Submitted To: Ms.

Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No.1

Safety Instructions:
1. While checking an operating circuit, use only a dry single hand and keep the other hand
behind your back to prevent current from passing through the chest cavity causing
electrocution.
2. Wear closed shoes while also avoiding baggy and loose clothes along with long loose hair
and jewelry/wrist watches during working on a circuit.

Summary:
1. DC Motor:
A DC Motor is an Electric Machine which takes Input from a DC power supply and
converts it into Mechanical energy by producing Torque.
A DC motor consists of
i. Armature Coil
ii. Field Coil
iii. Contact Brushes
iv. Commutator Rings
A field coil acts as an electromagnet and provides magnetic field. When Current
flows through armature coil placed inside the field, and E.M.F. acts on it causing it to rotate
through a torque. The torque effect remains unidirectional by virtue of commutator rings
and contact brushes.
Greater no. of armature loops fixed in slots of highly permeable steel layers are
used for enhancing flux interaction and causing uniform rotation.
Back E.M.F is caused in DC motors by rotation of the armature loops. It induces a
current in the coil in opposing direction to input current reducing it significantly. It varies
with rotor speed and is negligible at the start but increases from there. Hence, a control
mechanism is used to start them, to avoid burnout from large rotor current.
2. Types of DC Motors:

a. Separately Excited DC Motor

Requires two different sources, each for the armature coil and the field coil
separately.
b. Self Excited DC Motor
Uses same source for both armature coil and the field coil.
 i. Parallel/Shunt Motor
• Armature and field coil joined in parallel to the source.
• A flat speed-torque characteristic, maintains constant speed.
• Thick wire field winding with high no. of turns.

ii. Series Motor

• Field and armature coil connected in series.
• Thick wire field winding with less no. of turns.
• High static torque.
• Output torque decreases with increase in speed.
iii. Compound Motor
• Good DC regulation along with High static torque.

3. Universal Motor:
A motor capable of operating on both DC and AC supplies. It is classified as a
special Series DC motor.

a. Operates on a DC supply, the same as a simple DC series motor.

b. During AC operation, the direction of current in both the armature and field coil
reverses during the negative AC cycle as both are connected in series. This change
in field coil current also reverses the direction of magnetic field lines. This causes
the torque effect on the rotor to remain unidirectional, hence smooth running of the
motor.

To operate a DC motor on AC supply, few modifications are to be made;

• Core layers should be laminated to reduce energy loss through
eddy currents.
• High resistance Contact brushes to be used to minimize sparks.

Key Learning Outcomes:

1. Capacity to remember and comply with the safety instructions.
2. Capacity to identify, describe and operate various lab equipment along with their functions.
3. Capacity to describe DC motor along with its types.
4. Capacity to design and operate circuits for separately excited DC motor, parallel/shunt
motor and series motor using a DC supply.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No.2

Configure DC Machine as a DC Motor

Agenda:
Configuring two different types of DC motors (separately excited DC and shunt motor),
and observing their voltage, current and speed constraints and how they vary with each other.
Procedure:
Make connections as elaborated in the circuit diagrams in a later section. Exchange the
positions of either one of field winding terminals or armature winding terminals, to reverse the
direction of the both types of motor. Use Tachometer to measure the speed of the motor. Use
multimeter to measure voltage and current constraints.
Use separate sources (2A for field winding and 6A for armature winding) while
configuring separate excited DC motor. Whereas use a single 6A source to supply power to both
field and armature windings in a parallel configuration, for the shunt motor.
Vary the supply to obtain multiple observations of speed at different values of armature
voltage or field winding current.
Precautions:
• While working with a separately excited DC motor setup, apply field voltage first and later the
armature voltage, else fuse will be damaged.
• To turn off the machine always switch off field circuit first and later switch off the armature
supply. Reverse procedure can cause mechanical and electrical damage due to increased
acceleration and reduced back EMF resulting in high armature current.
• Field current should not be zero as speed can go to infinity for a separately excited DC motor.
In case of Field Current being zero, fuse will be damaged.
• Put the tachometer on a stable surface without vibrations and not too far from the motor shaft.
Circuit diagram:
 Task 1: Separately Excited DC Motor (measuring armature voltage and field winding current)

Task 2(a): Shunt DC Motor (measuring V )

A Task 2(a): Shunt DC Motor (measuring currents)

Observations and calculations:

Task 1: Separately Excited DC Motor
(a) Variation of speed with armature voltage
Sr. Armature Voltage (V) Speed (rpm) Speed (rad/sec)
No.
VA N ω =2πN/60
1 14.4 103.5 10.8
2 52.9 536.7 56.2
3 98.9 888.4 93.1
4 147.8 1571.3 164.6
5 189.7 1910.7 200.2
 VA versus ω
250
189.7, 200.2
200
147.8, 164.6
Speed ω (rad/sec)

150

98.9, 93.1
100
52.9, 56.2
50
14.4, 10.8

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Armature Voltage VA (V)

