HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMUNICATION

REPORT BIGPROJECT
Circuit Theory

Project: Transient Analysis in

Linear Circuit
and Calculating Application

Instructor: Prof. Nguyen Huu Phat

Student name: Vu Hoang Long

Student ID: 20182926

HANOI 12/2020
Table of Contents
PART I : THEORICAL BASIS ..................................................................................... 3
PART II : CALCULATING APPLICATION ............................................................... 8
Problem:........................................................................................................................... 8
Solution ............................................................................................................................ 8
Graph: ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 PART I : THEORICAL BASIS
Transient Analysis in Linear Circuit

Circuit transition is the transition from one established state to another.

The transient process in a circuit usually starts from the moment of
"open-circuit", commonly regarded as t0 = 0. The cause of the transition
is the presence of inertial parameters L and C in circuit. We know that
inertial parameters L and C accumulate energy Wm and We, so when the
transition takes place there will be redistribution of energy in the circuit.
The variable speed of the energy is the power p(t)= dW  W .
dt t
Thus, the rate of energy variation p (t) is determined, or in another
words, ∆W≠0 when ∆t=0. Thus, the voltage across the capacitance uC (t)
and the current through inductance iL (t) must change continuously. The
value of the voltage across C and the current through L at the beginning
of the transition is very important. These are called initial conditions-
these are the boundary conditions in the problem of solving differential
equations. If they are zero, the initial condition is called zero.

To easily analyze the circuit transition, the impact souces are categorized
as the following types of source:
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 < 0
- Ladder: f(t) = { (Figure a)
ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛0 ≤ 𝑡
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 < 0
- Square impulse: f(t) = { (Figure b)
ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜏
∞ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0
- Dirac impulse : 𝛿(t) = { (the +y-axis)
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ≠ 0
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 < 0
- Sinosuidal source: f(t) = {
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑡
The characteristics of circuit is not only performed as frequency, but
also the transition h(t) and impulse g(t):
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒
ℎ(𝑡) =
𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒
𝑔(𝑡) =
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

To analyze the transition of a circuit is to formulate and solve the

system of characteristic state equations for a circuit with a suitable
mathematical tool. The common system of equations of state of
linear circuits is a system of heterogeneous constant coefficient
linear differential equations. The solution of the system consists of
two components:
- Solution of a system of homogeneous differential equations - this
is the free oscillation in the circuit. It is a free oscillation, so when
t→ ∞, the free component must converge to 0.
- The second component is a separate solution - that is the forced
oscillation in the circuit.
The general solution of the system is the sum (i.e. superposition) of
the free and forced vibrations.
The analysis of the transition can be done with a mathematical tool
to find free solutions and forced solutions. There are two common
methods of process analysis: the Classical method and the Laplace
operator method.
In this project, we only study about the application of Laplace
transform method.
This method must convert the system of differential equations to
the system of algebraic equations using mapping functions. This
method is conducted in 5 steps:
Step 1: Determine the initial condition - determine the voltage
across the capacitance and current across the inductance at the start
of the circuit "open-close".
Step 2: Convert the circuit to an equivalent operator.
 -Change sample impact sources to image format using
table below
- Convert the parameter R to an operator - keep R as a
constant value.

-Transform inductance L is performed as shown in above

figure, in which the circuit in the form of the original
t
1
function figure a) is i (t ) =  u(t )dt + I L 0
L0

Laplace Transformation:
𝑢(𝑝) 𝐼𝐿0 𝑢(𝑝) + 𝐿𝐼𝐿0
𝑖 (𝑝 ) = + =
𝑝𝐿 𝑝 𝑝𝐿

-Capacitance transformation C is performed as shown in

above figure, in which the circuit in the form of the original
t
1
C 0
function figure a) is u(t ) = i (t )dt + u C0

Laplace Transformation:
1 𝑢𝑐𝑜
𝑢(𝑝) = 𝑖(𝑝) +
𝑝𝐶 𝑝

Step3: Set up the system of equations for the circuit in the form of
image functions.
 Step 4: Solve system of equations to find image functions.
Step 5: Convert image function to table form using uncertainty
constant method or Heaviside formula to look up the below table,
find original function.
Heaviside's formula when the image of the reaction
𝑀(𝑝)
FK(p)= which is very convenient when the denominator
𝑁(𝑝)
polynomial has real solutions. Assuming that N (p) is a polynomial
of order n, if there is a multiplicative solution of order q, pb, and
r=n-q mono solutions then:
M (p) A1 A2 Ar C1 C2 Cq
FK (p) = = + + .. + + + + .. +
N(p) p − p1 p − p2 p − p r p − p b (p − p b ) 2 (p − p b ) q

While:
M (p)
Ak = (p − p k ) (3.14)
N(p) p = pk

M (p)
Or Ak = (3.15)
N' (p) p = p k

And
M (p) d M (p)
Cq = [ (p − p b ) q ] ; Cq−1 = [ (p − p b ) q ] ...
N(p) p = pb dp N(p) p = pb
1 d[ q−1] M (p)
C1 = [ (p − p b ) q ]
(q − 1)! dp[ q−1] N(p) p = pb

Table of Inverse Laplace Transform:

No. F-domain Time-domain
1 1 (t)
2 A A(t)
3 A A
p
4 A At
2
p

5 A A
t n−1
p n ( n − 1)!

6 A Ae-t
p+ α

7 A A
t n−1e−αt
(p + α) n ( n − 1)!

8 A A
(1 − e−αt )
p(p + α) α

9 A A
sin ω t
p +ω
2 2 ω

10 Aω A sin ω
p +ω
2 2

11 Ap Acost
p +ω
2 2

12 A A − t
e sin 1 t
p 2
+ 2αp + ω 20 1

13 Ap α
Ae −αt (cosω1t − sin ω1t )
p2 + 2αp + ω 20 ω1

14 A 1p + A 2 A 2 − αA 1
e−αt (A 1 cosω1t + sin ω1t )
p2 + 2αp + ω 20 ω1

15 A A
(1 − cosωt )
p(p + ω )
2 2
ω2

16 A A 
[1 − e−t (cos1 t + sin 1 t )
p(p 2
+ 2αp + ω 20 ) 0
2
1

Note: from No.12 to 16: 1 =  02 −  2

No. 913 are obtained from No.14; No.15 is obtained from No.16
 PART II : CALCULATING APPLICATION

Problem:
Give the beside circuit diagram:
1. Derive the circuit’s characteristic differential
equations with parameters i, i1, i2 and uC.
0 khi t  0 ,
2. a) Give the impact source: e(t)=  - t
E 0 e khi 0  t
2
give the relationship L=4R C. Find the
instantaneous expression of i (t).
b ) Give E0=100V, =100/s; L=0,25H, C=100F,
R=25. Find uC(t) and draw its graph.

Solution

1. We have the following initial equations:

duc
uR + uC = e ;i C = C ;
dt
1
u R = iR; i = i L + i C ; iL =  u c dt;
L
Hence we obtain:
u' c u c e' i' 1 e" e
Variable uC: u' ' c + + = Variable i: i "+ +i = +
RC CL RC RC LC R RLC
i'2 i e' ' 1 ' 1 e
Variable i2=iC: i ' ' 2 + + 2 = Variable i1=iL: i 1" + i1 + i1 =
CR LC R CR CL CRL

2. Following the relationship L=4R2C, we obtain those below parameters:

1 1 L  1 1 1 2
0 = ; R= = ; = = = = 2 0
LC 2 C 2 RC  1 L LC
C C
2 2 C
 1
pL
pC pL pL p
Z(p) = R + = R+ 2 = R+ = R+ =
pL +
1 p LC + 1 LC( p 2
+  2
0 ) C( p 2
+  2
0 )
pc
p p
RC[( p2 + 02 ) + ] R[( p2 + 02 ) + ]
RC(p + 02 ) +
2
p RC = RC = R[ p + 20 p + 0 ] ;
2 2
=
C(p2 + 02 ) C(p2 + 02 ) (p2 + 02 ) (p2 + 02 )
E0
e(t ) = E0 e−t  e(p) = ;
p+ 

e(p) E 0 p2 + 02 E0 p2 + 02

I (p) = = = =
Z(p) R (p + )(p2 + 20 p + 02 ) R (p + )(p + 0 ) 2
E0 A C1 C2
[ + + ]
R p +  p + 0 (p + 0 ) 2

Finding parameters following Heviside formula:

p2 + 02  2 + 02  2 + 02

A= = =
p2 + 20 p + 02 p = −  2 − 20  + 02 ( −  0 ) 2

p 2 +  02 2 02
C2 = =
p +  p = − 0  −  0
d p 2 +  02 2p(p + ) − (p 2 +  02 ) − 2 0
C1 = [ ] = =
dp p +  p = − 0 (p + ) 2 p = − 0 ( −  0 ) 2

 2 +  02 1 2 0 1 2 o2 1
I (p) = [ − + ]
( −  0 ) p +  ( −  0 ) p +  0 ( −  0 ) ( p +  0 ) 2
2 2

i (t ) =
E0
R

Ae −t + C1 e−0 t + C 2 t e−0 t = 
E0  2 + 02 −t 20 −0 t 2o2
[ e − e + t e−0t ]
R ( −  0 ) 2
( −  0 ) 2
( −  0 )

b) From the given asumption: L=4R2C =100 ; E0=100V ;

1 100
o = = = 200;  −  0 = −100; ( −  0 ) 2 = 10 4 ;  2 +  02 = 5.10 4 ;
−4 0,5
0,25.10
E0   2 +  02 − t 2 0 − 0 t 2 o2 0 t 
i (t ) =  e − e + te =
R  (  −  0 ) 2
(  −  0 ) 2
(  −  0 ) 
 100  5.10 4 −100 t 4.10 4 − 200 t 8.10 4 − 200 t 

25  10 4
e − 4
e + 4
te  = 4 5e
−100 t

− 4e− 200 t + 8te− 200 t =
10 10 
20e−100 t − 16e− 200 t + 32 t e− 200 t

uR(t) =Ri(t)=2000e-100t-1600e-200t+3200te-200t [V]

uC(t)=e(t)-uR(t)= 1600e-200t-3200te-200t-1900e-100t [V]

Calculating the constant time Ꞇ

uC(Ꞇ) = U0.e-1
⇔ 1600e-200t-3200te-200t-1900e-100t = -300e-1
⇔ Ꞇ =0.027961 (s)

Simulation: