AP10001 Introduction to Physics

Assignment 5 (Ch12, 16, 17)

Chapter 12, Problem 048 GO

Two bars of identical mass are at 27 °C. One is made from glass and the other from another
substance. The specific heat capacity of glass is 840 J/(kg · C°). When identical amounts of heat are
supplied to each, the glass bar reaches a temperature of 88 °C, while the other bar reaches 250.0 °C.
What is the specific heat capacity of the other substance?

48. REASONING The change ΔT in temperature is determined by the amount Q of heat added, the specific
heat capacity c and mass m of the material, according to Q  cmT (Equation 12.4). The heat supplied to
each bar and the mass of each bar are the same, but the changes in temperature are different. The only
factor that can account for the different temperature changes is the specific heat capacities, which must be
different. We will apply Equation 12.4 to each bar and thereby determine the unknown specific heat
capacity.

SOLUTION The heat supplied to each bar is given by Q  cmT (Equation 12.4). The amount of heat QG
supplied to the glass is equal to the heat QS supplied to the other substance. Thus,

QG  QS or cG m TG  cS m TS (1)

We know that cG = 840 J/(kgC) from Table 12.2. Solving Equation (1) for cS and eliminating the
mass m algebraically, we obtain

 T   88 C - 27 C 
cS  cG  G
 T   840 J/(kg  C)    230 J/(kg  C)
 S   250.0 C - 27 C 

Chapter 12, Problem 062

A mass m = 0.054 kg of benzene vapor (Lv = 3.94x105 J/kg) at its boiling point of 80.1°C is to be
condensed by mixing with water at 41.0°C. What is the minimum mass of water required to
condense all of the benzene vapor? Assume the mixing and condensation take place is a perfectly
insulating container.

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P1
62. REASONING The minimum required mass mw of water is the mass that just reaches equilibrium with
the condensed benzene at the boiling point of benzene (80.1 °C; see Table 12.3 in the text). If less
water is used, not all of the benzene will condense, and if more water is used, then the benzene will
be cooled below its boiling point before reaching equilibrium. Therefore, the final temperature of the
water is 80.1 °C, the boiling point of benzene.

The mass mw of the water needed to condense the benzene vapor depends upon the amount of heat
Q that the water must absorb from the benzene. The benzene vapor is at its boiling point, so the heat
Q it must give up is only the amount of heat associated with the phase change from vapor to liquid.
This amount of heat is found from Q  mb Lv (Equation 12.5), where mb is the mass of the benzene
vapor and Lv is the heat of vaporization for benzene (see Table 12.3 in the text). As the water absorbs
heat from the condensing benzene, its temperature will rise by an amount ΔT. We will use
Q  cmw T (Equation 12.4), where c is the specific heat of water and mw is the mass of water mixed
with the benzene vapor, to determine the amount of heat Q absorbed by the water. Assuming that
heat is exchanged only between the water and the benzene, this is the same as the amount of heat
given up by the benzene.

SOLUTION Solving Q  cmw T (Equation 12.4) for the required mass mw of water, we obtain
Q
mw  (1)
cT

Substituting Q  mb Lv (Equation 12.5) into Equation (1) yields the required mass of water:

mb Lv  0.054 kg   3.94 105 J/kg 

mw    0.13 kg
cT  
 4186 J/ kg  C  80.1 C  41 C
  

Chapter 12, Problem 072

Equal masses of two different liquids have the same temperature of 25.0 °C. Liquid A has a
freezing point of -68.0 °C and a specific heat capacity of 1850 J/(kg C°). Liquid B has a freezing
point of -96.0 °C and a specific heat capacity of 2430 J/(kg C°). The same amount of heat must be
removed from each liquid in order to freeze it into a solid at its respective freezing point. Determine
the difference Lf,A - Lf,B between the latent heats of fusion for these liquids.

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P2
72. REASONING To freeze either liquid, heat must be removed to cool the liquid to its freezing point. In
either case, the heat Q that must be removed to lower the temperature of a substance of mass m by an
amount T is given by Equation 12.4 as Q = cmT, where c is the specific heat capacity. The amount T
by which the temperature is lowered is the initial temperature T0 minus the freezing point temperature
T. Once the liquid has been cooled to its freezing point, additional heat must be removed to convert
the liquid into a solid at the freezing point. The heat Q that must be removed to freeze a mass m of
liquid into a solid is given by Equation 12.5 as Q = mLf, where Lf is the latent heat of fusion. The total
heat to be removed, then, is the sum of that specified by Equation 12.4 and that specified by
Equation 12.5, or QTotal = cm (T0  T) + mLf. Since we know that same amount of heat is removed from
each liquid, we can set QTotal for liquid A equal to QTotal for liquid B and solve the resulting equation for
Lf, A  Lf, B.

SOLUTION Setting QTotal for liquid A equal to QTotal for liquid B gives

cAm (T0  TA) + mLf, A = cBm (T0  TB) + mLf, B

Noting that the mass m can be eliminated algebraically from this result and solving for Lf, A  Lf, B, we
find

Lf, A  Lf, B  cB T0  TB   cA T0  TA 

  2430 J/  kg  C    25.0 C   96.0 C  

 1850 J/  kg  C    25.0 C   68.0 C    1.22 105 J/kg

Chapter 16, Problem 012

The mass of a string is 3.0 x 10-3 kg, and it is stretched so that the tension in it is 200 N. A
transverse wave traveling on this string has a frequency of 260 Hz and a wavelength of 0.60 m.
What is the length of the string?

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P3
12. REASONING The length L of the string is one of the factors that affects the speed of a wave traveling on
F
it, in so far as the speed v depends on the mass per unit length m/L according to v  (Equation
m/ L
16.2). The other factor affecting the speed is the tension F. The speed is not directly given here. However,
the frequency f and the wavelength λ are given, and the speed is related to them according to v = f λ
(Equation 16.1). Substituting Equation 16.1 into Equation 16.2 will give us an equation that can be solved
for the length L.

SOLUTION Substituting Equation 16.1 into Equation 16.2 gives

F
v f 
m/ L

Solving for the length L, we find that

f 2  2 m  260 Hz 
2
 0.60 m 2  3.0  103 kg 
L   0.37 m
F 200 N

Chapter 17, Problem 10 GO

A listener is standing in front of two speakers that are producing sound of the same frequency and
amplitude, except that they are vibrating out of phase. Initially, the distance between the listener and
each speaker is the same (see the drawing). As the listener moves sideways, the sound intensity
gradually increases. When the distance x in the drawing is 0.92 m, the change reaches the maximum
amount (from soft to loud). Using the data shown in the drawing and 343 m/s for the speed of sound,
determine the frequency of the sound coming from the speakers.

10. REASONING When the listener is standing midway between the speakers, both sound waves
travel the same distance from the speakers to the listener. Since the speakers are vibrating out
of phase, when the diaphragm of one speaker is moving outward (creating a condensation), the
diaphragm of the other speaker is moving inward (creating a rarefaction). Whenever a
condensation from one speaker reaches the listener, it is met by a rarefaction from the other,
and vice versa. Therefore, the two sound waves produce destructive interference, and the
listener hears no sound.

When the listener begins to move sideways, the distance between the listener and each speaker
is no longer the same. Consequently, the sound waves no longer produce destructive
interference, and the sound intensity begins to increase. When the difference in path lengths
1 2
traveled by the two sounds is one-half a wavelength, or 1  2  12  , constructive
interference occurs, and a loud sound will be heard.

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P4
 Midpoint 0.92 m
SOLUTION The two speakers are vibrating out of phase.
Therefore, when the difference in path lengths 1  2
traveled by the two sounds is one-half a wavelength, or
1  2  2  , constructive interference occurs. Note that this
1

condition is different than that for two speakers vibrating in 4.00 m

phase. The frequency f of the sound is equal to the speed v of
sound divided by the wavelength ; f = v/ (Equation 16.1).
Thus, we have that

v v
1 2  12   or f =
2 1   1.50 m 1.50 m
2f 2

The distances 1
and 2
can be determined by applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right
triangles in the drawing:

1   4.00m 2  1.50 m + 0.92 m 2  4.68 m

2   4.00 m 2  1.50 m  0.92 m   4.04 m

2

The frequency of the sound is

v 343 m/s
f =   270 Hz
2 1  2  2  4.68 m  4.04 m 

Chapter 17, Problem 30 GO

Two wires, each of length 1.2 m, are stretched between two fixed supports. On wire A there is a
second-harmonic standing wave whose frequency is 660 Hz. However, the same frequency of 660
Hz is the third harmonic on wire B. Find the speed at which the individual waves travel on each
wire and give the speed difference of two waves as the final answer.

30. REASONING The harmonic frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Therefore,
for wire A (on which there is a second-harmonic standing wave), the fundamental frequency is one
half of 660 Hz, or 330 Hz. Similarly, for wire B (on which there is a third-harmonic standing wave), the
fundamental frequency is one third of 660 Hz, or 220 Hz. The fundamental frequency f1 is related to
the length L of the wire and the speed v at which individual waves travel back and forth on the wire by
f1 = v/(2L) (Equation 17.3, with n = 1). This relation will allow us to determine the speed of the wave on
each wire.

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P5
 SOLUTION Using Equation 17.3 with n = 1, we find

v
f1  or v  2 L f1
2L

Wire A v A  2 1.2 m  330 Hz   790 m/s

Wire B vB  2 1.2 m  220 Hz   530 m/s

v  790  530  260 m/s

Chapter 17, Problem 38 GO

The two fixed ends strings have the same tension and mass per unit length are setting up standing
waves as shown in the Figure. They differ in length by 57 mm. The waves on the shorter string
propagate with a speed of 41.8 m/s, and the fundamental frequency of the shorter string is 225 Hz.
Determine the beat frequency (Hz) produced by the two standing waves.

Determine the beat frequency produced by the two standing waves.

38. REASONING The beat frequency is equal to the higher frequency of the shorter string minus
the lower frequency of the longer string. The reason the longer string has the lower
frequency can be seen from the drawing, where it is evident that both strings are vibrating at
their fundamental frequencies. The fundamental frequency of vibration (n = 1) for a string
fixed at each end is given by f1 = v/(2L)
0.57 cm
(Equation 17.3). Since the speed v is the same L
for both strings (see the following
paragraph), but the length L is greater for the
longer string, the longer string vibrates at the
lower frequency.

The waves on the longer string have the same

speed as those on the shorter string. The
speed v of a transverse wave on a string is
given by v  F /  m / L  (Equation 16.2),
where F is the tension in the string and m/L is
the mass per unit length (or linear density). Since F and m/L are the same for both strings, the
speed of the waves is the same.

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P6
 SOLUTION The beat frequency is the frequency of the shorter string minus the frequency of
the longer string; fshorter  flonger. We are given that fshorter = 225 Hz.

According to Equation 17.3 with n = 1, we have flonger = v/(2Llonger), where Llonger is the length
of the longer string. According to the drawing, we have Llonger = L + 0.0057 m. Thus,

v v
flonger = 
2Llonger 2  L  0.0057 m 

Since the speed v of the waves on the longer string is the same as those on the shorter string, v
= 41.8 m/s. The length L of the shorter string can be obtained directly from Equation 17.3:

v 41.8 m/s
L   0.0929 m
2 f1 2  225 Hz 

Substituting this number back into the expression for flonger yields

v 41.8 m/s
flonger =   212 Hz
2  L  0.0057 m  2  0.0929 m  0.0057 m 

The beat frequency is fshorter  flonger = 225 Hz  212 Hz = 13 Hz .

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Assignment 5 Dr. S.H. Choy P7