(b) Variation of speed with armature voltage

Sr. Field Current (A) Speed (rpm) Speed (rad/sec)
No. IF N ω =2πN/60
1 0.193 918.3 96.2
2 0.162 930.6 97.5
3 0.121 985.3 103.2
4 0.088 1036.9 108.6
5 0.057 1162.9 121.8

IF versus ω
140
0.057, 121.8
120 0.088, 108.6
0.121, 103.2
0.162, 97.5 0.193, 96.2
Speed ω (rad/sec)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Field Current IF (A)
Task 2: Shunt DC Motor
(a) Variation of speed with armature voltage
Sr. Armature Voltage (V) Speed (rpm) Speed (rad/sec)
No.
VA N ω =2πN/60
1 24.1 455.6 47.7
2 38.1 960.7 100.6
3 44.5 1042.5 109.2
4 57.0 1118.6 117.2
5 73.1 1210.3 126.8

VA versus ω
140 73.1, 126.8
57, 117.2
120 44.5, 109.2
38.1, 100.6
Speed ω (rad/sec)

100

80

60 24.1, 47.7

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Armature Voltage VA (V)

(b) Currents through a shunt motor

Sr. Field Current Armature Current Total Current Speed
No. (A) (A) (A) (rpm)
IF IA IT N
1 0.026 1.84 1.85 108.1
2 0.031 1.55 1.57 723.9
3 0.033 1.35 1.39 840.6
4 0.037 1.05 1.06 904.7
 5 0.051 0.83 0.87 1006.8

Key Learning outcomes:

• Capacity to configure separately excited DC motor and shunt motor, along with the
procedure to reverse directions.
• Capacity to design circuits for separately excited DC motor and shunt motor and
observe various constraints of voltage and current at different points in the circuit,
along with using tachometer to measure speed of motor.
• Knowledge of the relation between speed of motor and Armature Voltage (directly
proportional).
• Knowledge of the relation between speed of motor and current through field
winding (inversely proportional).
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 4

Experiment No. 5
Magnetic characteristics of a DC shunt Generator
Agenda:
To configure a DC motor and generator, and study the magnetic characteristics of a DC
shunt generator.
Equipment:
i. Terminal Board
ii. DC motor generator set
iii. Tachometer
iv. Digital multimeter
v. Variable resistance
Procedure:
i. Configure one machine as a separately excited/shunt DC motor and the other machine
as a DC shunt generator.
ii. Use the 6A supply for the shunt DC motor and make connections in parallel as shown
in circuit diagram.
iii. For shunt generator connect the windings in parallel configuration and attach DMM
as shown in circuit.
iv. To study magnetic characteristics, attach a variable resistor in series to the field
winding to vary the field current.
Precautions:
• Make the observations at a constant speed.
• Avoid increasing or decreasing field current abruptly as magnetics domains get aligned at
a gradual increase of current. When field current changes abruptly, chaos is developed in
the domain alignment resulting in a drop in the precision of the observations.

Circuit diagram:
 Fig. Circuit Diagram

Observations and calculations:

Sr. Field Current Voltage Generated

No. If (mA) Vg (V)
Ascending Field Current Descending Field Current
1. 0 0 11.1
2. 5.8 14.0 24.1
3. 10.4 18.1 28.5
4. 20.3 30.9 44.0
5. 73.5 98.4 114.1
6. 79.7 104.4 120.1
7. 93.0 115.9 130.6
8. 101.1 122.3 134.3
9. 109.8 127.9 137.5
10. 119.5 133.6 142.8
11. 130.2 139.2 145.4

Graph:
 Magnetization curve
200
180
Voltage Generated Vg (V)

160
140
Ascending
120
Field Current
100
Desceding
80
Field Current
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Field Current If (mA)

Review Questions:
i. Why there is a difference between the ascending and descending values?
There is a difference between the ascending and descending values of voltage generated
because iron in the field core tries to retain its magnetic field strength even when the
current in the field windings is reduced.

ii. Define magnetic characteristics.

Characteristic is defined as a graph between the two dependent quantities so, magnetic
characteristics is a graph between the emf generated and current through field winding.

iii. Is there any voltage generated at zero field current? If yes, then what is the value
and why?
Yes, it’s approximately 11.1V. It’s caused by residual magnetism. Since the field
windings are made of ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux won’t fall to zero for
some time even after the current through the winding is zero. The windings retain a non-
zero value of magnetic flux in it. This amount of magnetic flux retained is called residual
magnetism.

iv. The drawn graph is between field current and generated voltage, explain how it
resemble magnetization curve?
Due to the residual magnetism, a small initial emf is induced in the armature which in
turn aids the existing residual flux, and hence the amount overall field flux increases.
This consequently increases the induced emf. Thus, graph follows a straight line.
However, as the flux density increases, the poles get saturated and the ɸ becomes
practically constant. Thus, on further increasing the field current, ɸ remains constant and
 hence, voltage also remains constant. Hence, the graph between If and emf looks like the
B-H characteristic (magnetization curve).

v. On which factor the magnitude of induced EMF depends upon?

