ENX 313 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1

INTERIM REPORT

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL-SCALE TRASH

LEVEL MONITORING BIN IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

NAME : PARDEEP A/L MOHAN

STUDENT ID : SCSJ 1917601
PROJECT SUPERVISOR : MR MAHES JAYAMURTHI

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL - SCALE TRASH LEVEL
MONITORING BIN IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

In this modern world, the global population has risen significantly that cause overpopulation.
The overpopulation is an appalling condition where the number of existing humans exceeds
the earth capacity. Overpopulation caused by better medical facilities, reduced mortality rate
and improved infrastructure. Urbanization led to mass migration from rural to city also
contribute to overpopulation. Sudden increasing in population of cities lead to various
environmental issue. The primary environmental problem of urban areas is waste collection
and waste disposal

In urban areas, the major problem is the insufficient space available to dispose the waste
completely due to dense population. In 2012, World Bank estimated that the growing urban
population will be producing 3 times as much as waste as it does today by 2100 [1] .The
global annual waste production is expected to increases to 3.4 billion tonnes over the next 30
years from just with 2.01 billion tonnes in 2016 [2]

The rapid urbanization of city also increases the high housing demand. Thus, high housing as
flats, apartment or condominium built to accommodate substantial number of populations.
Common waste problem encountered by almost all residents of high housing is the waste
collection and disposal. Unlike landed houses, the flats’ waste disposal bins are shared among
the residents living in the same house building [3].The ineffective waste management causes
the garbage level in the bin often full and further littering causes the garbage pile scattered all
around the bin area. This causes waste pollution leading to severe diseases like dengue,
diarrhoea and cholera. Not only that, Waste Management authority failure to regularly
clearing the trash bin also one of the main causes for heap of waste. However, frequent
problem faced by both the authority and residents is the inability to know the trash level. By

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knowing the trash level, residents able to know the proper time to dispose the waste while the
authority can clear the trash bin during the peak time.

This paper will discuss on the design and development of small-scale trash level monitoring
bin to enable consistent tracking of trash level by both authority and residents. The small-
scale trash bin design with the purpose of solving the waste collection problem and not to
store various type of enormous size trash. The trash level monitoring system will help both
the authority and the residents efficiently manage the waste problem. This system will even
save the time of authority and allow them to concentrate more on certain area that requires
multiple trips of trash bin clearance.

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1.2 Project Scope
This project will be focussing on the design and development of small-scale trash level
monitoring bin that alleviate waste problem face by high housing residents. The project will
consist of small-scale bin that able to display trash level to alert the people from overflowing
the bin with rubbish that causes pollution. Ultrasonic sensor will be use in this project to
monitor the trash level of the bin. As an addition to this, the project may go ahead with the
installation of GSM module that have capability to send messages to third party. This is as an
extra effort to alert the authority on the trash level in the bin for efficient waste management.
For this project, the small-scale bin will be developed that have ability of storing limited
items like plastic bottle, paper, cans, dry material and not design to cater big and wet
material. The main aim of the project is not about the size but to illustrate the capability of
having trash level monitoring bin that capable of solving current waste collection problem if
done in big scale.

1.3 Project Objectives

⮚ To design and develop a small-scale trash level monitoring bin prototype that capable of
storing limited items as mentioned in project scope.
⮚ To accurately show the trash level of the bin at the display assisting tool.

1.4 Project Synopsis

Nowadays, people are not aware on the severe waste problem that the world is currently
confronting. This is due to the indirect impact of waste problem in people’s daily life. The
project will be focusing on evoking concern of people towards waste problem by directly
involving them in solving it. The trash level monitoring bin will display the trash level on the
screen and alert the people and authority when it reaches maximum level of trash.

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 1.5 Problem Statement

I. Current conventional trash bin not capable of showing trash level.

The existing trash bin is not capable of showing trash level which make it harder for knowing
real-time trash level within the trash bin. Inability to know the trash level causes the public
hardly to know the trash condition inside the bin and the possibility of throwing the trash.
This result in overflowing of trash and trash scattering all around the bin area.

Figure 1: The conventional existing trash bin.

II. The time-consuming waste collection cycle of waste management authority

The waste collection workers will have to travel to every bin area to know the condition of
the trash bin. This will consume a lot of time, energy and increasing the travelling cost. By
knowing the trash level of every single bin , the waste management authority can plan well
on effective waste collection cycle that ease the work of its workers.

III. Lack of cooperation between public and waste management authority

The present waste management system does not bring waste management authority and the
public together in solving the waste problem. Having a good waste management system
enable the public to regularly involve in reducing or solving the waste problem in line with
the management authority.

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 Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO TRASH PROBLEM

2.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Current Practices, Challenges

and Prospect

Municipal solid waste management (MSW) becomes a great constraint in development plans
of the global major cities. Malaysia with good economic growth and stable political state
position the country on the verge of developed status [4]. The country which undergoing
rapid industrialization and urbanisation resulted in negative impact to the environment from
the escalation of waste generated. The increase in waste generation is due to high demand of
Malaysian for quality of life. The primary aim of waste management is to alleviate the
quantity of waste produced by reducing the disposal cost, and its effects on the human health
as well as the environment. There were various problems caused by incompetence of solid
waste management approach in developing country such as low and irregular collection, lack
of strict law enforces of open burning, and breeding of flies [4].

Now, poor solid waste management is the major environmental problems in Malaysia. The
element of solid wastes generated should be considered as the fundamental factor in the solid
waste management system. This is to categorize the solid waste in terms of generation rates,
composition, sources and types of waste produced.

The production of Malaysia solid waste has risen more than 91% in the span of 10 years [4].
In the year of 2001, 5.475 million tons of solid waste produced which is about 0.81kg/capita
per day in contrast to 1.7 kg/capita per day in the major cities [4]. Urban population is the
biggest waste generator which cover 65 % of total population [4]. For an instance, waste
production rate in the Capital City of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is increasing every year
because of the massive grow in population, spending behaviour and quality of living.

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 Figure 2: MSW generated in Kuala Lumpur for 1998 - 2005

The primary components of Malaysia MSW are foods, paper and plastics which constitute
80% of the entire weight [4]. These components reflect the nature and lifestyle of Malaysian.

Figure 3: The composition of waste (in percentage of weight) in Malaysia for 1975 -2005

Computing the amount of waste in central and southern regions of Malaysia, 36.73% of
wastes are household waste, 28.34% industrial wastes, and 34.95% of waste from other
sources [5].

Figure 4: Waste generated by various sectors in Kuala Lumpur in 2003

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The effective waste management technique cannot exercise entirely due to factors like lack of
institutional, financial, knowledge and public involvement. In Malaysia, the primary method
of waste disposal is through the landfill which mostly open dumping area. Due to cost
effectiveness, open dumping area is use for waste disposal which resulted in various
environmental problems. Not only that, waste collection only covers 66% of population in
rural and this has led to severe waste pollution [6].

There were several waste prevention methods adopted by the waste management authority to
alleviate the waste problems. One of the best waste management approach is through
reducing and preventing waste generation. The advantages of minimization of the waste are
reducing the cost for waste recycling, ease the work of waste management and reduce the
environmental effects. To reduce the generation of waste, active participation of public is
necessary to set up a system that allow the public to co-operate with the waste management
authority. In Malaysia, the public awareness on waste management problem is not
satisfactory despite various campaigns done in the past. Not only that, Malaysia is still
incapable of planning and constructing solid waste facilities due to lack of workers and
technical skill. Thus, this has led to poor waste management system that do not solve the
waste problem.

2.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Management Problems

This research paper discusses on the solid waste management problems that associate with
the vehicle routing problems [7]. Waste management encompassing the process of collection,
transport, processing, recycling, disposal and monitoring of waste level and materials. To
improve efficiency of waste management, 3 primary factors was considered[7]. Firstly, the
expansion of the existing waste management facility. Next, more allocations of truck at a
selected disposal ground. Third, need to have an effective waste management route. Besides
that, among all the waste management process, waste collection is the most vital and complex
in term of labours high intensity work and usage of trucks in large quantity to ease the
collection process.

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According to a study, waste collection covers 80% of the total cost from the entire waste
disposal process [8]. The collection of waste better known as Vehicle Routing Problem(VRP)
[7] . This show the drastic solution is necessary in servicing substantial number of clients
with adequate vehicles. The vehicles routing problem includes array of vehicles, stops and a
depot. The perplexity depends on types of vehicles, number of collection trips, and number of
disposal facilities.

There are total of 3 primary waste collection routing which are communal site collection,
container collection and kerbside collection. The communal site collection is the collection
process at public place. The collection vehicles usually have its own loading device and
capable of catering only one container at a time. The kerbside collection is the most dominant
type of collection routing. This is the collection of waste from the waste bin that found at
residential area. Residents throw the trash into the provided shared waste bin for later
collection of waste . The collection vehicle passes through every street that have waste bin to
pick up the trash at a pre-set time. This is because Kerbside collection need to provide high
intensity services to accommodate various residential client.

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2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO TRASH LEVEL MONITORING BIN
APPLICATION

2.2.1 Smart garbage Monitoring System using sensors with RFID over internet of things

This literature review is on a research paper that provides description on the design of a smart
bins that has sensor like IR sensor, weight sensor, photoelectric sensor, and Radio frequency
identification (RFID) CARD reader [7]. Through combination of these sensors, photo electric
sensor can detect the vivid representation of objects that thrown to the bin. While the weight
sensor placed under the smart bin will analyse the percentage of garbage presence in the bin
and send the information to the waste management authorities using IR sensor. Each bin
given an ID that will display on the screen of authority and they can take prompt action. The
authority will receive message consisting of data of the trash level together with the specific
bin ID until the bin is crushed. As a person approaching 2 metres nearby the bin , RFID
CARD reader in the bin will read the detail of that particular person and send instant message
to him through a card reader on what he dropped inside the bin and also appreciation message
for utilizing the bin.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) automatically detect objects, accumulate data, and
transfer it directly into a computer system through a radio wave. RFID forms of 3 parts which
are TAG with smart label, (RFID) reader and antenna, and RFID tag has an IC with antenna
to send data of (RFID) reader [7].

Photo electric sensors are utilized to detect different kind of objects which contain inside the
bin like aluminium or copper. The sensor also can find the type and size of material by
directing a light on it. This will enable the authority to have a clear picture of the object
inside the bin and can remove any harmful object at once.

Infrared sensor I used to scan the surrounding area through emission of IR radiations. The
sensor can track the motion of the object inside the bin. IR sensor will pass the current
information of the bin to the authorities when the garbage is overflowing and capable of
producing a noise. On other hand, the weight sensor will send complete information of the
current waste level in the bin together with specific date to the authorities.

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 Figure 5: Proposed Smart Garbage monitoring architecture

2.2.2 SMARTBIN – An effective way of Garbage Management

This paper discusses on the effective way of Garbage Management using SMARTBIN. The
research was conducted to reduce the waste management-oriented issue, and cleanliness
throughout India. The Indian authority managing about 3 billion tons of waste every year
which from it 150 million tons of waste are harmful to human beings and animal [8]. Thus,
disposing this waste appropriately will reduce the effect of waste to human and environment.
Presence of unhealthy trash bin is the major problem that exist in waste management system
of India [9]. The primary aim of this research paper is to construct highly scalable system for
the current waste bins to track the level of garbage inside the bin and alert the responsible
authority for collection.

There are several components will be use for the development of SMARTBIN which are
Raspberry-pi, CCTV camera, ultrasonic sensor, Wi-Fi module and GPS module [9]. The
construction of SMARTBIN started with Raspberry-pi connected to 5V 2A supply which
then being interfaced with ultrasonic sensor, CCTV camera, Wi -Fi module and GPS module
[9]. The ultrasonic sensor perceives level of garbage and send signal to Raspberry-pi. While
the webcam function to captures video and send live streaming video signal to Raspberry-pi.
The input and output are process to send the output to Host PC and Smartphone. The status of
bin and live steaming video will be shown on the web browser.

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 Figure 6: Block diagram of proposed system [9]

Table 1: Components
Components Specification

Raspberry-pi Raspberry-pi 3

Ultrasonic sensor HC – SR04

CCTV IT – 306 WL

WI-FI Module TL – WR150KIT

Figure 7: Software Analysis [9]

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2.2.3 Smart Waste Bin with Real-Time Monitoring System

This research paper presented an IoT based smart waste bin with real time monitoring
system. The system also combines multiple technologies such as solar system, sensors, and
wireless communication [10]. The project was made with the purpose of creating an effective
low-cost waste collection management system that solve waste management problem [10].
The research also suggested the usage of Wi-Fi connection to remotely control the solid
waste bin in real-time which ease the complicated work of waste management.

This journal focussing on waste management problem occurring in Malaysia, which is

currently undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. In just span of 10 years, the
production of municipal solid waste (MSW) has escalated by 95 percent [11]. The municipal
waste management authority has taken several initiatives to put an abrupt end to waste
management problem, but nothing is effective enough to solve it. The waste management
authority took these problems seriously and willing to adopt smart solution in compared to
Malaysia Government aspiration of building a smart city. Understanding the seriousness of
waste problem, various companies in Malaysia already focusing on using a remote sensing
system in waste management system. In addition to this, Alam Flora has begun to use
Automated Vehicles Locating System (AVLS) to see the collecting timing and this system
has supported the company to execute waste management activity efficiently. This system
also alerts the collector when there is no waste in the bin, which save their time and fuel
rather than travelling to all the bin area. Apart from that, this system also provides the waste
management authority to collect the data of real-time condition of the bin, with the data
generated by the system, the authority can improve its services in future.

This system will help in solving waste management problem like insufficient information
regarding time and area, delay in response to complaint issued by residents, and not having
an efficient system in acquiring information regarding the bin and the truck [10]. The
structure of the system comprises of solar powered, smart waste bin and control centre. The
solar power system developed with usage of solar panel, solar charge controller and
rechargeable battery. In a process of setting up the wireless sensor network, microcontroller
Arduino Mega was used in the system. Not only that, PIR motion sensor was installed to
track the existence of new garbage, subsequently an ultrasonic sensor will compute the trash
level in the bin through the support of Arduino. The result of sensors will be displayed on the
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LCD screen that connected to a microcontroller. All the sensors and components will interact
and synchronize through the support of microcontroller. Two indicators were used which are
for the aim of showing waste bin status and displaying SMS notification. Other major part of
the system is control centre. The control centre will serve as a platform that host web server,
system for SMS notification and personalized website for real time monitoring of smart bin
waste. The control centre also consisted of database server to store the data received from the
trash bin. On other hand, the real time monitoring system was facilitated with a GUI that
enable the user to monitor the waste bin status and any active waste collection activities
through a web browser that being launched on any device [10].

Figure 8: The complete system framework

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2.3 LITERATUREREVIEW RELATED TO THEORY OF COMPONENTS
INVOLVE IN TRASH LEVEL MONITORING BIN

2.3.1 Design and Implementation of Ultrasonic radar system for distance

measurement using Arduino

To determine the altitude, range, direction, and immovable objects, radar that transmit
electromagnetic waves will be utilized. While in ultrasonic radar, ultrasonic waves are used
instead of electromagnetic waves. This journal describes the design and implementation of
ultrasonic radar for distance measurements. The design will be including of ultrasonic sensor,
an Arduino board for controller, servo motor and java application. The proposed range of
detection will be 500 cm with angle of rotation from (0 to +180) and (180 to 0) degree for
various types of obstacles or objects [12]. Every ultrasonic radar has to include ultrasonic
sensor that work as a transformer of ultrasonic waves to convert it to electrical form or vice
versa.

Ultrasonic is a sensor which design to measure the distance to an object. The distance
measurement result does not show the distance between object and the device rather than
error of the measurements. Thus, the array of ultrasonic detectors with Arduino board was
used for sensing movable object. For correct measurement, both the effective area of object
and its shape were considered [13]. This journal design and implement an ultrasonic system
for measuring of distance using Arduino board for a maximum distance of 5m with angle
coverage of both from 180 to 0 degree and vice versa [12].

The proposed design comprises of ultrasonic sensor that linked with servomotor. This
combination is controlled by Arduino board to dictate the distance between an object and
sensor. The material such as wood, sponge and Aluminium was selected to ratify the design
operation. Computer was used to display the ranging screen of the radar that worked with
from the controller.

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 Figure 9: Electronic Circuit of Ultrasonic Radar [12].

Figure above shows the arrangement of electronic circuit for ultrasonic sensor and servo
motor to an Arduino UNO board.

Figure 10: Hardware Setup [12].

Figure above shows the complete arrangement of the Arduino board, ultrasonic sensor, servo
motor and laptop for sensing the object. The servo motor will rotate the ultrasonic sensor for
a range of angle from 0 to 180 degree and will sense the object. Then, the ultrasonic sensor
will transmit the signal to the laptop through the support of Arduino board and display of
ranging screen can be seen.

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2.3.2 Maximizing Range Using Ultrasonic Sensor

The remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) is use in venturing and taking measurements
underwater [14]. ROV is use in the maintenance and inspection events like sub-sea oil and
gas plants. Underwater travelling in the areas like ponds, lakes and deeper water levels make
visibility harder and limited. It is difficult to find the vehicle’s exact location and to
determine its safe path while in the water [14].

Therefore, ultrasonic is one of the best methods to detect and sense proximity of object in
different type of forms. The ultrasonic sound waves can travel through a medium like water
to calculate the distance to an object and vibrates at frequency bigger than the range of human
hearing. There is certain requirement in selecting the right sensor which are accuracy, range,
type of sensor, environmental condition, control interface, resolution, and calibration (Into
robotics,2013).

Ultrasonic are found as active ultrasonic and passive ultrasonic. Active ultrasonic consist of
detector and emitter which has the capacity to detect the orientation and the distance of the
object. It can find the duration of time of signal strength to be picked by the receiver. Active
ultrasonic also require more transducers to send the sound wave reflection from any possible
underwater obstacles. While passive ultrasonic functions to receive the signals from marine
life such as fish and underwater vessel like submarine. The passive sensors only able to detect
the noise that exist under certain limitation.

Figure 11: Ultrasonic sensor transmitting and receiving sound waves [14].

In addition, ultrasonic sensor uses non-contact method to measure level of medium for both
liquid and solid object in various industries. It also designed to be well-suited for corrosive

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and high temperature liquid ranges from 40 Kilo Hertz to 200 Kilo Hertz [14]. The sensor
also functions quite like radar but use sound wave instead of radio wave. Ultrasonic sensor
also can be classified as an acoustic sensor that consists of the transmitter, receiver, and the
transceiver.

Ultrasonic sensor generates waves which widespread depending on its beam pattern. The
waves are produced once its transmitted and received through a transducer. Once, the wave
explores through the air and hit the object, the signal transmitted back to the transducer. The
small analog signal is produced, amplified, and filtered prior to signal processing.

Figure 12: Picturization of ultrasonic sensor using Arduino to measure distance [14].

2.3.3 Working principle of Arduino and using it as a tool for study and research

This research paper explains the working mechanism and application of Arduino board. One
of the strengths of Arduino board are rapid processing and simple interface. To ease the
complexity of programming, an open source microcontroller known as Arduino introduced in
2005 [15]. Arduino is a user-friendly microcontroller which can program or reprogram
instantly. It was designed to aid the students, professionals, or even general people to develop
a device that can communicate with the surrounding using sensors and actuators. Not only
that, Arduino can also work as a minicomputer that process input and output for various kinds
of electronic devices. Arduino uses a hardware known as Arduino development board and
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) which is the software for building the
code [15]. Arduino development board function to upload a programming code conveniently
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though a USB cable that connect to a personal computer. The Arduino IDE software can
operate on personal computers that allow the users to write their own programs.

The are many types of built-in modules for Arduino boards are available in the market. For
wireless communication, board like Arduino BT is use due to its built-in Bluetooth module.
Built-in module can mount separately on a compatible Arduino board. These modules are
known as Shield. Few of the most common shields are Arduino Wireless shield, Arduino
Motor Driver Shield and Arduino Ethernet shields [16]. Arduino Ethernet Shield is to enable
the Arduino board to connect to the internet through Ethernet library. While Arduino
Wireless shield enable the Arduino board to interact wirelessly using Zigbee [16]. On other
hand, Arduino Motor Driver shield allow the interface of Arduino board with the driver of a
motor. There are many types of Arduino board with different microcontroller obtainable at
the electronics market. Figure 13 below shows the list of Arduino types together with
specific microcontroller and clock speed.

Figure 13: List of Arduino type with microcontroller and clock speed. [16].

Arduino Development Board comprises of multiple components to make it work. The main
components of the Arduino Development board are microcontroller, external power supply,
USB plug, internal programmer, reset button, analog pins, digital I/O pins, and power
together with Ground Pins [16].

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 Figure 14: Label of Arduino UNO Board [16].

2.3.4 GSM module for wireless radiation monitoring system via SMS

This journal discusses on the customised Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
module for wireless radiation monitoring via a Short Messaging Service (SMS) [17]. The
GSM module function to collect data from the monitoring devices like area monitor and send
the data as text SMS to the server. The components that use in this project are GSM module,
SIM circuit, voltage level shifter and Atmega 328P microcontroller [17]. A storage device
manages the communication operation of both device and host server. The device function as
a platform that process the incoming SMS and send messages to third party system when the
radiation level reaches the maximum value. Incorporating this system allow anyone to
wirelessly monitor the radiation level, which will be extremely useful during the emergency
situation.

Although there are many nuclear instruments available to monitor the radiation level, but yet
all these instruments not efficient enough to ensure the safety of workers in radiation
environment. Therefore, wireless radiation monitoring system will be useful in continuous
tracking of the radiation level and can act immediately in case of an emergency. The wireless
technology evolving at a fast pace which currently heading towards 5G. The rapid evolution
of wireless technology from 1G to 4G vary in terms of improvement of speed, security, and
connectivity with big margin.

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The system for GSM module is develop using the Arduino platform which are Arduino Uno
and GSM shield for Arduino [18]. The interactivity of the microcontroller and GSM shield
will be monitored using the Arduino IDE [17]. Arduino IDE ease the work of programmer to
recognize the software operation of GSM shield and data processing of SMS. On other hand,
the hardware design started with development of single board that can cater the necessary
components of GSM PCB module. Microcontroller Atmega 328P controls, voltage regulator
circuit, compact GSM module were the main components that used to build the hardware
[17]. In software development, AT commands will serve as a mediator that provide
communication between GSM module and microcontroller. The GSM module function to
capacitate the wireless communication for continuous radiation data monitoring and
emergency alert. However, three main frameworks needed for GSM module to execute its
operation, which are host number, interval time for data transmission and lower limit for alert
SMS. All these frameworks will be stored in a microcontroller for interactivity between the
components using the software.

Figure 15: Block diagram of GSM PCB module [17].

The GSM module tested with the functionality of receiving series of SMS data to GSM
module that consisted of time interval, host number, and low-limit value. A working GSM
module will able to trace the incoming SMS and responded appropriately.

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Figure 16: Interval SMS data of 3,5, and 10 minutes [17].

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Chapter 3 : METHODOLOGY
3.1 PROJECT FLOW
a.

Start
Purchasing of the
System Analysis
Trash Bin

Pass

Problem Statement Report Writing

= Testing &
Verification
Fail
Presentation
Objective

Software
Development End
Research and
Literature Review
Hardware
Troubleshooting
Development Pass
Pass
Pass
Survey & Analysis

Testing &
Verification Fail
Purchasing of Arduino
microcontrollers and
sensors.

Installation of the
sensors, microcontroller
and display assisting tool

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3.2 SURVEY ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCT

The 3 different surveys were considered for this project which are survey retrieved from
waste management authority, survey on housing residents waste management problems, and
survey on customer product requirement.

Table 2: Trash Bin features and its advantages

NO TRASH BIN FEATURES ADVANTAGES

1 Strong Material Prevent any serious external damages and require
less maintenance.
2 Low Price Payable by low income residents.
Can buy in large quantity saving cost.
3 High Storage Capacity Capable of storing substantial number of items and
does not require frequent waste disposal.
4 Portability Capable of switching high weight trash bin to
another location
5 Safety Prevent the bin from vandalization and being
stolen.
6 Life span Can last for longer period time reducing the cost of
replacement.
7 Low Weight Transportable to other location and ease the work
of waste collection.
8 Multi-function Able to execute different kind of function in
solving waste management problem.
9 Good Appearance The trash bin will look neat and approachable.
10 Built Structure Good looking and

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3.2.1 Analysis on Survey retrieved from National Solid Waste Management
Department (NSWMD)
The data from the survey conducted by National Solid Waste Management Department
(NSWMD) retrieved to analyse the real picture of the current practice of solid waste
management in Malaysia. It is important to consider the nationwide holistic survey conducted
by the professional organization that responsible for waste management across the nation.
The authentication of the data is crucial in identifying the existing waste management
problem accurately. Prior to the development of trash level monitoring bin in solving waste
management problem, it is vital to have a complete overview on the severity of waste
problem particularly at the waste collection stage. According to NDSWMD , the breakdown
of total number of Local Authorities (Las) in Malaysia are 149. These local authorities
manage waste management in every district of a state in a country.

Figure 23: Breakdown of Local Authorities (Las)

The largest household waste generation according to housing type are High-Medium cost
High-rise with 0.89 kg/capita/day followed by Medium cost landed with 0.82 kg/capita/day.

Figure 24: Housing type and average of waste generation in urban , rural, and overall.

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Referring to the statistic of NSWMD, the Malaysian household waste composition mostly
consist of food waste with 45 % , followed by Plastic 13 %, and Diapers with 12 %. This
survey clearly shows that the food wastes are covering large amount of household trash
composition and it is mandatory for any public bin to have the capability to withstand this
type of waste storage.

Figure 25: The household trash composition.

There are total of 5 prime stages of waste management process which are generation,
collection , transport, recovery/treatment, and disposal. The first stage generation is the exact
phase where the solid waste at the household or commercial are cleared through the public
bin. The second stage collection is the stage where the waste collected from the public bin by
the trucks. The waste collection of the truck scheduled during this stage. The transport stage
of waste management is where the process of transferring of waste to sites take place for
disposal. The fourth stage known as the recovery or treatment where waste sorting process
and waste streams being treated. The final stage is disposal which the trash usually reaches
landfilling or incineration for complete disposal process.

Figure 26: The complete stages of waste management system

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There are 2 types of household waste which are recyclables and residual waste. The
recyclable waste disposed through recycling centres and suitable recycling containers or bags.
The common recyclable wastes are plastic and paper while the residual wastes are majorly
consisting of food, organic and diapers. The recycling bins collection are usually once a
week. While the residual waste is disposing through the mobile garbage bin that have storing
capacity of 120 litre and the collection frequency is twice a week.

Figure 27: Type of household waste and the process.

The cost of solid waste management is a great concern among the waste management
authority. This is because increase in quantity of wastes over the past few years have resulted
in increases in total cost of solid waste management. The collection process cost about RM
66 / tonne of waste per day, waste transportation cost RM 40 tonne per day and the total cost
can sum up to RM 356 per tonne of waste every single day. From this , we can conclude that
the installation of trash level monitoring bin can reduce the existing waste collection and
transportation cost.

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 Figure 28: Total cost of solid waste management in Malaysia.

3.2.2 Analysis of Survey on Housing Residents Waste Management Problem

*The detail result of survey attached at the appendix*
The online survey which consist of 16 questions on waste management problem was
conducted to 70 respondents to understand the depth of waste management problems among
housing residents. The online surveys were conducted covering the random respondents
primarily from high housing residents with targeting range of age from 15-60 years old. The
survey was also conducted to small number of landed house residents to know whether the
waste management pose a problem or not to them. The online surveys questions were
prepared with the purpose to recognize the current common habit of respondent’s waste
disposal method, awareness on waste management, problems in current waste disposal
method, and the importance of improving the current public bin in alleviating the waste
management problems. Below is the result of online surveys conducted.

Figure 29: Respondents Gender

30
 Figure 30: Respondents Age Group

Figure 31: Type of house Respondents living

Figure 32: The question on how often respondents nearest public bins emptied

31
 Figure 33: The state of respondents nearest public bin

3.2.2.1 Summary of Survey

Table 3: The summarize result of the housing residents waste management problems.

N PRIMARY QUESTIONS HIGHEST RESULT

O
1 What type of house you are currently living? 75.7% live in High Housing
2 Have you heard about solid waste management? 54.3 % does not heard about
solid waste management
3 Have you ever been educated on proper waste 84.3% not been educated on
disposal by the council? proper waste disposal
4 What type of solid waste come out from your 92.9 % Food waste come out of
household? household.
5 In what type of container do you collect waste? 65.7 % use Plastic bag to collect
waste.
6 How often is the waste container in your house 60 % emptied the waste
emptied container during Indefinite time.
7 Where do you usually put away collected wastes? 85.7 % put away waste In the
Public Bin.
8 How often are the nearest public bins emptied? 74.3 % does not know about the
collection cycle of public bin.
9 How can you describe the state of public bin near 65.2 % said state of trash bin as
your house? Trash Overflow.
10 Do you think waste disposal method is a problem 77.1 % said waste disposal
in your neighbourhood? method is a problem.
11 How do you evaluate the state of solid waste 47.1 % said fair state of solid
collection in your house area? waste collection.

32
Based on the data of online survey collected from 70 respondents, we can conclude that waste
problem is a great concern among the housing residents. The result obtained shows that 54.3
% of respondents are Male and 45.7% respondents are Female. The age group which covered
from this survey is from 20 – 50 years old. The respondents from age group 20-29 are 38.6
%, age group 30-39 are 27.1 %, and age group 40-49 covered 34.3 % of the total respondents.
Majority of the respondents have 4 people in their family which covered 45.7 % followed by
5 people with 41.4 % . The type of house living by most of the respondents are high housing
with 75.7 % followed by terrace with 21.4 % . This is because the survey was conducted on
the residents who are living at high housing area considering the scope of projects which
aimed to solve the waste problem met by high housing residents.

From the survey, we can know that , major portion of the respondents not aware of the solid
waste management and being educated on proper waste management. Due to inefficiency of
waste management authority in organizing program to encourage people to involve directly in
combating waste management problem, residents do not realize on the consequences of waste
management problems. The type of solid waste come out from houses of respondents are
Food waste with 92.9 % , Tins/Cans 78.6 %, and Plastic with 67.1 %. This survey showed
that substantial number the residents disposing waste that have high food composition
followed by Tins and plastics. Therefore, it is compulsory to have a trash bin that capable of
storing food, tins/cans, and plastic contents waste.

Apart from that, the survey also shows that the respondents collect waste with plastic bag
followed by waste bucket and old bucket. Thus, the people need to dispose the waste
regularly due to limited storage capacity of the plastic bags and eventually increase the rate of
the trash level in the public bin. Not only that, majority of the respondents does not know
the exact time of the waste container their being emptied in their house with 60 % answered
indefinite time, followed by 15.7 % once in two days, and 10 % once a day. This survey
clearly depicted of the waste disposal practice in the house is still a great contributor for the
waste problem in housing area.

The major part of respondents put away their collected waste in the public bin with 85.7 %
followed by itinerant waste van with , and by the road/street side. In conjunction with this,

33
public trash bin that used by numerous housing residents shall be efficient enough in
managing waste produced by total number of residents in the housing area. In addition, based
on the survey as well, majority of the public bin in great proximity to the respondent’s house
is in the state of overflowing of trash with affected respondents of 65.2 % and rusting/rotting
condition with 52.2 %. From this, we can understand the primary problem of the state bin is
overflowing of the trash which due to inability to track the trash level of the bin by both
authority and residents to plan well the waste collection and disposal routine.

As a conclusion, the respondents mainly the high housing residents does not satisfy with
condition of trash bin and the state of solid waste collection in their housing area. Therefore,
implementing of new waste management system is necessary in reducing the effects of waste
problems especially among the high housing residents.

34
3.2.3 Analysis of Survey on Customer Product Requirement
*The detail result of survey attached at the appendix section*

Based on the result of previous survey on waste management problem, we can conclude that
the primary problem confronted by high housing residents is the inefficient waste collection
cycle by the waste management authority, inability of the residents to track the cycle of waste
collection routine and the trash overflow of public bin. Therefore, the establishment of trash
level monitoring bin can solve waste management problem face by high housing residents.
The online survey was conducted on design and development of trash level monitoring bin to
recognize important parameters prioritize by residents as the product customers. The survey
undertakes the primary personal requirement of customer on the final output of product. In
the survey, the respondents have to rate from 1-5 for a total of 10 design and development
features of the trash level monitoring bin in waste management. Not only that, the survey
also consist of question for respondents to select desire multi-function of the trash level
monitoring bin and the amount of money that respondents willing to pay per month for new
waste management system.

3.2.3.1 Result of Survey

Figure 34: the respondents desired multi-function features.

35
 Figure 35: The respondents monthly payment suggestion for new waste management system.

The rate of design and development features of public trash bin is as follow:
1- Not at all important
2- Slightly Not Important
3- Neutral
4- Important
5- Very Important
Table 4: The summarize result of the survey on customer product features

N CUSTOMER PRODUCT RESULTS (%)

O FEATURES Highest Rate Percentage
1 Strong Material 3 55.7 %
2 Low price 4 35.7 %
3 Attractive Design 3 41.4 %
4 Good appearance 3 35.7 %
5 Durability 4 64.3 %
6 High Capacity 4 37.1 %
7 Portability 3 42.9 %
8 Safety 5 51.5 %
9 Life Span 5 50 %
10 Multi-function 5 41.4 %
11 Desired Multi-function features Ability to monitor trash level with 95.7 %
Ability to alert residents with 45.7%
10 Monthly payment for new waste RM 0 – 10 with 52.9%
Management system RM 11-20 with 41.4 %
Based on the result obtained from the respondents on the design and development
features of the public trash bin, we can clearly denote that strong material of the trash bin is
not one of the main aspect that expect by the customers. This is because the sizable part of
respondents rated this aspect as neutral in the survey covering 55.7 % . In other hand ,the low

36
price of trash bin seems quite vital for customers as the result shows that most of them rated
important with 35.7 % . That is why it is important to develop a trash bin that is low cost
meeting customer requirement. While the attractive design of the trash bin is not crucial
element for majority of customers which rated neutral with 41.4 % followed by slightly
important with 43.3 % as it considers not practical to spend on the fascinating design of a
public trash bin that function primarily to store waste of neighbourhood. Similarly, the
customers also not give much attention to the good appearance of the trash bin with 35.7 %
rated neutral followed by slightly important with 27.1 % . However, from the survey, the
customer emphasizes on the durability of the trash bin with 64.3 % rated important. Thus, the
development of trash bin that have high resilience to function effectively under different
atmosphere of open environment is the essential aspect.
Apart from that, numbered of customers also prioritize the high capacity of the trash
bin by rated important with 37.1 % although some considerable number of customers rated
neutral with 34.3 % . The result of survey conveys the concern of the respondents to have
high or a medium storing capacity of trash bin that prevent the rapid build-up of trash that
cause overflowing. Conversely, the portability of the trash bin also not very favourable
feature for the customers as 42.9 % rated neutral and 34.3 % rated important. Not surprising,
as usual, most of the customers rated safety of the trash bin as the most important feature of
the trash bin. Other than that, customers also greatly prioritize the life span of the trash bin
which about 50% said very important. Finally, multi-function of the trash bin one of expect
requirement of the customer as well with 41.4 % rated very important followed by 32.9%
rated important.
The most desired multi-function of the trash bin from the survey conducted is the
ability of the trash bin to display trash level and to alert the residents when the trash level
reach maximum. This survey proved that the project objectives tally with the requirement of
the customers. In order to implement the trash level monitoring bin, it requires large amount
of fund that require the residents to pay certain amount of money monthly. Thus, from the
survey, the customers who are largely from high housing residents willing to pay a minimum
of RM 0-10 per month which about 52.9 % and 41.4 % willing to pay RM 11-20. As a
conclusion, this is a good sign that the new waste management system is practical for future
implementation.

37
3.3 COMPETITOR BACKGROUND STUDY
3.3.1 COMPETITOR 1 : SMARTIDEAL
SMARTIDEAL trashbin owned by Foshan Shunde Smart Technology Co. Ltd located in
Foshan City, Guangdong province, China. Guangdong province in China is the most
developed area in China for commercial product. The company is the manufacturer for smart
trash bin and run factory with area of more than 2000 square meters. The company produced
trash bin related products like stainless steel smart induction trash bin, circular smart
automatic bin, and square intelligent sensor trash can.

Figure 17:Official logo of Smartideal; Source: Smartideal

Product :

Figure 18: Smartideal SMART Trash Bin.

Smartideal SMART Trash Bin designed to replace the conventional trash bin in commercial
market which the lids opened by hand or step-on. This SMART Bin is a touch free trash bin
that does not need any physical contact either by hand or foot to function . The lid of the trash
bin opens automatically when our body stay 20 cm away from infrared sensor of the trash bin
and close after 3 second when not within the range of detectable distance.

38
Basic Specification:
Usage: Household
Material Used: Stainless steel
Structure : Open Top
Feature : Eco – Friendly
Type: Automatic Sensor Dustbin
Colour : China White
Capacity : 10 L
Battery : Single Rechargeable Lithium Battery
Technology : Infrared Sensing Technology

3.3.2 COMPETITOR 2: CleanCUBE

ClenCUBE is a product owned by Ecube Labs company which was founded in 2011 with the
aim of providing eco-friendly waste management solutions for smart cities of future.
CleanCUBE is a solar powered compacting trash bin that has capacity of storing 8 times
more waste to non-compacting bins reducing the frequency of collection up to 80 % . It is
well-matched with 120 Litre and 240 Litre wheelie bins that designed for simple and safe
trash removal. The bin also capable of send information that it collects in real time via
wireless transmission to cloud-based monitoring platform known as CleanCityNetworks. The
CleanCUBE bin consist of selectable features like LED backlight, LCD panel, graphic wraps,
and Wi-Fi router.

Figure 19: Official logo of Ecube Labs

Product :

39
 Figure 20: CleanCUBE compacting trash bin.

Basic Specification:

Size Options : 100 L , 120 L , 240 L

Power Options : Solar , AC Plug-in , Hybrid
Aperture Options : i) Hopper & Foot pedal
ii) General
ii ) Recycling
Weight options : 140 kg, 155 kg , 190 kg
Wheelie bin compatibility : 35 gallon
Additional options : i) Safety mounting Bracket
ii) Manual Hopper
iii) Hands Free Hopper
iv) Ash Tray
v) Wi-Fi
vi) Hotspot
vii) Audio Speaker

40
3.3.3 COMPETITOR 3:BIGBELLY

Bigbelly was founded in 2003 with the aim of empowering the least efficient industries
which are waste collection. This company created based on the existing waste management
problem particularly involving waste collection present in the city. The waste collection
problems that the company intended to solve are the irregular waste collection, overflowing
trash cans, and overconsumption of fuel while emitting CO2. These waste collection practice
had contributed to various health and environmental issue that demand effective solution.
Bigbelly is an industry leader in smart waste management and recognized as C40 Cities
Climate Leadership Group. The company is working toward delivering Smart City solutions
to increase productivity and improve quality of life by deploying smart technologies.

Figure 21: Official logo of Bigbelly Smart Trash Can

Product :

Figure 22: Bigbelly smart trash Can

The Bigbelly’s smart waste bins display the real-time status and alert the waste management
crews when the bin is full and ready to be collected. The bin has adequate capacity and
ability to interlink with the waste collection cycle which that increases the productivity and
guarantee the clean and healthy environment.

41
Basic Specification:

Model : SC5.5
Capacity : 190 litre of waste.
● Suitable for multiple waste streams
● Sense and reports fullness into CLEAN software
● Connect into Bigbelly’s notification system
● The feature of knowing when to collection
● Prevent pest access to waste through Hopper option.

42
3.4 CUSTOMER AND ENGINEERING REQUIREMENT
3.4.1 Customer Requirement
Based on the survey conducted on customer product requirement, it is understood that
customers prioritize the features like low price, durability , high capacity , safety , life span ,
and multi-function. The customer less prefers features such as strong material, built structure
, good appearance, and portability. The trash level monitoring bin will be design and develop
undertaking the needs of customers as long it does not contradict with the engineering
requirement of the project.

0
y y ty an
ria
l ice ig
n
nc
e
lit ci t
y l it fe on
e Pr s ra bi bi Sa Sp nc
ti
at w De a ra pa
rta e
M Lo e
pp
e Du Ca Po Lif -fu
ng c tiv a i g h ul
ti
t ro ra od H M
S Att Go

Figure 36: Customer personal requirement

The product with high end features will not able to perform in the market if it does not
consider the expectation and needs of customers thoroughly. Therefore, it is not important
whether the product is very sophisticated or not and it will still eventually fail if it neglects all
the aspect that customer prefer. For an instance, in our case, the customer expect low price of
the trash bin and equipped the bin with multiple functionalities and attributes will increase the
production cost which will negative effects in the long run. Because of the that, the
engineering requirement of the trash level monitoring bin will only include the necessary
features that prioritize by the customer to achieve the prime objectives of the project which is
to solve the current waste management problems encounter by high housing residents.

43
3.4.2 Engineering Requirement
The surveys that previously conducted has given the clear insights on the waste management
problems, and the customers product requirement. Undertaking the key components that
prioritize by customers through the survey, it is necessary to come up with an engineering
requirement components that align with customer’s needs. The engineering features that
required to produce the desire trash level monitoring bin in waste management that align with
customer requirement is as follow:

Table 5: Engineering Requirement Features of Trash Level monitoring Bin in Waste Management

NO ENGINEERING REQUIREMENT FEATURES IMPORTANCE LEVEL

1 Weight High
2 Number of Component Medium
3 Exterior Material Strength Medium
4 Type of Trash Bin High
5 Type of Operating System Low
6 Size of Trash Bin High
7 Production Cost High
8 Type of microcontroller Medium
9 Type of sensors High
10 Number of sensors Low
10 Type of display assisting tool Medium
11 Type of alerting tool High
12 Battery Life High
13 User Friendly High
14 Design Quality Low
15 Strength of Security High

The importance level of engineering requirement features of the trash level monitoring bin
evaluated based on the limitation and scope of the project. Weight of the conventional trash
bin is often high in the market and reducing it will be a great advantage particularly in term of
portability. The number of components and exterior material strength of the trash bin seem
not very important as in the end what matters is the deliverability of the desire output of the
product. However, type and size of the trash bin play a pivotal role in solving waste
management problem and thus it is important to consider it in the design and development
phase of the product. By having a proper type and enough size of trash bin ease the frequency
of waste collection routine and rapid collection of trash in the bin. While , the level of
importance for type of microcontroller and type of display assisting tool for the trash bin is
medium because it won’t be a problem as long it is compatible with the components and at
the same time does not affect the performance of the product. However, the type of alerting

44
tool, battery life and user friendly of the trash bin is very important as these are the features
that will decide the outcome of the project. Good alerting tool is necessary to alert the
residents with loud noise and thus require greater battery life and user-friendly capabilities.

3.5 PRODUCT HOUSE OF QUALITY

House of Quality (HOQ) is a management tool that offer visual interactive process to help the
design team to emphasize on the requirement of the customers throughout the complete
development cycle of a product or process. It acts as a conduit that converting the customer
needs into engineering requirement for every phase of a product or process development
cycle. The structure of house of quality (HOQ) can be beneficial to outline the weightage of
product features and at the same to compare it with other relative competitors. It will help the
design team to figure out the rate and target of product features in detail and thus can have a
clear picture on efficacy of the product output.

45
 Figure 37: Product House of Quality (HOQ)

3.5.1 ANALYSIS ON HOUSE OF QUALITY (HOQ)

46
The House of Quality (HOQ) constructed based on the selected customer and engineering
requirement of the product. The result of house of quality (HOQ) illustrated the weightage of
safety, life span, and multi-function features of the product highest among all others with 13
%. This shows that achieving high safety and life span of the product is compulsory to build
the trust of customer in the long run. The multi-function features also crucial in developing
trash bin that require multiple operation to fulfil the underlying needs of the project which are
the capabilities to deliver desire output with enormous potential in solving waste management
problem .The features such as monitoring trash level and alerting the residents when the trash
reach maximum are the pillars of this project that serve to provide effective solutions in waste
management problems confronted by the residents. The low price ,durability ,and high
capacity of customer requirement resulted with relative weight of 10 % . From this , we can
know that the customers still give importance to the low price as nowadays it has become a
norm that people prefer low price over a better value. Not surprisingly, the durability and
high capacity are some of the common features that customers used to expect in the product
like trash bin. Besides, customers do not concern too much about the features like strong
material, built structure, appearance , and portability as the relative weight are only 8%.

For the engineering requirement of the product, the weight and production cost expected to
minimize the direction of improvement while size of trash bin, type of alerting tool, strength
of security, and battery life maximize in the final design of trash level monitoring bin. The
exterior material strength, type of trash bin , type of operating system, type of
microcontroller, type and number of sensors, user friendly and design quality are maintained
as a target . The final personal target of weight is less than 20 kg , alerting tool is High
quality buzzer , capacity is small, and usage of 2 sensors. The maximum relative weight
among the engineering requirement features are production cost with 17 % and technical
importance rating of 730.8 followed by trash of bin with 12 % together with rating of 528.2.

As a conclusion , it is understood that the features like safety, life span, and multi-function
are high weightage under customer requirement while features like production cost, type of
trash bin, and weight of trash bin is high weightage for engineering requirement. Therefore,
considering all these major features of customer and engineering requirement are necessary to
produce an effective product that does not contradictory to either of the requirement

47
3.6 CONCEPT GENERATION
3.6.1 MORPHOLOGICAL DIAGRAM
Parameters Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
Type of Trash Rolling Step on Touch-Free
Bin

Size of Trash Small Medium Large

Bin

0 – 70 litre 70–150 litre 150-300 litre

Trash Bin Lid Manual Open Automatic

Shape of Trash Square Round Semi Round

Bin

48
Exterior Plastic Metal Concrete
Material of
Trash Bin

Microcontrolle Arduino UNO Arduino MEGA Raspberry Pi

r

Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic + Weight Ultrasonic + Weight +

Packages IR + Tilt

Shield None GSM GSM + Ethernet

Packages

Display Character LCD display Standard LCD display TFT LCD Display
assisting tool

49
Alerting tool Buzzer LED light Buzzer + LED light
package

Power Supply 5/9V Battery Connector USB Connector AC/DC Adaptor

50
3.6.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 1

51
3.6.3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 2

52
3.6.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 3

53
3.7 CONCEPT EVALUATION

54
3.8 HARDWARE DESIGN

INPUT OUTPUT

55
 Trash Level
Ultrasonic Indicator
3.9 SOFTWARE DESIGN
Sensor

Buzzer
Power Arduino
Alarm
Supply UNO
Start

GSM Send
Module Messages

Trash Level Indicator

Check whether
NO
Trash Level is
Full
Repeat

YES

Buzzer Alarm Ring Update status of

Trash Bin

Send message to cleaning Trash clearance by the

vehicle cleaning vehicle
56
57
Chapter 4 : CONCLUSION

58
Chapter 5 : REFERENCES

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] [Online]. Available: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/10/30/global-
waste-on-pace-to-triple.
[2 "Global Waste to Grow by 70 Percent by 2050 Unless Urgent Action is Taken: World
] Bank Report," World Bank, 20 September 2018. [Online]. Available:
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by-70-percent-by-2050-unless-urgent-action-is-taken-world-bank-report.
[3 N. M. Yusof, Smart Garbage Monitoring System for Waste Management, pp. 1-5,
] 2017.
[4 M. D. M. Samsudin, Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Current
] Practices, Challenges and Prospect, pp. 1-8, 2012.
[5 Abdullah, Environmental pollution in Malaysia: trends and prospects. Trends in
] Analytical Chemistry, pp. 191-198, 1995.
[6 Hamatschek, urrent Practice of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia and
] the Potential for Waste-to-Energy Implementation, 2010.
[7 S. D. Satyamanikanta, Smart garbage monitoring system using sensors with RFID
] over internet of things, pp. 1-6, 2017.
[8 S. B. Abhiyan, PM NarendraModi to wield broom to give India a new image, 2014.
]
[9 V. J. K.K. Patil, SMARTBIN - AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF GARBAGE
] MANAGEMENT, 2017.
[1 N. M. Yusof, Smart Waste Bin with Real-Time Monitoring System, 2018.
0]
[1 Waste Management and It's Challenges in Malaysia, pp. 03-20, 2013.
1]
[1 Design and Implementation of Ultrasonic radar system for distance measurements
2] using Arduino, pp. 1-5, 2018.
[1 G. L. J. Y. C. L. B. C. J. W. &. K. L. Shengbo Eben Li, Kalman filter-based tracking
3] of moving objects using linear ultrasonic sensor array for road vehi-cles, pp. 173-189,
2018.
[1 H. Y. H. Aly, Maximizing Range Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino 1-Hamdy, pp.
4] 1-5, 2019.
[1 L. Louis, WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ARDUINO AND USING IT, pp. 1-7, 2018.
5]
[1 "Arduino.cc," Arduino, 25 February 2015. [Online]. Available:
6] http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Products.
[1 N. H. I. Nur Aira Abd Rahman, GSM module for wireless radiation monitoring

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7] system via, pp. 1-6, 2017.
[1 P. M, The Evil Goat (Arduino Project), pp. 102-103, 2015.
8]
[1 L. D. B. V. A. Jeroen Beliën, Municipal Solid Waste Collection Problems: A
9] Literature Review, 2012.
[2 R. M. J. I. Clark, Analysis of solid waste management operations in Cleveland, Ohio:
0] A case study., vol. 6, no. 32-42, 1975.

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Chapter 6 : APPENDIXES
6.1 Survey result on housing residents waste management problem

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

61
Appendix 3

Appendix 4:

Appendix 5:

62
Appendix 6:

Appendix 7:

Appendix 8:

63
Appendix 9:

Appendix 10:

Appendix 11:

64
Appendix 12:

Appendix 13:

65
 Appendix 14:

Appendix 15:

6.2 Survey result on customer product requirement

Appendix 16:

66
Appendix 17:

Appendix 18:

Appendix 19:

67
Appendix 20:

Appendix 21:

Appendix 22:

68
Appendix 23:

Appendix 24:

Appendix 25:

69
Appendix 26:

70