 0
R C x 10 = 0
=> R D = 16 K
=> R C x 10 = 82
∑ Fy = 0
=> R C = 82/10 = 8.2 K
=> R A = 6.5 K.
∑ Fy = 0

=> R B + R C - 0.5 x 6 x 3 – 2 x 10= 0

=> R B = 29 - R C = 29 – 8.2 = 20.8 K
Problem-29: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-30: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution: Solution:

∑ MB = 0
=> - (2 x 2) x 1 + 6 x 2 + 12 x 4 - R E x 6 = 0 ∑ MA = 0

=> R E x 6 = 34 => (3 x 10) x 5 + 5 x (10 + 5) - R B x 10 = 0

=> R E = 34/6 = 9.33 K => R B x 10 = 150 + 75 = 225

∑ Fy = 0 => R B = 225/10 = 22.5 K

=> R B + R E - 2 x 2 - 6 - 12 = 0 ∑ Fy = 0

=> R B = 22 - R E = 22 – 9.33 = 12.67 K => R A + R B - 3 x 10 - 5 = 0

=> R A = 35 - R B = 35 – 22.5 = 12.5 K
Problem-31: Find the SFD (Shear Force Problem-32: Find the SFD (Shear Force
Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam. Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Solution:

∑ MA = 0
∑ MA = 0
=> 6 - R B x 10 = 0
=> - 4 x 1 x 2 - 12 - R B x 16 = 0
=> R B = 6/10 = 0.6 K.
=> R B = - 20/16 = - 1.25 kN.
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fy = 0
=> R A + R B + 0.6 = 0
=> R A + R B - 4 = 0
=> R A = - 0.6 K.
=> R A = - 5.25 kN.
Problem-33: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending
Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Problem-34: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending
Moment Diagram) of the following beam.
Solution:
Problem-35: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD
(Bending Moment Diagram) of the following beam.
Solution:

Problem-36: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending
Moment Diagram) of the following beam. [Janata Bank – 2017]

Solution:
Problem-37: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD
(Bending Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Problem-38: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending
Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Problem-39: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD
(Bending Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Problem-40: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending
Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Problem-41: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD
(Bending Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Problem-42: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD

(Bending Moment Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Problem-43: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:

Problem-44: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment
Diagram) of the following beam.

Solution:
Problem-45: Draw SFD & BMD.

Solution:

Problem-46: Draw SFD & BMD.

Solution:
Problem-47: Find the SFD (Shear Force Diagram) & BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) of the
following beam.

Solution:
Problem-48: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 Problem-49: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 ,
& 𝑅𝐷 for the following structure due to a 𝑉𝐵 , 𝑀𝐵 & 𝑀𝐶 for the following structure due
point loading. to a point loading.

Solution:

Solution:
Problem-50: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐵 , Problem-51: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑀𝐵 ,
𝑀𝐵 , 𝑉𝐶 & 𝑉𝐷 for the following structure due 𝑉𝐷 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following structure due to a
to a point loading. point loading.

Solution:
Solution:
Problem-52: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑀𝐵 Problem-53: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 ,
& 𝑉𝐷𝐿 for the following structure due to a 𝑅𝐸 , 𝑉𝐶𝐿 , 𝑉𝐶𝑅 , 𝑀𝐶 , 𝑉𝐷 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following
point loading. structure due to a point loading.

Solution:
Solution:
Problem-54: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 , Problem-55: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐷 ,
𝑅𝐸 , 𝑉𝐶𝑅 , 𝑀𝐶 , 𝑉𝐷 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following 𝑉𝐵 , 𝑉𝐶 , 𝑀𝐶 , 𝑉𝐷 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following
structure due to a point loading. structure due to a point loading.

Solution:
Solution:
Problem-56: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐷 , Problem-57: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐷 ,
𝑅𝐸 , 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑀𝑎 , 𝑉𝐷𝐿 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following 𝑅𝐸 , 𝑅𝑎 , 𝑉𝑎𝐿 , 𝑀𝑎 , 𝑉𝐷𝐿 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following
structure due to a point loading. structure due to a point loading.

Solution: Solution:
Problem-58: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 , Problem-59: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑉𝐶
𝑅𝐷 , 𝑉𝐶𝐿 & 𝑀𝐷 for the following structure due & 𝑀𝐶 for the following structure due to a
to a point loading. point loading.

Solution:

Solution:
Problem-60: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐷 , Problem-61: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐵 , 𝑅𝐶 ,
𝑉𝑎 & 𝑀𝑎 for the following structure due to a 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑀𝑎 , 𝑉𝑏 & 𝑀𝑎 for the following structure
point loading. due to a point loading.

Solution:
Solution:
Problem-62: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑉𝑏 , Problem-63: Draw the IL diagram for the
𝑉𝑐 , 𝑀𝑎 , 𝑀𝑏 & 𝑀𝑐 for the following structure shear force at panel CD.
due to a point loading.

Solution:
Solution:
Problem-64: Draw the IL diagram of 𝑅𝐴 , 𝑅𝐶 , 𝑉𝐵 , 𝑉𝐶𝐿 , 𝑉𝐶𝑅 , 𝑉𝐸 , 𝑀𝐵 , 𝑀𝐶 & 𝑀𝐸 for the following
structure due to a point loading.

Solution:
Problem-65: Draw qualitative IL diagram for the following building
frame at point D for moment and show the loading diagram for
maximum positive and negative moment.
Solution:

Problem-66: Draw qualitative IL diagram for the following building frame

at right end of DE beam for moment and show the loading diagram for
maximum positive and negative moment.
Solution:
Problem-67: Draw qualitative IL diagram for the following
building frame at point D for shear and show the loading
diagram for maximum positive and negative shear.

Solution:

Problem-68: Two spheres are at rest against smooth surface sphere A weighs 3200 lb and spheres
B weighs 400 lb. Let, F = 1000 lb and θ = 900 . Find the reaction C, D & E.
Solution: For FBD of weigh A:
∑ Fy = 0
3200
=> R B sin600 - 𝑊𝐴 = 0 => R B = = 3695.04 lb.
sin600

∑ Fx = 0
=> R C + R B cos600 + F = 0 => R C = 847.52 lb.
For FBD of weigh B:
∑ Fx = 0
=> R A cos600 - 𝑅𝐸 = 0 => R E = 1847.52 lb.
∑ Fy = 0

=> R D - 𝑊𝐵 - R𝐴 sin600 + F = 0
=> R D = 3600 lb.
Problem-69: A 2000 lb wheel is acted upon by a force F, which end to pull the wheel over the
obstruction at A. At the instant the wheel is about to move, the pressure between the wheel and the
ground is zero. Find the value of F.
Solution: sin∝ = 1.5/3 = 1/2
∴ α = 300 .
∑ Fx = 0
=> R A cos300 = F cos300 => R A = F
∑ Fy = 0

=> R A sinθ + F sin300 = 2500

=> R A = F = 2500 lb
Problem-70: Two weights are suspended from a flexible cable as shown in figure. Θ = 1200 ,
determine the internal forces and the weight W.

Solution: Using Lami’s theorem:

𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝐵𝐶 2000
= =
sin750 sin1500 sin1350

=> 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 2732.05 lb & 𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 1414.21 lb.

Again using Lami’s theorem:
𝑇𝐶𝐷 𝑊 𝑇𝐵𝐶
= =
sin1050 sin1200 sin1350

=> 𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 1932 lb & W = 1732 lb.

Problem-71: Determine forces in member CD, ID & IH.
Solution: Taking a section along the line 1 – 1.
∑ MD = 0
=> 17 x 60 - 𝐹𝐼𝐻 x 20 – 20 x 20 = 0
=> 𝐹𝐼𝐻 = 31 K (T).
∑ MI = 0
=> 17 x 40 - 𝐹𝐶𝐷 x 20 = 0
=> 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 34 K (C).
∑ Fy = 0
20
=> 17 – 20 + 𝐹𝐼𝐷 x =0
√202 +202

=> 𝐹𝐼𝐷 = 4.24 K (T).

Problem-72: Find forces in member BC, CF & CG.

Solution: ∑ MF = 0
=> 6 x 12 – 6 x 12 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 x 9 = 0
=> 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0 K.
∑ F𝑦 = 0
9
=> 6 + 6 – 6 - 𝐹𝐹𝐶 x =0
√92 +122

=> 𝐹𝐹𝐶 = 10 K (T).

∑ Fy = 0
9
=> 6 + 𝐹𝐶𝐺 + 𝐹𝐹𝐶 x =0
√92 +122

=> 𝐹𝐶𝐺 = - 12 K (C).

Problem-73: Find tension in the cable.

Solution: 4T = 10
=> T = 2.5 lb.
=> 𝑅𝐴 = - 2.5 + 5 + 20 = 22.5 lb.
Problem-74: If the reaction at A is 83.33 lb, then what is the weight, W?

Solution: 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 + 500 + 1000 = 1583.33 lb.

W = 4𝑅𝐵 = 4 x 1583.33 = 6333.2 lb.
Problem-75: Find centroid, moment of inertia of the following structure.
Solution: 𝑋̅ = 0
20 𝑥 80 𝑥 40+20 𝑥 80 𝑥 90
𝑌̅ = = 65"
1600 𝑥 2
20 𝑥 803 80 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑋 = + 1600 x (65 − 40)2 + + 1600 x (90 − 65)2
12 12

= 2.91 x 106 𝑖𝑛4

20 𝑥 803 80 𝑥 203
𝐼𝑦 = + = 9.01 x 105 𝑖𝑛4 .
12 12
Problem-76: As shown in figure below in the truss, F = 60 T and θ = 250 . Find the external
reactions and the force in member AB & AD.

Solution: - 𝑅𝐸𝑋 = 𝑅𝐶𝑋 & 𝑅𝐶𝑌 = 60T

∑ F𝑥 = 0
=> 𝐹𝐴𝐷 cos650 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵
=> 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 27.98T (T).
∑ F𝑦 = 0

=> 𝐹𝐴𝐷 sin650 = 60

=> 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 66.2T (C).
∑ F𝑥 = 0
=> 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 27.98T
=> 𝑅𝐶𝑋 = - 𝑅𝐸𝑋 = 27.98T (T).
Problem-77: Find out the maximum bending and shearing stress for the following structures.

𝑤𝑙 1 𝑥 10
Solution: Maximum shear, V = = =5k
2 2
𝑤𝑙 2 1 𝑥 102
Maximum moment, M = = = 12.5 k-ft.
8 8
𝑑 𝑑 10 10
Now, Q = 𝐴′ 𝑌̅ = (b x ) x = 10 x x = 125 𝑖𝑛3
2 4 2 4
10 𝑥 103
I= = 8333.33 𝑖𝑛4 ; b = 10 inch; c = 10/2 = 5 inch.
12
𝑀𝐶 12.5 𝑥 12 𝑥 5
Bending stress, 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.9 k/𝑖𝑛2 = 130 k/𝑓𝑡 2 .
𝐼 833.33
 𝑉𝑄 5 𝑥 125
Shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.075 k/𝑖𝑛2 = 10.8 k/𝑓𝑡 2 .
𝐼𝑏 833.33 𝑥 10

Problem-78: Determine the maximum shear stress at 25 cm arm of

equivalent triangle of a 3 m span of a cantilever beam carrying 1000 kg/m.
Solution:
2
AD = √252 − 12.52 = 21.65 cm; AF = AD = 14.43 cm.
3

𝐸𝐺 𝐵𝐶 25
= => EG = * 14.43 = 16.67 cm.
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐷 21.65
25 𝑥 21.653
V = 3000 kg; b = 16.67 cm; I = = 7047.11 𝑐𝑚4
36
1 1 1
Now, Q = 𝐴′ 𝑌̅ = Area of AEG * of AE = x 16.67 x 14.43 x x 14.43 = 578 𝑐𝑚3
3 2 3
𝑀𝐶 0.5 𝑥 3 𝑥 3000 𝑥 14.43
Bending stress, 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = x 100 = 922 kg/𝑐𝑚2 .
𝐼 7047.11
𝑉𝑄 3000 𝑥 578.51
Shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 14.77 kg/𝑐𝑚2 .
𝐼𝑏 7047.11 𝑥 16.67

Problem-79: Determine the shear stress at a distance 1 m from left support

for 30 mm from the top fiber.
0.12 𝑥 0.183
Solution: V = 8 kN; b = 120 mm = 0.12 m; I = = 5.83 x 10−5 𝑚4
12

Now, Q = 𝐴′ 𝑌̅
= 0.03 x 0.12 x (0.06 + 0.015) = 0.00027 𝑚3
𝑉𝑄
Shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼𝑏
8 𝑥 0.00027
= = 308.75 kN/𝑚2 .
5.83 x 10−5 𝑥 0.12

Problem-80: Find the maximum shear stress subjected to vertical shear force 48 kips. [PGCL –
2015]
6 𝑥 123
Solution: I = = 864 𝑖𝑛4
12
12 12
Now, Q = 𝐴′ 𝑌̅ = (6 x ) x = 108 𝑖𝑛3
2 4

𝑉𝑄 48 𝑥 108
Shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1 k/𝑖𝑛2 .
𝐼𝑏 864 𝑥 6

Problem-81: Determine the flexure and shear stress of the following

cantilever beam, if the section is 1 ft. x 1 ft. [Meghna – 2017]
Solution: M = 100 k-ft.; V = 10 k.
1 𝑥 13
I= = 1/12 𝑓𝑡 4 ; Q = 1 x 0.5 x 0.25 = 0.125𝑓𝑡 3
12
𝑀𝐶 100 𝑥 0.5
Bending stress, 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 600 k/𝑓𝑡 2
𝐼 1/12
𝑉𝑄 10 𝑥 0.125
Shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 15 k/𝑓𝑡 2 .
𝐼𝑏 (1/12) 𝑥 1

Problem-82: A 12′′ x 16′′ wooden cantilever beam weighing 50 lb/ft. carries an upward
counterforce of 4000 lb at the free end. Determine maximum bending stress at a section 6 ft. from
the free end.

12 𝑥 163
Solution: I = ( )/124 = 0.1975 𝑓𝑡 4 ; C = 16/2 = 8 inch
12

𝑀𝐴 = 4000 x 6 – 50 x 6 x 3 = 23100 lb-ft.

𝑀𝐶 23100 𝑥 (8/12)
Bending stress, 𝜎𝐴 = = = 77978.58 lb/𝑓𝑡 2 = 542 psi.
𝐼 0.1975

Problem-83: A cantilever beam 3 m long subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m.

The allowable working stress in either tension/compression is 150 MPa. If the cross section is to
be rectangular, determine the dimension. Height is twice of width. [BUET]
𝑤𝑙 2 30 𝑥 32 𝑏 𝑥 (2𝑏)3 2𝑏4
Solution: M = = = 135 kN-m; I = = ; C = 2b/2 = b.
2 2 12 3
𝑀𝐶 135 𝑥 103 𝑥 𝑏
Now, 𝜎𝐴 = => 150 x 106 = 2𝑏4
=> b = 0.1105 m ≈ 110.5 mm
𝐼
3
∴ H = 2b = 221 mm.
∴ Size of the beam is 110.5 mm x 221 mm.
Problem-84: Find the value of P.
Solution: For bronze:
2𝑃 100 𝑥 200
σ= => P = = 10000 N.
𝐴 2

For aluminum:
σ = P/A => P = 90 * 400 = 36000 N.
For steel:
5𝑃 140 𝑥 500
σ= => P = = 14000 N.
𝐴 5

The safest value of P is 10000 N.

Problem-85: Find out the stress at point C (1′ above the
base of the pile).
Solution: Length above 1′ , L = 2 x 0.909 + 2 = 3.82 ft.
Area above 1′ , A = 3.82 x 1 = 3.82 𝑓𝑡 2 .
Total load act = 500 + 3 x (2 x 1) = 506 kips.
506
∴ Stress at 1′ above the base, δ = = 132.46 k/𝑓𝑡 2 .
3.82

Problem-86: Determine maximum shear stress for the following structure.

Solution: Weight of brass, 𝑊𝐵 = PAL
= 900 x 60 x 10−4 x 10
= 54 kN
Weight of steel, 𝑊𝑆 = PAL
= 400 x 40 x 10−4 x 4 = 64 kN
∴ Total force = 45 + 54 + 64 = 163 kN.
45+54
∴ Stress on brass = = 1.65 kN/𝑐𝑚2
60
45+64
∴ Stress on steel = = 2.73 kN/𝑐𝑚2
60
∴ Maximum shear stress = 1.65 + 2.73 = 4.38 kN/𝑐𝑚2 .
Problem-87: A = 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 & E = 10 x 106 psi,
then 𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ?
Solution:
𝑃𝐿 6 𝑥 103 𝑥 3 𝑥 12
𝛿𝐴𝐵 = = = + 0.0432 in.
𝐴𝐸 0.5 𝑥 10 x 106

𝑃𝐿 1 𝑥 103 𝑥 5 𝑥 12
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = = = - 0.012 in.
𝐴𝐸 0.5 𝑥 10 x 106

𝑃𝐿 4 𝑥 103 𝑥 4 𝑥 12
𝛿𝐶𝐷 = = = + 0.0384 in.
𝐴𝐸 0.5 𝑥 10 x 106

∴ 𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.0432 – 0.012 + 0.0384 =

0.0696 in.
Problem-88: 𝐼1 = 5 𝑖𝑛4 ; 𝐼2 = 1 𝑖𝑛4 & E = 107 psi, then 𝛿𝐷 = ?

Solution:

2 2
0.5 𝑥 6000 𝑥 6 𝑥 (4+ 𝑥 6)+1200 𝑥 6 𝑥 13+0.5 𝑥 6 𝑥 1200 𝑥 (10+ 𝑥 6)
3 3
𝛿𝐷 = = - 0.0288 in.
𝐸

Problem-89: Find 𝛿𝐵 & 𝜃𝐴 from the following figure.

Solution:
2 2
0.5 𝑥 10 𝑥 70 𝑥 𝑥 10−0.5 𝑥 7 𝑥 70 𝑥 (3+ 𝑥 7) 455
3 3
𝑡𝐴⁄ = =
𝐶 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑡𝐵′⁄ = 𝐵′ 𝐵′′
𝐶
2 7 2
0.5 𝑥 7 𝑥 49 𝑥 𝑥 7+21 𝑥 7 𝑥 − 0.5 𝑥 7 𝑥70 𝑥 𝑥 7 171.5
3 2 3
= =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

From similar triangle,

𝑡𝐴⁄ 𝐵𝐵′′ 318.5
𝐶
= => 𝐵𝐵′′ =
10 7 𝐸𝐼
147
∴ 𝛿𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵′′ - 𝐵′ 𝐵′′ =
𝐸𝐼
𝐵𝐵′′ 106.17
∴ tan𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 = =
3 𝐸𝐼

Problem-90: Find the shortest length for a steel column with pinned ends having a cross-sectional
area of 60 mm by 100 mm for which the elastic Euler’s formula applies. Let, E = 200 GPa, assume
the proportional limit to be 250 MPa.
 100 𝑥 603
Solution: Here, P = 𝜎𝑝1 A = 250 x 60 x 100 = 1.5 x 106 N; I = = 1.8 x 106 𝑚𝑚4 ; n = 1
12
& 𝐿𝑒 = L.
𝜋2 𝑛2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝑥 12 𝑥 200 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.8 x 106
We know, P = => 1.5 x 106 = => L = 1539 m.
𝐿𝑒 2 𝐿2

Problem-91: A 50 mm x 100 mm timber is used as a column with fixed ends. Determine the
minimum length required at which Euler’s formula can be used if E = 10 GPa and proportional
limit is 30 MPa. What central working/safe load can be carried with a FS of 2 if the length is 2.5
m.
100 𝑥 503
Solution: Here, P = 𝜎𝑝1 A = 30 x 50 x 100 = 150 x 103 N; I = = 1.04 x 106 𝑚𝑚4 ; n = 1
12
& 𝐿𝑒 = 0.5 L.
𝜋2 𝑛2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝑥 12 𝑥 10 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.04 x 106
We know, P = 2 => 105 x 103 = => L = 1654 m.
𝐿𝑒 (0.5𝐿)2

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝜋2 𝑛2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝑥 12 𝑥 10 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.04 x 106

∴ Working load, P = = 2 = = 32846 N.
𝐹𝑆 𝐹𝑆 ∗ 𝐿𝑒 2 𝑥 (0.5 𝑥 2500)2

Problem-92: The combined fineness modulus of fine aggregate (Sand, 𝐹𝑓 = 2.85) and course
aggregate (Stones, 𝐹𝑐 = 6.77) was found to be 5.30. If 8.49 cft of combined and well packed
aggregate is required. Determine the volume of fine and course aggregate mixed initially. Take
shrinkage factor to be 0.75.
Solution: The ratio of the fine aggregate to be mixed with course aggregate (CA) is
𝐹𝐶 − 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 6.77−5.30
FM = = = 0.6
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 5.30−2.85

∴ 𝑉𝑓 /𝑉𝑐 = 60/100 = 0.6

Total volume, V = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑐

= 8.49/0.75 = 11.32 cft [Due to shrinkage volume will decrease and so the
volume should be increased by using a factor. Here, factor value is given 0.75]
60
∴ 𝑉𝑓 = * 11.32 = 4.25 cft.
60+100
100
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = * 11.32 = 7.07 cft.
60+100

Problem-93: Calculate the number of bricks required for 100 sft BFS.
Solution: Size of the brick = 9.5′′ x 4.5′′ x 2.75′′
After using mortar = 10′′ x 5′′ x 3′′
10 𝑥 5
The bricks area in BFS = = 0.347 sft
144
 100
∴ Nos. of bricks required for 100 sft BFS = = 288 Nos.
0.347

5% additional bricks are required due to wastage.

∴ Total nos. of bricks = 288 + 0.05 x 288 ≈ 303 nos.
Problem-94: Calculate Nos. of brick required for 100 cft brick works.
Solution: Size of the brick = 9.5′′ x 4.5′′ x 2.75′′
After using mortar = 10′′ x 5′′ x 3′′
10 𝑥 5 𝑥 3
Volume of single brick work using mortar = = 0.087 cft.
12 𝑥 12 𝑥 12
100
∴ Nos. of bricks required for 100 cft brick work = = 1152 Nos.
0.087

5% additional bricks are required due to wastage.

∴ Total nos. of bricks = 1152 + 0.05 x 1152 ≈ 1200 nos.
Problem-95: Calculate the amount of mortar required for 100 cft brick work.
Solution: Size of the brick = 9.5′′ x 4.5′′ x 2.75′′
After using mortar = 10′′ x 5′′ x 3′′
10 𝑥 5 𝑥 3
Volume of single brick work using mortar = = 0.087 cft.
12 𝑥 12 𝑥 12
100
∴ Nos. of bricks required for 100 cft brick work = = 1152 Nos.
0.087
9.5 𝑥 4.5 𝑥 2.75
Mortar volume in 100 cft brick work = 100 - x 1152 = 21.625 cft.
12 𝑥 12 𝑥 12

10% additional mortar required for frog mark filling.

∴ Volume = 21.625 + 0.1 x 21.625 = 23.79 cft.
50% additional mortar required due to shrinkage.
∴ Wet volume = 23.79 x 1.5 = 35.69 cft.
25% additional mortar required due to use of brick bats.
∴ Required mortar = 35.69 x 1.25 = 44.61cft.
Problem-96: Calculate nos. of brick for 100 cft brick khoa.
Solution: Size of the brick = 9.5′′ x 4.5′′ x 2.75′′
9.5 𝑥 4.5 𝑥 2.75
Volume of single brick work = = 0.068 cft.
12 𝑥 12 𝑥 12
 100
∴ Nos. of bricks required for 100 cft brick work = = 1470 Nos.
0.068

42% voids are present when bricks are broken.

∴ Bricks required = 1470 – 0.42 x 1470 ≈ 853 Nos.
Problem-97: Calculate the amount of materials required for 100 sft of cement plaster.
1′′
Solution: Let, thickness of plaster =
2

Cement sand ratio = 1:4

1/2
Net volume of mortar = 100 x 4.16 cft
12

Dry volume = 1.5 x 4.16 = 6.25 cft

1
∴ Cement = x 6.25 = 1.25 cft = 1 bag.
1+4
4
∴ Sand = x 6.25 = 5 cft.
1+4

Problem-98: Calculate the ingredients required for cement concrete with mix proportion 1:3:6 also
w/c ratio.
Solution: Let, wet volume of cc = 100 cft.
Dry volume of cc = 1.5 x 100 cft = 150 cft.
1
∴ Cement = x 150 = 15 cft = 15/1.25 bags = 12 bags.
1+3+6
3
∴ Sand = x 150 = 45 cft.
1+3+6
6
∴ Coarse aggregate/Brick khoa = x 150 = 90 cft = 90 x 8.5 = 765 Nos. of bricks.
1+3+6

Water = 30% of cement + 5% of (FA + CA) = 0.3 x 15 + 0.05 x (90 + 45) = 11.25 cft.
∴ w/c = 11.25/15 = 0.75
Problem-99: Calculate the amount of materials & reinforcement (1.5%) required for RCC with
mix proportion 1:3:6.
Solution: Let, wet volume of RCC = 100 cft.
Dry volume of cc = 1.5 x 100 cft = 150 cft.
1
∴ Cement = x 150 = 15 cft = 15/1.25 bags = 12 bags.
1+3+6
3
∴ Sand = x 150 = 45 cft.
1+3+6
6
∴ Coarse aggregate/Brick khoa = x 150 = 90 cft = 90 x 8.5 = 765 Nos. of bricks.
1+3+6
∴ Steel = 1.5% of 100 = 1.5 cft = 1.5 x 490 lb = 735 lb ≈ 330 kg.
Problem-100: Determine the member of bags of cement required to cast 40′ long span beam if the
beam section is 12′′ x 15′′ and mix ratio 1:2:4.
12 15
Solution: Let, wet volume of RCC = 40 x x = 50 cft.
12 12

Dry volume of cc = 1.5 x 50 cft = 75 cft.

1
∴ Cement = x 75 = 10.714 cft = 10.714/1.25 bags = 8.57 ≈ 9 bags.
1+2+4

Problem-101: For a building construction, total beam length is 1650 m is required 5 – 20 mm dia
plain bars. Unit weight of plain bar is 7850 kg/𝑚3 and cost is Tk 48000 per metric ton. Make the
cost estimate for the steel bars.
𝜋 20
Solution: Volume occupying by bars = x( )2 x 5 x 1650 = 2.592 𝑚3
4 1000

Weight of plain bar = 2.592 x 7850 = 20345.74 kg = 20.35 tons.

Total cost = 20.35 x 48000 = 976800 tk.
Problem-102: The estimated batch quantities per cubic meter of concrete for SSD condition of
aggregates are: cement = 306 kg, CA = 1152 kg, FA = 870 kg, water = 162 kg. If fine aggregate
contains 5% surface moisture and CA absorbs 10% of water. Workout field adjustment.
10
Solution: Water required for CA = x 1152 = 115.2 kg.
100
5
Water required for FA = x 870 = 43.5 kg.
100

Total water requirement for adjustment = 115.2 + 43.5 + 162 = 320.4 kg.
Problem-103: Design a concrete mix by the minimum void method for the following data: voids
3′′ 3 ′′ 1′′
of CA is 40%, voids of FA is 30%, size of CA is to 1′′ , size of FA is to . Allow an excess
4 16 4
of 10% for cement & 7% for FA.
Solution: Let, volume of coarse aggregate = 100 cft.
∴ FA = 40% x CA x (1 + 7%) [FA will fill up the empty space between the CA]
= 0.4 x 100 x 1.07 = 42.8 cft
∴ Cement = 30% x FA x (1 + 10%) [Cement will fill up the empty space between the FA]
= 0.3 x 42.8 x 1.10 = 14.14 cft
∴ Cement: Sand(FA): CA = 14.14: 42.8: 100 = 1:3:7.
Problem-104: Calculate the number of bricks required for making a room of inside dimension of
8′ width; 10′ long & 9′ height with 10′′ wall.
Solution: Brick required for brick flat soling (BFS) = 10 x 8 x 3 = 240 Nos.
10 10
Total length = 2 (10 + ) + 2 (8 + ) = 39.33 ft.
12 12
10
Width = = 0.833 ft.; height = 9′
2

∴ Volume of brick work = 39.33 x 0.833 x 9 = 295 cft.

1200
∴ Brick required = 295 x = 3540 nos.
100
∴ Total brick required = 3540 + 240 = 3780 Nos.
Problem-105: Estimate the yield produced of concrete per bag of cement for concrete mix
proportion 1:3:6.
Solution: Thumb rule:
Volume of one bag cement = 1.25 cft = 0.0354 𝑚3
2
∴ Yield of concrete per bag of cement = (0.354 x 1 + 0.354 x 3 + 0.0354 x 6) = 0.236 𝑚3
3

Absolute volume method:

Yield of concrete per bag of cement = volume of cement + sand + CA + water
50 3 𝑥 0.354 𝑥 1600 6 𝑥 0.0354 𝑥 1500 25
= + + + = 0.219 𝑚3
3.15 𝑥 1000 2.65 𝑥 1000 2.8 𝑥 1000 1 𝑥 1000

[Sp. Gravity of cement, sand, CA & water is 3.15, 2.65, 2.8 & 1 respectively]
Problem-106: Determine the FM of coarse aggregate of % finer.
Sieve size 3′′ 1′′ 3′′ 3′′ 3 ′′
1
2 4 8 16
Wt. retained (gm) 10 60 140 350 410
Solution:
Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative wt. Cumulative wt. FM
retained retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
10
3′′ 10 10 x 100 = 1.03
970
1′′
1 60 70 7.22
2
3′′ 187.63
140 210 21.65 = 1.88
4 100
3′′
350 560 57.73
8
3 ′′
410 970 100
16
 ∑ = 970 ∑ = 187.63

Problem-107: Find the FM value of following sand.

Sieve size #4 #8 #16 #20 #30 #50 #100 #200 Pan
Wt. retained (gm) 10 60 90 110 130 70 25 10 5
Solution:
Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative wt. Cumulative wt. FM
retained retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
#4 10 10 1.96
#8 60 70 13.73
#16 90 160 31.37
#20 110 270 x
314.71
#30 130 400 78.43 = 3.15
100
#50 70 470 92.16
#100 25 495 97.06
#200 10 505 x
Pan 5 510 x
∑ = 510 ∑ = 314.71
Problem-108: Determine the FM for sand in which 100% sample retains on #30 sieve only.
Solution: Let, total weight of sample = 100 gm.

Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative wt. Cumulative wt. FM

retained retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
#4 0 0 0
#8 0 0 0
#16 0 0 0
#20 0 0 0
300
#30 100 100 100 = 3.00
100
#50 0 100 100
#100 0 100 100
#200 0 100 x
Pan 0 100 x
∑ = 100 ∑ = 300
Problem-109: Compute the FM value of following data-
Sieve size 3′′ 1′′ 3′′ 3′′ #4 #8 #16 #30 #50 #100
1
2 4 8
Cumulative % retained (gm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 100 100
 10+30+100+100
Solution: FM = = 2.40
100

Problem-110: Compute the combined FM value of two samples having total weight of 1250 gm.
Sieve size 3′′ 1′′ 3′′ 3′′ #4 #8 #16 #30 #50 #100
1
2 4 8
Cumulative % retained (gm) 0 0 0 0 50 200 300 650 1120 1150
(Sample -I)
Cumulative % retained (gm) 0 0 0 0 0 50 250 400 625 1250
(Sample –II)
Solution:
50+200+300+650+1120+1150
𝐹1 = = 2.78
100
50+250+400+625+1250
𝐹2 = = 2.06
100
𝑚1 𝐹1 + 𝑚2 𝐹2 1250 𝑥 2.78+1250 𝑥 2.06
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 = = = 2.42
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1250+1250

Problem-111: Two samples of sand having fineness modulus of 2.81 and 2.24 were mixed together
to get a combined FM of 2.54. Determine the ratio in which they were mixed.
𝐹𝐶 − 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 2.84−2.54
Solution: Desired ratio, R = = = 1:1
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 2.54−2.24

Problem-112: Combined FM of two types of soil is 2.75 and whose total weight 100 gm. First
fineness modulus of soil is 2.65 with a mass of 60 gm. Find FM and mass of 2nd soil mass.
Solution: Here, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 100 gm; 𝑚2 = 100 – 60 = 40 gm.
𝑚1 𝐹1 + 𝑚2 𝐹2 2.65 𝑥 60+ 𝐹2 𝑥 40
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 = => 2.75 = => 𝐹2 = 2.90.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 100

Problem-113: The combined FM of FA (𝐹𝑓 = 2.85) + CA (𝐹𝑐 = 6.77) was found to be 5.3. If 8.49
cft of combined and well packed aggregate is required. Determine the volume of CA + FA mixed
initially. Take shrinkage factor to 0.75.
𝐹𝐶 − 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 6.77−5.3
Solution: Desired ratio, R = = = 0.6
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 5.3−2.85

Here, Compact volume, V = 8.49 cft. 60

∴ Volume of FA, 𝑉𝑓 = x 11.32 = 4.25 cft
100+60
Loose volume = 8.49/0.75 = 11.32 cft. 100
𝑉𝑓 ∴ Volume of CA, 𝑉𝐶 = x 11.32 = 7.07 cft
100+60
= 0.6 = 60/100
𝑉𝑐
3′′
Problem-114: Design a concrete mix for 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 psi in 28 days. Slump = 2′′ ; CA = ; FA =
4
1 ′′ 3 ′′
to ; 𝐹𝑐 = 6.27; 𝐹𝑓 = 2.85. Shrinkage factor 0.75. Moisture content in CA & FA is 5% &
16 16
29.5%.
Solution: Let, 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 5.3.
Compacted volume = 3.75 cft; Loose volume = 3.75/0.75 = 5 cft.
𝐹𝐶 − 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑉𝑓
Desired ratio, R = = 0.4; = 40/100
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚 − 𝐹𝑓 𝑉𝑐

40
∴ Volume of FA, 𝑉𝑓 = x 5 = 1.43 cft
100+40
100
∴ Volume of CA, 𝑉𝐶 = x 5 = 3.57 cft
100+40
∴ Mix ratio = 1:1.43:3.57
∴ Volume of FA in field, 𝑉𝑓(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) = 1.43 x 1.295 = 1.85 cft.
∴ Volume of CA in field, 𝑉𝐶(𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) = 3.57 x 1.05 = 3.75 cft.
∴ Mix ratio = 1:1.85:3.75.
Problem-115: Determine the FM of fine aggregate portion only. Also determine the % of CA, silt
& clay.
Sieve size (mm) 19 12.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 Pan
Wt. retained (gm) 175 125 100 50 20 10 10 4 4 2
Solution: For fine aggregate only:
Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative wt. Cumulative wt. FM
retained retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
19.00 mm 175 x x
12.50 mm 125 x x
4.75 mm 100 100 50
2.36 mm 50 150 75
1.18 mm 20 170 85 492
= 4.92
0.60 mm 10 180 90 100
0.30 mm 10 190 95
0.15 mm 4 194 97
0.075 mm 4 198 x
Pan 2 200 x
∑ = 500 ∑ = 492
175+125+100
∴ % of CA = x 100 = 80%
500
50+20+10+10+4+4
∴ % of FA = x 100 = 19.6%
500
∴ % of silt & clay = (100 – 80 – 19.6) % = 0.4%
Problem-116: For a coarse aggregate sample air dry wt. of sample is 1790 gm; wt. when it is
measured in water is 1180 gm and SSD wt. is 1850 gm. Calculate the bulk specific gravity.
Apparent specific gravity and percentage of absorption.
Solution: A = 1790 gm; B = 1850 gm; C = 1180 gm.
 𝐵
Bulk specific gravity (SSD) = = 2.76
𝐵−𝐶
𝐴
Bulk specific gravity (Dry) = = 2.67
𝐵−𝐶
𝐴
Apparent specific gravity = = 2.93
𝐴−𝐶
𝐵−𝐴
Absorption = x 100% = 3.35%
𝐴

Problem-117: Dry weight of a sample is 1206 gm & SSD weight is 1226.4 gm. The volume of
water occupying the same volume excluding the pores is 440.6 𝑐𝑚3 . Find bulk specific gravity,
apparent specific gravity & % absorption.
Solution: Weight of water = 1226.4 – 1206 = 20.4 gm.
20.4
Volume of water = = 20.4 𝑐𝑚3
1
1206
Bulk specific gravity = = 2.62
440.6+20.4
1206
Apparent specific gravity = = 2.74
440.6
20.4
Absorption = x 100 = 1.7%
1206

Problem-118: A rectangular beam has a width of 12′′ and an effective depth

to the centroid of the reinforcing steel is 17.5′′ . It is reinforced with three no.
of #8 bars in one row. 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. Find the maximum flexural
moment capacity of the beam. Also find out the load capacity. Length of the
beam is 25 ft. [WSD Method – Singly Analysis Problem]
Solution:
𝐴𝑠 3 𝑥 0.79 𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑥 4000
ρ= = = 0.011 𝑀𝑐 = bjk𝑑 2 = [ x 12 x 0.89 x 0.34 x 17.52 ]/
𝑏𝑑 12 𝑥 17.5 2 2
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 12000 = 83.40 k-ft.
n= = ≈8
𝐸𝑐 57000√4000 𝑀𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 jd = [3 x 0.79 x 0.4 x 60000 x 0.89 x 17.5]/12000
ρ𝑛 = 0.088 = 73.83 k-ft.
k = √(ρ𝑛)2 + 2ρ𝑛 – ρ𝑛 = 0.34 ∴ Maximum flexural moment capacity = 73.83 k-ft.
𝑘 𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤 𝑥 252
j=1- = 0.89 M= => 73.83 = => w = 0.95 k/ft.
3 8 8
Problem-119: A rectangular beam has width of 12′′ and an effective depth to the centroid of the
reinforcing steel is 17.5′′ . It is reinforced with four no. of #9 bars in one row. 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4
ksi. Find the ultimate moment capacity of the beam [USD Method – Singly Analysis Problem]
Solution:
 𝐴𝑠 4𝑥1 𝑑−𝑐
ρ= = = 0.019 ∈𝑡 = ∈𝑢 x ≤ 0.005
𝑏𝑑 12 𝑥 17.5 𝑐
′ 5.88
𝑓𝑐 ∈𝑢 17.5 −
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝛽1 = 0.003 x 0.85
≤ 0.005 = 0.0045
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦 5.88/0.85
4 0.003 φ = 0.483 + 83.3 ∈𝑡
= 0.85 x 0.85 x x
60 0.003+ 0.002 = 0.483 + 83.3 x 0.0045 = 0.86
= 0.0289 𝑎 5.88
ρ ≤ 𝜌𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (d - ) = 4 x 60 x (17.5 – )
2 2
Under reinforced beam & steel yields at failure. = 3494.4 k-in = 291.2 k-ft.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 4 𝑥 60 𝑀𝑢 = φ𝑀𝑛 = 0.86 x 291.2 = 250.4 k-ft.
a= = = 5.88
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 4 𝑥 12

Problem-120: Design a beam and find amount of steel as a simply supported beam having span of
20′ with a uniformly distributed laod of 650 lb/ft. (including self-weight). 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi.
[WSD Method – Singly Design Problem] [BUET]
Solution: Let, b = 12 inch.
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 𝑀 32.5 𝑥 12000
n= = ≈9 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √ =√
𝐸𝑐 57000√3000 𝑅𝑏 223 𝑥 12
𝑓𝑠 0.4 𝑓𝑦 0.4 𝑥 60
r= = = = 17.78 = 12.1 ≈ 12.5′′′′
𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.45 𝑥 3
𝑛 9 ∴ Depth = 12.5 + 1.5 = 14′′
k= = = 0.378 𝑀
𝑛+𝑟 9+17.78 𝐴𝑠 =
𝑘 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
j=1- = 0.874 32.5 𝑥 12000
3 =
𝑤𝑙 2 650 𝑥 202 0.4 𝑥 60000 𝑥 0.874 𝑥 12.5
M=
8
=
8 𝑥 1000
= 32.5 k-ft. = 1.49 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑐
R= jk Use 3 # 7 bar providing 1.8 𝑖𝑛2 .
2
0.45 𝑥 3000
= x 0.874 x 0.378 = 223
2
Problem-121: Design the steel when acting moment of a simply supported structure are 1600 k-
in. Effective depth 16.5′′ ; width = 10′′ ; 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. [WSD Method – Singly Design
Problem]
Solution:
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 𝑘
n= = ≈8 j=1- = 0.874
𝐸𝑐 57000√4000 3
0.4 𝑓𝑦 𝑀
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 =
r= = 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑓𝑐 ′
1600 𝑥 1000
0.4 𝑥 60 =
= = 13.33 0.4 𝑥 60000 𝑥 0.874 𝑥 16.5
0.45 𝑥 4
𝑛 8 = 4.62 𝑖𝑛2
k= = = 0.376 Use 4 # 10 bar providing 5.08 𝑖𝑛2 .
𝑛+𝑟 8+13.33
Problem-122: Find the cross-section and area of steel required for a simply supported rectangular
beam with a 20 ft. span subjected to a calculated dead load of 1.5 k/ft. and live load of 2 k/ft. 𝑓𝑦 =
60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 5 ksi. [USD Method – Singly Design Problem]
Solution: Let, b = 12 inch.
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL 𝑀𝑢 250 𝑥 12
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎 = 4.09
= 1.2 x 1.5 + 1.6 x 2 = 5 k/ft. 𝜑𝑓𝑦 (d - ) 0.9 𝑥 60 (18− )
2 2
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 5 𝑥 202 = 3.48 𝑖𝑛2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 250 k-ft.
8 8 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3.48 𝑥 60
𝛽1 = 0.80 for 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 5 ksi a= ′ = = 4.09′′
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 5 𝑥 12
′
𝑓𝑐 ∈𝑢 Use 4 # 9 bar providing 4.00 𝑖𝑛2 .
ρ = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦
5 0.003
= 0.85 x 0.8 x x
60 0.003+0.005
= 0.0213
𝛽 ρ𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = φρ𝑓𝑦 b𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 (1 - )
∝ 𝑓𝑐 ′
=> 250 x 12 = 0.9 x 0.0213 x 60 x 12 x
0.8 0.0213 𝑥 60
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 (1 - x )
0.68 5
=> 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 17.63′′ ≈ 18′′
∴ Depth = 18 + 2 = 20′′
Let, a = 4.09′′
Problem-123: Find out the amount of steel required when ultimate moment capacity 1600 k-in.
Effective depth = 17′′ ; width = 10′′ ; 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. [USD Method – Singly Design
Problem]
Solution:
Let, a = 3.40′′
𝑀𝑢 1600
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎 = 3.40
𝜑𝑓𝑦 (d - ) 0.9 𝑥 60 (17− )
2 2
= 1.94 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
a=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1.94 𝑥 60
= = 3.42′′ [Almost same as previous calculated value]
0.85 𝑥 4 𝑥 10
Use 4 # 7 bar providing 2.40 𝑖𝑛2 .
Problem-124: Find out the flexural moment capacity & load capacity of a rectangular beam which
contains 5 #6 bars at tension face and 2 #5 bars at compression face. The span length of the simply
supported beam is 18′ . Effective depth = 17.5′′ ; b = 10′′ ; 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi. [WSD Method
– Doubly Analysis Problem]
Solution:
 𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 𝑘 − 𝑑 ⁄𝑑
′
n= = ≈9 ′
𝑓𝑠 = 2 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑠
𝐸𝑐 57000√3000 1 −𝑘
𝑓𝑠 0.4 𝑓𝑦 0.4 𝑥 60 2
r= = = = 17.78 0.336−
′ 17.5
𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑥 3 = 2 x 0.4 x 60 x ≤ 24 ksi
𝑛 9 1−0.336
k= = = 0.336 = 16.02 ksi.
𝑛+𝑟 9+17.78
𝑘 𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠 (d-𝑑 ′ )
j=1- = 0.888 = 0.55 x 24 x (17.5 – 2) = 204.6 k-in
3
𝑓𝑐 Again,
𝑀1 = bjk𝑑2
2 𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ (d-𝑑 ′ )
0.45 𝑥 3
= x 10 x 0.888 x 0.336 x 17.52 = 2 x 0.31 x 16.02 x (17.5 – 2)
2 = 153.95 k-in
= 617 k-in.
𝑀1 617 M = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 = 617 + 153.95 = 770.95 k-in
𝐴𝑠1 = = = 1.65 𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑙 2 770.95 𝑤 𝑥 182
𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 0.4 𝑥 60 𝑥 0.888 𝑥 17.5 M= => =
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 - 𝐴𝑠1 = 5 x 0.44 – 1.65 = 0.55 𝑖𝑛2 8 12 8
∴ w = 1.586 k/ft.
Problem-125: A rectangular beam has a width of 12′′ and an effective depth to the centroid of the
tension reinforcement of 24′′ . The tension reinforcement consists of 6 #10 bars in two rows.
Compression reinforcement consisting of 2 # 8 bars is placed 2.5 in from the compression face of
the beam. 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 5 ksi. [USD Method – Doubly Analysis Problem]

Solution:
′
𝑓𝑐 ∈𝑢 𝑑 ′
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1
̅̅̅̅ + ρ′
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦 𝑑
5 0.003 2.5
= 0.85 x 0.80 x x x
60 0.003+0.004 24
+ 0.0055 = 0.00803
ρcy ≤ ρ
̅̅̅̅
Compression bar will yield when beam fails.
Mn1 = As ′ fy (d-d′ )
= 1.58 x x60 x (24 – 2.5) = 2038.2 k-in
(As −As ′ )fy (7.62−1.58)𝑥 60
a= ′ = = 7.11′′
0.85fc b 0.85 𝑥 5 𝑥 12
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 x 0.79 = 1.58 𝑖𝑛2 𝑎
Mn2 =(As − As ′ )fy (d - )
𝐴𝑠 = 6 x 1.27 = 7.62 𝑖𝑛2 2
7.11
′ 𝐴𝑠 ′
1.58 = (7.62 – 1.58) x 60 (24 – )
ρ= = = 0.0055; 2
𝑏𝑑 12 𝑥 24 = 7409.3 k-in
𝐴𝑠 7.62
ρ= = = 0.0265; Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = 9447.5 k-in
𝑏𝑑 12 𝑥 24 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓
′
∈𝑢 ∈𝑡 = ∈𝑢 x ≤ 0.005
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑐 𝑐
7.11
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦 24 −
0.8
5 0.003 = 0.003 x ≤ 0.005 = 0.005
= 0.85 x 0.80 x x 7.11/0.80
60 0.003+0.004
= 0.0243 φ = 0.483 + 83.3 ∈𝑡
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < ρ [It should be doubly reinforced = 0.483 + 83.3 x 0.005 = 0.90
beam analysis] ∴ Mu = φMn = 0.9 x 9447.5 = 8503 k-in.
Problem-126: A rectangular beam of 15′ simple span carries a UDL of 2600 lb/ft. (excluding self-
weight). Calculate the amount of steel if, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. [WSD Method – Doubly Design
Problem]
Solution:
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 𝑀2 = M - 𝑀1 = 78.4 – 59.12 = 19.28 k – ft.
n= = ≈8 𝑀2
𝐸𝑐 57000√4000 𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑠 0.4 𝑓𝑦 0.4 𝑥 60 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
r= = = = 13.33 19.28 𝑥 12000
𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.45 𝑥 4 = = 0.74 𝑖𝑛2
𝑛 8 24000 ( 15.5 − 2.50)
k= = = 0.375 ′
𝑛+𝑟 8+13.33 ′ 𝑘 − 𝑑 ⁄𝑑
𝑘 𝑓𝑠 = 2 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑠
j=1- = 0.875 1 −𝑘
3 2.5
𝑓𝑐 0.375−
15.5
R= jk = 2 x 0.4 x 60 x ≤ 24 ksi
2 1−0.375
0.45 𝑥 4000 = 16.41 ksi.
= x 0.875 x 0.375 = 295.31psi 𝑀2
2
Let, size of the beam = 10 x 18 ′′ ′′ 𝐴𝑠 ′ = ′
𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
10 𝑥 18 19.28 𝑋 12
Self-weight =
144
x 150 = 187.5 lb/ft. = = 1.08 𝑖𝑛2
16.41 𝑋 (15.5−2.5)
Total UDL, w = 187 + 2600 = 2787.5 lb/ft. Tension side reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝑤𝑙 2
Developed moment, M = = 2.92 1.08 𝑖𝑛2
8 ∴ Provide 3 # 9 bar.
2787.5 𝑥 152
= k – ft. Compression reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 1.08 𝑖𝑛2
8 𝑥 1000
= 78.4 k – ft. ∴ Provide 2 # 7 bar.
𝑀
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = √
𝑅𝑏
78398.4 𝑥 12
=√ = 17.84′′ > d (Doubly)
295.31 𝑥 10
𝑓𝑐
𝑀1 = bjk𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 2
2
1800
= x 10 x 0.875 x 0.375 x 15.52
2
= 709488 lb – in = 59.12 k – ft.
𝑀1 59.12 𝑥 12000
𝐴𝑠1 = = = 2.18 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 24000 𝑥 0.875 𝑥 15.5

Problem-127: A rectangular beam carries a service load of 2 k/ft. & dead load of 1.35 k/ft. The
beam is simply supported with a section of 10′′ x 22′′ and span length of 32′ . Design the beam
when 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. [USD Method – Doubly Design Problem]

Solution:
 𝑓 ∈𝑢
′ 𝑑−𝑐
ρ = 0.85𝛽1 𝑐 ∈𝑡 = ∈𝑢 x ≤ 0.005
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦 𝑐
5.74
4 0.003 18 −
0.85
= 0.85 x 0.85 x x = 0.01806 = 0.003 x ≤ 0.005 = 0.005
60 0.003+0.005 5.74/0.85
10 𝑥 22 𝑐 − 𝑑′
DL = 1.35 +
144
x 0.15 = 1.58 k/ft. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 ∈𝑢 x ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
LL = 2 k/ft. 5.74
−4
6 0.85
Factored load, 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 29 x 10 x 0.003 x 5.74 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
= 1.2 x 1.58 + 1.6 x 2 0.85
= 5.1 k/ft. = 35.5 ksi
𝑙2 𝑀1 479.5 𝑥 12
Developed moment, 𝑀𝑢 =
𝑤𝑢 𝐴𝑠 ′ = ′ = = 11.58 𝑖𝑛2
8 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 35.5 𝑥 (18−4)
5.1 𝑥 322 Tension side reinforcement,
= k – ft. 𝑓𝑠 ′
8 ′
= 652.8 k – ft. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 [𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 x ]
𝑓𝑦
𝛽 ρ𝑓𝑦 35.5
𝑀𝑢 = φρ𝑓𝑦 b𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 (1 - ′) = 3.25 + 11.58 x = 10.10 𝑖𝑛2
∝ 𝑓𝑐 60
=> 652.8 x 12 = 0.9 x 0.01806 x 60 x 12 x ∴ Provide 8 # 10 bar.
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 x (1 – 0.59 x
0.01806 𝑥 60
) Compression reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 11.58 𝑖𝑛2
4 ∴ Provide 10 # 10 bar.
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 30.92′′ > d (Doubly)
𝐴𝑠1 = ρb𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
= 0.01806 x 10 x 18 = 3.25 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3.25 𝑥 60
a= = = 5.74′′
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 4 𝑥 10
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (d - )
2
5.74
= [3.25 x 60 x (18 - )]/12
2
= 245.86 k – ft.
𝑀𝑢
𝑀1 = - 𝑀𝑛
𝜑
652.8
= – 245.86 = 479.5 k – ft.
0.9
Problem-128: A rectangular beam 10′′ x 24′′ carries a moment of 45 k – ft. Find out the stress at
extreme fiber of concrete beam and steel. Take, n = 9.
Solution:
𝜋 24 𝑥 10 𝑥 12+(6.24 𝑥 1 𝑥 3)𝑥 2
𝐴𝑠 = 2 x x 12 = 1.56 𝑖𝑛2 𝑦̅ = = 11.56′′
4
𝑀𝐶 24 𝑥 10+6.24 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
𝑓𝑐 = 10 𝑥 243
𝐼
45 𝑥 12000 𝑥 (24−11.56) I= + [24 x 10 x (12 – 11.56)2 ] +
12
= = 538.18 psi 6.24 𝑥 13
12481.96
𝑀𝐶 + [6.24 x 1 x (11.56 – 3)2 ] x 2
𝑓𝑠 = 12
𝐼
45 𝑥 12000 𝑥 (11.56 − 3)
= 12481.96 𝑖𝑛4
= = 370.33 psi
12481.96
Problem-129: A floor slab 4′′ thick is supported by reinforced concrete beams 9 ft. c/c which
together with the slab act as T – beams. The beams are simply supported and their span is 19 ft.
The cross section of each beam below the slab is 10′′ x 20′′ ; the reinforcement consists of 6 # 8
bars in two rows, 2 in c/c vertically, the centre of the lower row being 2.5′′ above the lower arm
face of the beam. If a 2500 psi concrete and an allowable steel stress of 20000 psi are used, what
is the maximum allowable working moment of the beam? [WSD Method – Analysis Problem]
Solution:
𝐿 19 𝑥 12 kd = 0.253 x 20.5 = 5.19 > t (T-beam satisfied)
b= = = 57 in 3𝑘𝑑 −2𝑡 𝑡
4 4
= 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 x 4 + 10 = 74 in z= x = 1.582
2𝑘𝑑 −𝑡 3
= c/c spacing between two slab = 108 in jd = d – z = 20.5 – 1.582 = 18.918
⸫ b= 57 in M = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 jd
𝐴𝑠 = 6 x 0.79 = 4.74 𝑖𝑛2 = 4.74 x 20 x 18.918 = 1793.4 k – in.
d = 20 + 4 – 3.5 = 20.5 inch. 𝑀
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑡 ≤ 𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠 4.74 (1− )𝑏𝑡𝑗𝑑
ρ= = = 0.00406 2𝑘𝑑
𝑏𝑑 57 𝑥 20.5 1793.4 𝑥 1000
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 = 4 ≤ 1125 psi
n= = ≈ 10 (1 − )𝑥 57 𝑥 4 𝑥 18.918
2 𝑥 5.19
𝐸𝑐 57000√2500
= 675 psi ≤ 1125 psi (ok)
ρn = 10 x 0.00406 = 0.0406
1 𝑡 1 4 2
ρ𝑛+ ( )2 0.0406 + ( )
2 𝑑 2 20.5
k= 𝑡 = 4 = 0.253
ρ𝑛+ 0.0406 +
20.5
𝑑

Problem-130: Design a T-beam by W.S.D. method of 20 ft. span and 55 in centers, having width
12 in and depth is 20 in. What is the tensile steel required at mid-span if the working moment is
80 k-ft. 𝑓𝑠 = 20000psi and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 psi and the slab thickness is 5 in. [WSD Method – Design
Problem]
Solution:
 𝐿 20 𝑥 12 𝑓𝑐
b= = = 60 in R= kj
4 4 2
= 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 x 5 + 12 = 92 in 0.45 𝑥 3000
= x 0.38 x 0.87 = 223.16 psi
= c/c spacing between two slab = 55 in 2
𝑓𝑐
⸫ b= 55 in M= bjk𝑑2 = 89.3 k-ft. > 80 k-ft. (Singly)
𝑀 80 𝑥 12000 2
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2. 74𝑖𝑛2 𝑀 80 𝑥 12000
𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑡⁄2) 20000 𝑥 (20 − 5⁄2) d=√ =√ = 18.93" < 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 (OK)
𝐴𝑠 2.74 𝑅𝑏 223.16 𝑥 12
ρ= = = 0.0025 𝑀 80 𝑥 12000
𝑏𝑑 55 𝑥 20 𝐴𝑠 = = = 2.75 𝑖𝑛2
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 20000 𝑥 0.87 𝑥 20
n= = =9
𝐸𝑐 Provide 4 # 8 bar.
57000√𝑓𝑐 ′
Check:
ρn = 9 x 0.0025 = 0.0224 M
1 𝑡 1 5 fc = t
ρ𝑛+ ( )2 0.0224+ ( )2 (1 - ) btjd
2 𝑑 2 20 2kd
k= 𝑡 = 5 = 0.2 80 x 12000
ρ𝑛+ 0.0224+
20 =
𝑑 5
kd = 0.2 x 20 = 4 < t (T-beam does not satisfy) (1− ) x 55 x 5 x 17.4
2x 0.2 x 20
The beam should be designed as rectangular = 535 psi <1350 psi (Ok).
beam.
𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠
r= = =14.81
𝑓𝑐 0.45 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑛 𝑘
k= = 0.38; j = 1 - = 0.87; 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 20"
𝑛+𝑟 3

Problem-131: Design a T-beam by W.S.D. method of 24 ft. span and 47 in centers, having width
11 in and depth is 20 in. What is the tensile steel required at mid-span if the working moment is
208 k-ft. 𝑓𝑠 = 20000psi and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 psi and the slab thickness is 3 in. [WSD Method – Design
Problem]
Solution:
𝐿 24 𝑥 12 M 208 x 12000
b= = = 72 in As = = = 6.7 in2
4 4 fs jd 20000 x 18.63
= 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 x 3 + 11 = 59 in Provide 2 #18 bar
= c/c spacing between two slab = 47 in Check:
⸫ b= 47 in M
𝑀 fc = t
⸫ 𝐴𝑠 = (1 - ) btjd
2kd
𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑡⁄2) 208 x 12000
208 𝑥 12000 = 3
= = 6.75𝑖𝑛2 (1− ) x 47 x 3 x 18.63
20000 𝑥 (20 − 3⁄2) 2x 0.35 x 20

𝐴𝑠 6.75
= 1209psi <1350 psi (Ok)
ρ= = = 0.0072
𝑏𝑑 47 𝑥 20
𝐸𝑠 29 𝑥 106
n= = =9
𝐸𝑐 ′
57000√𝑓𝑐
ρn = 9 x 0.0072 = 0.0648
1 𝑡 1 3
ρ𝑛+ ( )2 0.0068+ ( )2
2 𝑑 2 20
k= 𝑡 = 3 = 0.35
ρ𝑛+ 0.0648+
20
𝑑
 kd = 0.35 x 20 = 7 > t (T-beam satisfied)
3𝑘𝑑 −2𝑡 𝑡
z= x = 1.3636
2𝑘𝑑 −𝑡 3
jd = d – z = 20 – 1.3636 = 18.6363

Problem-132: A floor system consists of a 4′′ concrete slab, 𝑏𝑤 = 10′′ , d = 20.5′′ , c/c spacing of
beam = 40′′ . What is the nominal moment capacity if the steel area used is 6.88 𝑖𝑛2 and the span
length is 24′ . 𝑓𝑦 = 50 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 2.4 ksi. [USD Method – Analysis Problem]

Solution:
𝐿 24 𝑥 12 (𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 )𝑓𝑦 1.98 𝑥 50
b=
4
=
4
= 72 in a= ′ = = 4.86′′
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤 0.85 𝑥 2.4 𝑥 10
= 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 x 4 + 10 = 74 in c = a/𝛽1 = 4.86/0.85 = 5.72
= c/c spacing between two slab = 40 in c/d = 5.72/20.5
⸫ b = 40 in = 0.279 < 0.375 [Tension controlled]
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 6.88 𝑥 50 ℎ𝑓 𝑎
a= ′ = = 4.22′′ > ℎ𝑓 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (d - ) + 𝑓𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ) (d - )
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 2.4 𝑥 40 2 2
∴ T – beam confirmed. 4
= 4.9 x 50 (20.5 - ) + 50 x 1.98 x
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 2
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 4.86
𝑓𝑦 (20.5 - )
2
0.85 𝑥 2.4 𝑥 (40−10) 𝑥 4 = 4530 + 1790 = 6320 k – in.
= = 4.90 𝑖𝑛2
50
𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 6.88 – 4.90 = 1.98 𝑖𝑛2
Problem-133: A floor system consists of a 3′′ concrete slab supported by continuous T – beams
of 24 ft. span, 47′′ on centers. Web dimensions, as determined by negative moment requirements
at the supports are 𝑏𝑤 = 11′′ , d = 20′′ . What tensile steel area is required at mid-span to resist a
moment of 6400 kip – in. 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi. [USD Method – Design Problem]

Solution:
𝐿 24 𝑥 12 φ𝑀𝑛2
b= = = 72 in 𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 𝑎
4 4 𝜑𝑓𝑦 (d − )
2
= 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 x 3 + 13 = 59 in 1830
= c/c spacing between two slab = 47 in = 4.02 = 1.88 𝑖𝑛2
0.9 𝑥 60 𝑥 (20 − )
1
⸫ b = 47 in (𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 )𝑓𝑦 1.88 𝑥 60
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑀𝑢 6400 2 a= = = 4.02′′ (ok)
𝑎 = 3 = 6.40 𝑖𝑛 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 0.85 𝑥 3 𝑥 11
𝜑𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− 2 ) 0.9 𝑥 60 𝑥 (20 − 2)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 6.40 𝑥 60 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + (𝐴𝑠 – 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ) = 4.58 + 1.88 = 6.46 𝑖𝑛2
′′
a= = = 3.2 > ℎ𝑓 c = a/𝛽1 = 4.02/0.85 = 4.73
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 3 𝑥 47
∴ T – beam confirmed. c/d = 4.73/20
 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 = 0.237 < 0.375 [Tension controlled]
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = ∴ Provide 2 # 18 bars.
𝑓𝑦
0.85 𝑥 3 𝑥 (47−11) 𝑥 3
= = 4.58 𝑖𝑛2
60
ℎ𝑓
φ𝑀𝑛1 = φ𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (d - )
2
= 0.9 x 4.58 x 60 x (20 – 3/2)
= 4570 kip – in.
φ𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 - φ𝑀𝑛1
= 6400 – 4570 = 1830 kip – in.
Let, a = 4.02′′
Problem-134: Design a beam only for shear to carry ultimate shear force of 27 kips. Consider that
no reinforcement will be provided. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi. [USD Method]
Solution: Here, 𝑉𝑢 = 27 kip

Shear capacity, 𝑉𝑐 = 2√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 d = 2 x √4000 x 𝑏𝑤 d

1
But, shear capacity if no reinforcement is used, 𝑉𝑐 = (2√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 d) = √4000 x 𝑏𝑤 d = 63.25𝑏𝑤 d
2

Now, 𝑉𝑢 = φ𝑉𝑛 = φ(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) = φ𝑉𝑐 [𝑉𝑠 = 0, as no stirrup will be used]

=> 27000 = 0.75 x 63.25𝑏𝑤 d
=> 𝑏𝑤 d = 569.21 𝑖𝑛2
Let, 𝑏𝑤 = 16′′
∴ d = 569.21/16 = 35.58 ≈ 36′′ .
Problem-135: A simple supported beam on a 20 ft. span is carrying a factored load of 9.4 k/ft.
Width of the beam is 16′′ and effective depth is 22′′ . The beam is reinforced with 4 # 9 bars. If,
𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi, determine upto what part of the length of beam web reinforcement should
be provided and spacing of vertical stirrup. [USD Method]
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 9.4 𝑥 20
Solution: 𝑤𝑢 = 9.4 k/ft.; 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 94 kips
2 2
22
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 94 – 9.4 x = 76.77 kips
12
∴ φ𝑉𝑐 = φ2√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 d
= [0.75 x 2 x √4000 x 16 x 22]/1000
= 33.39 kips < 𝑉𝑢 .
∴ Stirrup is required.
94 94−33.39
From similar triangle, = => a = 6.45′
10 𝑎
94 94−16.7
Similarly, = => 𝑎′ = 8.22′
10 𝑎′
Let us assume the # 3 bar will be used for U – stirrup.
∴ 𝐴𝑣 = 2 x 0.11 𝑖𝑛2 = 0.22 𝑖𝑛2 .
𝜑𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.75 𝑥 0.22 𝑥 60 𝑥 22
Spacing, S = = = 5.02′′ ≈ 5′′
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜑𝑉𝑐 76.77−33.39

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 0.22 𝑥 60000 0.22 𝑥 60000

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ = ≤ = 17.39′′ ≤ 16.5′′ ≈ 16.5′′
′ 50𝑏𝑤 0.75√4000 𝑥 16 50 𝑥 16
0.75√𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤

𝑑 22
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 11′′
2 2

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24′′
∴ Upto a = 6.45′ , use # 3 bar @ 5′′ c/c. From a = 6.45′ to 𝑎′ = 8.22′ , use # 3 bar @ 11′′ c/c.
For the rest portion no stirrup is required.
Problem-136: A rectangular beam is to carry a service dead load of 1.6 k/ft. including its own
weight and service live load of 3.2 k/ft. on a simple span of 20 ft. Select the width and effective
depth of the beam in which web reinforcement provides shear strength 𝑉𝑠 = 2 𝑉𝑐 . Use of 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000
psi. Find the spacing of vertical stirrup from support if 𝑓𝑦 = 40000 psi. [USD Method]

Solution: Here, DL = 1.6 k/ft. and LL = 3.2 k/ft.

∴ 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 x 1.6 + 1.6 x 3.2 = 7.04 k/ft.
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 7.04 𝑥 20
Now, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 at support = = = 70.4 k
2 2
𝑑
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 70.4 – 7.04 x
12

Now, 𝑉𝑢 = φ𝑉𝑛 = φ(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) = φ(𝑉𝑐 + 2𝑉𝑐 ) = 3φ𝑉𝑐 = 3 x 0.75 x √4000 x 𝑏𝑤 x d

𝑑
=> 70.4 – 7.04 x = 142.30𝑏𝑤 x d
12

Let, 𝑏𝑤 = 12′′
∴ d = 17.5′′
17.5
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 70.4 – 7.04 x = 60.13 k
12
∴ φ𝑉𝑐 = φ2√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 d = [0.75 x 2 x √4000 x 12 x 17.5]/1000 = 19.92 k
𝜑𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.75 𝑥 0.22 𝑥 40 𝑥 17.5
Spacing, S = = = 2.85′′ ≈ 2.75′′
𝑉𝑢 − 𝜑𝑉𝑐 60.13 − 19.92

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 0.22 𝑥 40000 0.22 𝑥 40000

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤ = ≤ = 15.46′′ ≤ 14.67′′ ≈ 14.5′′
′ 50𝑏𝑤 0.75√4000 𝑥 12 50 𝑥 12
0.75√𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤
 𝑑 17.5
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 8.75′′
2 2

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24′′
∴ Use # 3 bar @ 2.75′′ c/c.
Problem-137: A rectangular beam of span length 10′ carries a distributed load of 6.25 k/ft. and
maximum shear at support is 31.25 k. The width of the beam is 12′′ & effective depth of the beam
is 18.5′′ . Use of 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 psi. Find the spacing of vertical stirrup from support if 𝑓𝑦 = 60000 psi.
[WSD Method]
Solution: Here, 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 31.25 kip.
18.5
Shear at a distance d from the support, 𝑉𝑑 = 31.25 – 6.25 x = 21.61 kip.
12

Allowable concrete shear, 𝑉𝑐 = 1.1√𝑓𝑐 ′ bd = [1.1 x √4000 x 12 x 18.5]/1000 kip = 15.44 kip < 𝑉𝑑
∴ Stirrup is required.
Use # 3 bar U – stirrup,
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑣 𝑑 (2 𝑥 0.11) 𝑥 24000 𝑥 18.5
Spacing, S = = = 15.83′′ ≈ 15.75′′
𝑉− 𝑉𝑐 (21.61−15.44) 𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑣 2 𝑥 0.11
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 12.22′′ ≈ 12.00′′
0.0015𝑏 0.0015 𝑥 12
𝑑 18.5
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 9.25′′
2 2

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24′′
∴ Use # 3 bar @ 9.25′′ c/c.
Problem-138: Determine the development length required for the # 8 uncoated bottom bars shown
in figure for (a) 𝑘𝑡𝑟 = 0 & (b) 𝑘𝑡𝑟 = Use computed value, if 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi.
3 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑠
Solution: Development length, 𝑙𝑑 = ( 𝐶+ 𝑘𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑏
40
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑𝑏

Where, 𝜓𝑡 = Loading factor = 1

𝜓𝑐 = Coating factor = 1
𝜓𝑠 = Size factor = 1
𝜆 = 1 for normal weight concrete
3′′
Value of C: Side cover = 2.5′′ ; One – half of c/c spacing of bars = = 1.5′′
2
 ∴ C = 1.5′′ .
40 𝐴𝑡𝑟 40 𝑥 (2 𝑥 0.11)
𝑘𝑡𝑟 = Transverse reinforcement index = ≤ 2.5 = = 0.367 inch
𝑆𝑛 8𝑥3
𝐶+ 𝑘𝑡𝑟 1.5+0
(a) ≤ 2.50 = = 1.50 < 2.5 (ok)
𝑑𝑏 1

3 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑠
Development length, 𝑙𝑑 = ( 𝐶+ 𝑘𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑏
40
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑𝑏

3 60000 1𝑥1𝑥1 8
= x x x = 55 inch
40 1√3000 1.50 8
𝐶+ 𝑘𝑡𝑟 1.5+0.367
(b) ≤ 2.50 = = 1.867 < 2.5 (ok)
𝑑𝑏 1

3 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑠
Development length, 𝑙𝑑 = ( 𝐶+ 𝑘𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑏
40
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑𝑏

3 60000 1𝑥1𝑥1 8
= x x x = 44 inch
40 1√3000 1.867 8

Problem-139: Determine the spacing for the temperature & shrinkage reinforcement in a one way
slab of thickness t = 6′′ . Consider # 3 deformed bar with 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi; 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi. Follow the ACI
code specification.
Solution: 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018bt 0.11 𝑥 12
2
Spacing, S = = 10.15′′ ≈ 10′′ c/c.
= 0.0018 x 12 x 6 = 0.13 𝑖𝑛 /ft. 0.13
Problem-140: An Engineer designed a slab using 60 grade steel to provide #4 bar @ 4.5′′ c/c. If
you want to provide 500W 10 mm bar, then what would be the spacing?
0.2𝑥 12 0.53 𝑥 60
Solution: Spacing = = 4.5 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓1 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓2 => 𝐴𝑠2 = = 0.44 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠1 72.5
𝜋
or, 𝐴𝑠1 = 0.53 𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 102 𝑥1000
4
500 x 145 Spacing =
500W means = 72.5 grade steel 0.44 𝑥 25.4 2
1000 = 276.67 ≈ 250 mm c/c
Problem-141: Calculate the slab thickness for a panel dimension of 20′ x 18′ with ACI code
standard.
2 ( 𝐿+𝐵) 2 (20+18)
Solution: Slab thickness, t = x 12 = x 12 = 5.07′′ ≈ 5.25′′
180 180

According to ACI code minimum slab thickness is 3.5′′ .

∴ Slab thickness = 5.25′′ .
Problem-142: Calculate the slab thickness for a panel dimension of 12′ x 12′ with ACI code
standard.
 2 ( 𝐿+𝐵) 2 (12+12)
Solution: Slab thickness, t = x 12 = x 12 = 3.2′′ ≈ 3.25′′
180 180

According to ACI code minimum slab thickness is 3.5′′ .

∴ Slab thickness = 3.50′′ .
Problem-143: Check the bond stress in W.S.D. method for shear 9 k. Main reinforcement #6 bars
@ 4.75" c/c. j = 0.87, k = 0.33, d = 7 in, 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Solution: 𝑈𝑑 = = 12 3.4√𝑓𝑐 ′ 3.4√4000
∑0 𝑗𝑑 𝜋𝜑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑗𝑑
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 6 = 286.7 psi.
9 𝑥 1000 𝜑
8
= 6 12 = 248.3 psi.
𝜋𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 0.87 𝑥 7 𝑈𝑎𝑙𝑙 > 𝑈𝑑 (OK)
8 4.75

Problem-144: Check dowel embedment length into footing for compression by U.S.D. method for
main reinforcement 4 # 6 bars, 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi.

Solution: Dowel embedment length, Minimum, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.0003𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏

6 6
0.02 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 0.02 𝑥 60000 𝑥 = 0.0003 x 60000 x
8
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = = 8
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √3000 = 13.5 in
Minimum, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 8 in
= 16.43 in
∴ Dowel embedment length, 𝑙𝑑 = 16.5 in.
Problem-145: Find length of lapped splices of dowels with column bar by U.S.D. method for main
reinforcement 4#6 bars, 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 50 ksi.

Solution: Splices length, 𝑙𝑠 = 0.0005𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 Minimum, 𝑙𝑠 = 12 in

6 ∴ Splices length, 𝑙𝑠 = 18.75 in.
= 0.0005 x 50000 x
8
= 18.75 in
Problem-146: Calculate development length for beam by W.S.D. method for main reinforcement
4 # 6 bars, shear 21 k, j = 0.87, k = 0.33, d = 20 in, 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 Development length,
Solution: 𝑈𝑑 = = 6
∑0 𝑗𝑑 𝑛𝜋𝜑 𝑥 𝑗𝑑 0.4 𝑥 60000 𝑥
𝑓𝑠 𝑑 8
21 𝑥 1000 𝑙𝑑 = =
= 6 = 128.1 psi. 4𝑈𝑑 4 𝑥 128.1
4 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥 0.87 𝑥 20
8 = 35 in.
Problem-147: If live load is 400 k and dead load is 500 k as well as 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi. What
is the gross area of tied column? [USD Method]
Solution: 𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] 𝑃𝑢 = 0.65 x 0.8 [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ]
For tied column, φ = 0.65 & k = 0.8 => 1.2 x 500 + 1.6 x 400 = 0.6 x 0.8 x [0.85 x
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑔 (𝐴𝑔 - .03𝐴𝑔 ) x 4 + 60 x 0.03 x 𝐴𝑔 ]
Let, 𝜌𝑔 = 0.03 => 𝐴𝑔 = 467.75 𝑖𝑛2 .
𝐴𝑠 = 0.03𝐴𝑔 Column size = 22′′ x 22′′ = 484 𝑖𝑛2 .
Problem-148: A column with cross-section 15′′ x 15′′ is reinforced with 8 # 8 bars subjected to a
concentric load. If 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi, calculate the ultimate load carrying capacity of the
column. [USD Method]
Solution: 𝐴𝑠 = 8 x 0.79 = 6.32 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑔 = 15 x 15 = 225 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] = 0.65 x 0.8 [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ]
= 0.65 x 0.8 [0.85 x (225 – 6.32) x 4 + 6.32 x 60] = 583.81 kips.
Problem-149: Compute the steel/concrete ratio if steel uses in the column is 1% of total size of
column area & steel ratio, r = 10. [RRI – 14]
Solution: r = 10 𝜌𝑠 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑠 => x = 10
𝑓𝑠 ⁄𝐴 𝜌𝑐 𝐴𝑠
=> = 10; => 𝜌𝑐 𝑠 = 10 𝜌𝑠 𝐴𝑔 − 0.01𝐴𝑔
𝑓𝑐 ⁄𝐴 => x = 10
𝑐 𝜌𝑐 0.01𝐴𝑔
𝜌𝑠 𝐴𝑐 𝜌𝑠
=> x = 10 => = 0.1010 = 10.1%
𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑐 𝜌𝑐
Problem-150: Find the design ultimate axial stress of the column with zero eccentricity [k = 1].
Steel area 2%, column size 12′′ x 12′′ , 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3.5 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi. [USD Method]

Solution: 𝐴𝑔 = 12 x 12 = 144 𝑖𝑛2 ∴ Stress =

𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.02 x 144 = 2.88 𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
385.21
′
𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] = = 2.68 psi
′ 144
= 0.65 x 1 [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ]
= 0.65 x 1 [0.85 x (144 – 2.88) x 3.5 +
2.88 x 60]
= 385.21 kips.
Problem-151: Design a square tied column to carry an axial service loads of 320 k dead load and
190 k live load. Use 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi, 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi. [USD Method]

Solution: 𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] Tie Design:

For tied column, φ = 0.65 & k = 0.8 Use # 3 bar as the bar size used # 9 as main
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑔 reinforcement.
9
Let, 𝜌𝑔 = 0.03 Spacing, S = 16 𝑑𝑏 = 16 x = 18′′
8
𝐴𝑠 = 0.03𝐴𝑔 3
= 48 𝑑𝑏 = 48 x = 18′′
𝑃𝑢 = 0.65 x 0.8 [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] 8
=> 1.2 x 320 + 1.6 x 190 = 0.6 x 0.8 x [0.85 x = 17′′ [Column least dimension]
(𝐴𝑔 – .03𝐴𝑔 x 4 + 60 x 0.03 x 𝐴𝑔 ] Use # 3 bar @ 17′′ c/c.
=> 𝐴𝑔 = 259.53 𝑖𝑛2 .
Column size = 17′′ x 17′′ = 289 𝑖𝑛2 .
𝐴𝑠 = 0.03 x 289 = 8.67 𝑖𝑛2
Use 4 # 9 bars & 6 # 8 bars.
Problem-152: Determine the ultimate axial load on a 15" square column reinforced with 4 #9 bars.
Ties are number placed at 12" c/c. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi and 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi. Also check whether the column
satisfy the ACI code requirements.
Solution: According to ACI minimum area = Used tie bar #3 bar (ok).
96 𝑖𝑛2 9
Spacing = 16 𝑑𝑏 = 16 x = 18" c/c
8
Used area = 15 x 15 = 225 𝑖𝑛2 (ok) 3
Minimum size of main reinforcement #5 bar = 48 𝑑𝑏 = 48 x = 18" c/c
8
Used main bar #9 (ok) = 15" c/c [Column least dimension]
Amount of reinforcement = 4 x 1 = 4 𝑖𝑛2 Spacing should be 15" c/c.
4 Used spacing 12" c/c (ok).
𝜌𝑔 = = 0.017
225 Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ]
0.01 ≤ 𝜌𝑔 ≤ 0.08 (ok).
= 0.65 x 0.8 [0.85 x 225 x 4 + 4 x 60]
Tie bar #3 bar should be use for main = 522.6 kips
reinforcement up to #9 bar is used.
Problem-153: Design of a spiral column to carry ultimate axial load of 400 kips. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi and 𝑓𝑦
= 60 ksi. [USD Method]
Solution: Ultimate load, 4 𝑎𝑠
𝜌𝑠𝑝 =
𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] 𝑔𝐷𝑐
4 𝑎𝑠 4 𝑥 0.11
= ∅k 𝐴𝑔 [0.85(1-𝜌𝑔 )𝑓𝑐 ′ +𝜌𝑔 𝑓𝑦 ]  g= =
𝜌𝑠𝑝 𝐷𝑐 0.022 𝑥 9.5
Let, 𝜌𝑔 = 0.04
= 2.10 ≈ 2.00 inch
=> 400 = 0.7 x 0.85 𝐴𝑔 [0.85 x (1-0.04)x 4 + 𝐷𝑐 9.5
0.04 X 60]  𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1.58 ≈ 1.50 inch
6 6
2
=> 𝐴𝑔 = 118.69 𝑖𝑛 = 3"
𝜋
=> 𝐷2 = 118.69 𝑖𝑛2 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1"
4 Use #3 bar @ 2.00" c/c.
=> D = 12.29 ≈ 12.5 inch
⸫ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 x 𝐴𝑔
𝜋
= 0.04 x 12.52 = 4.91 𝑖𝑛2
4
⸫ Use 12 #6 bar.
Design of spiral:
Using #3 bar
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐷 2
𝜌𝑠𝑝 = 0.45 x [( ) - 1]
𝑓𝑦 𝐷𝑐
4 12.5 2
= 0.45 x [( ) -1]
= 0.022
60 9.5
Problem-154: Design of a spiral column to carry axial load of 280 kips. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi and 𝑓𝑦 = 60
ksi. [WSD Method]
Solution: Axial load, P = 𝐴𝑔 [0.25𝑓𝑐 ′ +𝜌𝑔 𝑓𝑠 ] 𝜌𝑠𝑝 =
4 𝑎𝑠
Let, 𝜌𝑔 = 0.04 𝑔𝐷𝑐
4 𝑎𝑠 4 𝑥 0.11
=> 280 = 𝐴𝑔 [0.25 x 4 + 0.04 X 0.4 x 60] => g = = = 2.10 ≈ 2.00 inch
𝜌𝑠𝑝 𝐷𝑐 0.02 𝑥 10.5
=> 𝐴𝑔 = 143 𝑖𝑛2 𝐷𝑐 10.5
𝜋 => 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1.75 inch
=> 𝐷2 = 143 𝑖𝑛2 6 6
4 = 3"
 => D = 13.49 ≈ 13.5 inch 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1"
⸫ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 x 𝐴𝑔 Use #3 bar @ 2.00" c/c.
𝜋
= 0.04 x 13.52 = 5.73 𝑖𝑛2
4
⸫ Use 6 #9 bar.
Design of spiral:
Using #3 bar
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐷 2
𝜌𝑠𝑝 = 0.45 x [( ) - 1]
𝑓𝑦
𝐷𝑐
4
13.5 2
= 0.45 x [( ) -1] = 0.02
60 10.5

Problem-155: Design of a tied column for six story building from the following data:
 Floor thickness 6" .
 Live load on floor 125 psf.
 Size of the beam on both direction 12" x 24"
 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 ksi and 𝑓𝑦 = 60 ksi.
 Story height 10′ .
Solution:
Load Calculation: Assume column size = 21 in square
Live load = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ 21 𝑥 21
Weight of column = x 10 x 150 x 6
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 144
= 20 x 25 x 125 x 6 = 375 kips = 27.56 kips
Dead load = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ Total dead load, DL = 313.3 kip
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∗ 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 Total live load, LL = 375 kip
6 Ultimate load, 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
= 20 x 25 x x 150 x 6 = 1.2 x 313.3 + 1.6 x 375
12
= 225 kips = 976 kip
12 𝑥 (24−6)
Beam load = x 150 x (20+25) x 6
144
= 60.75 kips

𝑃𝑢 = ∅k [0.85(𝐴𝑔 - 𝐴𝑠 )𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ] Web reinforcement calculation:

′ Using #3 bar,
= ∅k 𝐴𝑔 [0.85(1-𝜌𝑔 )𝑓𝑐 +𝜌𝑔 𝑓𝑦 ]
10
=> 976 = 0.65 x 0.8 x 𝐴𝑔 [0.85(1 – 0.04) x 4 + Spacing = 16 𝑑𝑏 = 16 x = 20" c/c
8
0.04 x 60] 3
=> 𝐴𝑔 = 334.4 𝑖𝑛2 = 48 𝑑𝑏 = 48 x = 18" c/c
8
2 "
Providing 19 in x 19 in section, 𝐴𝑔 = 361 𝑖𝑛 = 19 c/c
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑔 𝜌𝑔 = 361 x 0.04 = 14.45 𝑖𝑛2 Use # 3 bar @18" c/c.
Use 12 #10 bar
Problem-156: A column consists of 12 no # 9 bars. Calculate the size spacing and draw them.
 Solution: Consider a tied column,
h = 2 x 1.5 + 2 x 0.4 + 5 x 1.125 + 4 x 1.6875
= 16.18′′
≈ 16.5′′
b = 2 x 1.5 + 2 x 0.4 + 3 x 1.125 + 2 x 1.6875
= 10.55′′
≈ 11′′
Spacing, S = 1.6875′′
Size = 16.5′′ x 11′′

Problem-157: A-20 inch square tied column reinforced with eight ft. 9 bars carries a concentric
load of 380 kips. Design a square footing by working stress method using values given-allowable
soil pressure 7000 lb/𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 psi and 𝑓𝑠 = 20000 psi.
Solution: Assume the unit weight of soil = 110 pcf
110+150
∴ Average unit weight of concrete & soil = = 130 pcf
2

Assume the depth of the foundation 5 ft. below the ground surface.
∴ Soil pressure at 5 ft. below the ground surface = 5 x 130 = 650 psf.
∴ Effective soil pressure to carry the column load, 𝑞𝑒 = 7000 – 650 = 6350 psf.
380 𝑥 1000
∴ Required footing area, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 59.84 𝑓𝑡 2 .
6350

Assume footing size = 8′ x 8′ = 64 𝑓𝑡 2 > 59.84 𝑓𝑡 2 (ok).

8′ 8′

𝑑⁄
2
𝑑⁄ 20′′
2 d
8′ 20′′ 8′
𝑑⁄
2
𝑑⁄
2

1.58′

Punching shear Beam shear

Punching shear check:

 380 𝑥 1000
q= = 5937.5 psf = 5.9 ksf
64

Critical perimeter for punching shear, 𝑏0 = 4 (a + d) = 4 (20 + d) = 80 + 4d

20+𝑑 2
Shear force acting on this perimeter, 𝑉𝑐 = q x [𝐿2 - (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 ] = 5.9 [82 - ( ) ] kips
12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏0 d = [2 x √3000 x (80 + 4d) x d]/1000 kips

Now, 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙
20+𝑑 2
or, [2 x √3000 x (80 + 4d) x d]/1000 = 5.9 [82 - ( ) ]
12

or, d = 18.67 inch ≈ 19 inch [Using calculator]

Height of the footing, h = 19 + 3 = 22 inch.
[Clear cover is min 3 in. but 4 inch is better to provide]
Beam shear check:
𝐵 𝑎 8 20 19
Shear force, 𝑉𝑣 = qL [ - – d] = 5.9 x 8 x [ - - ] = 74.73 kips.
2 2 2 2 𝑥 12 12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.1 √𝑓𝑐 ′ bd = [1.1 x √3000 x 8 x 12 x 19]/1000

= 109.9 kips > 74.73 kips (ok).
Steel calculation:
𝐿−𝑎 8−20/12
c= = = 3.167 ft.
2 2
𝑞𝐿𝑐 2 5.9 𝑥 8 𝑥 3.1672
Moment at the face of the column, M = = = 236.71 k-ft.
2 2
𝑀 236.71 𝑥 12000
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = = = 8.49 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 20000 𝑥 0.88 𝑥 19
∴ 𝐴𝑠(min) = 0.002bt = 0.002 x 8 x 12 x 22 = 4.22 𝑖𝑛2 [Shrinkage reinforcement check]
200 200
∴ 𝐴𝑠(min) = bd = x 8 x 12 x 19 = 6.08 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60000
∴ Provide 11 # 8 bar in each direction.
Problem-158: A-18 inch square tied column with 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 psi reinforced with 8 - # 8 bars of 𝑓𝑦
= 60000 psi, supports a dead load of 225 kips and live load of 175 kips. The soil has a unit weight
of 100 pcf. The allowable soil pressure 5000 lb/𝑓𝑡 2 . Design the square footing with base 5 ft.
below grade in USD Method.
Solution: Given that, the unit weight of soil = 100 pcf
100+150
∴ Average unit weight of concrete & soil = = 125 pcf
2

The depth of the foundation 5 ft. below the ground surface.

∴ Soil pressure at 5 ft. below the ground surface = 5 x 125 = 625 psf.
∴ Effective soil pressure to carry the column load, 𝑞𝑒 = 5000 – 625 = 4375 psf.
(225+175) 𝑥 1000
∴ Required footing area, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 91.5 𝑓𝑡 2 .
4375

Assume footing size = 10′ x 10′ = 100 𝑓𝑡 2 > 91.5 𝑓𝑡 2 (ok).

10′ 10′

𝑑⁄
2
𝑑⁄ 18′′
2 d
10′ 18′′ 10′
𝑑⁄
2
𝑑⁄
2

2.67′
Punching shear Beam shear
Punching shear check:
(1.2 𝑥 225+1.6 𝑥 175)𝑥 1000
𝑞𝑢 = = 5500 psf = 5.5 ksf
100

Critical perimeter for punching shear, 𝑏0 = 4 (a + d) = 4 (18 + d) = 72 + 4d

18+𝑑 2
Shear force acting on this perimeter, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 x [𝐿2 - (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 ] = 5.5 [102 - ( ) ] kips
12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4φ √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏0 d = [4 x 0.75 x √4000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 kips

Now, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙
18+𝑑 2
or, [4 x 0.75 x √4000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 = 5.5 [102 - ( ) ]
12

or, d = 18.19 inch ≈ 19 inch [Using calculator]

∴ Height of the footing, h = 19 + 3 = 22 inch.
Beam shear check:
𝐵 𝑎 10 18 19
Shear force, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 L [ - – d] = 5.5 x 10 x [ - - ] = 146.67 kips.
2 2 2 2 𝑥 12 12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2φ √𝑓𝑐 ′ bd = [2 x 0.75 x √4000 x 10 x 12 x 24]/1000

= 273.22 kips > 146.67 kips (ok).
Steel calculation:
𝐿−𝑎 10−18/12
c= = = 4.25 ft.
2 2
𝑞𝑢 𝐿𝑐 2 5.5 𝑥 10 𝑥 4.252
Moment at the face of the column, M = = = 496.72 k-ft.
2 2
𝑀 496.72 𝑥 12000 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 60
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎 or, 𝐴𝑠 = 0.1471 𝐴𝑠 a= =
𝜑𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− ) 0.9 𝑥 60000 𝑥 (19 − ) 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 4 𝑥 10 𝑥 12
2 2

Solving the equation, 𝐴𝑠 = 5.94 𝑖𝑛2 ∴ a = 0.1471𝐴𝑠

∴ 𝐴𝑠(min) = 0.0018 bt = 0.0018 x 10 x 12 x 22 = 4.75 𝑖𝑛2 [Shrinkage reinforcement check]

200 200
∴ 𝐴𝑠(min) = bd = x 10 x 12 x 19 = 7.60 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60000
∴ Provide 10 # 8 bar in each direction.
Problem-159: A 18′′ x 18′′ RCC column made a footing size 8′ x 9′ will supports a total dead
load of 23000 lb/ft. The ultimate load bearing capacity of soil is 2 tsf. Determine footing depth. 𝑓𝑐 ′
= 3000 psi; 𝑓𝑦 = 60000 psi. [Use USD Method]

Solution: Bearing pressure of soil, 𝑞𝑢 = 2 tsf = 2 x 2200 = 4400 psf = 4.4 ksf.
Critical perimeter for punching shear, 𝑏0 = 4 (a + d) = 4 (18 + d) = 72 + 4d
18+𝑑 2
Shear force acting on this perimeter, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 x [L x B - (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 ] = 4.4 [9 x 8- ( ) ] kips
12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4φ √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏0 d = [4 x 0.75 x √3000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 kips
Now, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙
18+𝑑 2
or, [4 x 0.75 x √3000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 = 4.4 [9 x 8 - ( ) ]
12

or, d = 13.72 inch ≈ 14 inch [Using calculator]

∴ Height of the footing, h = 14 + 4 = 18 inch.

Problem-160: A 18′′ x 18′′ RCC column made a footing size 8′ x 9′ will supports a total dead
load of 23000 lb/ft. The bearing pressure of soil is 2 tsf. Determine footing depth. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 psi;
𝑓𝑦 = 60000 psi. [Use WSD Method]

Solution: Bearing pressure of soil, q= 2 tsf = 2 x 2200 = 4400 psf = 4.4 ksf.
Critical perimeter for punching shear, 𝑏0 = 4 (a + d) = 4 (18 + d) = 72 + 4d
18+𝑑 2
Shear force acting on this perimeter, 𝑉𝑐 = q x [L x B - (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 ] = 4.4 [9 x 8 - ( ) ] kips
12
Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏0 d = [2 x √3000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 kips
Now, 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙
18+𝑑 2
or, [2 x √3000 x (72 + 4d) x d]/1000 = 4.4 [9 x 8 - ( ) ]
12

or, d = 17.73 inch ≈ 18 inch [Using calculator]

∴ Height of the footing, h = 18 + 3 = 21 inch.
Problem-161: A RCC footing size is 10′ x 10′ . Determine the punching stress when depth 16.5′′
and column size 10′′ x 10′′ . 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 psi; 𝑓𝑦 = 60000 psi. [Use WSD Method]

Solution: Punching area, 𝐴0 = 4 (a + d) x d = 4 (10 + 16.5) x 16.5 = 1749 𝑖𝑛2 .

Shear force acting on this perimeter, 𝑉𝑐 = q x [𝐿2 - (𝑎 + 𝑑)2 ]
10 + 16.5 2
= q x [102 – ( ) ] = 95.12 q.
24
95.12 𝑞
Punching stress = psi
1749

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 √𝑓𝑐 ′ = 2 x √4000 psi

Now, 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙
95.12 𝑞
or, = 2 x √4000
1749
1749
or, q = 2 x √4000 x = 2325 psi
95.12
95.12 𝑞 95.12
∴ Punching stress = psi = x 2325 = 126.45 psi.
1749 1749

Problem-162: A 12′′ thick concrete wall carries a dead load of 10 k/ft. and live load of 12.5 k/ft.
The bearing pressure of soil is 5 ksf at the level of the base of the footing which is 5 ft. below the
final ground surface. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 psi; 𝑓𝑦 = 80000 psi and density of the soil is 120 pcf. [Use USD
Method]
Solution: Considering 1 ft. strip of footing,
Thickness of footing, t = 1~1.5 times of wall thickness = 12′′ ; d = 12 – 3 – 0.5 = 8.5′′
Effective soil pressure, 𝑞𝑒 = 5 – (1 x 0.15 + 4 x 0.12) = 4.37 ksf
10+12.5
Required footing area, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = 5.2 𝑓𝑡 2 of length.
4.37

Check for beam shear:

1.2 𝑥 10+1.6 𝑥 12.5
𝑞𝑢 = = 6.15 ksf
5.2
 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 5.2 12 8.5
Shear force, 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 [ - – d] = 6.15 [ - - ] = 8.56 kips/ft.
2 2 2 2 𝑥 12 12

Nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2φ √𝑓𝑐 ′ bd = [2 x 0.75 x √4000 x 12 x 8.5]/1000

= 9.6 kips/ft. > 8.56 kips/ft. (ok).
∴ Depth of the footing = 8.5′′ .
∴ Height of the footing = 12′′ .