Induced emf depends upon the rate of change of flux and number of turns of wire in the
coil. It is given as:
Eind = -N (dϕ/dt)
Negative sign is in accordance to the Lenz’s law.
Key Learning outcomes:
• Knowledge of the magnetic characteristics of a DC shunt generator.
• Knowledge of the effect of ascending and descending field current constraints on
the generated voltage.
• Capacity to configure and operate machines into DC generator and DC motor.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 5

Laboratory Experiment No. 6
Load Test of a Series DC Motor
Agenda:
To configure a DC motor and generator, and conduct a load test to observe the effects of
change in load.

Machine Specifications:
DC compound motor (First Machine):
Resistance of armature winding (A1-A2) =8Ω
Resistance of field winding (F1-F2) =1KΩ
Resistance of series field (D1-D2) =0.8Ω

Name plate of data machines:

SM 2643 DC compound machine
Motor 0.4 KW 1500rpm Temp class F1155
Generator 0.4 KW 1800rpm
Rotor 160V 3.7A Protection IP 54
Excitation 190V 0.12A Duty type S1
Set no 25520

DC separately excited / shunt motor (Second Machine):

Resistance of armature winding (A1-A2) =8Ω
Resistance of field winding (F1-F2) =1KΩ

Name plate of data machines:

SM 2641 DC machine
Motor 0.4 KW 1500rpm Temp class F1155
Generator 0.4 KW 1800rpm
Rotor 160V 3.5A Protection IP 54
Excitation 190V 0.15A Duty type S1
Set no 26359
Procedure:
a. Of the two machines, configure one as a DC series motor and the other one as a
shunt/separately excited generator.
b. Configure DC series motor by making connections of armature and field windings
in series to the 3A supply.
 c. In case of generator, attach the armature winding to the load and provide 2A supply
to field windings for the separately excited configuration.
d. Use the tachometer and DMM to observe the current, voltage and speed variables.

Precautions:
Do not operate the motor without any load connected to the generator as in DC series
motor, speed varies inversely with torque and without any load connected, the torque will
be of zero magnitude, ultimately raising the speed to infinity (in theory) resulting in motor
damage.
Circuit diagram:

Fig. Circuit Diagram

Observations and calculations:

Sr. Terminal Motor Input Speed Speed Load Load Load EMF Efficiency
No voltage current power (rpm) (rad/s) voltage current power %
VT Ia Pi N ω VL IL Po VL+IaRa η
1. 86 1.65 141.9 1807.9 189.3 150.1 0.00 0.00 163.3 0.00
2. 104 2.22 230.8 1800.3 188.5 145.3 0.36 52.3 163.0 22.6
3. 113 2.51 283.6 1808.8 189.4 143.4 0.56 80.5 163.4 28.3
4. 125 2.95 368.7 1804.7 188.9 139.3 0.89 124 163.0 33.6
5. 132 3.21 423.7 1808.5 189.3 137.5 1.10 151 163.1 35.6
6. 137 3.43 469.9 1803.0 188.8 136.5 1.30 177 163.9 37.6
7. 143 3.66 523.3 1807.0 189.2 132.0 1.47 194 161.2 37.0
8. 146 3.85 562.1 1804.5 188.9 129.2 1.64 212 160.0 37.7
9. 153 4.14 633.4 1808.3 189.3 124.5 1.91 238 157.6 37.5
Graphs:

Speed(ω) versus Load(Output) Power(Po)

200
180
160
Speed ω (rad/sec)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Load(Output) Power Po (W)

Effeciency(η) versus Load(Output) Power(Po )

200
180
160
140
Effeciency(η)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Load(Output) Power(Po ) (W)

Review Questions:
i. What are the applications of series motor? (Mention at least five applications)
Series DC motors has applications where a high starting torque is required along with speed
variations. Some are:
• Trolleys
 • Conveyers
• Air compressors
• Hoists
• Electric locomotives

ii. Is it necessary to maintain the constant input voltage while performing load test?
No, since an increase in load is used to observe the effect on speed. This increases load
current ultimately decreasing input voltage.

iii. Can we run DC series motor at no load? If not, Why?

No, as the torque and speed vary inversely. At no load there will be no torque and speed
would approach infinity, which accelerates the motor resulting in damage to the motor.

iv. Why applied voltage does not remain constant in this experiment?
Because on increasing load, the current generated also increases reducing the speed of
motor. This ultimately decreases input voltage.

v. What is the important precaution in this experiment?

In this experiment, The motor should not be operated at no load. As at no load, torque will
be zero which results in infinite speed causing motor to accelerate and damage.

vi. Is series motor a constant speed motor?

No, the reason being the series configuration of the DC series motor’s field winding and
armature winding. Hence, a change in the armature current changes the field current too.
Because of this the torque changes, ultimately varying the speed.

vii. Why speed of a series motor decrease so drastically with load?

