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External Thrust System

The document discusses key concepts related to external thrust systems, including: 1) It defines a thrust system as a zone of closely related thrusts that are geometrically, kinematically and mechanically linked. 2) It describes different types of duplex structures including independent ramp anticlines, true duplexes, and overlapping ramp anticlines. 3) Key terms related to duplex structures are defined, such as floor thrust, link thrusts, horses, foreland dipping duplex, and hinterland dipping duplex. 4) Imbricate thrust systems and fans are described as closely related branching arrays of thrusts that overlap like roof tiles.

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Fazl Ullah
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58 views

External Thrust System

The document discusses key concepts related to external thrust systems, including: 1) It defines a thrust system as a zone of closely related thrusts that are geometrically, kinematically and mechanically linked. 2) It describes different types of duplex structures including independent ramp anticlines, true duplexes, and overlapping ramp anticlines. 3) Key terms related to duplex structures are defined, such as floor thrust, link thrusts, horses, foreland dipping duplex, and hinterland dipping duplex. 4) Imbricate thrust systems and fans are described as closely related branching arrays of thrusts that overlap like roof tiles.

Uploaded by

Fazl Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment No : 10

Submitted by: Fazlullah

Submitted to: Mr Sohial wahid sb

Subject: Tectonic

Topic

EXTERNAL THRUST SYSTEM

Thrust system:

A zone of closely related thrusts that are geometrically, kinematically and mechanically linked.

Duplexes

Duplex: An array of thrust horses bounded by a floor thrust (i.e. sole thrust) at the base and by a
roof thrust at the top.

The stacking of the horses and hence the duplex shape depends upon the ramp angle, thrust
spacing, and displacement on individual link thrusts.

The stacking of the horses and hence the duplex shape depends upon the ramp angle, thrust
spacing, and displacement on individual link thrusts.

Mitra (1986) revised Boyer & Elliott's (1982) classification of duplexes and proposed a threefold
classification

(Fig. 1) consisting of -

1) Independent ramp anticlines and hinterland sloping

duplexes (Fig. 1 a);

2) True duplexes (Fig. 1 b);

3) Overlapping ramp anticlines (Fig. 1c).


Figure 1 Duplex classification, independent ramp anticlines and hinterland sloping duplexes (Fig.
1 a);, True duplexes (Fig. 1 b); , Overlapping ramp anticlines (Fig. 1c).

Floor thrust:

The lower thrust surface that bounds a duplex.

Foreland dipping duplex:

A duplex in which both the link thrusts and the bedding (or reference datum surfaces) dip towards
the foreland of the thrust belt.

Figure 2 Foreland dipping duplex

Hinterland dipping duplex:


A duplex in which both the link thrusts and the bedding (or reference datum surfaces) dip towards
the hinterland of the thrust belt (Fig. 3)

Figure 3 Hinterland dipping duplex.

Horse:

A volume of rock completely surrounded (bounded) by thrust faults. (fig 4).

Figure 4 Horse H-a volume of rocken closed by thrust faults. B1. andB2 are branch lines. C. and
C2 are corner points and M. and M2 are thrust surfaces bounding the horse.

Link thrusts:

Imbricate thrusts that link the floor thrust to the roof thrust of the duplex (Fig. 5). Link thrusts are
commonly sigmoidal in shape.
Figure 5 Duplex link thrust

Imbricate thrust systems Imbricate thrust system:

A closely related branching array of thrusts such that the thrust sheets overlap like roof tiles.
Imbricate thrust systems may be formed a system of overlapping fault propagation folds (tip line
folds - see fault related folds and folding below). Imbricate fans may also form from duplexes
which have the leading branch lines eroded. Boyer & Elliott (1982) point out the difficulty in
distinguishing between imbricate systems formed from duplexes which have had the leading
branch lines eroded and those imbricate systems formed from a branching array of thrusts that die
out into tip lines and which have been subsequently eroded. Blind imbricate complex: An
imbricate fan that remains buried such that the displacement on the imbricate faults below is
compensated at a higher structural level by folding, cleavage development or another set of
structures having a different style Imbricate fan: A system of linked, emergent thrusts that diverge
upwards from a sale thrust (or floor thrust).

Leading imbricate fan:

An imbricate fan that has most of its displacement on the leading (lowermost) thrust.

Trailing imbricate fan:

An imbricate fan that has most of its displacement on the trailing (highest) thrust.
Figure 6 Imbricate fan formed from an array of overlapping fault propagation folds.

Triangle zones:

The term Triangle zone' was first used to describe the thrustbelt termination in the southern
Canadian Rocky Mountains (e.g. Price 1981). There it is a zone of opposed thrust dips, at the
external margin of the thrust belt and often with a duplex or antiformal stack in the axial part. This
is more correctly described as a passive roof duplex. Such, triangle zones are basically
intercutaneous wedges (Price 1986). A second usage of the term triangle zone refers to a
combination of two thrusts with the same basal detachment and with opposing vergence such that
they form a triangular zone.

Intercutaneous thrust wedge:

A thrust bounded wedge bounded by a sole or floor thrust at the base and by a passive roof thrust at
the top.
Figure 7 Intercutaneous thrust wedge

Triangle zone:

A combination of two thrusts with the same basal detachment and with opposing vergence such
that they form a triangular zone.

Figure 8 Triangle Zone

Backthrust:

A thrust fault which has an opposite vergence to that of the main thrust system or
thrust belt .Backthrusts are commonly hinterland-vergent thrusts.

Blind thrust:

A thrust fault that is not emergent - i.e. it remains buried such that the
displacement on the thrust below is compensated by folding or cleavage development at a
structurally higher level.

References
Books
Wikipedia
Research papers

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