On increasing load, armature current also increases which ultimately reduces back emf.
The field windings and armature have same amount of current flowing through, so this
same current generates the field flux. Since flux and speed vary inversely so with increase
in load, the speed decreases.

viii. How does the torque of a series motor vary with load current? Write down the exact
expression.
Torque output varies directly to the square of armature current. Load current increases on
increasing the load, and so does the torque. Hence for light loads a series motor produces
less torque and vice verse,
Mathematically,
𝜏 =KT Φ Ia
Φ = Kf If
Therefore,
𝜏 =KT Kf If Ia
KT and Kf are constants and If =Ia
Hence, 𝜏 =K Ia2
Key Learning outcomes:
• Knowledge of the relation between speed of motor and Output Power.
• Knowledge of the relation between torque and current in a series DC motor.
• Capacity to configure and operate a shunt/separately excited DC generator.
• Knowledge of the effect of varying load on various constraints of the motor.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No.6

Laboratory Experiment No. 7
Load characteristics of a DC shunt Generator
Agenda:
To configure a DC motor and generator, and study the load characteristics of a DC shunt
generator.
Equipment:
i. Terminal Board
ii. DC motor generator set
iii. Tachometer
iv. Digital multimeter
v. Variable resistance
Procedure:
i. Configure one machine as a shunt DC motor and the other machine as a DC shunt
generator.
ii. Use the 6A supply for the shunt DC motor and make connections in parallel as shown
in circuit diagram.
iii. For shunt generator connect the windings in parallel configuration. Connect
voltmeter, load bank(rheostat) and armature winding of generator in parallel with
each other, while ammeter in series with the load bank to measure the load current, as
shown in the circuit diagram.
iv. To study load characteristics, attach a variable resistor in series to the field winding to
vary the field current, which varies terminal voltage. If it remains almost constant then
swap terminals of field winding of generator to support residual magnetism, ultimately
generating output voltage.
v. Maximize the load from rheostat in the generator circuit. And then make observations
while reducing the load resistance and draw graphs between VL & IL and EMF & IA.
Precautions:
• Make the observations at a constant speed.
• Avoid increasing or decreasing field current abruptly as magnetics domains get aligned at
a gradual increase of current. When field current changes abruptly, chaos is developed in
the domain alignment resulting in a drop in the precision of the observations.
Circuit diagram:

Fig. Circuit Diagram

Observations and calculations:

Sr. Field Current Load Voltage Load Current Armature Current EMF Produced
No. If VL IL Ia = If + IL E = VL + IaRa
(mA) (V) (A) (A) (V)

1. 127.1 123.4 1.37 1.49718 273.118

2. 124 120.7 1.49 1.61718 282.418
3. 120.6 117.6 1.63 1.75718 293.318
4. 114.2 111.4 1.90 2.02718 314.118
5. 109.6 107.3 2.08 2.20718 328.018
6. 104.5 101.9 2.27 2.39718 341.618
7. 98.8 96.4 2.49 2.61718 358.118
8. 90.4 88.0 2.76 2.88718 376.718
9. 83.2 81.1 2.97 3.09718 390.818
10. 72.5 70.5 3.25 3.37718 408.218
Graphs:

Graph between load voltage (VL) and load current (IL)

140

120
Load Voltage VL (V)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Load Current IL (A)

Graph between Armature Current (IA) and Induced EMF (E)

450
400
Induced EMF E (V)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Armature Current IA (A)

Key Learning outcomes:

• Knowledge of the load characteristics of a DC shunt generator.
• Knowledge of relation between load voltage and load current.
• Knowledge of relation between induced EMF and armature current of generator.
• Capacity to configure and operate machines into DC generator and DC motor.
• Capacity to vary load voltage or current by varying field current of generator.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 7

Laboratory Experiment No. 8
Components of Voltage Drop in a DC shunt Generator
Agenda:
To configure DC motor/generator, and study voltage drop components in DC generator.
Equipment:
i. Terminal Board
ii. DC power supply unit
iii. DC motor generator set
iv. Tachometer and DMM
v. Variable resistance
vi. Load Bank
Procedure:
i. Configure one machine as a shunt DC motor and the other machine as a DC shunt
generator. As shown in the circuit diagram.
ii. Note down the no-load voltage and field current corresponding to 1500 RPM
iii. Gradually increase the load current, and note the values of load current IL, field current
If, terminal voltage Vt resulting at different constraints of load current. This terminal
voltage accounts for all three components of voltage drop. Make the speed of the prime
mover constant at every set of observations to 1500 rpm by varying the voltage
constraints of the motor.
iv. Repeat step iii. but this time make the field current constant before every set of
observations using the variable resistance. This does not accounts for the drop due to
field current.
Precautions:
• Avoid increasing or decreasing field current abruptly as magnetics domains get aligned at
a gradual increase of current. When field current changes abruptly, chaos is developed in
the domain alignment resulting in a drop in the precision of the observations.
• Operate the DC motor within the prescribed speed range, optimally 1500rpm.
Circuit diagram:
 Fig. Circuit Diagram

Observations and calculations:

No load voltage=VTA=110V
Set value of field current = If =50mA
Table 1:
Accounts for all three voltage drop components
Sr. Load Current Field Current Armature Current Terminal Voltage
No. IL If Ia = If + IL VTC

(A) (mA) (A) (V)

1. 1.0 32.3 1.03 71.2
2. 1.1 31.4 1.13 69.0
3. 1.2 30.4 1.23 66.9
4. 1.3 29.5 1.32 64.9
5. 1.4 28.7 1.42 63.1
6. 1.5 27.4 1.52 60.5
7. 1.6 26.2 1.62 57.9

Table 2:
Accounts for the two voltage drop components i.e.,armature reaction and IaRadrop as the field
current If is kept constant for every value
Sr. Load Current Field Current Armature Current Terminal Voltage
No. IL If Ia = If + IL VTB

(A) (mA) (A) (V)

1. 1.0 50 1.05 100.2
2. 1.1 50 1.15 98.6
3. 1.2 50 1.25 98.5
4. 1.3 50 1.35 96.4
5. 1.4 50 1.45 95.9
6. 1.5 50 1.55 95.0
 7. 1.6 50 1.65 94.1

Table 3:
Calculation for all three components of voltage drops independentlyusing Table 1 &
Table 2
Sr. Load Voltage drop due to IaRa Voltage drop Voltage drop
No. Current Armature reaction Drop due to due to
IL + IaRa Drop (V) Armature decrease in If
reaction Vtb - Vtc
VAB=VtA-VtB VAB- IaRa (V)
(V)
(A) (V)
1. 1.0 9.80 8.4 1.4 29.0
2. 1.1 11.4 9.2 2.2 29.6
3. 1.2 11.5 10 1.5 31.6
4. 1.3 13.6 10.8 2.8 31.5
5. 1.4 14.1 11.6 2.5 32.8
6. 1.5 15.0 12.4 2.6 34.5
7. 1.6 15.9 13.2 2.7 36.2

Graph:
 Graph between Load Current and Terminal Voltages
120

100
Terminal Voltage (V)

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Load Current IL (A)

VTA VTC VTB

Comments:
• Which component of the voltage drop is the largest and why?
The largest component of voltage drop is the Voltage drop due to armature reaction, the
reason being the drop in magnetic flux due to armature reaction, which results in the
decrease of induced emf, ultimately decreasing voltage.

• Armature Reaction increases with load or not? Why?

Increasing the load increases the load current due to which magnetic axis and magnetic
neutral axis both deviate from their position. Hence, there is a gradual fall in flux due to
dominant effect of cancelation of magnetic field lines at some point, ultimately decreasing
field current. As this happens, the induced EMF also falls. Hence on increasing load,
armature reaction also increases.

• Which of the following drops would be present in separately excited generator and
series Generator? Discuss with reason?
 In separately excited and series DC generator, armature current and field current are
independent of each other. Hence on increasing load, flux weakens causing a voltage drop.
Voltage drop also occurs due to the presence of armature resistance which decreases
voltage because of the IaRa phenomenon.

• Write all types of Losses occurring in a DC Generator?

1. Iron Losses:
a. Eddy current losses
b. Hysteresis loss
2. Copper losses:
a. Brush friction loss
b. Field copper loss
c. Armature copper loss
d. Stray load loss
3. Mechanical Losses:
a. Friction loss
b. Windage loss

Key Learning outcomes:

• Knowledge of the load characteristics of a DC shunt generator.
• Knowledge of relation between load voltage and load current.
• Knowledge of reasons of voltage drops in a generator.
• Capacity to configure and operate machines into DC generator and DC motor.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 8

Laboratory Experiment No. 9
Speed Control of Separately Excited
and Shunt DC Motor on SD1500 Drive
Agenda:
To configure shunt and separately excited DC motor and study speed control using
SD1500 Drive.
Equipment:
i. SD1500 Drive
ii. Rheostat
iii. DC motor generator set
iv. DMM and Tachometer
Procedure:
In this experiment, SD1500 trainer board (depicted below) is used.

i. DC shunt motor:
Firstly, convert constant AC supply into variable AC supply by means of a
potential divider circuit and later into DC power supply using a rectifier and use it
to excite the armature and field windings. Configure a shunt DC motor. Attach a
rheostat in series with field winding and the armature in parallel with it. Switch
ON the terminal board, and vary VR while IF constant by means of the knob
(Voltage control method), and later vary IF while VR constant using the rheostat
(Field current control method), both while simultaneously recording observations.
ii. Separately Excited DC motor:
 Configure a separately excited DC motor by connecting armature windings to
the constant DC supply and the field windings to the variable DC supply. Repeat
the procedure performed with the shunt DC motor and record observations.
Precautions:
• Excite field winding first before exciting armature winding in case of Separately Excited
DC motor to avoid machine damage.
Circuit diagram:

Fig. Separately excited DC motor (If=constant) Fig. Separately excited DC motor (Va=constant)

Fig. Shunt DC motor

Observations and calculations:

1. Voltage Control Method for separately excited DC motor:
Field current If is kept constant.
Sr. Armature Voltage Speed Speed Field Current (A)
No. Va N ω=2πN/60 If
(V) (rpm) (rad/s) (A)
1. 49 1697 177.62 0.21
2. 60 2064 216.03 0.21
3. 70 2358 246.8 0.21
4. 80 2663 278.72 0.21
 5. 90 2951 308.87 0.21
6. 98 3222 337.23 0.21
7. 109 3487 364.97 0.21
8. 120 3864 404.43 0.21
9. 129 4136 432.9 0.21
10. 140 4402 460.74 0.21

Armature Voltage (Va) vs. Speed (ω)

500
450
400
Speed ω (rad/s)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Armature Voltage Va (V)

2. Field Current Control Method for separately excited DC motor:

Armature voltage Va is kept constant.
Sr. Armature Voltage Speed Speed Field Current (A)
No. Va N ω =2πN/60 If
(V) (rpm) (rad/s) (A)
1. 62 2140 223.98 0.21
2. 62 2201 230.37 0.20
3. 62 2233 233.72 0.19
4. 62 2278 238.43 0.18
5. 62 2335 244.39 0.17
6. 62 2391 250.25 0.16
7. 62 2468 258.31 0.15
8. 62 2523 264.3 0.14
9. 62 2584 270.45 0.13
10. 62 2657 278.09 0.12
 Field Current (If) vs. speed (ω)
300

Speed ω (rad/s) 250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Field Current If (A)

3. Voltage Control Method for separately excited DC motor

Field current If is kept constant.
Sr. Armature Voltage Speed Speed Field Current (A)
No. Va N ω =2πN/60 If
(V) (rpm) (rad/s) (A)
1. 30 1650 172.78 0.10
2. 39 2580 270.17 0.10
3. 49 3144 329.07 0.10
4. 60 3616 378.47 0.10
5. 68 3862 404.22 0.10
6. 79 4134 427.18 0.10
7. 88 4392 459.69 0.10
8. 100 4530 474.14 0.10
9. 110 4610 482.51 0.10
10. 118 4697 491.62 0.10
 Graph between Armature Voltage (Va) and speed (ω)
600

500

400
Speed (ω)

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Armature Voltage Va (V)

4. Field Current Control Method for separately excited DC motor

Armature voltage Va is kept constant.
Sr. Armature Voltage Speed Speed Field Current (A)
No. Va N ω=2πN/60 If
(V) (rpm) (rad/s) (A)
1. 79 3212 336.19 0.25
2. 79 3313 346.76 0.24
3. 79 3440 360.05 0.23
4. 79 3531 369.57 0.22
5. 79 3633 380.25 0.21
6. 79 3772 394.80 0.20
7. 79 3952 413.64 0.19
8. 79 4146 433.94 0.18
9. 79 4411 461.68 0.17
 Graph between Field Current (If) and speed (ω)
500
450
400
350
Speed (ω)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Field Current If (A)

Key Learning outcomes:

• Knowledge of the functions of SD1500 trainer board.
• Capacity to configure and operate DC motors by means of SD1500 trainer board.
• Capacity to vary speed of DC motor by means of varying armature voltage or field
current using SD1500 trainer board
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 9

Laboratory Experiment No. 1
Speed Control of a Three-Phase Induction Motor
Agenda:
To configure a squirrel cage induction motor (three-phase) and study speed control by
varying frequency and voltage.
Machine Specifications:
Frequency 50 Hz
Poles 4
400 VLL
Procedure:
i. Voltage Control Method:
Speed varies directly with voltage provided. Connect the machine to a variable
AC supply, and use a Measuring unit to measure the phase-to-phase voltage. Vary
the voltage and record the speed observations made.
ii. Frequency Control Method:
Connect the three-phase AC supply to VFD to vary its frequency. And later
connect the output to the machine to provide power. Use the speed sensor instead
of tachometer to measure speed. Vary the frequency of the AC supply using the
knob of VFD, and observe the speed while simultaneously recording the
observations.
Precautions:
• Don’t increase voltage beyond 150 V.
Circuit diagram:

Fig. Voltage Control Method.

 Fig. Frequency Control Method.

Observations and calculations:

1. Voltage Control Method:
Sr. VRY VYB VBR Average line to line Voltage Speed Speed
No. Vavg=(VRY+VYB+VBR)/3 N ω=2πN/60
(V) (V) (V) (V) (RPM) (rad/s)
1. 26 26 26 26 92.10 9.64
2. 30 30 30 30 180.94 18.94
3. 35 35 35 35 314.32 32.91
4. 40 40 40 40 533.55 55.87
5. 44 44 44 44 722.05 75.61
6. 50 50 50 50 1103.7 115.37
7. 54 54 54 54 1403.2 146.94
8. 60 60 60 60 1768.5 185.16
9. 66 66 66 66 2072.9 217.07
10. 70 70 70 70 2178.4 228.12

Average Voltage (Vavg) vs. Speed (ω)

250

200
Speed ω (rad/s)

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Average phase to phase Voltage Vavg (V)
 2. Frequency Control Method:
Sr. Frequency Speed Speed
No. f N ω =2πN/60
(Hz) (RPM) (rad/s)
1. 10.1 618.4 64.8
2. 12.1 737.3 77.2
3. 14.1 855.2 89.6
4. 16.1 976.6 102.2
5. 18.1 1088.6 114.0
6. 20.1 1209.1 126.6
7. 22.1 1330.1 139.3
8. 24.1 1441.6 151.0
9. 26.1 1576.2 165.1
10. 28.1 1690.6 177.0

Frequency (f) vs. Speed (ω)

200
180
160
Speed ω (rad/s)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency f (Hz)

Key Learning outcomes:

• Capacity to configure and operate AC motors.
• Knowledge of the functions of a Variable Frequency Drive, and capacity to vary
frequency of AC supply using VFD.
• Capacity to measure Phase-to-Phase Voltage using a measuring unit.
• Knowledge of the methods to vary speed of AC motor (voltage control method and
frequency control method) and capacity to execute them.
Submitted To: Mrs. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali Haider 2019-MC-01

Lab Report No. 11

Laboratory Experiment No. 3
Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Transformer
using Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test
Agenda:
To configure a single-phase transformer and derive a equivalent circuit by means of short
circuit test and open circuit test.

Equipment:
• Single-phase transformer
• Wattmeter
• DMM
• Auto-Transformer

Procedure:
Start by configuring a 1:1 transformer as shown in the circuit diagrams.

a. Open Circuit Test:

i. Connect a voltmeter to the secondary coil.
ii. Increase the applied voltage to the rated voltage at the primary coil.
iii. Record the values of no load primary voltage (VOC), primary current (IOC),
Power (POC) and Power Factor (PF) and determine θ from PF=cosθ.
b. Short Circuit Test:
i. Short the Secondary coil through an Ammeter.
ii. Apply a tiny voltage at primary coil, such that a current of 4A is maintained
through the secondary coil.
iii. Record the values of short circuit primary voltage (VSC), primary current (ISC),
Power (PSC) and Power Factor (PF) and determine θ from PF=cosθ.
Precautions:
• During short circuit test, don’t abruptly increase the voltage applied at primary coil,
as it will cause a high amount of current flowing through short circuit at the
secondary coil causing machine damage. Instead increase it gradually from 0V with
minute additions until the current reaches the rated value.
Observations and calculations:
1) Open Circuit Test:

Fig. Circuit for open circuit test

No load primary voltage = Voc = 220V

No load primary current = Ioc = 0.18A
No load Power = Poc = 10W
No load power factor = PF = cosθ = 0.262
No load PF angle = cos-1(PF) = 1.3rad
IW (current through RC) = IOC.cosθ = 0.472A
IM (current through XM) = IOC.sinθ = 0.173A
RC = VOC/IW = 1268.5ohm
XM = VOC/IM = 466.1ohm

2) Short Circuit Test:

Fig. Circuit for Short Circuit Test

Short circuit: Primary voltage = Vsc = 20.9V
Short circuit: Primary current = Isc = 3.98A
Cu-Losses: Power = Psc = 81W
Short circuit power factor = PF = cosθ = 0.982
Short circuit power factor angle = θ = cos-1(PF) = 0.19rad
|ZSE| = VSC/ISC = 5.25ohm
ZSE = (VSC/ISC)θ = 0.998
Req = PSC/ISC2 = 5.11
Xeq = (|ZSE|2 + Req2)1/2 = 5.2

Fig. Equivalent Circuit

Comments:
i. How can we minimize the no load current of the transformer?
Ans. By reducing the power losses (hysteresis loss, Eddy Current Loss) in a transformer through
the use of better core material.

ii. In which case the PF of transformer is higher, open circuit test or short circuit test?
Why?
Ans. PF is higher in case of Short circuit test because of the dominative resistive behavior of the
Circuit and the high power losses.
Key Learning outcomes:
• Capacity to configure and operate a single-phase Transformers.
• Knowledge of the Short Circuit test and capacity to perform it.
• Knowledge of the Open Circuit test and capacity to perform it.
• Capacity to derivate equivalent circuit of a transformer.
Submitted To: Ms. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali 2019-MC-01
Lab Report No. 12
Laboratory Experiment No. 10
Mechanical Load Test on a Three-Phase Induction Motor

Agenda:
To configure an induction motor (three-phase) and perform a load test on it to determine
it’s efficiency.

Procedure:
• A three-phase induction motor has a mechanical load coupled with it, with two screws
represented by M1 and M2, used to vary load on motor by tightening them.
• Compute the Force by using the difference of these masses (net mass) and acceleration
due to gravity. And later Torque by means of Force and radius of the wheel.
• Use Power Analyzer to record the current drawn by the machine.
• After the motor gains a constant speed at an applied voltage of 230V, observe the effect
of torque on the speed at intervals by varying load, and record the observations.

Precautions:
• The net load on the motor should not exceed 2Kg.
• Use water to cool down the belt.
Block diagram:

Observations and calculations:

 Radius of wheel = r = 0.073m
Sr. Input M1 M2 MNET FNET Torque Speed Speed Output Power
No. Power T N ω POUT
PIN |M1-M2| MNET*g r X FNET 2πN/60 T*ω
(V) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (N) (Nm) (rpm) (rad/s) (W)
1. 176 1 0.5 0.5 4.9 0.358 14676.48 1537.54 5249.777
2. 328 2.75 1 1.75 17.15 1.252 14510.86 1520.19 18166.87
3. 485 4.5 1.5 3 29.4 2.146 14319.76 1500.17 30733.07
4. 630 5.5 1.75 3.75 36.75 2.683 14167.86 1484.25 38008.83
5. 790 7 2.25 4.75 46.55 3.398 13921.88 1458.48 47308.64

Torque (T) vs. Speed (ω)

1550
1540
1530
Speed ω (rad/s)

1520
1510
1500
1490
1480
1470
1460
1450
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Torque T (Nm)

Power Analyzer:
Using the Input and Output powers from before, Efficiency is determined;

Sr. No. Input Power Output Power Efficiency

1. 10.1 618.4 64.8

2. 12.1 737.3 77.2
3. 14.1 855.2 89.6
4. 16.1 976.6 102.2
5. 18.1 1088.6 114.0
Key Learning outcomes:
• Capacity to configure and operate induction motors.
• Capacity to perform a Load test on an Induction motor and to compute torque and speed
at a certain amount of load.
• Knowledge of Power Analyzer and capacity to measure Voltage, Load Current and
Power at any applied load
• Capacity to determine efficiency of a machine by means of input and output power
recorded.
 Submitted To: Mrs. Noor-ul-Ain Hanif
Submitted By: Muhammad Ali 2019-MC-01

Laboratory Report No. 13

MATLAB DEMONSTRATION - I

1) Working of Brushless DC motor:

Brushless DC motor works on a similar principle to the Brushed DC motors as
rotational motion is generated through change in magnetic field. The major difference
being that in BLDC, magnets (permanent or temporary) act as the rotor, whereas the coil
windings act as the stator, along with BLDCs requiring a complex controller for converting
DC into 3-phase.
When current is passed through the armature coil, a force acts on it due to the changing
magnetic field. This force results in the rotation of the rotor(magnet), while the armature
windings stationary.
2) .

3) PWM controls the speed of brushless DC motor:

PWM is an effective method for adjusting the amount of power delivered to the load. PWM
technique allows smooth speed variation without reducing the starting torque and
eliminates harmonics. In PWM method. operating power to the motors is turned on and off
to modulate the current to the motor. The ratio of on to off time is called as duty cycle. The
duty cycle determines the speed of the motor. The desired speed can be obtained by
changing the duty cycle. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in microcontroller is used
to control duty cycle of DC motor drive.
PWM is an entirely different approach to controlling the speed of a DC motor. Power is
supplied to the motor in square wave of constant voltage but varying pulse-width or duty
cycle. Duty cycle refers to the percentage of one cycle during which duty cycle of a
continuous train of pulses. Since the frequency is held constant while the on-off time is
varied, the duty cycle of PWM is determined by the pulse width. Thus, the power increases
duty cycle in PWM.
In this project we had implemented the analysis using load cell, current sensor and voltage
sensor. These sensors are used to calculate the torque, power of system in different
condition i.e. No load and load.
4) Feedback speed control of Brushless DC motor:

5) Conditions for maximum Torque in BLDC motor:

The Equation for Torque for a DC motor is:
Tm=-3/2 NBmImA
Torque is maximum when Armature current is maximum and Magnetic Flux Density is
maximum.

6) Difference between BLDC and PMSM:

There is no major difference in motor control systems of BLDC and PMSM Motors; except
the nature of the Drive Current and the detection of the Rotor Position:
• In a BLDC motor, the rotor position is usually detected by a set of 3 HALL effect
sensors. The commutation is achieved through a six-step process. This results in
small breaks in commutation which in turn causes torque ripples (periodic
increase/decrease in torque output of the motor) at the end of every step.
• A PMSM motor in contrast, requires only one HALL effect sensor as the
commutation is continuous.

7) FOC for brushless DC motor:

FOC (Field oriented control) implementation allows the BLDC motor to run more
efficiently (high power factor and better light load efficiency), more smoothly (lower
torque ripples) with quick dynamic response (better dynamic performance to load and
speed changes). FOC control makes the stator and rotor magnetic field orthogonal to each
other to achieve the maximum electromagnetic torque. It uses a decoupled control of flux
and torque due to which it can also allow motor to run above the nominal speed using field
weakening technique.
8) Clarke’s and Park’s transformation:
Clarke’s Transform is:

Park’s Transform is: